Manila

EN BANC

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES,

Plaintiff-Appellee,
G. R. No. L-61356-57

September 30, 1986

-versus-

FELICISIMO JARA, REYMUNDO VERGARA

and ROBERTO BERNADAS,
Defendants-Appellants.

DECISION
GUTIERREZ, JR., J.:

We are, once again, constrained to take a hard look into the sufficiency of extra-
judicial confessions as the sole basis for the imposition of the supreme penalty of
death. The three appellants were all sentenced to death in Criminal Case No. 2564
for Robbery with Homicide. In the companion case of parricide, one was sentenced
to another death penalty while the two other appellants received sentences ranging
from 12 to 20 years of imprisonment. Our task is made difficult by the fact that the
crimes were specially ruthless and barbarous in their commission. No less than the
counsel for the appellants states that the people of Puerto Princesa are no strangers
to crime and that the frequency of criminal acts in their city has somehow
benumbed the sensibilities of its citizens. Yet, the discovery on June 9, 1978 of the
brutally and badly bashed corpses of two well-known and loved women of their
community was still shocking to their senses.
There is the added factor that the police officers who investigated the crime and
secured the confessions seemed so certain that indeed the three appellants are the
malefactors. The confessions are convincing in their details. The trial court noted
that "both victims were assaulted and killed with the might and fury of one really
who had harbored so long a grudge and hate" and only Felicisimo Jara had that
kind of ill-will against his estranged wife and her female companion. Moreover,
Jara, a recidivist for the crime of homicide, was characterized as an experienced
killer. There must be many residents of Puerto Princesa who are thus, convinced
about the correct solution of the crime. And perhaps, the appellants could have
been the killers.cralaw
The function of this Court, however, is not to indulge in surmises or probabilities.
The issue before Us is whether or not the evidence of guilt is admissible under the
standards fixed by the Constitution and, if the quantum of proof which We are
allowed by the Constitution to consider, establishes guilt beyond reasonable
doubt.cralaw
The decision of the former Court of First Instance of Palawan, 7th Judicial District,
Branch 1 in the consolidated cases of "People of the Philippines versus Felicisimo
Jara, et al." [Criminal Case No. 2564] for Robbery with Homicide; and "People of
the Philippines vs. Felicisimo Jara, et al." [Criminal Case No. 2565] for Parricide is
involved in this automatic review. All the three accused in Criminal Case No. 2564
were sentenced to suffer the maximum penalty of death, to indemnify jointly and
severally the heirs of the deceased Amparo Bantigue in the sum of Pl,000.00, the
amount stolen, and the sum of P12,000.00. In Criminal Case No. 2565, for the
killing of Luisa Jara, accused Felicisimo Jara was found guilty beyond reasonable
doubt of the crime of parricide and meted out the maximum penalty of death while
the two other accused were found guilty of homicide and sentenced to suffer an
indeterminate penalty of twelve [12] years of prision mayor as minimum, to twenty
[20] years of reclusion temporal as maximum. All the accused were ordered to
indemnify, jointly and severally, the heirs of Luisa Jara in the sum of
P12,000.00.cralaw
The Information for the crime of Robbery with Homicide in Criminal Case No.
2564 reads as follows:
That on or about the 9th day of June, 1978, about 1:30 o'clock in the morning, at
Malvar St., Puerto Princesa City, Philippines and within the jurisdiction of this
Honorable Court, the above-named accused, conspiring and confederating together
and mutually helping each other, with intent to kill, evident premeditation and
treachery, after gaining entrance to the house thru the window, an opening not
intended for entrance or egress, did then and there wilfully, unlawfully and
feloniously strike with a hammer, Amparo Vda. de Bantigue, hitting her on the
vital parts of her body and stabbed with a scissor while she was soundly sleeping in
her bedroom with one, Luisa Jara, thereby causing her instantaneous death as a
result thereof, and that after killing Amparo Vda. de Bantigue, accused in
conspiracy with each other, with intent to gain and without the consent of the
owner thereof, took, stole and carried away a piggy bank and a buddha bank
containing money in the amount of not more than P200.00, to the damage and
prejudice of the heirs of Amparo Vda. de Bantigue, in the total amount of Twelve
Thousand Two Hundred Pesos [P12,200.00], Philippine Currency.
CONTRARY TO LAW and committed with aggravating circumstances of
Recidivism with respect to accused Felicisimo Jara, the latter having been
previously convicted of the crime of homicide in the Court of First Instance of
Iloilo, and the aggravating circumstance against all the accused that the crime was
committed with treachery, in the dwelling of the offended party, in the nighttime,
and with respect to accused Reymundo Vergara and Roberto Bernadas, for having
participated in the commission of the crime in consideration of a prize or reward.

