Article 1427.

When a minor between eighteen and twenty-one years of age, who has entered into a contract without the consent of
the parent or guardian, voluntarily pays a sum of money or delivers a fungible thing in fulfillment of the obligation, there shall be no
right to recover the same from the obligee who has spent or consumed it in good faith. (1160A)

Article 1428. When, after an action to enforce a civil obligation has failed the defendant voluntarily performs the obligation, he
cannot demand the return of what he has delivered or the payment of the value of the service he has rendered.

Article 1429. When a testate or intestate heir voluntarily pays a debt of the decedent exceeding the value of the property which he
received by will or by the law of intestacy from the estate of the deceased, the payment is valid and cannot be rescinded by the
payer.

Article 1430. When a will is declared void because it has not been executed in accordance with the formalities required by law, but
one of the intestate heirs, after the settlement of the debts of the deceased, pays a legacy in compliance with a clause in the
defective will, the payment is effective and irrevocable.

TITLE IV

ESTOPPEL (n)

Article 1431. Through estoppel an admission or representation is rendered conclusive upon the person making it, and cannot be
denied or disproved as against the person relying thereon.

Article 1432. The principles of estoppel are hereby adopted insofar as they are not in conflict with the provisions of this Code, the
Code of Commerce, the Rules of Court and special laws.

Article 1433. Estoppel may in pais or by deed.

Article 1434. When a person who is not the owner of a thing sells or alienates and delivers it, and later the seller or grantor
acquires title thereto, such title passes by operation of law to the buyer or grantee.

Article 1435. If a person in representation of another sells or alienates a thing, the former cannot subsequently set up his own title
as against the buyer or grantee.

Article 1436. A lessee or a bailee is estopped from asserting title to the thing leased or received, as against the lessor or bailor.

Article 1437. When in a contract between third persons concerning immovable property, one of them is misled by a person with
respect to the ownership or real right over the real estate, the latter is precluded from asserting his legal title or interest therein,
provided all these requisites are present:

(1) There must be fraudulent representation or wrongful concealment of facts known to the party estopped;

(2) The party precluded must intend that the other should act upon the facts as misrepresented;

(3) The party misled must have been unaware of the true facts; and

(4) The party defrauded must have acted in accordance with the misrepresentation.

Article 1438. One who has allowed another to assume apparent ownership of personal property for the purpose of making any
transfer of it, cannot, if he received the sum for which a pledge has been constituted, set up his own title to defeat the pledge of the
property, made by the other to a pledgee who received the same in good faith and for value.

Article 1439. Estoppel is effective only as between the parties thereto or their successors in interest.

TITLE V

TRUSTS (n)

CHAPTER 1

General Provisions

Article 1440. A person who establishes a trust is called the trustor; one in whom confidence is reposed as regards property for the
benefit of another person is known as the trustee; and the person for whose benefit the trust has been created is referred to as the
beneficiary.

Article 1441. Trusts are either express or implied. Express trusts are created by the intention of the trustor or of the parties. Implied
trusts come into being by operation of law.

Article 1442. The principles of the general law of trusts, insofar as they are not in conflict with this Code, the Code of Commerce,
the Rules of Court and special laws are hereby adopted.

CHAPTER 2

Express Trusts

Article 1443. No express trusts concerning an immovable or any interest therein may be proved by parol evidence.

Article 1444. No particular words are required for the creation of an express trust, it being sufficient that a trust is clearly intended.
Article 1445. No trust shall fail because the trustee appointed declines the designation, unless the contrary should appear in the
instrument constituting the trust.

Article 1446. Acceptance by the beneficiary is necessary. Nevertheless, if the trust imposes no onerous condition upon the
beneficiary, his acceptance shall be presumed, if there is no proof to the contrary.

CHAPTER 3

Implied Trusts

Article 1447. The enumeration of the following cases of implied trust does not exclude others established by the general law of
trust, but the limitation laid down in article 1442 shall be applicable.

Article 1448. There is an implied trust when property is sold, and the legal estate is granted to one party but the price is paid by
another for the purpose of having the beneficial interest of the property. The former is the trustee, while the latter is the beneficiary.
However, if the person to whom the title is conveyed is a child, legitimate or illegitimate, of the one paying the price of the sale, no
trust is implied by law, it being disputably presumed that there is a gift in favor of the child.

Article 1449. There is also an implied trust when a donation is made to a person but it appears that although the legal estate is
transmitted to the donee, he nevertheless is either to have no beneficial interest or only a part thereof.

Article 1450. If the price of a sale of property is loaned or paid by one person for the benefit of another and the conveyance is
made to the lender or payor to secure the payment of the debt, a trust arises by operation of law in favor of the person to whom the
money is loaned or for whom its is paid. The latter may redeem the property and compel a conveyance thereof to him.

Article 1451. When land passes by succession to any person and he causes the legal title to be put in the name of another, a trust
is established by implication of law for the benefit of the true owner.

Article 1452. If two or more persons agree to purchase property and by common consent the legal title is taken in the name of one
of them for the benefit of all, a trust is created by force of law in favor of the others in proportion to the interest of each.

Article 1453. When property is conveyed to a person in reliance upon his declared intention to hold it for, or transfer it to another or
the grantor, there is an implied trust in favor of the person whose benefit is contemplated.

Article 1454. If an absolute conveyance of property is made in order to secure the performance of an obligation of the grantor
toward the grantee, a trust by virtue of law is established. If the fulfillment of the obligation is offered by the grantor when it becomes
due, he may demand the reconveyance of the property to him.

Article 1455. When any trustee, guardian or other person holding a fiduciary relationship uses trust funds for the purchase of
property and causes the conveyance to be made to him or to a third person, a trust is established by operation of law in favor of the
person to whom the funds belong.

Article 1456. If property is acquired through mistake or fraud, the person obtaining it is, by force of law, considered a trustee of an
implied trust for the benefit of the person from whom the property comes.

Article 1457. An implied trust may be proved by oral evidence.

TITLE VI

SALES

CHAPTER 1

Nature and Form of the Contract

Article 1458. By the contract of sale one of the contracting parties obligates himself to transfer the ownership and to deliver a
determinate thing, and the other to pay therefor a price certain in money or its equivalent.

A contract of sale may be absolute or conditional. (1445a)

Article 1459. The thing must be licit and the vendor must have a right to transfer the ownership thereof at the time it is delivered.
(n)

Article 1460. A thing is determinate when it is particularly designated or physical segregated from all others of the same class.

The requisite that a thing be determinate is satisfied if at the time the contract is entered into, the thing is capable of being made
determinate without the necessity of a new or further agreement between the parties. (n)

Article 1461. Things having a potential existence may be the object of the contract of sale.

The efficacy of the sale of a mere hope or expectancy is deemed subject to the condition that the thing will come into existence.

The sale of a vain hope or expectancy is void. (n)

Article 1462. The goods which form the subject of a contract of sale may be either existing goods, owned or possessed by the
seller, or goods to be manufactured, raised, or acquired by the seller after the perfection of the contract of sale, in this Title called
"future goods."

There may be a contract of sale of goods, whose acquisition by the seller depends upon a contingency which may or may not