Verbs

Present Indicative Active

1st 2nd 3rd Mixed 4th
Conjugation Conjugation Conjugation Conjugation Conjugation
Singular
1st Person -o -eo -o -io -io
2nd Person -as -es -is -is -is
3rd Person -at -et -it -it -it
Plural
1st Person -amus -emus -imus -imus -imus
2nd Person -atis -etis -itis -itis -itis
3rd Person -ant -ent -unt -iunt -iunt

Future Indicative Active

1st 2nd 3rd Mixed 4th
Conjugation Conjugation Conjugation Conjugation Conjugation
Singular
1st Person -abo -ebo -am -iam -iam
2nd Person -abis -ebis -es -ies -ies
3rd Person -abit -ebit -et -iet -iet
Plural
1st Person -abimus -ebimus -emus -iemus -iemus
2nd Person -abitis -ebitis -etis -ietis -ietis
3rd Person -abunt -ebunt -ent -ient -ient

Imperfect Indicative Active

1st 2nd 3rd Mixed 4th
Conjugation Conjugation Conjugation Conjugation Conjugation
Singular
1st Person -abam -ebam -ebam -iebam -iebam
2nd Person -abas -ebas -ebas -iebas -iebas
3rd Person -abat -ebat -ebat -iebat -iebat
Plural
1st Person -abamus -ebamus -ebamus -iebamus -iebamus
2nd Person -abatis -ebatis -ebatis -iebatis -iebatis
3rd Person -abant -ebant -ebant -iebant -iebant
 Perfect Indicative Active
1st 2nd 3rd Mixed 4th
Conjugation Conjugation Conjugation Conjugation Conjugation
Singular
1st Person -aui -ui -i -i -iui
2nd Person -auisti -uisti -isti -isti -iuisti
3rd Person -auit -uit -it -it -iuit
Plural
1st Person -auimus -uimus -imus -imus -iuimus
2nd Person -auistis -uistis -istis -istis -iuistis
3rd Person -auerunt -uerunt -erunt -erunt -iuerunt

Future Perfect Indicative Active

1st 2nd 3rd Mixed 4th
Conjugation Conjugation Conjugation Conjugation Conjugation
Singular
1st Person -auero -uero -ero -ero -iuero
2nd Person -aueris -ueris -eris -eris -iueris
3rd Person -auerit -uerit -erit -erit -iuerit
Plural
1st Person -auerimus -uerimus -erimus -erimus -iuerimus
2nd Person -aueritis -ueritis -eritis -eritis -iueritis
3rd Person -auerint -uerint -erint -erint -iuerint

Pluperfect Indicative Active

1st 2nd 3rd Mixed 4th
Conjugation Conjugation Conjugation Conjugation Conjugation
Singular
1st Person -aueram -ueram -eram -eram -iueram
2nd Person -aueras -ueras -eras -eras -iueras
3rd Person -auerat -uerat -erat -erat -iuerat
Plural
1st Person -aueramus -ueramus -eramus -eramus -iueramus
2nd Person -aueratis -ueratis -eratis -eratis -iueratis
3rd Person -auerant -uerant -erant -erant -iuerant
 Sum (Being) and Possum (Being Able)
Present Indicatives of sum and possum
Singular
1st Person sum possum
2nd Person es potes
3rd Person est potest
Plural
1st Person sumus possumus
2nd Person estis potestis
3rd Person sunt possunt

Future Indicatives of sum and possum

Singular
1st Person ero potero
2nd Person eris poteris
3rd Person erit poterit
Plural
1st Person erimus poterimus
2nd Person eritis poteritis
3rd Person erunt poterunt

Imperfect Indicatives of sum and possum

Singular
1st Person eram poteram
2nd Person eras poteras
3rd Person erat poterat
Plural
1st Person eramus poteramus
2nd Person eratis poteratis
3rd Person erant poterant
 Nouns

1st 2nd Declension

Declension -us -er and -ir Neuter
elephantus filius deus puer liber uir
Singular
Nominative -a -us -ius -eus -er -er -ir -um

Vocative -a -e -i -eus -er -er -ir -um

Accusative -am -um -ium -eum -erum -rum -irum -um

Genitive -ae -i -i/-ii -ei -eri -ri -iri -i

Dative -ae -o -io -eo -ero -ro -iro -o
Ablative -a -o -io -eo -ero -ro -iro -o
Plural
Nominative -ae -i -ii -i/-ei/-ii -eri -ri -iri -a

