“USE OF RECYCLED WASTE WITH BITUMEN IN

ROAD CONSTRUCTION”

A
Major Project
Report
On
Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of
Bachelor of Engineering in
Civil Engineering
Submitted to
RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA BHOPAL (M.P.)

Submitted By

Anilesh Kumar 0186CE141007

Kushagra bhargava 0186CE141034
Manish Hemnani 0186CE141037
Nakul Tiwari 0186CE141049

Under the Guidance of

Prof. Vivek mishra

 SAGAR INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE,
BHOPAL (M.P.)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Minor project synopsis Project entitled “USE OF

RECYCLED WASTE WITH BITUMEN IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION” submitted to Rajiv

Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (M.P.) by Manish Hemnani,
Nakul Tiwari and Anilesh Kumar for partial fulfilment for the award of the
degree of the Bachelor of Engineering in civil Engineering.

Anilesh Kumar 0186CE141007

Kushagra bhargava 0186CE141034
Manish Hemnani 0186CE141037
Nakul Tiwari 0186CE141049

Dr. Rakesh Patel Sir

HOD (CE)
SIRTS, Bhopal (M.P.)
 SAGAR INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY &SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

APPROVAL CERTIFICATE

This is hereby certified that the Major Project synopsis entitled “USE

OF RECYCLED WASTE WITH BITUMEN IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION” being

submitted by Manish Hemnani 0186CE141037, Nakul Tiwari 0186CE141049,

Anilesh Kumar 0186CE141007 Kushagra bhargava 0186CE1410 to the RGPV,

Bhopal is a genuine work performed by them.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Date: Date:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This is one of the best moments of my B.E. program to publicly acknowledgment those who
have contributed in many different ways to make my success a part of their own. The
completion of the Major Project depends upon the co-operation, coordination and combined
effects of several resources of knowledge energy.
I heartily thanks to Vivek Sir, faculties of Department of Civil Engineering, for accepting me
to work under their Valuable Guidance, Closely Supervised this work over the past few
months and offering many innovative ideas and helpful suggestions, which led to the
successful completion of this dissertation work.

I am especially thankful Dr. Manish Manoriya, Director, SIRTS, and Bhopal for his kind
co-operation and rendering me all possible facilities.

I am thankful to all staff members of the CE department and my friends for their timely help
co-operation and suggestion during my project work. Lastly but not the least, I must express
thanks to my family, without their moral support it was impossible for me to complete this
minor project work.

Anilesh Kumar 0186CE141007

Kushagra bhargava 0186CE141034
Manish Hemnani 0186CE141037
Nakul Tiwari 0186CE141049

CONTENT

 ABSTRACT: (pg no. – 1)

 LIST OF TABLE: (pg no. – 2)

 LIST OF FIGURE: (pg no. – 3)

 LITERATURE REVIEW: (pg no. : 4 -7)

 INRTODUCTION: (pg no. : 8-13)

 Background.

 Need For Study.

 Objective & Scopes

 Plastic & Bitumen definition & types.

 STUDY OF MATERIAL USED: (pg no. : 14-15)

 Overview.

 Plastic.

 Bitumen.

 Coarse & Fine Aggregate

 METHODOLOGY: (pg no. : 16-27)

 Overview.

 Collection of Raw Material.

 Material Test.

 Mix Design.
  Casting & Handling.

 procedure

 RESULT & DISCUSION: (pg no. : 28-35)

 Test Results.

 Merits & DE-Merits.

 CONCLUSION: (pg no. – 36)

 Comparison.

 Recommendation.

 REFERENCE: (pg. no. – 37)

ABSTRACT
This study discussed the suitability of plastic waste materials for pavement construction...
The waste is mixed in different proportions to the soil sample and their influences on
geotechnical properties were studied. The results of the tests indicated that plastic alone is not
suitable for pavement sub grade. When quarry dust was added along with soil plastic mix, it
maintains the CBR value within the required range.
Plastic use in road construction is not new. It is already in use as PVC or HDPE pipe mat
crossings built by cabling together PVC (polyvinyl chloride) or HDPE (high-density poly-
ethylene) pipes to form plastic mats. The plastic roads include transition mats to ease the
passage of tyres up to and down from the crossing. Both options help protect wetland haul
roads from rutting by distributing the load across the surface. But the use of plastic-waste has
been a concern for scientists and engineers for a quite long time. Recent studies in this
direction have shown some hope in terms of using plastic-waste in road construction i.e.,
Plastic roads.

Plastic roads mainly use plastic carry-bags, disposable cups and PET bottles that are
collected from garbage dumps as an important ingredient of the construction material. When
mixed with hot bitumen, plastics melt to form an oily coat over the aggregate and the mixture
is laid on the road surface like a normal tar road.

THE INDIAN CONCRETE JOURNAL NOVEMBER 200844

Plastic roads would be a boon for India’s hot and extremely humid climate, where
temperatures frequently cross 50°C and torrential rains create havoc, leaving most of the
roads with big potholes. Already, a kilometre-long test-track has been tested in Karnataka
using this technology. The government is keen on encouraging the setting up of small plants
for mixing waste plastic and bitumen for road construction. It is hoped that in near future we
will have strong, durable and eco-friendly roads which will relieve the earth from all type of
plastic-waste.