In Criminal Case No. 2565, the Information charged the accused as follows:
That on or about June 9, 1978, at about 1:30 o'clock in the morning, at Malvar St.,
Puerto Princesa City, Philippines and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable
Court, the above-named accused, conspiring and confederating together and
mutually helping each other, with intent to kill, treachery and evident
premeditation, did then and there wilfully, unlawfully and feloniously strike
several times, with a hammer one, Luisa Jara, who is the lawfully wedded wife of
accused Felicisimo Jara, and thereafter, stabbed her with a scissor in her chest and
abdomen, while the latter was soundly sleeping with one, Amparo Vda. de
Bantigue, resulting to the instantaneous death of said Luisa Jara, to the damage and
prejudice of the heirs of said Luisa Jara in the amount of Twelve Thousand
[P12,000.00] Pesos, Philippine Currency.
CONTRARY TO LAW and committed with the aggravating circumstances of
recidivism with respect to accused Felicisimo Jara, the latter having been
previously convicted of the crime of Homicide in the CFI of Iloilo, and the
aggravating circumstance against all the accused, namely: [1] that the crime was
committed in the dwelling of the offended party, [2] in the nighttime, [3] and
treachery; and the aggravating circumstance against accused Reymundo Vergara
and Roberto Bernadas of having participated in the commission of the crime in
consideration of a prize or reward.

All the accused pleaded not guilty during the arraignment. On motion by the
prosecution and the defense, the court a quo ordered a joint trial of the two cases
which arose from one incident and where the witnesses are the same. The facts
according to the prosecution are as follows:
At about 6:00 o'clock in the early morning of June 9, 1978, the waitresses at
Alvin's Canteen situated in Malvar Street, Puerto Princesa City, wondered why
their employer, the deceased Amparo Bantigue, did not answer when they called at
her door that morning [p. 7, T.S.N., March 21, 1979]. They went to the kitchen and
peeped through a hole. They saw Amparo and Luisa Jara seemingly asleep. They
again went to the door and knocked but still no answer came. The waitresses called
one of Luisa Jara's waitresses at Aileen's canteen next door. Becoming
apprehensive, they went back to the kitchen for a second look. They discovered the
following: Amparo and Luisa were both lying in bed; Luisa was dressed only in
her underwear and there was dried blood in one of her hands; Amparo, seemingly
asleep, lay beside her [pp. 9-11, T.S.N., March 21, 1979]. Finally, they decided to
inform Luisa's daughter, Minerva, about their apprehension. When they met
Minerva at the public market, she tearfully accompanied them back to Amparo's
room. When no one answered their knocking, Minerva kicked open the door. [pp.
11-12, T.S.N., March 21, 1979]. Inside, they found the two women dead from
wounds inflicted on their persons [p. 13, T.S.N., March 21, 1979].cralaw
The husband of Luisa, appellant Felicisimo Jara, then entered the room and saw the
condition of the victims [p. 15, T.S.N., March 21, 1979]. Inside the room, several
ceramic piggy banks belonging to Amparo containing coins estimated in the
amount of P1,000.00 were missing [p. 43, T.S.N., February 6, 1979]. Scattered
underneath the window of Amparo's bedroom were coins and bits and pieces of
what used to be ceramic piggy banks [Exh. "F"; pp. 17-20, T.S.N., Feb. 6,
1979]. Later, two suspects in the killing, appellants Reymundo Vergara and
Roberto Bernadas, were apprehended [pp. 59-60, T.S.N., March 19, 1979]. After
investigation, they confessed their guilt to the Provincial Commander of the
Philippine Constabulary in Palawan and other police investigators [pp. 26-31,
TS.N., May 28, 1979]. They also positively identified appellant Felicisimo Jara as
the mastermind who had plotted the killing and who promised them a fee of
P1,000.00 each for their participation [Exhibits "O" and "N"]. Before the City
Fiscal and First Assistant City Fiscal of Puerto Princesa City, respectively,
appellants Vergara and Bernadas subscribed and swore to their extra-judicial
statements wherein they narrated their role and that of Felicisimo Jara in the killing
[see Exhibits "O" and "N"].cralaw
Thereafter, the killing was reenacted before the military authorities and the public,
with appellants Vergara and Bernadas participating [p. 14, T.S.N., July 19,
1979].cralaw
The autopsy reports [Exhibits "A" and "C"] submitted by Dr. Rufino Ynzon, the
City Health Officer of Puerto Princesa on the examination of the cadavers of the
deceased victims indicate that death in both cases resulted from "hemorrhage,
intra-cranial secondary to multiple comminuted-depressed fracture of the cranial
bones." Amparo Bantigue's wounds were described as follows:
POST MORTEM FINDINGS
1. Wound, macerated, roughly oval in shape, about 1 l/4 inches in length with
depressed-comminuted fracture of the underlying bone located at the forehead,
right, upper portion.
2. Wound, macerated, roughly oval in shape, about 1 1/3 inches in length, with
depressed-comminuted fracture of the underlying bone located at the forehead,
central portion.
3. Wound, macerated, roughly circular in shape, about 1 1/5 inches in length with
depressed-comminuted fracture of the underlying bone located at the forehead,
medially to the left eyebrow.
4. Wound, macerated, roughly triangular in shape with depressed-comminuted
fracture of the underlying bone located above the left eyebrow.
5. Wound, macerated, elongated with fracture of the alveolar bone, located at the
upper lip, central portion.
6. Wound, macerated, elongated, about 31/2 inches in length with depressed-
comminuted fracture of the underlying bone with brain tissue coming out located
at the left parieto temporal region.
7. Wound, macerated, elongated, about 21/2 inches in length with depressed-
comminuted fracture of the underlying bone located at the left temporal region,
anterior portion.
8. Wound, macerated, elongated, about 2 inches in length, with depressed-
comminuted fracture of the underlying bone, located at the left face.
9. Wound, macerated, roughly oval in shape, about 2 inches in length, with
depressed-comminuted fracture of the underlying bone, located at the right
temporal region.
10. Wound, macerated, elongated, about 2 inches in length with depressed-
comminuted fracture of the underlying bone located at the right face.
11. Wound, stabbed, about an inch in length at the right chest, between the 3rd and
4th intercostal space, penetrating the thoracic cavity involving the right lung.
12. Wound, stabbed, about 1 inch in length, located at the chest, central portion,
penetrating the sternum, then thoracic cavity piercing the right auricle, heart.
13. Wound, stabbed, about 1 inch in length, located at the right upper abdomen
penetrating the abdominal cavity involving the liver and stomach. [Exhibit "A"].
CAUSE OF DEATH: HEMORRHAGE INTRA-CRANIAL SEC. TO MULTIPLE
COMMINUTED-DEPRESSED FRACTURE OF THE CRANIAL BONES.

