Logical Reasoning
Logical Reasoning
Logical Reasoning
inference
proposition
types of non-arguments
One of the most important kinds of nonargument is the
explanation. An explanation is an expression that purports
to shed light on some event or phenomenon.
Every explanation is composed of two distinct components.
The explanandum (assertion) is the statement that
describes the event or phenomenon to be explained, and
Explanations the explanans (reason) is the statement or group of
statements that purports
to do the explaining.
argument vs explanaion
<img src="download/3.jpg">
summary
A fallacy is a defect in an argument that arises from either a
mistake in reasoning or
the creation of an illusion that makes a bad argument
appear good.
Both deductive and inductive arguments may contain
fallacy fallacies; if they do, they are either unsound or uncogent,
depending on the kind of argument. Conversely, if an
argument is unsound or uncogent, it has one or more false
premises or it contains a fallacy
<img src="download/6.jpg">
<img src="download/9.jpg">
weather reports
quantifier: all
subject term: members of the American Medical
Association
copula: are
predicate term: people holding degrees from
recognized academic institutions
The quantity of a categorical proposition is either
universal or particular, depending on whether the
statement makes a claim about every member or just
some member of the class denoted by the subject
term. “All S are P” and “No S are P” each assert
something about every member of the S class and
thus are universal propositions
. “Some S are P” and “Some S are not P” assert
something about one or more members of the S class
and hence are particular propositions.
<img src="download/7.jpg">
AEIO
TftF
fTFt
dFTd
FddT
<img src="download/10.jpg">