Plastics will increase the melting point of the bitumen. The use of the innovative technology
not only strengthened the road construction but also increased the road life as well as will
help to improve the environment and also creating a source of income.

Keywords: use of Recycled waste in Flexible road construction.

LIST OF TABLE

1) The specification guide table A for VG30 Bitumen as per IS

73:2006 (pg no.–14).
2) Crushing test results table 1.0/ table 1.1 (pg no.–28).
3) Abrasion test results table 2.0/ table 2.1 (pg no.–29).
4) Water absorption test results table 3.0/ table 3.1 (pg no.–30).
5) Penetration test results table 4.0/ table 4.1 (pg no.–31).
6) Flash and Fire point test results table 5.0/ table 5.1 (pg no.–32
to 33).
7) Ductility test results table 6.0/ table 6.1 (pg no.–34).

LIST OF FIGURES
Collection of plastic
Cleaning process
Page – 19
Shredded plastic
Collection of useful plastic

Bitumen Page – 20

Shredded plastic.
Coarse aggregate
Page – 21
Medium size aggregate.

Los Angeles machine Page – 23

Before and After sample

Heating of sample
Tamping Of Cooled
Page – 24
Impact Test

Water absorbed aggregate sample Page – 25

Weighing of sample

Penetration test apparatus Page – 26

Sample of bitumen

Flash and fire point test Page – 27

Apparatus of flash and fire point

Ductility test machine Page – 28

Ductility test samples

Sub grade tapping and stabilizing

Semi Rigid base layer
Finished rolled surface layer
Page – 32to33
Bitumen heating and temperature measurement
Surface material preparation
Rolled and finished surface

LITERATURE REVIEW
 International Conference on Quality Up-gradation in
Engineering, Science and Technology (2015)

In this paper the study of some of plastic waste materials which we can reuse by certain
processing and use in road construction...the materials as a result we are equipped with useful
and valuable information about these materials. The discussed materials have many
advantages over conventional/traditional materials and methods... This project will conduct a
study on recycling plastic waste and blending it with bitumen to lay roads in India and
compare with the environmental and economic conditions some of these materials are
relatively cheaper and provide more strength as compared to traditional road materials. This
project will come up with useful information and creating awareness amongst the learner in
the industry regarding waste material. So that one can have a step towards further detailed
information about these materials and thus be able to implement on field which will
definitely improve the level of construction.

The director of the Central Road Research Institute

(CRRI) said that bitumen mixed with plastic or rubber improves the quality and life of roads.
The deputy director of the CRRI said that polymers mixed with bitumen increased the
construction cost up to six per cent, but increased the longevity of roads manifold. The
performance studies carried out on the roads constructed in Tamil Nadu indicated satisfactory
performance with good skid resistance, good texture value, stronger and less amount of
progressive unevenness over a period of time. The experimentation carried out by CRRI also
indicated better stability value, indicating higher strength, less flow and more air voids. Al-
Hadidy A.I., Yi-qiu Tan (2009), “Effect of polyethylene on life of flexible pavements”

By: Shweta N. Rokdey PG Student, Structure Civil Engineering Department B.D.C.E,

Sevagram. P. L. Naktode Professor & M. R. Nikhar Asst.Professor Civil Engineering
Department B.D.C.E, Sevagram

Use of Waste Plastic in Flexible

Pavements-Green Roads
Use of Waste Plastic in Flexible
Pavements-Green Roads
Use of Waste Plastic in Flexible
Pavements-Green Roads
Open Journal of Civil Engineering, 2015, Use of Waste
Plastic in Flexible Pavements-Green Roads

Wrappers of betel nuts, chocolates, chips, hand bags, cold drink bottles and all other forms of
plastic create significant environmental and economic problem. They consume massive
energy and other natural resources, depleting the environment in various ways. In
manufacturing firms, con-struction industries and products delivery services, use of plastic is
a priority to handle and pack things comfortably due to its light weight, cost effectiveness
and strength. Plastics cannot be banned as it will result in usage of natural resources like
paper, wood at a great extent. It is made up of various chemical elements and is regarded as a
highly pestilent material which does not easily degrade in the natural environment after its
usage. Waste plastics are made up of Polyethylene, Polystyrene and Polypropylene.
Temperature varying between 120˚C-160˚C gives the softening point of these plastics. They
do not produce any toxic gases during heating but the softened plastics have tendency to
form a lamination or coating over the aggregate, when it is sprayed over the hot aggregate at
160˚C.

The main objective of this paper is to discuss the significance of plastic in terms of cost
reduction, increase in strength and durability when these plastics are heated and coated upon
the aggregates (160˚C) to compensate the air voids with plastic and binds with aggregate to
provide stability. Since many years the utilization of plastic in flexible pavements has been
done to increase the stability, durability of roads and reduce the cost of construction of roads
by replacing some percentage of bitumen with that of the waste plastic. The LDPE can only
be used in this technique as it gets softened at the desired temperature i.e., 160˚C and coated
over the aggregates. There is a consistent research still going on to attain the optimality and
many have stated to use the plastic in road construction [8]. Prof. C.E.G Justo states that
addition of 8% percent by weight of processed plastic is desirable in saving 0.4% bitumen by
weight of mix [4]. Dr. R. Vasudevan has also stated that use of waste plastic in bitumen
increase the binding property as com-pared to the conventional bitumen [3]. It improves the
properties of bitumen resulting in increase in Softening Point and decrease in Penetration
value thus improving the durability

