TUGAS

METODE PENELITIAN DAN PENULISAN ILMIAH

”ENGLISH JOURNAL”

OLEH :

FILBERT JEREMIA SATRIA

DBD 115 025

KEMENTERIAN RISET TEKNOLOGI DAN PENDIDIKAN TINGGI

UNIVERSITAS PALANGKA RAYA
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
JURUSAN TEKNIK PERTAMBANGAN
2017
 COAL IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT

By
Erni Yusnita
Email : [email protected]

Abstract

Mining activity is considered to be a coin that has two opposite sides, namely as a source of prosperity as
well as a potential environmental destroyer. As a source of prosperity, this sector contributed to state revenues for
many years. As an environmental destroyer, open pit mining can completely change both climate and soil as all
layers of soil above the mineral deposits are removed. The loss of vegetation indirectly contributes to the removal of
forest functions as a water regulator, erosion control, flooding, carbon sinks, oxygen suppliers and temperature
regulators. In addition coal mining can also result in socio-economic changes in communities around the mining
area. Efforts to prevent and mitigate the impacts caused by coal mining need to be done certain actions that will be
able to reduce pollution due to coal mining activities and repair the environmental damage that has occurred around
the mine.

Keywords: Coal mining, impact, prevention effort

Preliminary

Coal is one of the strategic excavation materials that also become a huge energy source. Indonesia in 2006
was able to produce 162 million tons of coal and 120 million tons of which were exported. Meanwhile, about 29
million tons are exported to Japan. Indonesia has coal reserves scattered in Kalimantan Island and Sumatera Island,
while in small quantities, coal is located in West Java, Central Java, Papua and Sulawesi. While the empirical
formula of coal for bituminous type is C137H97O9NS, while for anthracite is C240H90O4NS.

Indonesia has a very large coal reserve and occupies the 4th position in the world as a coal exporting country. In the
future, coal becomes one of the potential alternative energy sources to replace the depleting oil and gas potential.
The development of coal mining concessions has been economically profitable, both as domestic needs and as a
source of foreign exchange.

At the same time, large-scale exploitation of coal is ecologically apprehensive because it has an impact that
threatens the sustainability of environmental functions and impedes sustainable eco-development. To provide
protection to the preservation of environmental functions, the criminal law policy as a supporter of the compliance
of administrative law norms ladministrative penal law) is one of the policies that need attention, because at the level
of its implementation is highly dependent on administrative law. The widespread discretion of administrative
officials as well as a narrow understanding of the function of criminal law as an ultimum remedium in the
prevention of pollution or environmental degradation, often becomes a constraint in enforcing environmental law
norms. As a result, the lack of synchronization of various laws and regulations caused by overlapping interests
between sectors has influenced various policies in the field of environmental management. Based on the above
conditions, in addition to the urgent synchronization of criminal law policy, it is also necessary to empower other
efforts to overcome the weaknesses of the use of criminal law facilities, in order to provide protection for the
preservation of environmental functions and the victims arising from the degradation of environmental functions.

This paper seeks to illustrate how mining methods, the resulting damage and solutions to overcome post-mining
environmental damage.
Type of Coal

The type and quality of coal depends on the pressure, heat and timing of coal formation. Based on this, the
coal can be grouped into 5 types of coal, including anthracite, bituminous, sub bituminous, lignite and peat
(Puslibang Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, 2006)

1. Anthracite is a type of coal with the best quality, this type of coal has the characteristics of metallic black
color, containing carbon elements between 86% -98% and has a water content of less than 8%.

2. Bituminus is a coal with a second quality, this coal has a carbon content of 68% -86% and water content
between 8% -10%. This type of coal is common in Australia.

3. Sub Bituminus is a type of coal with a third quality, this coal has the characteristics of carbon content
slightly and contain lots of water.

4. Lignite is a coal with the fourth quality, this type of coal has cirri has a light brown color, very soft and has
moisture content of 35% -75%.

5. Peat is a type of coal with the lowest quality, this coal has a porous feature and moisture content above 75%.

Method of Coal Mining

Coal mining activities are non-renewable natural resource exploitation activities and generally require
substantial investments primarily to build infrastructure facilities.

An important characteristic of coal mining is that the highly prospective coal markets and prices make the coal
mining industry operable at a high level of risk both in terms of physical, trade, socioeconomic and political aspects.