On the other hand, Luisa Jara suffered from the following wounds:
POST MORTEM FINDINGS
1. Wound,macerated,roughly circular in shape,about 1 1/2 inches in diameter with
depressed-comminuted fracture of the underlying bones, located at the right frontal
region.
2. Wound, macerated, with a letter T shape, about 2 inches in length, with
depressed-comminuted fracture of the underlying bone, located at the central
portion of the frontal region.
3. Wound, macerated, roughly triangular in shape, about 1 1/2 inches in length with
depressed-comminuted fracture of the underlying bone, located at the right side of
the nose.
4. Wound, macerated, roughly elongated in shape, about 1 inch in length, with
depressed-comminuted fracture of the underlying bone, located at the left eyebrow,
lateral portion.
5. Wound, macerated, roughly oval in shape, about 2 inches in length, with
depressed-comminuted fracture of the underlying bone, located at the left lateral
portion of the forehead.
6. Wound, macerated, roughly oval in shape, about 2 inches in length, with
depressed-comminuted fracture of the underlying bone, located at the parietal
region, left.
7. Wound, macerated, roughly elongated in shape about 1 inch in length with
depressed-comminuted fracture of the underlying bone, located at the temporal
region, left.
8. Wound, macerated, roughly elongated in shape, about 11/2 inches in length with
depressed-comminuted fracture of the underlying bone, located at the temporal
region, left.
9. Wound, macerated, roughly stellate in shape, about 2 inches in length, with
depressed-comminuted fracture of the underlying bone, located at the left
mandibular region.
10. Wound, macerated, roughly oval in shape, about 1 l/2 inches in length, with
depressed-comminuted fracture of the underlying bone, located at the left face.
11. Wound,incised,about l 3/4 inches in length, located at the left upper portion of
neck, left side.
12. Wound, macerated, roughly elongated in shape, about 3 inches in length with
depressed-comminuted fracture of the underlying bone, located at the right
temporal region.
13. Contusion with hematoma, circular in shape, located laterally from the right
eyebrow.
14. Wound, macerated, roughly elongated in shape about 2 inches in length with
depressed-comminuted fracture of the underlying bone, located at the occipital
region, upper portion.
15. Wound, stabbed, about 1 inch in length, located at the chest, central portion
penetrating inside the thoracic cavity involving heart and lung.
16. Wound, stabbed, about 1 inch in length, located at the level of typhoid process
penetrating the thoracic cavity involving the right lung, lower lobe. [Exhibit "C"].
CAUSE OF DEATH: HEMORRHAGE, INTRA-CRANIAL SEC. TO MULTIPLE
COMMINUTED-DEPRESSED FRACTURE OF THE CRANIAL BONES.