Yash Menaria (Poornima Institute of Engineering and Technology) Rupal Sankhla

(India Centre for Environmental Planning & Technology, Ahmedabad,)
 5

IOSR Journal of Engineering www.iosrjen.org ISSN (e): 2250-

3021, ISSN (p): 2278-8719 Vol. 05, Issue 02 (February. 2015)
 Plastic which is toxic in nature is found to be nearly 5% in Municipal Solid Waste
(MSW). A major problem nowadays is the disposal of plastic wastes. These wastes are non
biodegradable in nature causing environmental pollution and hygiene problems. The
experimentation at several institutes indicated that waste plastic can be utilized in Asphalting
of roads. The use of these wastes in road construction is based on Economic, Technical and
Ecological criteria. Taking an example of INDIA (Authors native land) several million metric
tons plastic wastes are produced every year. If these wastes can be suitably utilized in road
construction, the disposal and pollution problems can be minimized to a large extent. In road
making process bitumen is used as binder. The bitumen can be modified with plastic waste
pieces forming a mix which can be used as a top layer of flexible pavement, showing better
binding property, stability, density and which is more resistant to water.

In construction of Asphalt pavement, hot bitumen is coated over stone aggregates mixed, laid
and rolled. But when the stagnation of water takes place over roads, it penetrates forming
depressions called Potholes. Certain anti stripping agents are used but these have limited use
and the cost of construction increases.

Bituminous mix with recycled plastics mainly LDPE replacing 30% of 2.36 - 5mm
aggregates showed 250% increase in Marshall stability and the mix density reduced to 16%
and in addition to it the Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) was also improved.

On heating at 100-160’C polythene, polypropylene and polystyrene soften and exhibit good
binding properties, blending it with bitumen results in a mix which is suitable for road laying.
In Maharashtra 1,500 km of road have been laid by the above mix and other states including
Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Pondicherry, Kerala have also laid test roads which
have successfully withstood loads due to heavy traffic, rain and temperature variation.India
generates 5.6 million metric tons of plastic waste annually, with Delhi generating the most of
at municipality at 689.5 metric tons every day, according to a report from the Central
Pollution Control Board (CPCB). CPCB submitted the report to the Indian Supreme Court,
which said, "We are sitting on a plastic time bomb."

Anzar Hamid Mir 1 Student, Bachelor of Civil Engineering, IUST Awantipora,

Srinagar (J&K), INDIA)
 6

International Journal on Emerging Technologies (2015) Use of

Plastic Waste Material in Flexible Pavements
Use of plastic along with the bitumen in construction of roads not only increases its life and
smoothness but also makes it economically sound and environment friendly. Plastic waste is
used as modifier of bitumen to improve some of bitumen properties Roads that are
constructed using plastic waste are known as Plastic Roads and are found to perform better
compared to those constructed with conventional bitumen. Further it has been found that
such roads were not subjected to stripping when come in contact with water. In this paper the
use of higher percentage of plastic waste reduces the need of bitumen by 10%. It also
increases the strength and performance of the road. Plastic increases the melting point of
bitumen and hence mixing can be done in more better and easier way. Plastic waste replaces
10% to 15% of bitumen, and thereby saves approximately Rs. 35000 to Rs. 45000 per
kilometer of a road stretch. Inclusion of plastic waste in road construction eliminates the
plastic shrinkage cracking of road surface and reduces the drying shrinkage to some extent

A material that contains one or more organic polymers of large molecular weight, solid in its
finished state and at some state while manufacturing or processing into finished articles, can
be shaped by its flow, is called as ‘Plastic’. Plastics are durable and degrade very slowly; the
chemical bonds that make plastic so durable make it equally resistant to natural processes of
degradation. Plastics can be divided in to two major categories: thermoses and
thermoplastics. A thermoset solidifies or “sets” irreversibly when heated. They are useful for
their durability and strength, and are therefore used primarily in automobiles and
construction applications. These plastics are polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide,
polyoxymethylene, polytetrafluorethylene, and polyethyleneterephthalate. A thermoplastic
softens when exposed to heat and returns to original condition at room temperature.
Thermoplastics can easily be shaped and moulded into products such as milk jugs, floor
coverings, credit cards, and carpet fibres. These plastic types are known as phenolic,
melamine, unsaturated polyester, epoxy resin, silicone, and polyurethane

R.A. Bondre*, P.S. Kamble** and S.L. Chauhan***Asst. Professor, Department of civil
Engineering, PIGCOE, Nagpur, (MS), India
 7

INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND:
That human and environment has to face in near future. Utilizing this Plastic waste for a
positive purpose assists in reducing its effect on environment. Plastic is waste hazard to the
environment .Plastic waste can be reused productively in the construction of road and
different purpose. Thus, using plastic as road construction material will help in two ways, in
addressing the problem of disposing the plastic waste and in the construction of road.

Case Studies in India:

• In Tamil Nadu, length of roads around 1000 m in various stretches were

Constructed using waste plastic as an additive in bituminous mix under the scheme
“1000 km Plastic Tar Road”, and found that, the performance of all the road
Stretches are satisfactory.
The construction of rods using Waste Plastic in the above states is based on the
Guidelines developed by Bangalore University. CRRI and College of Engineering,
Madhurai. However, standard specifications are not available on the use of waste
Plastic in Bituminous road Construction. In this regard, IRC was specially requested by
NRRDA for the preparation of such Guidelines for enabling the construction of Rural
Roads under PMGSY using Waster Plastic. In order to facilitate the development of
Guidelines on this, an Expert Group has been appointed by NRRDA for preparation of
interim guidelines for the use of Waste plastic which will be sent to IRC for approval
and releasing as IRC guidelines.