Coal mining activities can be done using two methods namely (Sitorus, 2000):

1. Surface / shallow mining, including open pit mining and hydraulic mining.

2. In subsurfarcel deep mining.

Open mining activities can result in such disturbances

1. Causes a large hole in the ground.

2. Decrease in the face of the ground or the formation of a basin on the remains of minerals that are returned to
the digging pit.

3. Mining materials if in piles or stored in stock fliling can cause landslide hazards and toxic compounds can be
washed downstream.

4. Interfere with the reclamation replanting of mine recovered or abandoned especially when there is toxic
material, lack of organic material or nutrients has been washed.

The coal mining system that is often applied by operating companies is the Open Cut Mining system. Coal
mining with an open pit system is done by creating a level (Bench) to form a mining site in accordance with mining
needs.

The method of excavation is done by making the ladder as well as disposing and recovering the cover layer by back
filling per mining block and adjusting the mineral resource deposit deployment condition (Suhala Et, al., 1995).

While large-scale mining, tailings produced more. Mining actors are always targeting minerals stored deep in the
ground, because the number is more and have better quality. To reach the concentration area of minerals in the soil,
mining companies do the excavation begins by peeling the top soil (top soil). Top Soil is then stored somewhere to
be used again for reforestation after mining. The next step is to dig rocks containing certain minerals, to be brought
to the processing plant and processed. It is during this processing that tailings are produced. As waste of rocks in the
soil, tailings must have other metal content when disposed of.

Mining activities when done in forest areas can damage forest ecosystems. If not properly managed, mining may
cause overall environmental damage in the form of water, soil and air pollution.

Coal Transportation

How to transport coal to where the coal will be used depends on the distance. For close proximity, coal is generally
transported using a conveyor belt or truck. For longer distances within the domestic market, coal is transported by
rail or barge or alternatively where coal is mixed with water to form stone slurry and transported through pipelines.

Marine vessels are commonly used for international dwarfs in sizes ranging from Handymax (40-60,000 DWT),
Panamax (about 60-80,000 DWT) to Capesize vessels (about 80,000+ DWT). About 700 million tonnes (Jt) of coal
was traded internationally in 2003 and about 90% of that amount was transported by sea.

Coal transport can be very costly - in some cases, coal transportation accounts for more than 70% of coal delivery
costs. Security measures are taken at every stage of transport and storage of coal to reduce environmental impacts.

Coal Mining Impact

Environmental pollution is a condition that occurs due to unfavorable changes to environmental conditions (soil, air
and water) caused by the presence of foreign objects (such as garbage, industrial waste, oil, harmful metals, etc.) as
a result of human actions, resulting in the environment not functioning as before (Susilo, 2003).

a. Environmental Impacts

Any mining activities whether coal mining, Nickel and Marble and others must have a positive and negative
impact on the surrounding environment. The positive impact is the increase of foreign exchange and local revenue
and the employment of workers while the negative impacts of mining activities can be classified in the form of earth
surface damage, tailings, noise, air pollution, land subsidence and transport damage tools and heavy pengangut.

Due to the many negative impacts caused by the mining activities, we need our awareness of the
environment so as to meet environmental standards in order to be accepted by the market. Moreover, most mining
commodities are usually sold in the form of raw materials that must be careful in the management because if the
users know raw materials purchased to pollute the environment, it can be felt slap on our mining industry.

In the meantime, it should also be known that the management of natural resources from mining is for the
prosperity of the people. One way is with the development of the region or community development. Mining
companies must participate in developing areas around the mine site, including those related to human resource
development. Because the mine will eventually run out then the management of mining activities is very important
and there should be no mistakes.

As with other mining activities in Indonesia, coal mining has also caused significant environmental damage,
including water, land, air, and forests, water. Coal mining directly causes pollution among others;

1. Water pollution

The coal surface containing pyrite (iron sulfide) interacts with water to produce high sulfuric acid so that
the killings of fish in rivers, plants, and water biota are sensitive to drastic pH changes.

Coals containing uranium in low concentrations, thorium, and radioactive naturally occurring isotopes
which, if removed, will result in radioactive contamination. Although these compounds are contained in low
concentrations, they will have a significant impact if they are wiped into the environment in large quantities.
Mercury emissions into the environment are concentrated as they constantly move through the feeding chain and are
converted to methylmercury, which is a harmful compound and harmful to humans. Especially when consuming
fish from water contaminated with mercury.