Felicisimo Jara denied the charge that he was the one who killed his wife, Luisa,
together with her friend, Amparo Bantigue. He interposed alibi as a defense and
testified that at the time the killings took place at Alvin's Canteen at Malvar Street,
Puerto Princesa City, he was fast asleep with his grandchildren at his stepdaughter's
house in Pineda Subdivision. The other accused, Reymundo Vergara and Roberto
Bernadas, retracted their respective extra-judicial confessions admitting their
participation in the crimes charged and identifying their mastermind as the accused
Jara during proceedings before the Inquest Fiscal. They contested the admissibility
of the extra-judicial confessions and the subsequent re-enactment of the crime on
the ground that their participations in these occasions were not free and voluntary
and were without the benefit of counsel.
The court below ruled that the extra-judicial confessions of the accused Bernadas
and Vergara [Exhibits "N" and "O", respectively], together with the proof
of corpus delicti of the Special Crime of Robbery with Homicide established the
guilt of the accused beyond moral certainty. In their brief, the accused-appellants
contended that the court a quo erred:
I.
IN CONVICTING THE ACCUSED DESPITE THE UTTER ABSENCE OF ANY
KIND OF EVIDENCE, DIRECT OR CIRCUMSTANTIAL.
II.
IN ADMITTING THE ALLEGED EXTRA-JUDICIAL CONFESSIONS OF
ACCUSED-APPELLANTS REYMUNDO VERGARA AND ROBERTO
BERNADAS, WHICH WERE TAKEN THRU FORCE AND WITHOUT
BENEFIT OF COUNSEL.
III.
IN ADMITTING THE ALLEGED EXTRA-JUDICIAL CONFESSIONS OF
ACCUSED-APPELLANTS REYMUNDO VERGARA AND ROBERTO
BERNADAS AGAINST THEIRCO-ACCUSED, APPELLANT FELICISIMO
JARA.
IV.
IN FINDING THE PRESENCE OF CONSPIRACY DESPITE THE ABSENCE
OF PROOF THEREOF.
V.
 IN ALLOWING THE PLAYING OF AN ALLEGED TAPED CONFESSION.
VI.
IN ADMITTING THE PICTURES, EXHS. "T" TO "T- 23", WHICH WERE
NEVER PROPERLY IDENTIFIED.
All these assigned errors boil down to the issue of whether or not there is sufficient
evidence as borne by the records to establish the guilt of the accused beyond
reasonable doubt.cralaw
Section 20, Article IV of the Constitution provides:
No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. Any person under
investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to remain silent
and to counsel, and to be informed of such right. No force, violence, threat,
intimidation, or any other means which vitiates the free will shall be used against
him. Any confession obtained in violation of this section shall be inadmissible in
evidence.