HOW MUCH PLASTIC? HOW MANY ROADS?

Each 5-member family’s use of 5 gm plastic bags a week, all-India = 52,000 tons a year.

Assume 50% of this is available for roads.1.5 tons plastic goes into average 1 km road.

So resurfacing just 35,000 km of roads a year will absorb all this littered waste. This is just
3.5 % of India’s 1 million km surfaced roads. (1.1 million km more roads are un-surfaced).
 8

NEED FOR STUDY

Use of plastics waste for a safe and eco-friendly process. It can easily process without any
new machinery. It has Simple process without any industry involvement. In situ
process Use of lesser percentage of bitumen and thus savings on bitumen resource
Both Mini Hot Mix Plant and Central Mixing Plant. It can be used only aggregate is
polymer coated and bitumen is not modified. Use 60/70 and 80/100 bitumen are
possible and no evolution of any toxic gases likes dioxin.

Mixing of the plastics over the aggregate is uniform. The coating is better and the mixing of
bitumen is being carried out at places like: Inside the Cylinder, during loading in the
dipper, during transferring the mix in the paver, during the spreading of the mix by
the paver.

The plastic waste improve the durability of road and improve strength as well as.
 9

OBJECTIVE & SCOPE

The main aim of this study to investigate the effect of mixed plastic waste in bitumen in road
construction.

The Objective of this work is:

1. To find out the variation in strength of bitumen & aggregate using plastic waste and
to compare with the conventional bitumen mix.

2. To determine the durability and cost effectiveness in road construction. The scope of
this project is not limited.
 10

OVERVIEW:

This chapter deals with the study of basic material properties and uses which is used in this
work. The properties of bitumen mixed plastic and merits of plastic bitumen pavement and
other things are highlighted to justify its selection in this research work.

WHAT IS PLASTICS?

A material that contains one or more organic polymers of large molecular weight, solid in its
finished state and at some state while manufacturing or processing into finished articles, can
be shaped by its flow.

TYPES OF PLASTICS:

Elastomers. That contains one or more organic polymers of large molecular weight, solid in
Thermosets. State and at some state while manufacturing or processing into finished articles,
THERMOPLASTIC. Flow.

WHAT IS BITUMEN?

Any of various mixtures of hydrocarbons (such as tar) often together with their
non-metallic derivatives that occur naturally or are obtained as residues after
heat-refining natural substances (such as petroleum) specifically such a mixture
soluble in carbon disulfide. The terms bitumen and asphalt are mostly interchangeable.

while the material obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil boiling at 525 °C
(977 °F) The primary use (70%) of asphalt is in road construction, where it is used as the
glue or binder mixed with aggregate particles to create asphalt concrete.

WHY USE OF PLASTIC?

Polymers have a number of vital properties, which exploited alone or together make a
significant and expanding contribution to construction needs.

1. Durable & corrosion resistant, Maintenance free, Hygienic & problems.

2. Good insulation for cold, heat & sound saving energy and reducing noise pollution.

3. It is economical and has a longer life. Ease of processing & light weight

11

SPECIFICATION FOR PLASTIC WASTE:

Plastic waste use

1. Films (carrybags, cups) up to 60μ thickness. (PE, PP, PS).

2. Hard foams (PS) any thickness.
3. Soft foams (PE&PP) any thickness
4. Laminated plastic up to 60μ thickness.

Plastic waste not use

1. PVC sheet
2. Flux sheets

CO-PROCESSING OF PLASTIC WASTE

MANAGEMENT

New Technology
 Plasma Pyrolysis Technology.
 Liquid Fuel.
 Polymer Blended Bitumen Roads.
 Co-processing in Cement Kiln.

POLYMER BLENDED BITUMEN ROAD

The process of road lying using waste plastics is designed and the technique is being
implemented successfully for the construction of flexible roads at various places in India
1. Striping and pothole formation: Bitumen film is often stripped off the aggregate.
2. Leaching: polymer will not leach out of the bitumen layer.
3. Effect of Bleeding: Waste polymer –bitumen blend shows higher softening temperature.
4. Effect of fly ash: It is also observed that the fly ash does not leach from this mixture.

12

BASIC PROCESS PLASTIC FOR ROAD

CONSTRUCTION
1. Segregation/collection of raw plastic: - Plastic waste collected from
various sources must be separated from other waste. Maximum thickness is 60 microns.

Collection of plastic (fig. 1)

2. Cleaning Process: - Plastic wastes get cleaned and dried.

Cleaning process (fig. 2)

3. Shredding process: - Will be shredded or cut into small piece. The different types
of plastic wastes are mixed together.

Shredded plastic (fig. 3)

4. Collection process: - The plastic waste retaining in 2.36 mm is collected.

 Collection of useful plastic (fig. 4)

13

STUDY OF MATERIAL USED

OVERVIEW:
In this chapter we give a detailed description of the property and characteristics of material
used in our project and also give detail about their performance and handling. The material
used in this study is:-
1. Bitumen.
2. Shredded Plastic.
3. Coarse aggregate.
4. Medium aggregate & Sub grade filling material.

