CASH FLOW STATEMENT

On the statement, cash flows are segregated based on source:

Operating activities: involve the cash effects of transactions that

enter into the determination of net income.

Investing activities: concern with buying (and selling) property, plants,

and equipment (PPE); acquiring and disposing of
securities of other entities;

Financing activities: include issuance and reacquisition of a firm's debt

and capital stock, and dividend payments.

• Operating cash flows information indicates the business' ability to

generate sufficient cash from its continuing operations
• Investing cash flows information indicates how the business plans to
expand
Information about financing cash flows illustrates how the business plans to
finance its expansion/reward shareholders.

Cash Flows - 1
Cash from operations: The statement of cash flows typically arrives at
cash from operations by adding to (or subtracting from) net income two
types of adjustments:
1. “Non-cash” expenses’
2. Changes in operating (working capital)

e.g.:
Net Income $30,000
Non Cash Expenses:
e.g. Depreciation 5,000
$35,000
Change in operating accounts:
Decrease in inventory 15,000
Cash from operations $50,000

The format illustrated above follows the indirect method of presentation.

For analytical purposes, (as we shall see), the direct method is more
useful;

Cash Flows - 2
5.[Cash flow, transactional analysis; 1990 CFA Prepare a statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 19X2.
adapted] The following financial statements are from Use the direct method.
the 19X2 Annual Report of the Niagara Company:
Income Statement for Year Ended December 31, 19X2 19X1 19X2 Δ
Sales $1,000 O Sales A/R
Cost of goods sold (650) P
Depreciation expense (100) E COGS Inventory
Sales and general expense (100) R A/P
Interest expense (50) A
Income tax expense (40) T Sales & General
Net income $60 I
O Interest Int Payable
Balance Sheets at December 31, 19X1 and 19X2 N
19X1 19X2 S Tax Expense Def Tax
Assets
Cash $50 $60 I
Accounts receivable 500 520 N Depreciation
Inventory 750 770 VESTMENT PP&E Purchase Fixed Assets
Current assets $1,300 $1,350
Fixed assets (net) 500 550 F Debt Payment Notes Payable
Total assets $1,800 $1,900 I LTD
N
Liabilities and equity A Stock Issue Capital Stock
Notes payable to banks $100 $75 N
Accounts payable 590 615 C Dividend Ret Earnings
Interest payable 10 20 ING Net Income
Current liabilities $700 $710
Long-term debt 300 350
Deferred income tax 300 310
Capital stock 400 400
Retained earnings 100 130
Total liabilities & equity $1,800 $1,900

Cash Flows - 3
Niagara Company

Sales $1,000
Cost of goods sold (650)
Depreciation expense (100)
SGA (100)
Interest expense (50)
Income tax expense (40)

INDIRECT METHOD DIRECT METHOD

Cash from Operations Cash from Operations
Net Income 60 Cash collections 980
Non Cash Items Cash for inputs (645)
Depreciation 100 Cash SGA (100)
Deferred taxes 10 Cash for Interest ( 40)
Δ in operating accounts Cash for Taxes ( 30)
A/R (20) 165
Inventory (20)
Interest payable 10
A/P 25
165

Cash for Investment Cash for Investment

Capital Expenditures (150) Capital Expenditures (150)

Cash for Financing Cash for Financing

ST Debt repayment (25) ST Debt repayment (25)
LT Debt borrowing 50 LT Debt borrowing 50
Dividends (30) Dividends (30)
( 5) ( 5)

Change in Cash 10 Change in Cash 10

Cash Flows - 4
 Changes Included in Cash Flow from Operating Activities (CFO)
Balance Sheet Account Cash Flow Description
Accounts receivable Cash received from customers
Inventories Cash paid for inputs (materials)
Prepaid expenses Cash expenses
Accounts payable Cash paid for inputs/expenses
Advances from customers Cash received from customers
Rent payable Cash expenses
Interest payable Interest paid
Income tax payable Income taxes paid
Deferred income taxes Income taxes paid