There is no dispute that the confessions in these cases were obtained in the absence
of counsel. According to the records, there was a waiver by the accused-appellants
of their right to counsel.
Was the waiver valid?
We are constrained to answer this question in the negative.cralaw
Before the extrajudicial confession of appellant Bernadas was reduced to writing,
Pfc. Henry E. Pulga, in the presence of four other police officers, made the
following "Pasubali" followed by the answer, "Opo":
PASUBALI: Ikaw ay nasa ilalim ng isang pagsisiyasat at dahil dito ay
ipinababatid namin sa iyo ang iyong mga karapatan na sa ilalim ng ating Bagong
Saligang Batas ay ikaw ay may karapatang kumuha ng isang manananggol o
abogado ayon sa sarili mong pili mayroon ka ring karapatan na hindi maaaring
piliting sumagot sa anumang itatanong sa iyo sa alinmang Hukuman sa Pilipinas.
Nauunawaan mo ba ang lahat ng mga ipinaliwanag namin sa iyo ngayon?
SAGOT: Opo.
Likewise, in the case of the accused Vergara, the foreword of his signed sworn
statement reads:
TANONG: Marunong po ba kayong sumulat bumasa ng tagalog at umunawa ng
wikang tagalog na siya nating gagamitin sa pagsisiyasat na ito?
SAGOT: Nakakaunawa po ako at nakakabasa pero sa pagsulat ay hindi masyado.
PALIWANAG: Kung gayon po ay ipinababatid ko sa inyo ang inyong karapatan na
kayo ay maaaring manatiling tahimik kung inyong nais, magbigay o tumangging
magbigay ng inyong salaysay, maaari din na kayo ay sumangguni muna sa isang
abogado kung nais ninyo at ang lahat po ng inyong sasabihin ay maaaring
gamiting pabor o laban sa inyo sa anumang Hukuman dito sa ating kapuluan
ngayong alam na ninyo ang ilan sa inyong karapatan kayo po ba naman ay handa
na ngayong magsalaysay kahit na kayo ay wala pang abogadong kaharap na
siyang mangangalaga sa inyong karapatan at lahat po ng inyong sasabihin ay
pawang katutuhanan lamang
SAGOT: Opo.
[SGD.] REYMUNDO VERGARA DELA CRUZ
PATUNAY: Ako si Reymundo Vergara dela Cruz ay nagsasaad na ipinaalam sa
akin ang aking karapatang manatiling tahimik, kung aking nanaisin, na ang lahat
na aking sasabihin ay maaaring gamiting pabor o laban sa akin at nalaman ko rin
na ako ay maaaring kumuha ng sarili kong abogado na siyang nangangalaga ng
aking karapatan na kung hindi ko kayang kumuha ay bibigyan ako ng
pamahalaan.
Nauunawaan ko ang mga karapatang ito, handa at kusang loob akong nagbibigay
ng aking salaysay ngayon, sa tanong at sagot na paraan. Hindi ko na kailangan
ang tulong ng isang abogado, nauunawaan ko ang aking ginagawa, walang
pananakot, pananakit, pangako, pabuya o anuman na ginawa sa akin upang ako
ay magsalaysay. Ito ay sarili kong kagustuhan.
[SGD.] REYMUNDO VERGARA DELA CRUZ
This stereotyped "advice" appearing in practically all extrajudicial confessions
which are later repudiated has assumed the nature of a "legal form" or model.
Police investigators either automatically type it together with the curt "Opo" as the
answer or ask the accused to sign it or even copy it in their handwriting. Its tired,
punctilious, fixed, and artificially stated style does not create an impression of
voluntariness or even understanding on the part of the accused. The showing of a
spontaneous, free, and unconstrained giving up of a right is missing.
Whenever a protection given by the Constitution is waived by the person entitled
to that protection, the presumption is always against the waiver. Consequently, the
prosecution must prove with strongly convincing evidence to the satisfaction of
this Court that indeed the accused willingly and voluntarily submitted his
confession and knowingly and deliberately manifested that he was not interested in
having a lawyer assist him during the taking of that confession. That proof is
missing in this case.cralaw
The records sustain the appellants' contention that their extra-judicial confessions
bear clear earmarks of illegality and improbability. The Solicitor General gives the
following arguments for voluntariness:
An extra-judicial confession is generally presumed to have been voluntarily
executed [People v. Castañeda, 93 SCRA 56]. The confessant carries the burden of
convincing the trial judge that his admissions are involuntary or untrue [People v.
Ramos, 94 SCRA 842]. The trial court, in this case, was not convinced that the
extrajudicial confessions of appellants were made involuntarily. Consider the
following reasons for the court's refusal to lend credence to appellants' claim:
[1] Apart from appellants' self-serving claim, no other evidence on record supports
the allegation of involuntariness [People v. Villa, 93 SCRA 716].
[2] On the contrary, several prosecution witnesses testified that the confessions
were voluntarily given.
[3] Appellants' oral and written confessions given at various times to several
investigating authorities, not to mention the public re-enactment of the crime itself,
did not vary and they revealed details only the assailants could have possibly
known [People v. Ty Sui Wong, 83 SCRA 125; People v. Bautista y Aquino, 92
SCRA 465].
[4] Appellants' confessions were corroborated by the existence of corpus
delictiestablished by independent evidence [People v. Francisco, 93 SCRA 351].
[5] The claim of coercion cannot prevail over the testimony of the subscribing
fiscal that said confession was voluntary [People v. Caramonte, 94 SCRA 150].
The People v. Castañeda ruling applies to a crime committed before the Bill of
Rights was amended to include Section 20 on the right to remain silent and to
counsel and to be informed of such right. The presumption that "no one would
declare anything against himself unless such declarations were true" assumes that
such declarations are given freely and voluntarily. The new Constitution, in
expressly adopting the so-called Miranda v. Arizona [384 U.S. 436] rule, has
reversed the presumption. The prosecution must now prove that an extrajudicial
confession was voluntarily given, instead of relying on a presumption and
requiring the accused to offset it. There would have been no need to amend the
centuries-old provisions of the Bill of Rights and to expressly add the interdiction
that "no force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiates the
free will shall be used against him [the person being investigated]" if the framers
intended Us to continue applying the pre-1973 or pre-amendment presumptions.
Miranda v. Arizona, in explaining the rule which the U.S. Supreme Court adopted,
states:
While the admissions or confessions of the prisoner, when voluntarily and freely
made, have always ranked high in the scale of incriminating evidence, if an
accused person be asked to explain his apparent connection with a crime under
investigation, the ease with which the questions put to him may assume an
inquisitorial character, the temptation to press the witness unduly, to browbeat him
if he be timid or reluctant, to push him into a corner and to entrap him into fatal
contradictions, which is so painfully evident made the [continental] system so
odious as to give rise to a demand for its total abolition.