Bitumen:
In this study we use VG 30 Bitumen. This is the hardest of all the grades and can withstand
very heavy traffic loads. The characteristics of this grade confirm to that of S 35 grade of IS-
73-1992. Bitumen 30/40 is used in specialized applications like airport runways and also in
very heavy traffic volume roads in coastal cities in the country.

Bitumen (fig. 5)

The specification guide for VG30 Bitumen as per IS 73:2006:

Sno. Characteristic Unit VG 30
1. Absolute viscosity at 60O C, min Poises 2400
2. Kinematic viscosity at 135O C, min cst 400
3. Flash Point, Cleveland open cup, min. C* 220
4. Matter soluble in trichloroethylene, min % wt 99
5. Softening Point, min C* 50
 6. Penetration at 25 O C, 100 gm, 5 sec. 1/10 mm 40 to 60
TABLE NO.A

14

Shredded Plastic
In this study the shredded plastic contains plastic bottle, plastic disposals and polybags
And shredded at size of 2.36 to 4.35mm. This type of plastic is soft and easily melts with the
Bitumen at required temperature and this type of plastic having a good binding property as
compare to hard plastic.

(Fig. 6) shredded plastic.

Coarse aggregate:
In this study coarse aggregate which passes through 12.5mm sieve and retain at 10mm sieve.
And the shape and structure of aggregate is sharp which interlocks the aggregate to each
other during laying and compaction.

(Fig. 7)Coarse aggregate.

Medium aggregate & sub grade filling material:

In this study used the medium aggregate of size 4.5 to 6mm which is generally used for
surface coating in flexible pavement and the sub grade filling material used like muram,
bricks bats, red.

(Fig. 8)Medium size aggregate.

 15

METHODOLOGY
OVERVIEW:

Based on previous research work, a comparison of strength of plastic mix bitumen pavement
is made with the respect of conventional flexible pavement and the influence of strength and
durability are also studied.

In this chapter test are conducted using processed shredded plastic

waste of size 2.36mm (soft plastic) is coated on coarse aggregate and mix in bitumen (VG30)
in ratio of 20%. A similar work is also done on raw material used in conventional method.

COLLECTION OF RAW MATERIAL

The material used in this study is:

Bitumen: VG30 from Gupta construction pvt ltd.

Plastic waste: soft plastic of size 2.36mm from Bairagarh junk yard.

Coarse aggregate: size of Agarwal group of construction.

Fine aggregate: size of 5mm from local contractor yadav construction.

Base & sub grade material: from local contractor kanta sharavan residential constructions

MATERIAL TEST

Test on Aggregate:

In order to decide the suitability of the aggregate for use in pavement construction, following
tests are carried out:

 Abrasion test

 Crushing test

 Water absorption test

 16

Abrasion Test:
Los Angeles machine consists of circular drum of internal diameter 700 mm and length 520
mm mounted on horizontal axis enabling it to be rotated (see Figure 2). An abrasive charge
consisting of cast iron spherical balls of 48 mm diameters and weight 340-445 g is placed in
the cylinder along with the aggregates. The number of the abrasive spheres varies according
to the grading of the sample. The quantity of aggregates to be used depends upon the
gradation and usually ranges from 5-10 kg. The cylinder is then locked and rotated at the
speed of 30-33 rpm for a total of 500 -1000 revolutions depending upon the gradation of
aggregates.

After specified revolutions, the material is sieved through 1.7 mm sieve and passed fraction
is expressed as percentage total weight of the sample. This value is called Los Angeles
abrasion value.

Los Angeles machine (fig. 9)

 Before and after sample (fig. 10)

17

Impact Test:
The aggregate impact test is carried out to evaluate the resistance to impact of aggregates.
Aggregates passing 12.5 mm sieve and retained on 10 mm sieve is filled in a cylindrical steel
cup of internal dia 10.2 mm and depth 5 cm which is attached to a metal base of impact
testing machine. The material is filled in 3 layers where each layer is tamped for 25 numbers
of blows. Metal hammer of weight 13.5 to 14 Kg is arranged to drop with a free fall of 38.0
cm by vertical guides and the test specimen is subjected to 15 numbers of blows. The crushed
aggregate is allowed to pass through 2.36 mm IS sieve. And the impact value is measured as
percentage of aggregates passing sieve (W1) to the total weight of the sample (w2). The
sample should be oven-dried for 4hrs. At a temperature of 100 to 110oC and cooled.

Heating of sample. (Fig. 11)

Tamping Of Cooled (fig. 12)

 e

Impact Test (fig. 13)

18

Water Absorption Test:

The sample should be thoroughly washed to remove finer particles and
dust, drained and then placed in the wire basket and immersed in distilled water at a
temperature between 22 and 32oC. After immersion, the entrapped air should be removed by
lifting the basket and allowing it to drop 25 times in 25 seconds. The basket and sample
should remain immersed for a period of 24 + ½ hrs afterwards.
The basket and aggregates should then be removed from the water, allowed to drain for a few
minutes, after which the aggregates should be gently emptied from the basket on to one of
the dry clothes and gently surface-dried with the cloth, transferring it to a second dry cloth
when the first would remove no further moisture. The aggregates should be spread on the
second cloth and exposed to the atmosphere away from direct sunlight till it appears to be
completely surface-dry. The aggregates should be weighed (Weight ‘A’). The aggregates
should then be placed in an oven at a temperature of 100 to 110oC for 24hrs. It should then be
removed from the oven, cooled and weighed (Weight ‘B’).

