Table of Contents

Abstract (Surveying) .................................................................................................................. 1

Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 2
Application in land survey ......................................................................................................... 3
Latest instrument used ............................................................................................................... 5
Latest development .................................................................................................................... 6
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 8
References .................................................................................................................................. 9
Abstract (Surveying)

Most surveying activities are performed under the pseudo assumption that measurements are
being made with reference to a flat horizontal surface. This requires some further
explanation. The earth actually has the approximate shape of a spheroid that is the solid
generated by an ellipse rotated on its minor axis. However, we can consider the earth to be a
perfect sphere with a constant diameter. In addition, we can consider that the average level of
the ocean or mean sea levels represent the surface of sphere. By definition, the curved surface
of a sphere is termed a level surface. The direction of gravity is perpendicular to this level
surface at all points, and gravity is used as a reference direction for all surveying
measurements. The vertical direction is taken to be the direction of gravity. In addition, the
horizontal direction is the direction perpendicular to the vertical direction of gravity. . (Tafesse
and Gobena, 2005)

Measuring Distances and Angle

Horizontal distance is measured along a level surface. At every point along that length, the
line tangent to the level surface is plane. It can be measured by tape or Electronic Distance
Measurement (EDM). A true horizontal distance is actually curved, like the surface of the
earth.

A vertical distance is measured along the direction of gravity and is equivalent to a difference
in height between two points. When the height is measured with reference to a given level
surface, like mean sea level, it is called an elevation. An instrument called level, which is
used to observe the rod at different points, can measure elevation. The relative vertical
position of several points separated by long distances can be determined by a continuous
series of level rod observations.

This procedure is called levelling. A vertical angle is measured in a plane that is vertical at
the point of observation or measurement. Horizontal and vertical angles are measured with an
instrument called a transit or theodolite.

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Introduction

As mentioned formerly that most surveying measurements are shadow out as the earth were
presume that the earth is flat and is the most commonly practiced form of surveying.
The method of surveying based on this assumption is called plane surveying. In plane
surveying, it is neglect the curvature of the earth, and it is used the principles of plane
geometry and plane trigonometry to compute the result of our surveys.
The use of plane surveying methods simplifies the work of surveyor. Within a distance of 20
km, the effect of earth’s curvature on our measurement is so small that we can hardly
measure it. In other words, a horizontal distance measured between two points along a truly
level line is, for practical purposes, the same distances measured along the straight chord
connecting the two points.
N.B: In plane surveying horizontal lines are assumed to be straight line and all vertical lines
are parallel. . (Tafesse and Gobena, 2005)

In plane surveying, the earth existence assessed is supposed to be a flat. However, the Earth
is not actually flat, it resulted this type of land surveying works best for small areas of land.
Besides, the plane survey is powerless of accounting for the natural curvature of the earth, in
large part because the conducted over a huge outlay of land is possible to be inaccurate.

Furthermore, plane surveying is the most common method form surveying which calculating
land composition and topography that contains considering a set expense of land as a flat
plane. It chiefly locates the position of features on the land. This can be acquired with
combining angular and linear measurements. (Vermessungsseiten.de, 2001)

As might be expected, the engineers and civic planner have many purposes specialist land
surveys. Land surveys can supply details about topography, and assistance builders estimate
distances, densities, and land depths with a great deal of exactitude. Even so, plane surveying
shall be determined by visual marker and individual calculation. (wiseGEEK, 2014)

Aerial land surveying which done by airplane in some circles, may also be called "plane
surveying". Though this use is less common. Plane table surveying is another term of plane
surveying. (wiseGEEK, 2014)

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Application in land survey

As mentioned earlier, the two fundamental purposes for surveying are to determine the
relative positions of existing points and to mark the positions of new points on or near the
surface of the earth. However, different types of surveys require different field procedures
and varying degrees of precision for carrying out the work. (Tafesse and Gobena, 2005)

• Property survey
It is also called land survey or boundary survey. It is performed in order to establish the
positions of boundary lines and property corners. It is usually performed whenever land
ownership is to be transferred or when a large tract of land is to be subdivided in to smaller
parcels for development. It is also performed before the design and construction of any
public/private land-use project.

• Topographic survey
It is performed in order to determine the relative positions of existing natural and constructed
features on a tract of land (like ground elevation, bodies of water, roads, buildings etc.).
It provides information on the “shape of the land” hills, valleys, ridges and general slope of
the ground. The data’s obtained from a topographic surveys are plotted in a map called
topographic map and the shape of the ground is shown with lines of equal elevation called
contours.

• Construction survey
It is also called layout or location survey and performed in order to mark the positions of new
points on the ground.
The purpose of the construction is to position the plane on a building design drawings, shape
and elevation calibration on the construction site of the ground, and to guide the construction
during the construction process, so that the project in strict accordance with the design
requirements for construction.

• City survey
The surveys which are carried out for the construction of roads, parks water supply system,
sewer and other constructional work for any developing township, are called city surveys.
The city maps which are prepared for tourists are known as guide maps.

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• Control survey
There are three kinds of control surveys which are horizontal, vertical control survey and
Three-dimensional control survey.

1. Horizontal Control Survey

 Performed in the plane coordinate points
2. Vertical Control Survey
 To determine the control point elevation which is carried out
3. Three-dimensional control survey
 To control point coordinates and elevation plane or three-dimensional coordinate
space simultaneous determination which is carried out

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Latest instrument used

Plane surveys are proceed for engineering projects on efficiently large scale to determine
relative positions of individual features of the earth surface. Plane surveys are used for the
layout of highways, railways, canals, fixing boundary pillars, construction of bridges,
factories and so on. The scope and use of plane surveys is very wide. For majority of
engineering project, plane surveying is the first step to execute them. Plane surveys are
basically needed for proper, economical and accurate planning of all engineering projects and
their practical significance cannot be overestimated.