It is natural and to be expected that the police officers who secured the confessions
in these cases should testify that the statements were voluntarily given. However,
the records show that the interrogations were conductedincommunicado in a
police-dominated atmosphere. When appellant Bernadas gave his confession, his
companions in the room were five police officers. The only people with Vergara
when he confessed were also police investigators. We quote some more passages
from Miranda:
Again, We stress that the modern practice of in-custody interrogation is
psychologically rather than physically oriented. As we have stated before, "Since
Chambers v. Florida, 309, US 227 [84 L ed 716, 60 S Ct 472], this Court has
recognized that coercion can be mental as well as physical, and that the blood of
the accused is not the only hallmark of an unconstitutional inquisition." Blackburn
v. Alabama, 361 US 199, 206, 4 L ed 2d 242, 247, 80 S Ct 274 (1960).
Interrogation still takes place in privacy. Privacy results in secrecy and this in turn
results in a gap in our knowledge as to what in fact goes on in the interrogation
rooms. A valuable source of information about present police practices, however,
may be found in various police manuals and texts which document procedures
employed with success in the past, and which recommend various other effective
tactics. These texts are used by law enforcement agencies themselves as guides. It
should be noted that these texts professedly present the most enlightened and
effective means presently used to obtain statements through custodial interrogation.
By considering these texts and other data, it is possible to describe procedures
observed and noted around the country.
The officers are told by the manuals that the "principal psychological factor
contributing to a successful interrogation is privacy - being alone with the person
under interrogation." The efficacy of this tactic has been explained as follows:
If at all practicable, the interrogation should take place in the investigator's office
or at least in a room of his own choice. The subject should be deprived of every
psychological advantage. In his own home, he may be confident, indignant, or
recalcitrant. He is more keenly aware of his rights and more reluctant to tell of his
indiscretions or criminal behavior within the walls of his home. Moreover his
family and other friends are nearby, their presence lending moral support. In his
own office, the investigator possesses all the advantages. The atmosphere suggests
the invincibility of the forces of the law.
To highlight the isolation and unfamiliar surroundings, the manuals instruct the
police to display an air of confidence in the suspect's guilt and from outward
appearance to maintain only an interest in confirming certain details. The guilt of
the subject is to be posited as a fact. The interrogator should direct his comments
toward the reasons why the subject committed the act, rather than court failure by
asking the subject whether he did it. Like other men, perhaps the subject has a bad
family life, had an unhappy childhood, had too much to drink, had an unrequited
desire for women. The officers are instructed to minimize the moral seriousness of
the offense, to cast blame on the victim or on society. These tactics are designed to
put the subject in a psychological state where his story is but an elaboration of
what the police purport to know already - that he is guilty. Explanations to the
contrary are dismissed and discouraged.
The texts thus stress that the major qualities an interrogator should possess are
patience and perseverance. One writer describes the efficacy of these
characteristics in this manner:
In the preceding paragraphs, emphasis has been placed on kindness and stratagems.
The investigator will, however, encounter many situations where the sheer weight
of his personality will be the deciding factor. Where emotional appeals and tricks
are employed to no avail, he must rely on an oppressive atmosphere of dogged
persistence. He must interrogate steadily and without relent, leaving the subject no
prospect of sure cease. He must dominate his subject and overwhelm him with his
inexorable will to obtain the truth. He should interrogate for a spell of several
hours, pausing only for the subject's necessities in acknowledgment of the need to
avoid a charge of duress that can be technically substantiated. In a serious case, the
interrogation may continue for days, with the required intervals for food and sleep,
but without respite from the atmosphere of domination. It is possible in this way to
induce the subject to talk without resorting to duress or coercion. The method
should be used only when the guilt of the subject appears highly probable. [384 US
at pp. 448-451].