Formula used is Water absorption = [(A – B)/B] x 100%

 Water absorbed aggregate sample (fig. 16)

Weighing of sample (fig. 17)

19

Test on Bitumen:

Penetration Test:
The penetration value of bitumen is measured by distance in tenths of mm that a standard
needle would penetrate vertically into bitumen sample under standard conditions of test. By
this test we can determine the hardness or softness value of bitumen. In this test, firstly heat
the bitumen above its softening point and pour it into a container of depth attest 15mm.
bitumen should be stirred wisely to remove air bubbles. Then cool it to room temperature for
90 minutes and then placed it in water bath for 90 minutes. Then place the container in
penetration machine adjust the needle to make contact with surface of sample. Make dial
reading zero and release the needle for exactly 5 seconds and note down the penetration
value of needle for that 5 seconds. Just repeat the procedure thrice and note down the average
value.

Penetration test apparatus (fig. 18)

 Sample of bitumen (fig. 19)

20

Flash and Fire Point Tests on Bitumen

Flash point of bitumen is defined as the point of lowest temperature at which bitumen catches
vapors of test flame and fires in the form of flash. Fire point of bitumen is defined as the
point of lowest temperature at which the bitumen ignites and burns at least for 5 second
under specific conditions of test.

Flash and fire point test helps to control fire accidents in bitumen coated areas. By this test
we can decide the bitumen grade with respect to temperature for particular areas of high
temperatures.

Flash and fire point test (fig. 20)

 Apparatus of flash and fire point (fig. 21)

21

Ductility Tests on Bitumen

Melt the bituminous test material completely at a temperature of 75°C to 100° C above the
approximate softening point until it becomes thoroughly fluid. Strain the fluid through IS
sieving 30. After stirring the fluid, pour it in the mould assembly and place it on a brass plate.
In order to prevent the material under test from sticking, coat the surface of the plate and
interior surfaces of the sides of the mould with mercury or by a mixture of equal parts of
glycerin and dextrin. After about 30-40 minutes, keep the plate assembly along with the
sample in a water bath. Maintain the temperature of the water bath at 27° C for half an
hour. Remove the sample and mould assembly from the water bath and trim the specimen
by leveling the surface using a hot knife. Replace the mould assembly in water bath for 80 to
90 minutes. Remove the sides of the mould. Hook the clips carefully on the machine without
causing any initial strain. Adjust the pointer to read zero. Start the machine and pull clips
horizontally at a speed of 50 mm per minute. Note the distance at which the bitumen thread
of specimen breaks.
 Ductility test machine (fig. 22)

Ductility test samples (fig. 23)

22

Mix Design
Bituminous mix design is a delicate balancing act among the proportions of various
aggregate sizes and bitumen content. For a given aggregate gradation, the optimum bitumen
content is estimated by satisfying a number of mix design parameters

"MS-2 Mix Design for Asphalt Concrete and other Hot-mix Types,"1984 Edition, with
modifications The document describes the procedure for designing bituminous
materials in accordance with the Marshall Method of Mix Design stated in the
Asphalt Institute Handbook. The purpose of this Guidance Note is to ensure that a
standardized method is applied to the design procedure.

Mixing of bitumen plastic concrete

In this work we replace 20% VG30 bitumen having density of with shredded plastic and the
quantity of bitumen is used around 2lit in which 500grms of plastic is used in bitumen
concrete.

There is no or varying standard ratio mix for bitumen according to over study so we mixed
the bitumen depending on its Workability, Durability, Strength, Flexibility, Stability & Skid
resistance.
The mix consists of coarse and fine aggregates, filler and binder. It may be well graded, open
graded, gap graded or unbounded as per the requirements. As far as possible, it should
economical also.

Casting and Handling

In this project work we make a prototype( this prototype is replica of flexible pavement the
test cant done on this because the depth of layers is not appropriate according to the
pavement design & IRC standards) of Semi Rigid flexible pavement having dimension of
2X2FEET Iron box having depth of 1FEET in which three layers placed

SUB GRADE (4 to 4.5 inch)

SEMI RIGID BASE (5 to 6inch)

SURFACE LAYER (2 to 3.5inch)

23

Sub grade tapping and stabilizing (fig. 24)

In this layer we add muram and bricks piece for sub grade layer and evenly filled and tamped
uniformly at each 1inch
 Semi Rigid base layer (fig. 25)

In Semi Rigid base we add coarse aggregate passed from 12.5mm sieve and retain at 10mm
sieve. In this layer we compress the layer at each 1inch with human body weight to make the
layer stable and load resistive

24

Laying of semi rigid base (fig. 26)

Semi Rigid base with Emulsion and mixed plastic bitumen for binding of surface coat

This layer of pavement is the upper layer of Semi Rigid base in which Bitumen Emulsion is
mixed with Coarse aggregate having a nominal quantity of shredded plastic
 Finished rolled surface layer (fig. 27)

This is the final layer of the prototype pavement which is rolled by gas cylinder to make a
smooth surface and having an unequal camber (because there is little bit tough to provide a
designed camber due to lack of availability of machinery and due to size of prototype).