2. Air pollution

Chronic pollution / air pollution is very harmful to health. According to the dirty air logic definitely
affects the work of the lungs. The role of pollutants contributes to stimulate respiratory diseases such as influenza,
bronchitis and pneumonia and chronic diseases such as asthma and crony bronchitis

3. Soil contamination

Coal mining can damage existing vegetation, destroying genetic soil profiles, replacing genetic soil
profiles, destroying wildlife and their habitats, degrading air quality, altering land use and up to a certain extent can
permanently alter the general topography of the mining area.

In addition, coal mining also produces methane gas, this gas has potential as a greenhouse gas. The
contribution of methane gas resulting from human activities contributes 10.5% to greenhouse gas emissions.

Coal mining activities also have an impact on increasing the rate of soil erosion and sedimentation in borders
and river estuaries.

The incidence of erosion is an indirect impact of mining activity

coal but the impact of land clearing for mine openings and construction of other mining facilities such as
construction of supporting facilities and infrastructure such as offices, employee settlements, Impacts of soil fertility
decline by coal mining activities occurred in soil stripping and soil cover (sub soil / overburden). Peeling of topsoil
and cover soil will change the soil properties, especially the physical properties of the soil, where the naturally
formed soil arrangement with layers arranged from top to bottom layers will be disrupted and exposed due to
stripping the soil.

b. Impacts On humans

Pollution impact Pollution due to coal mining to humans, the emergence of various diseases include:

1. Coal leaching waste substances that are very harmful to human health if the water is consumed can cause skin
diseases in humans such as skin cancer. Kaarena The waste contains sulfur (b), Mercury (Hg), Slarida Acid (Hcn),
Mangan (Mn), Sulfuric Acid (H2sO4), in addition to coal dust causing air pollution along the road which is used as
coal transportation activity. This leads to an outbreak of respiratory infections, which can have long-term effects of
lung, blood or stomach cancer. Even allegedly can cause birth defects babies.

2. Among the negative impact is the environmental damage and health problems caused by the mining process and
its use. Coal and its waste products, in the form of light ash, heavy ash, and burning crust, contain a variety of heavy
metals: arsenic, lead, mercury, nickel, vanadium, beryllium, cadmium, barium, cromium, copper, molybdenum,
zinc, selenium, radium, which is very dangerous if disposed in the environment.

3. As with other mining activities in Indonesia, coal mining has also caused severe environmental damage, including
water, land, air, and forests, Coal Mining Water directly causes water pollution, ie from coal washing waste in terms
of separating coal with sulfur. The washing waste contaminates the river water so that the water color of the river
becomes turbid, acidic, and causes the silting of the river due to the precipitation of the coal washing. Coal leaching
waste after being investigated contains substances that are very harmful to human health if the water is consumed.
The waste contains sulfur (b), Mercury (Hg), Slarida Acid (Hcn), Manganese (Mn), Sulfuric Acid (H2sO4), and Pb.
Hg and Pb are heavy metals that can cause skin diseases in humans such as skin cancer.

c. Social and social impacts

1. Distractions of the Public Road Flow

a. The number of passing vehicles used for coal transport impacts the activity of other road users. The increasing
number of accidents, the increasing cost of maintaining bridges and roads, are part of the impact.

2. Land Conflict Up to Social-Cultural Movement of Communities

Land conflicts often occur between companies and local communities whose land is the object of evictions.
Often companies demonstrate kearogansiannya by displacing land without passing the approval of the owner or user
land. Or not infrequently they provide compensation that is not balanced premises results they will get later. Not
only land conflicts, the most common problem is discrimination. As a result of this shift makes their life patterns
changed to be more consumptive. Even moral damage can occur due to the changing life pattern.

The value or positive impact of coal itself, Source wikipedia.com says Can not be denied that coal is one of
the mining materials that have high economic value. Indonesia is one of the largest coal producing no.2 countries
after Australia until 2008. Indonesia's total coal resources reached 104,940 Billion tons with total reserves of 21.13
Billion Tonnes. Nanun this still gives positive and negative effects, and the positive source wikipedia.com said. The
positive thing is the increase of foreign exchange of state from its mining activities.

Theoretically the mining business is aimed at the welfare of society. Mining workers should work with local
communities. One form by employing the surrounding community in mining business around, thus helping the
economic life of surrounding communities.

