BIOMEDICAL DEPARTMENT

B.E 2nd/4th sem

REPORT
ON
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM
(EEG)
DONE BY
1.SWATI KIRAN:1005-16-731004
2.SAI TEJA:1005-16-731009
3.MAAZ ABDULLA:1005-16-731021
4.MADIHAH KAZIM:1005-16-731024
5.NAG TEJA:1005-16-731082
 ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM

A human brain starts developing in the first trimester of pregnancy, that means even a fetus
displays electrical activity.Brain waves recorded from the scalp proves that human beings
never switch off their minds.Thereare three levelsof arousal namingly:-
 Sleeping.
 Relaxing.
 Action
The machine that is used to record the electrical activity of the brain is called as an
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPH.

What is an Electroencephalogram?

 An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a test used to evaluate the electrical activity in the

brain. Brain cells communicate with each other through electrical impulses.
 An EEG tracks and records brain wave patterns. Small flat metal discs called
electrodes are attached to the scalp with wires. The electrodes analyze the electrical
impulses in the brain and send signals to a computer that records the results.
 The electrical impulses in an EEG recording look like wavy lines with peaks and
valleys. These lines allow doctors to quickly assess whether there are
abnormalpatterns. Any irregularities may be a sign of seizures or other brain
disorders.
The signals can be recorded either by :-
Invasive method
Non Invasive method.
*First recorded by Hans Berger in 1929.
PARTS OF BRAIN:-

 It is necessary to know the different parts of brain so as to place the electrodes on

the scalp.

1. Cerebrum
 Frontal lobe: contains motor area
 Parietal lobe: contains sensory area
 Temporal lobe: contains area of hearing and memory
 Occipital lobe: contain area of vision
2. Cerebellum 3. Brain stem
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EEG:-
ORIGIN OF EEG:-
 The process of current flow through the tissue between the electrical generator and the
recording electrode in referred to as volume conduction.
 Generators of electric field which can be registered by scalp electrodes are groups of
neurons with uniformly oriented dendrites.
 The neurons permanently receive impulses from other neurons. These signals affect
dendritic synapses inducing excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.
 Currents derived from synapses move through the dendrites and cell body to a trigger
zone in the axon base and pass through the membrane to the extracellular space along
the way.
 EEG is a result of summation of potentials derived from the mixture of extracellular
currents generated by populations of neurons.
 Hereby the EEG depends on the cytoarchitectures of the neuronal populations, their
connectivity, including the feedback loops, and the geometries of their extracellular
fields.
 The main physical sources of the scalp potentials are the pyramidal cells of cortical
layers III and V
CHARACTERISTICS OF EEG:-
 EEG activity being very small is measured in microvolts
 (i) the amplitude of the EEG is about 100 microvolts when measured the scalp.
(ii) The amplitude ranges from 1-2mv hen measured on the surface of the brain.
 The bandwidth of this signal ranges from 1-50Hz.
 Abnormalities arise when the signal exceeds 2microvolts.

FREQUENCY BANDS:-
i. Alpha
ii. Beta
iii. Theta
iv. Delta
v. Gamma

Alpha waves:-
 Frequency: 8-14Hz
 Amplitude:20-60microvolts
 Location: posterior regions of head, both sides, higher in amplitude on dominant side.
Central sites (c3-c4) at rest.
 Normally:* relaxed/reflecting
*closing the eyes.
*also associated with inhibition control,seemingly with the purpose of timing
inhibitory activity in different locations across the brain.
 Pathologically: coma.

Beta waves:-
 Frequency:14-30Hz
 Amplitude:2-20microvolts
 Location: both sides, symmetrical distribution, most evident frontally; low-amplitude
waves.
 Normally:
*range span: active calm → intense →stressed → mild obsessive .
*active thinking ,focus ,high alert ,anxious.
 Pathologically:benzodiazepines.
 Theta waves:-
 Frequency:4-7Hz
 Amplitude:20-100microvolts
 Location: Found in locations not related to task at hand.
 Normally:
*higher in young children
*drowsiness in adults and teens
*idling
*associated with inhibition of elicited responses
 Pathological: focal subcortical lesions

Delta waves:-
 Frequency: less than 4Hz
 Amplitude:20-200microvolts
 Location: frontally in adults, posteriorly in children; high-amplitude waves.
 Normally:
*adult slow-wave sleep
*in babies
*has been found during some continuous attention tasks
 Pathological: subcortical lesions
*diffuse lesions

Gamma waves:-
 Frequency: 36-44Hz
 Amplitude:3-5microvolts
 Location: Somatosensory cortex
 Normally:
 *displays during cross-modal sensory processing
*also is shown short-term memory matching of recognized objects ,sounds or
,tactile sensations.
 Pathological: A decrease in gamma-band activity may be associated with cognitive
decline, especially when related to the theta band; however, this has not been proven for
use as a clinical diagnostic measurement

TYPES OF ELECTRODES:-
1. Needle electrodes(invasive)
2. Surface (non-invasive)
 Flat
 Cup

METHOD OF RECORDING:-
There are two types of recording:
 10-20 international system: 21 electrodes.
 10-10 international system: 64 electrodes.