25

Procedure
There are following step of the construction of flexible pavement having shredded plastic
waste:-

 In this work we first placed the sub grade in the frame of iron steel. Then tamped evenly
with sprinkling of water to make adhesiveness in soil and brick pieces and compact the layer
at each 1 inch with crushing rod.

 Then the coarse aggregate is passed and retain from 12.5 to 10mm respectively sieve for
Semi Rigid base and placed in the frame and for compacting the layer pressure is created
through human body at each 1inch layer

 After this the bitumen is heated up at the temp of 150*C to 160*C for upper layer of base
 .

Bitumen heating and temperature measurement (fig. 28)

 The upper layer of Semi Rigid base is made with the mix of emulsion bitumen with coarse
aggregate and nominal quantity of plastic to make the binding and adhesion property in the
Semi Rigid base surface to make bond with the surface coat layer.

Coating of plastic on aggregate with bitumen (fig. 29)

26

 Now for the surface coat the plastic bitumen mix is added with fine aggregate having size of
6 to 8mm and firmly spread on the Semi Rigid base layer.
 Surface material preparation (fig. 30)

 After laying the surface layer the coat is rolled by LPG cylinder to smooth and finish
appearance.

Rolled and finished surface (fig. 31)

27

RESULT & DISCUSION:

Test on Aggregate: - Result of Crushing Test

The test is conducted on 6 samples. In which 3 samples are of plain coarse aggregate and 3
samples are of plastic coated aggregate.

Test results of plain coarse aggregate:-

(W1)Weight of (W2)Weight of Aggregate

sample(grm) crushed crushing value
Sno. Results (%)
sample(grm) (W2/W1)*100
 Sample 1 670 40 (40/670)*100 5.97%

Sample 2 650 38 (38/650)*100 5.84%

Sample 3 720 44 44/720)*100 6.11%

Table 1.0

Test results of plastic coated aggregate:-

(W1)Weight of (W2)Weight of Aggregate

sample(grm) crushed crushing value
Sno. Results (%)
sample(grm) (W2/W1)*100

Sample 1’ 620 32 (32/620)*100 5.16%

Sample 2’ 610 31 (31/610)*100 5.08%

Sample 3’ 695 37 (37/695)*100 4.46%

Table 1.1

A test is standardized by IS: 2386 part-IV value less than 10 signifies an

exceptionally strong aggregate while above 35 would normally be regarded as weak
aggregates

Hence, the plastic coated aggregate are better than plain coarse aggregate in bearing load.

28

Result of Abrasion Test: The test is conducted on 8 samples. In which 4 samples

are of plain coarse aggregate and 4 samples are of plastic coated aggregate.

Test results of plain coarse aggregate:-

(W1)Weight of (W2)Weight of Abrasion value = Res

Sno. sample(grm) crushed (W2/W1)*100 ults (%)

sample(grm)

Sample 1 5200 1794 (1794/5200)*100 34.51%

Sample 2 6080 2304 (2304/6080)*100 37.9%

Sample 3 6533 1999 (1999/6533)*100 30.6%

Sample 4 9790 3093 (3093/9790)*100 31.6%

 Table 2.0

Test results of plastic coated aggregate:-

(W1)Weight of (W2)Weight of Abrasion value = Res

Sno. sample(grm) crushed (W2/W1)*100 ults (%)

sample(grm)

Sample 1’ 5275 1655 (1655/5275)*100 31.37%

Sample 2’ 5500 1639 (2304/5500)*100 29.8%

Sample 3’ 7100 2336 (2336/7100)*100 32.6%

Sample 4’ 10000 2680 (2680/10000)*100 26.8%

Table 2.1

A test is standardized by IS: 2386 part-IV a maximum value of 40 percent is allowed

for base course in Indian conditions.

Hence, the plastic coated aggregate are more safe and durable then plain coated aggregate.

29

Result of water Absorption Test: - The test is conducted on 6 samples. In which

3 samples are of plain coarse aggregate and 3 samples are of plastic coated aggregate.

Test results of plain coarse aggregate:-

(W1)Weight (W2)Weight (Wo) Weight of Water

of saturated of oven dried water absorption Results
Sno. sample(grm) sample(grm) absorption(grm) value = (%)
(Wo/W2)*100

Sample 1 2409 2405 5 (5/2404)*100 .208%

Sample 2 2380 2375 5 (5/2375)*100 .210%

Sample 3 2491 2485 6 (6/2485)*100 .210%

 Average Value = .206%

Table 3.0

Test results of plastic coated aggregate: - In this the ratio of

plastic mix is 20% by aggregate weight during heating of
coarse aggregate
(W1)Weight (W2)Weight (Wo) Weight of Water
of saturated of oven dried water absorption Results
Sno. sample(grm) sample(grm) absorption(grm) value = (%)
(Wo/W2)*100

Sample 1’ 2400 2396 4 (4/2396)*100 .166%

Sample 2’ 2425 2422 3 (3/2422)*100 .123%

Sample 3’ 2380 2375 5 (5/2375)*100 .210%

Average Value = .166%

Table 3.1

A test is standardized by IS: 2386 (Part III) – 1963 a maximum value of 1 percent is
allowed.

Hence, the plastic coated aggregate are more safe and durable then plain coated aggregate.

30

Test on Bitumen:-

Result of Penetration Test: - The test is conducted on 2 samples. In which

1samples are of VG30 bitumen and 1 sample are of VG30 plastic blended bitumen.