Vocative -ae -i -ii -i/-ei/-ii -eri -ri -iri -a

Accusative -as -os -os -eos -eros -ros -iros -a

Genitive -arum -orum -orum -eorum/-eum -erorum -rorum -irorum/-irum -orum

Dative -is -is -iis -is/-eis/-iis -eris -ris -iris -is
Ablative -is -is -iis -is/-eis/-iis -eris -ris -iris -os

Prepositions
ad to/towards + accusative
apud near/at the house of + accusative
contra against + accusative
per through + accusative
a/ab from/away from/by + ablative
cum with/together with + ablative
e/ex from/out of + ablative
in into/to + accusative
in/on + ablative
sub up to + accusative
under + ablative
 Vocabulary
First conjugation verbs
amo amare amaui amatum ‘love’
clamo clamare clamaui clamatum ‘shout, utter a loud noise’
do dare dedi datum ‘give’
fugo fugare fugaui fugatum ‘cause to flee’
habito habitare habitaui habitatum ‘live, dwell’
monstro monstrare monstraui monstratum ‘show’
porto portare portaui portatum ‘carry’
pugno pugnare pugnaui pugnatum ‘fight’
puto putare putaui putatum ‘think’
rogo rogare rogaui rogatum ‘ask’
sto stare steti statum ‘stand’
uoco uocare uocaui uocatum ‘call’
adiuuo adiuuare adiuui adiutum ‘help, assist’
ceno cenare cenaui cenatum ‘dine’
intro intrare intraui intratum ‘enter’
iuuo iuuare iuui iutum ‘help, assist’
laudo laudare laudaui laudatum ‘praise’
neco necare necaui necatum ‘put to death, kill’
orno ornare ornaui ornatum ‘adorn’
paro parare paraui paratum ‘prepare’
uulnero uulnerare uulneraui uulneratum ‘wound’
Second conjugation verbs
habeo habere habui habitum ‘have, own’
iubeo iubere iussi iussum ‘order’
maneo manere mansi mansum ‘remain, stay’
moneo monere monui monitum ‘warn, advise’
sedeo sedere sedi sessum ‘sit, be seated’
uideo uidere uidi uisum ‘see’
deleo delere deleui deletum ‘destroy’
doceo docere docui doctum ‘teach’
mordeo mordere momordi morsum ‘bite’
moueo mouere moui motum ‘move’
obsideo obsidere obsedi obsessum ‘besiege’
pareo parere parui paritum ‘obey’ (see also §5.9)
respondeo respondere respondi responsum ‘reply’
sustineo sustinere sustinui sustentum ‘support, sustain’
teneo tenere tenui tentum ‘hold, keep’
terreo terrere terrui territum ‘frighten, terrify’
timeo timere timui ‘fear, be afraid’

Third conjugation verbs

ago agere egi actum ‘drive, bring’
curro currere cucurri cursum ‘run’
dico dicere dixi dictum ‘say, tell’
duco ducere duxi ductum ‘lead’
lego legere legi lectum ‘read’
mitto mittere misi missum ‘send’ rego regere rexi rectum ‘rule’
scribo scribere scripsi scriptum ‘write’
uinco uincere uici uictum ‘conquer’
amitto amittere amisi amissum ‘lose’
cado cadere cecidi casum ‘fall’
caedo caedere cecidi caesum ‘strike, kill’
conscendo conscendere conscendi conscensum ‘climb’
defendo defendere defendi defensum ‘defend’
discedo discedere discessi discessum ‘depart’
disco discere didici ‘learn’
diuido diuidere diuisi diuisum ‘divide, share’
incendo incendere incendi incensum ‘set on fire’
intellego intellegere intellexi intellectum ‘understand’
ludo ludere lusi lusum ‘play’
neglego neglegere neglexi neglectum ‘neglect’
occido occidere occidi occisum ‘kill, slay’
ostendo ostendere ostendi ostentum ‘show’
peto petere petiui petitum ‘seek, ask for’
pono ponere posui positum ‘put, place’
relinquo relinquere reliqui relictum ‘abandon, leave behind’
scando scandere ‘climb, scale’
traho trahere traxi tractum ‘drag’
Fourth conjugation verbs
audio audire audiui auditum ‘hear’
dormio dormire dormiui dormitum ‘sleep’
impedio impedire impediui impeditum ‘hinder’
scio scire scii or sciui scitum ‘know’
uenio uenire ueni uentum ‘come’
aperio aperire aperui apertum ‘open’
custodio custodire custodiui custoditum ‘guard’
munio munire muniui munitum ‘fortify’
peruenio peruenire perueni peruentum ‘arrive’
punio punire puniui punitum ‘punish’
sentio sentire sensi sensum ‘feel’
uincio uincire uinxi uinctum ‘bind’