10-20 international system:

 Electrodes are placed on the scalp in special positions. These positions are identified by
the recorders who measure the head using the international 10-20 system.
 The "10" and "20" refer to the fact that the actual distances between adjacent
electrodes are either 10% or 20% of the total front–back or right–left distance of the skull.
 Each site has a letter to identify the lobe and a number to identify the hemisphere
location. The letters F, T, C, P and O stand for frontal, temporal, central, parietal,
and occipital lobes, respectively.
 Even numbers (2,4,6,8) refer to electrode positions on the right hemisphere, whereas odd
numbers (1,3,5,7) refer to those on the left hemisphere. A "z" (zero) refers to an electrode
placed on the midline.
 the letter codes A, Pg and Fp identify the earlobes, nasopharyngeal and frontal polar sites
respectively.
 Two anatomical landmarks are used for the essential positioning of the EEG electrodes:
first, the nasion which is the distinctly depressed area between the eyes, just above the
bridge of the nose; second, the inion, which is the lowest point of the skull from the back
of the head and is normally indicated by a prominent bump.
 Step 1:
*Measure the distance from the nasion to inion.
* Mark 10% of the total distance up from the nasion (Fpz) and inion (Oz) along the line
joining them.
* Mark the halfway point between nasion and inion (Cz).
* Mark 20% of the total distance from Cz in front (Fz) and back (Pz) along the line
joining the nasion and inion.
 Step 2:
*Measure the distance from the left pre-auricular point to the right pre-auricular point,
with the tape passing through the halfway mark between nasion and inion.
* Mark 10% of this distance up from the left (T3) and right preauricular points (T4).
*From Cz mark 20% of this distance on left (C3) and right (C4) side on the line joining
the left and right preauricular points

 Step 3:
*Measure the circumference of the head.
* The measuring tape should pass through all the 10% up marks *50% of this
measurement should coincide with Oz at the back and Fpz in the front Mark 5% of the
circumference on the left and right of Fpz (Fp1 and Fp2) and Oz (O1 and O2)
* Mark 10% of the circumference to the left of Fp1 (F7) and right of Fp2 (F8)
*Mark 10% of the circumference to the left of O1 (T5) and right of O2 (T6)

 Step 4:
*Measure from Fp1 to O1 passing through C3.
*Mark 50% of this distance and it should intersect the 20% mark on the left of Cz. This is
the exact location of C3.
*Mark 25% of this distance on the line joining Fp1 and C3. This is the first mark for F3.
* Do the same on the right side to find C4 and the first mark for F4

.
 ADVANTAGES:

 Hardware costs are significantly lower than those of most other techniques
 EEG prevents limited availability of technologists to provide immediate care in high
traffic hospitals.
 EEG sensors can be used in more places than fMRI, SPECT, PET, MRS, or MEG, as
these techniques require bulky and immobile equipment. For example, MEG requires
equipment consisting of liquid helium-cooled detectors that can be used only in
magnetically shielded rooms, altogether costing upwards of several million dollars and
fMRI requires the use of a 1-ton magnet in, again, a shielded room.
 EEG has very high temporal resolution, on the order of milliseconds rather than seconds.
EEG is commonly recorded at sampling rates between 250 and 2000 Hz in clinical and
research settings, but modern EEG data collection systems are capable of recording at
sampling rates above 20,000 Hz if desired. MEG and EROS are the only other
noninvasive cognitive neuroscience techniques that acquire data at this level of temporal
resolution.
 EEG is relatively tolerant of subject movement, unlike most other neuroimaging
techniques. There even exist methods for minimizing, and even eliminating movement
artifacts in EEG data
 EEG is silent, which allows for better study of the responses to auditory stimuli.
 EEG does not aggravate claustrophobia, unlike fMRI, PET, MRS, SPECT, and
sometimes MEG.
 EEG does not involve exposure to high-intensity (>1 tesla) magnetic fields, as in some of
the other techniques, especially MRI and MRS. These can cause a variety of undesirable
issues with the data, and also prohibit use of these techniques with participants that have
metal implants in their body, such as metal-containing pacemakers
 EEG does not involve exposure to radioligands, unlike positron emission tomography.
 ERP studies can be conducted with relatively simple paradigms, compared with IE block-
design fMRI studies
 Extremely uninvasive, unlike Electrocorticography, which actually requires electrodes to
be placed on the surface of the brain.

DISADVANTAGES:

 Low spatial resolution on the scalp. fMRI, for example, can directly display areas of the
brain that are active, while EEG requires intense interpretation just to hypothesize what
areas are activated by a particular response.
 EEG poorly measures neural activity that occurs below the upper layers of the brain (the
cortex).
 Unlike PET and MRS, cannot identify specific locations in the brain at which various
neurotransmitters, drugs, etc. can be found.
 Often takes a long time to connect a subject to EEG, as it requires precise placement of
dozens of electrodes around the head and the use of various gels, saline solutions, and/or
pastes to keep them in place (although a cap can be used). While the length of time
differs dependent on the specific EEG device used, as a general rule it takes considerably
less time to prepare a subject for MEG, fMRI, MRS, and SPECT.
 Signal-to-noise ratio is poor, so sophisticated data analysis and relatively large numbers
of subjects are needed to extract useful information from EEG

APPLICAIONS:-
 Brain-Computer Interfaces:-
Helps paralyzed patients steer their wheelchairs or move a cursor on a screen.
also used for military scenarios where soldiers are equipped with an exoskeleton
and EEG CAP allowing them to move, lift and carry very heavy items simply based on
brain activity.
 Neuromarketing:-
Economists use EEG research to detect brain processes that drive consumer
decisions
 Human Factors:
Human Factors focuses on workplace optimization
 EEG research is used to identify brain processes related to specific personality
traits such as intro-/extroversion or social anxiety.
 Social Interaction:
EEG researchers use a method referred to as “hyperscanning” to record data
from multiple people at once, allowing them to gain deeper insights into leadership
and team interactions.
 Statistical Analysis of Sleep EEG Data.
 Event Related Potentials (ERPs).