Test results of VG30 bitumen:

Sno. Penetration value (mm)

69.5

Sample 1 67

70
 Mean value = 68.83(mm)

Table 4.0

Test results of VG30 plastic blended bitumen: In this the

ratio of plastic mix is 20% by bitumen weight during heating
of VG30 bitumen at 100C*

Sno. Penetration value (mm)

65.3

Sample 1, 66.1

63

Mean value = 64.73(mm)

Table 4.1

Minimum values of penetration specified by ISI for VG30 grades is 60 to 70

Hence, the plastic blended bitumen is more safe and having more hardness then plain
bitumen.

31

Observation & Result of flash and fire Test: - The test is conducted on 2
samples. In which 1samples are of VG30 bitumen and 1 sample are of VG30 plastic blended
bitumen.

Test results of VG30 bitumen: Sample 1

Time Temperature (°C) Remarks

 0 24 Initial point

5 53 -

10 112 -

15 240 -

20:12 298 Flash point

25 331 -

26:31 369 Fire point

Table 5.0

32

Test results of VG30 plastic blended bitumen: In this the ratio of plastic mix is 20% by
bitumen weight during heating of VG30 bitumen at 100C*

Test results of VG30 bitumen: Sample 1’

Time Temperature (°C) Remarks

 0 24 Initial point

5 53 -

10 158 -

15 240 -

23:14 336 Flash point

25 386 -

27:55 423 Fire point

Table 5.1

Minimum values of flash and fire point specified by ISI for various grades are 230 minimum
for flash and 450max for fire point.

Hence, the plastic blended bitumen is more safe and resistive then plain bitumen.

33

Result of Ductility Test: - The test is conducted on 6 samples. In which 3 samples

are of VG30 bitumen and 3 samples are of VG30 plastic blended bitumen.

Test results of VG30 bitumen:

Sno. Breakage point (cm)

Sample 1 156

Sample 2 188

Sample 3 188
 Average point of failure = 177.4cm

Table 6.0

Test results of VG30 plastic blended bitumen: In this the

ratio of plastic mix is 20% by bitumen weight during heating
of VG30 bitumen at 100C*

Sno. Breakage point (cm)

Sample 1’ 163

Sample 2’ 210

Sample 3’ 210

Average point of failure = 194.4cm

Table 6.1

Minimum values of ductility specified by ISI for various grades are 100cm minimum

Hence, the plastic blended bitumen is more safe and durable then plain bitumen.

34

MERIT & DE-MERIT

Merits:

1. Strength of the road increased.

2. Better resistance to water & water stagnation.

3. No stripping & have no potholes.

4. Increased binding & better bonding of the mix.

5. Better soundness property.

 6. Maintenance cost of the road is almost nil.

7. No effect of radiation like UV.

De-Merits:
1) Cleaning process -Toxic present in the co-mingled plastic waste start leaching.

2) During the road laying process- the presence of chlorine will definitely release
noxious gas.

35

CONCLUSION
Plastic will increase the melting point of the bitumen. This innovative technology not only
strengthened the road construction but also increased the road life. Plastic roads would be
boon for India’s hot & extremely humid climate, where temperature frequently crosses 50°C

COMPARISON
1. The durability of the roads laid out with shredded plastic waste is much more compared
with roads with asphalt with the ordinary mix.
2. While a normal 'highway quality' road lasts four to five years it is claimed that plastic-
bitumen roads can last up to 10 years.
3. Rainwater will not seep through because of the plastic in the tar.
4. The cost of plastic road construction may be slightly higher compared to the conventional
method.
5. The maintenance cost is low as compared to conventional method.
6. It initial cost is slightly more as compared to conventional method.

RECOMMENDATIONS
The use of new materials and technologies is not becoming popular in our country mainly
due to lack of awareness. Failure to instill confidence in the field engineers by addressing
their problems can be another reasons, the third being non-availability of suitable standard
equipments. In the light of the fact that efficacy of innovative technologies was established in
several case studies taken under varied conditions, time is opportune to initiate the
construction of “Technology Demonstration Projects”. During the implementation of such
Projects the field engineers are to be taken into confidence and need to be involved eight
form Project Preparation. All technical and implementation processes are to be meticulously
documented which become handy in the disseminations process for exposing more field
engineers to the technologies. This will instill confidence among them and large scale
adoption of these technologies would become possible.

36

REFERENCES
[1] http://www.google.com

[2] http://www.wikipedia.com

[3] ISI, “Indian Standards Specifications for Roads Tar”, IS: 215, Indian standard Institution.

[4] http://www.scribd.com/doc/51055725/use-of-plastic- waste-in-road-construction

[5] http://nbmcw.com/articles/roads/930-use-of-waste-plastic-in-construction-of-flexible-
pavement.html
[6] ] Kajal , N K S Pundhir , Sangita and A Chandra(2007), Use of waste plastics and copper
slag for low cost bituminous roads, Journal Of Scientific and Industrial Research,

[7] Ministry of Road Transport and High Ways, Manual for construction and supervision of
Bituminous works.

[8]] Vasudevan .R, utilization of waste plastics for flexible pavement, Indian High Ways
(Indian Road Congress).

[9] S.S.Verma, (2008), Roads from plastic waste, The Indian Concrete Journal.

*****

37