The cited police manuals state that the above methods should be used only when
the guilt of the subject appears highly probable. As earlier stated, the investigators
in the cases now before Us appear to have been convinced that the accused-
appellants were the culprits. Nonetheless, the evils
ofincommunicado interrogations without adequate safeguards to insure
voluntariness could still result in the conviction of innocent persons. More
important, what the Constitution commands must be obeyed even at the risk of
letting even hardened criminals mix once more with the law-abiding world.
As to the re-enactment, the extra-judicial-confessions served as a script for what
was to follow. Pictures re-enacting a crime which are based on an inadmissible
confession are themselves inadmissible. There are other factors to be considered in
these cases. Vergara and Barnadas had been detained for more than two [2] weeks
before they decided to give "voluntary" confessions. We doubt if it was two weeks
of soul-searching and introspection alone which led them to confess. There must
have been other persuasions.cralaw
There were two sensational murder cases in Palawan which preceded the killings
now before Us. The PC Command and the Integrated National Police were under
pressure to "solve" these additional sensational killings. The counsel for appellants
mentions a factor not refuted by the appellee in its brief, namely:
LT. COL. SABAS IMBONG, SGT. EUGENIO ENRIQUEZ, PFC HENRY
PULGA and CPL. ADOLFO JAGMIS all are connected with the Provincial
Constabulary Command which investigated the case, prematurely publicized the
solution of the case with the alleged "extra-judicial confessions" of two [2]
accused, but who were rebuffed when the two [2] accused, upon the first
opportunity to do so in public, which was the preliminary investigation, recanted
and retracted their alleged "extra-judicial confessions" as they were taken with the
use of force, violence, and intimidation, was prepared by the investigators
themselves, and without benefit of counsel.cralaw
All are comrades in-arms of Pat. Mamerto Bantigue, who is the son of the
deceased Amparo Bantigue. Pat. Bantigue was implicated in several coercion and
physical injuries cases filed with the City Court by persons who had been
physically attacked and violated by him in connection with the murder of his
mother. Likewise, he evaded justice by escaping from the law after murdering a
companion of accused Jara and attempting to kill the latter. He remains at
large.cralaw
A PC Sergeant, Oscar Ponce de Leon, assigned at the PC Medical Dispensary,
testified that he treated Roberto Bernadas for cigarette burns and Reymundo
Vergara for a wound at the tip of his right hand. While the medicine he applied was
only merthiolate, the possibility cannot be discounted that in addition to the
psychological effect of incommunicado questioning, lighted cigarettes and other
means of persuasion which leave physical marks, were also utilized to secure the
confessions.cralaw
Accused Reymundo Vergara was given an opportunity to go scot free by turning
state witness. He refused. Apart from their extra-judicial confessions, no other
evidence to implicate Bernadas and Vergara as perpetrators of the killing was
introduced by the prosecution. Since these confessions are inadmissible in
evidence, the two appellants have to be acquitted.cralaw
The strongest evidence against Felicisimo Jara are the extra-judicial confessions of
his two co-accused. Bernadas and Vergara point to Jara as the one who bludgeoned
the two victims with a hammer and then used a pair of scissors in inflicting the stab
wounds. He was also alleged to have offered them P1,000.00 each if they would
help him in the killing of his wife. However, since the confessions of Bernadas and
Vergara are inadmissible against them, with more reason can they not be used
against Jara.cralaw
Apart from the above extra-judicial confessions, other circumstantial evidence was
presented to support a verdict of conviction. Would such evidence in the absence of
the extra-judicial confessions be sufficient to overturn the presumption of
innocence in favor of the accused Jara? Evidence attesting to the fact that accused
Jara and his wife had not been in good terms for about three years before the
killings was presented. They used to quarrel with each other and they had not been
sleeping together since the deceased Luisa Jara slept at Alvin's Canteen together
with the other deceased, Amparo Bantigue. Godofredo Anasis nephew of Luisa
Jara, testified that his aunt was a "tomboy" and that she and Amparo Bantigue lived
together as "husband and wife." The two went to the movies together. The
relationship of the two women angered Felicisimo Jara and was a cause of their
frequent quarrels. He resented not only his wife but also her woman
companion.cralaw
The testimony on the fact of Luisa Jara and Amparo Bantigue sleeping together is
corroborated by the fact that they were bludgeoned to death while sleeping on one
bed and their bodies discovered on that same bed. At the Aileen's Canteen managed
by the deceased Luisa, accused Felicisimo Jara did the cooking and whenever he
committed even the slightest mistakes, his wife scolded and cursed him, treating
him as though he were only one of the servants of the restaurant. [T.S.N., May 31,
1979, pp. 1821-1830]. The records are replete with testimony to show that
Felicisimo Jara had reason to hate his wife enough to kill her and her
companion.cralaw
The lower court, in its decision, stated that the nature and the number of wounds,
reflected in the autopsy reports, convincingly show that only a person who had
harbored so much hate and resentment could have inflicted such multiple fatal
blows. It opined that accused Jara is the only person who would have sufficient
motive to wish the death of the deceased for he had not been treated well as a
husband by his wife.cralaw
During the investigation at the scene of the crime, blood stains were found
splattered in the trousers and shirt worn by accused Jara. His eyeglasses were also
smeared with blood. When asked to explain the presence of said blood stains,
accused Jara told the police that before he learned about the killing, he was with
his stepdaughter Minerva Jimenez in the public market dressing chickens. [T.S.N.,
May 28, 1979, pp. 397-398]. He also said in his testimony in open court that when
he saw his wife lying dead on the bed, he approached her and hugged her in his
effort to wake her up. [T.S.N., September 30, 1980, p. 1230]. After a laboratory
examination of the eyeglasses [Exhibit "I"], trousers [Exhibit "J"], and shirt
[Exhibit "K"], the NBI biologist verified in her report that the blood stains were not
chicken blood but human blood [Exhibit "L"]. The blood stains found in accused
Jara's trousers formed certain identical circular patterns, a splattering of blood
which, according to the NBI biologist, could be caused by an instrument like that
of a hammner. Such circular patterns will only occur at the time of the impact of
the instrument, the very moment it hits the victim. He further explained that there
was no possibility of the splattering of blood if the victim died hours before
because blood starts to coagulate or clog, 15 minutes after the wound is caused.
[T.S.N., March 19, 1979, pp. 227; 244; 248-250]. The blood of the deceased
victims in the case at bar had already coagulated in the morning of June 9, 1978,
when accused Jara claimed that the blood stains on his shirt were smudged when
he hugged his wife.cralaw
The NBI biologist, whose findings were later signed by the Chief of the Forensic
Chemistry Division, testified that human blood was found on the eyeglasses of
appellant Jara, on the front side lower portion of the left leg of the trousers, at the
left buttocks of the pants and the back portion near the trousers, and smudged
human blood stains on the appellant's T-shirt. The human blood stains were Type
B. A failure to get evidence on the blood types of the two victims keeps this second
circumstantial evidence, together with the clear motive, from being well-nigh
conclusive. However, it is still strong evidence in the chain of circumstances
pointing to Jara as the killer of his wife.cralaw
Another circumstance is the cover-up attempt by Jara. He lied about the blood on
his clothes and eyeglasses. He falsely claimed that the blood came from the
chickens he had been slaughtering for the market. There is no explanation about
the source and cause of the human blood stains splattered all over him.cralaw
There is no question that appellant Jara was at the scene of the crime. Upon the
discovery of the bodies and the forcible opening of the door, Jara was with the
group. He went through the motions of embracing his wife although the observers
noted that even in death, there was no love lost between husband and wife. One of
the waitresses at the Alvin's Canteen who saw accused Jara's reaction as he entered
the room where the victims lay dead observed that he shed no tears and his face did
not show any indication of sorrow. [T.S.N., March 21, 1979, pp. 373-374].cralaw
The hammer used in the killing is an instrument with which appellant Jara is
familiar. It was proven during the trial of the case that the hammer with the letter
"A" on its handle which was one of the instruments used in the perpetration of the
crime, belonged to Luisa Jara who had kept it at Aileen's Canteen where her
husband, appellant Jara helped as cook.cralaw
Rule 133, Section 5 of the Rules of Court provides:
Circumstantial evidence, when sufficient. - Circumstantial evidence is sufficient
for conviction if:
[a] There is more than one circumstance;
[b] The facts from which the inferences are derived are proven; and
[c] The combination of all the circumstances is such as to produce a conviction
beyond a reasonable doubt. [See People v. Duero, 136 SCRA 515].