The burning of coal and the greatest threat to our climate

Burning coal leaves a trail of damage that is not less terrible. Large amounts of water in the operation of
steam power plants results in water scarcity in many places. The toxic pollutants emerging from the PLTU
smokestacks threaten the health of the community and the surrounding environment. Particle fine coal dust is the
main cause of acute respiratory diseases, mercury destructive neural development of children under five and the
fetus in pregnant women who live around the steam power plant. And equally importantly, coal combustion in
PLTU is the main source of climate change greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
dioxide, and methane which aggravate our climatic conditions.

Abandoned coal mining and coal combustion waste

The trail of damage left by coal does not stop at the time of its burning. At the end of the chain of ownership,
there are coal mining left behind after being exploited, coal burning waste, and a damaged natural expanse without
ever returning to normal.

Mining abandoned after exploitation is exhausted, leaving a myriad of problems for the environment and
surrounding communities. Giant holes, acid mine drainage, and soil erosion are only part of the problem. A
damaged natural expanse is a permanent condition that will never recover, no matter how much effort it takes to get
it back.

Coal burning waste is highly toxic, and harm to public health, copper, cadmium and arsenic are some of the toxic
substances produced from the waste, each of which triggers poisoning, kidney failure, and cancer.

Each chain in the coal utilization cycle contributes to the damage caused by this dirty energy-each in its own
way. This damage is real and deadly.

Post-Mining Environment

Post-mining activities of sustainable development should produce output that is the optimal and wise
utilization of the natural resources that are not renewable, and sustainable to the disadvantage of natural resources.
The ecological impacts of post mining activities are encouraged to be considered first, as well as the research and
compliance of the space because if not done kompehensip, then the closure of the mine will only damage the
landscape and environmental damage. For that purpose, it is necessary to overcome the pollution and environmental
damage during the operation and post mining closure as sustainable which in essence is an effort that can to
eliminate the impact of mining activities by conducting design and construction of environmental impact mining
activities known as AMDAL.

In this regard, the government must strictly elaborate on the Holders of the Mining Authority to properly implement
AMDAL in accordance with the prevailing regulations. The legislation on environmental impact has evolved since
the enactment of Law No. 4/1982, Law No. 23/1997 and Decree of the Minister of Mines and Energy No. 389K /
008 / MPE / 1995 on Environmental Management Preparedness (UKL) Guidelines and Environmental Monitoring
Efforts (UPL).

To simplify the procedure, the government should list a running activity or so-called listing, based on its wide range
of activities and the scale of its production. All mining activities included in the list are required to make AMDAL,
while not included in the list required to make UKL and UPL. Activities that make up the AMDAL are mining
activities that are located in environment-sensitive locations such as protected forests, cultural preservation areas
and nature reserves. In law no. 11/1967 on mining has also been included in areas which are not allowed to be used
as mining activities such as cemeteries, cultural preservation, important buildings such as bridges, military
installations and so forth.

Solutions On Impact And Influence Of Coal Mining

It can not be denied that the government has an important role in finding solutions to the impact and
influence of coal mining in Indonesia. The government must realize that their task is to ensure the future is fueled by
clean and renewable energy. In this way, human and social life damage and ecological damage and the adverse
effects of climate change can be avoided.

Unfortunately, the Government of Indonesia wants to believe that coal answers the demand for energy that is
looming, and is unwilling to acknowledge the extraordinary potential of renewable energy whose abundant
resources are in the country.

Efforts to prevent and mitigate the impacts of coal miners can be undertaken with several approaches, to
undertake specific actions as follows:

1. The technology approach, with the orientation of preventive technology (control / protection) is the development
of special road / pathways for coal hauling so it will reduce the severity of transportation problems. Pedestrians will
be spared from dirty air space. Use dust masks (dust masks) to minimize the risks exposed / exposed by coal dust.

2. Environmental approaches aimed at environmental setting so as to avoid loss caused by environmental damage.
Reclamation and reforestation of coal mining can prevent the spread of malaria mosquitoes. It is feared that the
former hole / coal crater could be a breeding place.

3. An administrative approach that binds all parties in the coal mining operations to comply with the applicable law
(enforcement)

4. The educative approach, to the community that is being developed and developed to build and provide counseling
/ continuously motivates behavioral change and awakens awareness to maintain environmental sustainability.

Thank-you note

Acknowledgments for the completion of writing this article submitted to the lecturer caregivers Scientific
Presentation Course Prof. Mr. Dr. Ir. Urip Santoso, M.Sc, who has provided direction, guidance and basic material
to make this paper. May Allah, SWT, repay all your kindness.
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