Credit Saraswat
Credit Saraswat
Credit Saraswat
On
“Processing of Commercial Credit Proposals”
With reference to Saraswat Co-Operative Bank,
Mumbai
By
SAHIL B MULLA
Roll No: 91
June 2009
Mrs. P S Rege
DGM – Zone 1
Grant Road
Processing of Commercial Credit Proposals
Saraswat Co-operative
Bank
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Financial Sector is the backbone of any Economy. Banking plays a vital role in
building a nation. It’s my privilege to do my summer project on this vibrant Banking
Sector. I thank the Management of Saraswat Co-Operative Bank Ltd for permitting
me to undergo the Summer Project Training in their esteemed organization.
It has been a fabulous learning experience for the entire two months at the Zone1
Office at Grant Road of Saraswat Co-Operative Bank Ltd.
Firstly I would like to thank “Saraswat Co-operative Bank Limited” for giving me an
opportunity of learning and contributing through this project.
I acknowledge with special thanks the help of my project guide Mrs. P. S. Rege
(DGM Zone-1) for her valuable guidance and assisting me in completion of the
project. I also thank her for sharing lots of her knowledge and ideas, which were
useful for my project.
I would also, like to express my gratitude to Mr. D. G. Rege (AGM Zone-1) and all
other staff members of Zone1 for enriching me with their valuable knowledge and
also for providing me a conducive environment.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Table of Contents
Objective ……………………………………………………………………………06
Research Methodology ……………………………………………………………...07
Economy & Banking Scenario ……………………………………………………...09
Banking Structure in India ………………………………………………………......13
Co-Operative Banking Sector ……………………………………………………….17
Saraswat bank Profile ………………………………………………………………..19
Credit Policy ….……………………………………………………………………...35
Credit Proposal ………….…………………………………………………………...40
Credit Lending Procedure……………………………………………………………42
Types of Credit Proposal …………………………………………………………….45
Ratio …………………………………………………………………………………50
Process of Credit Disbursement ……………………………………………………..59
Documents
Proposal
Case …………………………………….……………………………………………62
Conclusion ……………………………….…………………………………………..72
Recommendations……………………………………………………………………73
Bibliography ...…………………………….…………………………………………76
OBJECTIVE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
1. Primary Data
The first hand information or the primary data is being provided by the applicant firm,
which has applied to the bank for a credit facility. The primary data is collected
through a Bank’s loan application form. The information collected related to
application form are the name of the firm, its establishment date or incorporation date,
background of the firm, History and Bio-data of the directors or the key persons, the
financials for the past three year and the facilities if available from other banks etc.
The information is provided in two sets, one is submitted to Credit Enquiry
Department (CED) and other is with the bank. The proposal if is above Rs.1 crore
then only is sent to CED. The fees charged for processing are as per the banks norms.
2. Secondary Data
The secondary data is mainly obtained after proper acquirement of primary data and
analysis is done based on it. The assessment of the proposals is done by the zonal
head who decides whether it meets the banks requirements. If the applicant firm meets
the necessary requirements then a customer meeting is arranged at factory / office
where the books are verified and the site / factory is visited. All the additional data
required is collected and accordingly the project is subjected to various boards.
The proposal is recommended & sent to respective meeting. The proposal if is below
Rs. 1 crore is subjected to Deputy Managing Director, if above Rs. 1 crore and below
Rs. 7.5 crore is subjected to CENMAC (Central Management Committee) and if
above Rs. 7.5 crore is subjected to the board of directors.
The required data collected from annual report, books and website which shows the
necessary information for processing the proposals is the secondary type of data. The
websites used mainly are as follows:
i. www.mca.gov.in
ii. www.cibil.com
These websites give the information about the Company Identification Number (CIN)
& Directors Identification Number (DIN) and also whether the company is in
existence and how its account is rated.
Data Analysis:
After getting all the necessary information the proposals can be analyzed and this
helps in fulfilling the processing of the proposals. The secondary data is used mostly
to create a primary data, which in turn helps to calculate the necessary ratios and
compare it with previous year and also understand the future projections of the
applicant firm.
Interpretation:
After analysis of the data the results are drawn upon. The calculation of various ratios
and the credit rating based upon it helps in interpretation. This helps the assessing
officers in granting credit facilities to the applicant firm.
INTRODUCTION
The Government of India, in a major step nationalized Reserve Bank of India in 1948.
In 1949, the Banking Regulation Act was enacted which empowered the Reserve
Bank of India (RBI) "to regulate, control, and inspect the banks in India.
Government in order to have firm grip over this sector nationalized the private banks
first in 1969 and later in 1980. With the second dose of nationalization, the GOI
controlled around 91% of the banking business of India. After this, until the 1990s,
the nationalized banks grew at a pace of around 4%, closer to the average growth rate
of the Indian economy.