Circumstantial evidence, as a basis for conviction of a crime, should be acted on

and weighed with great caution, particularly where the crime is heinous and the
penalty is death, as in the instant cases. In determining the sufficiency of
circumstantial evidence to support a conviction, each case is to be determined on
its own peculiar circumstances and all of the facts and circumstances are to be
considered together as a whole, and, when so considered, may be sufficient to
support a conviction, although one or more of the facts taken separately would not
be sufficient for this purpose. [23 CJS p. 555]. No general rule has been formulated
as to the quantity of circumstantial evidence which will suffice for any case, but
that matters not. For all that is required is that the circumstances proved must be
consistent with each other, and at the same time inconsistent with the hypothesis
that he is innocent and with every other rational hypothesis except that of guilt.
[People v. Contante, 12 SCRA 653].
The requirements for circumstantial evidence to sustain a conviction are present in
this case. The aforementioned circumstances constitute an unbroken chain leading
to one fair and reasonable conclusion which points to the guilt of the accused Jara
beyond reasonable doubt [See US v. Villos, 6 Phil. 510; People v. Subano, 73 Phil.
692]. Mere denials of the accused as to his participation in the crime are only self-
serving negative evidence which cannot outweigh circumstantial evidence clearly
establishing his active participation in the crime.cralaw
The defense of alibi given by the accused Jara is weak. Aside from himself, the
only person who vouched for his presence at some place away from the scene of
the crime was his stepdaughter from whom he had sought abode. Hence, the alibi
is made more dubious considering that no other credible persons were presented
who would, in the natural order of things, be best situated to support the tendered
alibi [People v. Cabanit, 139 SCRA 94, citing People v. Brioso, 37 SCRA 336;
People v. Bagasala, 39 SCRA 236; People v. Carino, 55 SCRA 516]. More
importantly, the defense of alibi cannot prosper because it is not enough to prove
that defendant was somewhere else when the crime was committed. He must,
likewise, demonstrate that it was physically impossible for him to have been at the
scene of the crime at that time. [People v. Alcantara, 33 SCRA 812]. Such proof is
wanting in this case.cralaw
The killing of Amparo Bantigue was marked by treachery and evident
premeditation. The trial court noted recidivism insofar as Felicisimo Jara,
previously convicted of Homicide, was concemed, together with dwelling and
nighttime. However, the supposed robbery of the piggy bank and Buddha bank is
proved only by the extra-judicial statements found inadmissible. The offense
against Bantigue was simple Murder. Insofar as the Parricide case is concerned
against accused Jara, the lower court did not err in finding guilt as having been
established beyond reasonable doubt.cralaw
WHEREFORE, the judgment of the lower court is modified as follows:
In Crim. Case No. 2564, the accused Bernadas and Vergara are acquitted of the
crime of Robbery with Homicide on the ground of reasonable doubt. Accused Jara
is convicted of the crime of Murder and is sentenced to suffer the penalty of death
In Crim. Case No. 2565, the accused Bernadas and Vergara are likewise acquitted
of the crime of Homicide on the ground of reasonable doubt. Accused Jara is
convicted of the crime of Parricide and is sentenced to suffer the penalty of death.
Considering, however, that the accused Jara is now over 70 years of age, the
penalty of death is lowered to reclusion perpetua.
In both cases, accused Jara is ordered to indemnify the heirs of the deceased
Amparo Bantigue and Luisa Jara in the amount of Thirty Thousand Pesos
[P30,000.00], respectively.
SO ORDERED.

Teehankee, C.J., Feria, Yap, Fernan, Narvasa, Melencio-Herrera, Alampay,

Cruz, Paras and Feliciano, JJ ., concur.