Mixed conjugation verbs

capio capere cepi captum ‘take hold of; capture, seize’
effugio effugere effugi ‘escape’
facio facere feci factum ‘make, do’
fugio fugere fugi fugitum ‘flee (from)’
interficio interficere interfeci interfectum ‘kill’
cupio cupere cupiui or cupii cupitum ‘desire, want’
iacio iacere ieci iactum ‘throw’
pario parere peperi partum ‘give birth to’
Two ‘irregular’ verbs
sum esse fui ‘be’
possum posse potui ‘be able, can’

Adverbs
non ‘not’
numquam ‘never’

First declension nouns

Africa -ae (f.) ‘Africa’
ancilla -ae (f.) ‘slave-girl’
ara -ae (f.) ‘altar’
Athenae -arum (f. pl.) ‘Athens’
dea -ae (f.) ‘goddess’
epistula -ae (f.) ‘letter’
filia -ae (f.) ‘daughter’
fuga -ae (f.) ‘the action of running away, flight’
Graecia -ae (f.) ‘Greece’
hasta -ae (f.) ‘spear’
litterae -arum (f. pl.) ‘letter’
puella -ae (f.) ‘young woman’
regina -ae (f.) ‘queen’
Roma -ae (f.) ‘Rome’
silua -ae (f.) ‘forest, wood’
Syracusae -arum (f. pl.) ‘Syracuse’ (the city in Sicily)
terra -ae (f.) ‘land’
uacca -ae (f.) ‘cow’
uia -ae (f.) ‘road’
uilla -ae (f.) ‘rural dwelling with associated farm buildings forming the
headquarters of a farm or country estate’
agricola -ae (m.) ‘farmer’
lanista -ae (m.) ‘lanista, manager of a troop of gladiators’
nauta -ae (m.) ‘sailor’
copiae -arum (f. pl.) ‘forces, troops’
Italia -ae (f.) ‘Italy

Second declension nouns

Antonius-(i)i (m.) ‘Antonius’ (as masc. name, especially of M. Antonius, the
triumvir, consul 44 BCE)
barbarus -i (m.) ‘foreigner; barbarian’
Claudius -(i)i (m.) ‘Claudius’ (as masc. name, especially of Ti. Claudius Nero
Germanicus, emperor 41–54 CE)
deus -i (m.) ‘god’
elephantus -i (m.) ‘elephant’
filius -(i)i (m.) ‘son’
gladius-(i)i (m.) ‘sword’
Graecus -i (m.) ‘Greek’
legatus -i (m.) ‘ambassador, envoy, delegate; assistant to a general or
provincial governor, staff-officer, legate’
murus -i (m.) ‘wall’
nuntius -(i)i (m.) ‘messenger; message’
Poenus -i (m.) ‘Carthaginian’
populus -i (m.) ‘people, nation; general public, populace’
Romanus -i (m.) ‘Roman’
seruus -i (m.) ‘slave’
alnus -i (f.) ‘alder’ (kind of tree)
humus -i (f.) ‘ground; soil’
Rhodus -i (f.) ‘Rhodes’ (the Aegean island off the coast of Lycia; its capital of
the same name)
ager agri (m.) ‘piece of land; estate, field; countryside’
liber libri (m.) ‘book’
puer pueri (m.) ‘non-adult male, boy’
uir uiri (m.) ‘adult male, man’
bellum -i (n.) ‘war’
castra -orum (n. pl.) ‘camp’
donum -i (n.) ‘gift’
imperium -(i)i (n.) ‘supreme power, command’
officium -(i)i (n.) ‘duty, service’
oppidum -i (n.) ‘town’
proelium -(i)i (n.) ‘battle’
regnum -i (n.) ‘kingdom’
telum -i (n.) ‘spear; missile weapon’
templum -i (n.) ‘temple’
dominus -i (m.) ‘master’
equus -i (m.) ‘horse’
oculus -i (m.) ‘eye’
philosophus -i (m.) ‘philosopher’
socius -(i)i (m.) ‘companion; ally’
Spartacus -i (m.) ‘Spartacus’
Some other vocabulary items
cur ‘why?’
domi ‘at home’
atque, ac ‘and ... too, and what is more’
et ‘and; also, even’
et ... et ‘both ... and’
postquam ‘after’
sed ‘but’
si ‘if’
simul atque ‘as soon as’
ubi ‘when