In the early 1990s the then Narsimha Rao government embarking on a policy of
liberalisation, gave licenses to a small number of private banks, which came to be
known as New Generation tech-savvy banks, which included banks such as Global
Trust Bank, UTI Bank, (now re-named as Axis Bank), ICICI Bank and HDFC Bank.
This almost kick started the banking sector in India, which has seen rapid growth with
strong contribution from all the three sectors of banks, namely, government banks,
private banks and foreign banks.
Present Situation
In the present situation, banking in India has attained fair amount of maturity in terms
of supply, product range and reach-even though reach in rural India still remains a
challenge for the private sector and foreign banks. In terms of quality of assets and
capital adequacy, Indian banks are considered to have clean, strong and transparent
balance sheets relative to other banks in comparable economies in its region.
Since Indian economy is witnessing strong growth the demand for banking services,
especially retail banking, mortgages and investment services are expected to be
strong. One may also expect M&As, takeovers, and asset sales.
Currently, India has 88 scheduled commercial banks (SCBs) - 28 public sector banks
(that is with the Government of India holding a stake), 29 private banks (these do not
have government stake; they may be publicly listed and traded on stock exchanges)
and 31 foreign banks. They have a combined network of over 53,000 branches and
17,000 ATMs. According to a report by ICRA Limited, a rating agency, the public
sector banks hold over 75 percent of total assets of the banking industry, with the
private and foreign banks holding 18.2% and 6.5% respectively.
There has been variation in credit expansion across bank groups. Credit expansion as
on January 2, 2009 for public sector banks stood at 28.6 per cent, scheduled
commercial banks (SCBs) including the regional rural banks (RRBs) at 24 per cent,
foreign banks at 6.9 per cent and private sector banks at 11.8 per cent, according to
the Annual Policy for 2008-09 of Reserve Bank of India.
Several measures initiated by the Reserve Bank have resulted in banks reducing their
deposit and lending rates between November 2008 and January 2009. The range for
deposit rates for public sector banks varied from 5.25 to 8.5 per cent, foreign at 5.25
to 7.75 per cent and private sector banks at 4 to 8.75 per cent. In the post-crisis quarter
caused due to collapse of Lehman Brothers, large corporates like Infosys moved their
deposits to State Bank of India (SBI), the country's largest bank. Infosys has revealed
that it transferred deposits of nearly US$ 200.61 million from ICICI Bank to SBI last
year.
Deposits as on January 2, 2009 for public sector banks stood at 24.2 per cent,
scheduled commercial banks (SCBs) including the regional rural banks (RRBs) at
21.2 per cent, foreign banks at 12.1 per cent and private sector banks at 13.4 per cent,
according to the Annual Policy for 2008-09 of the Reserve Bank of India.
The prime lending rates of public sector banks stood at 12 to 12.5 per cent, private
sector banks at 14.75 to 16.75 per cent and foreign banks 14.25 to 15.50 per cent as on
January 2009.
Bank loans rose 18.1 per cent on year-on-year basis as on March 13, the RBI has said
in its Weekly Statistical Supplement released on March 27, 2009. Outstanding loans
rose to US$ 541.82 billion in the two weeks to March 13. The non-food credit rose to
US$ 530.19 billion in the two weeks, while food credit stood at US$ 9.61 billion in
the same period.
Since October 2008, the central bank had cut the cash reserve ratio, or the proportion
of deposits that banks set aside, and the repo rate, or the rate at which it lends to
banks, by 400 basis points each to inject liquidity into the system and activate a lower
interest rate regime. Also, the reverse repo rate has been lowered by 200 basis points
to discourage banks from parking surplus funds with RBI. Till April 7, 2009, the CRR
had further been lowered by 50 basis points, while the repo and reverse repo rates
have been lowered by 150 basis points each. Public sector banks have pruned their
benchmark prime lending rates (BPLRs) by 150-200 basis points. Also, in April 2009,
private sector banks such as Axis and Bank of Rajasthan have reduced their BPLRs
by 50 basis points. Only few foreign banks such as Citibank have pared home loan
rates by 50 basis points to 13.75 per cent.
Government Initiatives
Apart from the bank rate cuts announced in the stimulus packages, cash withdrawals
from bank will not attract tax from April 1, 2009 following abolition of the banking
cash transaction tax (BCTT) in the Union Budget 2008-09. The total collection of
BCTT stood at US$ 120.36 million in 2008-09. Also, inter-ATM usage transaction
became free of charges effective April 1, 2009.