Changes Included in Cash Flow from Investing Activities (CFI)

Balance Sheet Account Cash Flow Description
Property, plant, and equipment Capital expenditures
Proceeds from property sales
Investment in affiliates Cash paid for acquisitions and
investments

Changes Included in Cash Flow from Financing Activities (CFF)

Balance Sheet Account Cash Flow Description
Notes payable Increase or decrease in debt
Short-term debt Increase or decrease in debt
Long-term debt Increase or decrease in debt
Bonds payable Increase or decrease in debt
Common stock Equity financing or repurchase
Retained earnings Dividends paid

The relationship between balance sheet changes and cash flows can be
summarized as follows:
• Increases (decreases) in assets represent net cash outflows (inflows). If an
asset increases, the firm must have paid cash in exchange.
• Increases (decreases) in liabilities represent net cash inflows (outflows).
When a liability increases, the firm must have received cash in exchange.

Cash Flows - P. 5
Converting Indirect Method Cash Flows to Direct Method:
(Creating CFO from FFO)
Cash Flows = Income Statement +/- Balance Sheet Changes
From Customer Sales ∆ A/R
∆ Advances
To Suppliers COGS ∆ A/P
∆ Inventory
For Expenses SG&A ∆ Accrued expense
∆ Prepaid Expense

The Income Statement and the Cash Flow from Operations portion of the Statement of
Cash Flows of the XYZ Company follow:

Sales 90,000 Net Income 30,000

COGS 20,000 Add:
Depreciation 10,000 Depreciation 10,000
Wages 12,000 ∆ in A/R 3,000
Rent 5,000 ∆ in A/P 2,000
Interest 3,000 Less:
Taxes 10,000 60,000 ∆ in Inventory (4,000)
30,000 ∆ in Rent Payable (3,000)
∆ in Tax Payable (2,000)
36,000

Prepare the Cash Flow from Operations using the Direct Method:

Cash Flows - P. 6
 Cash Flow Classification Issues
While the classification of cash flows into the three main categories is
important, we must recognize that
classification guidelines can be arbitrary.
Although total cash flow is not subject to manipulation
CFO (and CFF and CFI) is affected by reporting methods that alter the
classification of cash flows among operating, investing, and financing
categories
1. Cash flows involving Property Plant and Equipment
2. Differences due to some accounting methods
3. Interest and dividends received
4. Interest paid
5. Noncash transactions

Drawbacks of cash from operations (analyst point of view).

• Cash from operations does not include charges for the use of long-lived
assets; depreciation is added back into income in arriving at cash from
operations.
• Cash from operations does not include cash outlays for replacing old
equipment (required to ensure uninterrupted operating activities).
• Identical firms that make different accounting choices may report different
cash from operations.
Examples:
1. Leasing firms report lower cash from operations than purchasing firms as
lease rentals reduce cash from operations whereas payments for
purchasing reduce cash from investing activities.

2. Capitalizing expenditures-firms report higher cash from operations than

expensing-firms.

Cash Flows - P. 7
Example:
Assumptions:
Project -3 year life
Cash disbursements measure progress.
Year 1 2 3 Total
Cash Receipts 1,000 1,000 1,000 3,000
Disbursements 900 600 300 1,800
Δ cash 100 400 700 1,200
Δ cash cumul 100 500 1,200

INCOME & CASH FLOW BALANCE SHEET

Completed Contract
Completed Contract
Year 1 2 3
Year 1 2 3 Total
Cash 100 500 1,200
Revenues 0 0 3,000 3,000
Inventory 900 1,500 0
Expenses 0 0 1,800 1,800
Income 0 0 1,200 1,200 Current Assets 1,000 2,000 1,200
Δ Inventory (900) (600) 1,500
ΔAdvances 1,000 1,000 (2,000) Advances (CL) 1,000 2,000 0
CFO 100 400 700 1,200 Retained Earnings 0 0 1,200
Liability & Equity 1,000 2,000 1,200