List of Instruments used in Surveying

 (1) Plane Table
 (2) Alidade
 (3) Plumbing fork and Plumb bob
 (4) Spirit Level
 (5) Chain or Tape
 (6) Rain roof cover for the plane table
 (7) Compass
 (8) Ranging Rods
 (9) Drawing Sheets
 (10) Drawing equipment.

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Latest development

Exploring the Galaxy at TeV energies: Latest results from the H.E.S.S.
Galactic Plane Survey

(Submitted on 26 Apr 2012)

The High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) is an array of four imaging atmospheric-
Cherenkov telescopes located in Namibia and designed to detect extensive air showers
initiated by gamma-rays in the very-high-energy domain. It is an ideal instrument for
surveying the Galactic plane in search of new sources, thanks to its location in the Southern
Hemisphere, its excellent sensitivity, and its large field-of-view. The efforts of the H.E.S.S.
Galactic Plane Survey, the first comprehensive survey of the inner Galaxy at TeV energies,
have contributed to the discovery of an unexpectedly large and diverse population of over 60
sources of VHE gamma rays within its current range of l=250 to 65 degrees in longitude and
|b|<=3.5 degrees in latitude. The population of VHE gamma-ray emitters is dominated by the
pulsar wind nebula and supernova remnant source classes, although nearly a third remain
unidentified or confused.
The sensitivity of H.E.S.S. to sources in the inner Galaxy has improved significantly over the
past two years, from continued survey observations, dedicated follow-up observations of
interesting source candidates, and from the development of advanced methods for
discrimination of gamma-ray-induced showers from the dominant background of hadron-
induced showers. The latest maps of the Galaxy at TeV energies will be presented, and a few
remarkable new sources will be highlighted. (Henning Gast, Francois, Svenja Carrigan, Ryan
C.G. Chaves, Christoph Deil, Aranche Djannati-Atai, Yves Gallant, Vincent Marandon,
Mathieu de Naurois, Raquel de los Reyes, 2012)

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AMIGPS16GH – AMI Galactic Plane Survey 16 – GHz Source Catalog

(Submitted on 27 Sep 2013)

The Arcminute Microkelvin Imager (AMI) Galactic Plane Survey is a large-area survey of
the outer Galactic plane to provide arcminute resolution (approximately 3 arcminutes) images
at milli-Jansky (mJy) sensitivity in the centimeter-wave band. This table contains results from
the first data release of the survey, consisting of 868 deg2 of the Galactic plane, covering the
area above 40 degrees Declination (corresponding to 76 to 170 degrees Galactic Longitude)
between Galactic Latitudes of -5 to +5 degrees at a central frequency of 15.75 GHz (1.9 cm).
The noise level in the survey is <~ 3mJy/beam away from bright sources. This table contains
the source catalog of 3503 radio sources detected with peak flux densities at or greater than 5
sigma.

In their paper, the authors describe in detail the drift-scan observations which have been used
to construct the maps, including the techniques used for observing, mapping and source
extraction, and summarize the properties of the finalized data sets. These observations
constitute the most sensitive Galactic plane survey of large extent at centimeter-wave
frequencies greater than 1.4 GHz.

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Conclusion

Surveying is one of the world’s oldest and most important arts because, as noted previously,
from the earliest times it has been necessary to mark boundaries and divide land.

Surveying has now become indispensable to our modern way of life. The results of today’s
surveys are being used to: Map the earth above and below sea level. Prepare navigational
carts for use in the air, on land and at sea. Establish property boundaries of private and public
lands. Develop data banks of land-use and natural resources information which aid in
managing our environment. Determine facts on the size, shape, gravity and magnetic fields of
the earth and prepare charts of our moon and planets.

In the past, the mathematicians were beginning to grapple with the concepts of size and
shape. Engineers had already development workable plane surveying to lay out the roads,
aqueducts, and building and so, to improve their advance. Now a day, engineering that have
improve the need of the engineering. After this time the assignment to let us know where it
versatile in transit, the use of the latest equipment and the latest progress and so on. We
appreciate our teacher.

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References

Henning Gast, Francois, Svenja Carrigan, Ryan C.G. Chaves, Christoph Deil, Aranche
Djannati-Atai, Yves Gallant, Vincent Marandon, Mathieu de Naurois, Raquel de los Reyes,
(2012) [online]Exploring the Galaxy at TeV energies: Latest results from the H.E.S.S.
Galactic . Available at: http://arxiv.org/abs/1204.5860 [Accessed 5 Aug. 2014].

Vermessungsseiten.de, (2001). Plane Surveying. [online] Available at:

http://www.vermessungsseiten.de/englisch/vermtech/plane.htm [Accessed 2 Aug. 2014].

wiseGEEK, (2014). What Is Plane Surveying?. [online] Available at:

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-plane-surveying.htm [Accessed 2 Aug. 2014].

Tafesse, W. and Gobena, T. (2005). Surveying. 1st ed. [ebook] Ethiopia Public Health
Training Initiative: Haramaya University. Available at:
http://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/health/ephti/library/lecture_notes/env_health_scie
nce_students/Surveying.pdf [Accessed 3 Aug. 2014].

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