Percentage of Completion
Percentage of Completion
Year 1 2 3
Year 1 2 3 Total Cash 100 500 1,200
Revenues 1,500 1,000 500 3,000
Accounts Receivable1 500 500 0
Expenses 900 600 300 1,800
Current Assets 600 1,000 1,200
Income 600 400 200
Δ A/R (500) 0 500
CFO 100 400 700 1,200 Advances (CL)
Retained Earnings 600 1,000 1,200
Liability & Equity 600 1,000 1,200

1
May be called Inventory: Work in
Process at Contract Price and may be
reported at times net of advances

Cash Flows - P. 8
Example:
Assumptions:
Project -3 year life
Up front item (UFI) cost of $1,500 may be capitalized or
expensed immediately.
Year 1 2 3 Total
Cash / Income Pre 2,000 2,000 2,000 6,000
"Up front item" 1,500 0 0 1,500
Δ cash 500 2,000 2,000 4,500
Δ cash cumul 500 2,500 4,500

INCOME & CASH FLOW BALANCE SHEET

Expense Expense
Year Year 1 2 3
1 2 3 Total
Revenues 2,000 2,000 2,000 6,000 Cash 500 2,500 4,500
Expenses 1,500 0 0 1,500 UFI 0 0 0
Income 500 2,000 2,000 4,500 Assets 500 2,500 4,500
CFO 500 2,000 2,000 4,500 Retained Earnings 500 2,500 4,500
Liability & Equity 500 2,500 4,500

Capitalize / Amortize Capitalize / Amortize

Year 1 2 3 Total Year 1 2 3
Revenues 2,000 2,000 2,000 6,000 Cash 500 2,500 4,500
Expenses 500 500 500 1,500 UFI 1,000 500 0
Income 1,500 1,500 1,500 4,500 Assets
500 500 500 1,500
1,500 3,000 4,500
Add Deprec
CFO 2,000 2,000 2,000 6,000
Retained Earnings 1,500 3,000 4,500
CFI (1,500) 0 0 (1,500)
Liability & Equity 1,500 3,000 4,500
Δ Cash 500 2,000 2,000 4,500

Cash Flows - P. 9
 FREE CASH FLOWS
To overcome these problems, analysts typically use free cash flows
as an alternative measure for cash from operations defined as:
CFO less net cash outlays for the replacement of operating capacity.
Although the definition implies that only net investment in replacing old
equipment is subtracted from cash from operations, in practice total
investment appearing in the cash used by investing activity section of the
statement of cash flows is used. This may overstate (understate) the net
investment in replacing equipment because some of the investment
reported under cash used by investing activities may represent expansion
(downsizing). Thus, the free cash flow may overstate or understate true
cash from operations.

Free cash flows still shares two drawbacks of cash from operations
• Interest and dividends received, which are classified as operating cash
flows, should be reclassified (using the after-tax numbers) as investing
cash flows. This has the advantages of reporting operating cash flows
that reflect only operating activities of the firm's core business

• Interest payments, which are classified as operating cash flows, should

be reclassified (using the after-tax numbers) as cash used by financing
activities. This has the advantage of reporting identical cash from
operations by two firms with different capital structure but otherwise
identical.

• Significant Noncash transactions

Cash Flows - P. 10
Alternatively CFO provides information as to

Liquidity

• The cash flow statement provides information about the firm's liquidity
and its ability to finance its growth from internally generated funds.

The Effect of Accounting Policies

• The cash flow statement allows the analyst to distinguish between the
actual events that have occurred and the accounting assumptions that
have been used to report these events.

The (Validity) of the Going Concern Assumption

• the statement of cash flows serves as a “check” on the assumptions

inherent in the income statement.

Analysis of Cash Flow Trends

The data contained in the statement of cash flows can be used to

1. Review individual cash flow items for analytic significance

2. Examine the trend of different cash flow components over time and their
relationship to related income statement items.

3. Consider the interrelationship between cash flow components over time

Cash Flows - P. 11
Cash Flows - P. 12