For assessing the performance of the bank, the Reserve Bank of India categorise the
bank as public sector banks, old private sector banks, new private sector banks and
foreign banks
Banking industry in India has evolved lately under the impact of the stimulus
packages announced by the Government. According to the Annual Policy 2008-09 of
the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), the central bank, key monetary aggregates have
witnessed some growth in 2008-09. This is reflected in the changing liquidity
positions arising from domestic and global financial conditions and the policy
initiatives taken by the government. Also, reserve money variations during 2008-09
have largely reflected an increase in currency in circulation and reduction in the cash
reserve ratio (CRR) of banks.
A) Commercial Bank:
Among the banking institution in the organized sector, the commercial banks are the
oldest institutions having a wide network of branches. They were established as
corporate bodies with share holdings by private individuals. They were mainly
engaged in financing organized trade, commerce and industry.
C) Co-Operative Banks:
Registered under the Co-operative Societies Act of the Respective States, the banking
related activities of the co-operative banks are also regulated by the Reserve Bank of
India. They are governed by the Banking Regulations Act 1949 and Banking Laws
(Co-operative Societies) Act, 1965. The Co-operative banks are an important
constituent of the Indian Financial System. The Co-operative movement originated in
the West, but the importance that such banks have assumed in India is rarely
paralleled anywhere else in the world. Their role in rural financing continues to be
important even today, and their business in the urban areas also has increased
phenomenally in recent years mainly due to the sharp increase in the number of
primary co-operative banks.
While the co-operative banks in rural areas mainly finance agricultural based
activities including farming, cattle, milk, hatchery, personal finance, etc. along with
some small scale industries and self-employment driven activities.
The co-operative banks in urban areas mainly finance various categories of people for
self-employment, industries, small-scale units, home finance, Consumer finance,
personal finance, etc.
The co-operative banks have a three tier set up :
The state co-operative banks.
Co-operative Banks are organised and managed on the principal of co-operation, self-
help, and mutual help. They function with the rule of one member, one vote. Function
on "no profit, no loss" basis. Co-operative banks, as a principle, do not pursue the goal
of profit maximization.
Co-operative bank performs all the main banking functions of deposit mobilization,
supply of credit and provision of remittance facilities. Co-operative Banks provide
limited banking products and are functionally specialists in agriculture related
products. However, co-operative banks now provide housing loans also.
UCBs provide working capital loans and term loan as well. The State Co-operative
Banks (SCBs), Central Co-operative Banks (CCBs) and Urban Co-operative Banks
(UCBs) can normally extend housing loans upto Rs 1 lakh to an individual. The
scheduled UCBs, however, can lend upto Rs 3 lakh for housing purposes. The UCBs
can provide advances against shares and debentures also.
Co-operative bank do banking business mainly in the agriculture and rural sector.
However, UCBs, SCBs, and CCBs operate in semi urban, urban, and metropolitan
areas also. The urban and non-agricultural business of these banks has grown over the
years. The co-operative banks demonstrate a shift from rural to urban, while the
commercial banks, from urban to rural.
Co-operative Banks belong to the money market as well as to the capital market.
Primary agricultural credit societies provide short term and medium term loans. Land
Development Banks (LDBs) provide long-term loans. SCBs and CCBs also provide
both short term and term loans.
Co-operative banks are financial intermediaries only partially. The sources of their
funds (resources) are (a) central and state government, (b) the Reserve Bank of India
and NABARD, (c) other co-operative institutions, (d) ownership funds and, (e)
deposits or debenture issues. It is interesting to note that intra-sectoral flows of funds
are much greater in co-operative banking than in commercial banking. Inter-bank
deposits, borrowings, and credit from a significant part of assets and liabilities of co-
operative banks. This means that intra-sectoral competition is absent and intra-sectoral
integration is high for co-operative bank.
Some co-operative banks are scheduled banks, while others are non-scheduled banks.
For instance, SCBs and some UCBs are scheduled banks but other co-operative banks
are non-scheduled banks. At present, 28 SCBs and 11 UCBs with Demand and Time
Liabilities over Rs 50 crore each included in the Second Schedule of the Reserve
Bank of India Act.
Co-operative Banks are subject to CRR and liquidity requirements as other scheduled
and non-scheduled banks are. However, their requirements are less than commercial
banks. Since 1966, the lending and deposit rate of commercial banks have been
directly regulated by the Reserve Bank of India. Although the Reserve Bank of India
had power to regulate the rate co-operative bank but this have been exercised only
after 1979 in respect of non-agricultural advances they were free to charge any rates at
their discretion. Although the main aim of the co-operative bank is to provide cheaper
credit to their members and not to maximize profits, they may access the money
market to improve their income so as to remain viable.
The Bank has the unique distinction of being a witness to History. The Bank, which
was originally founded in 1918, i.e. close on the heels of the Russian Revolution, also
witnessed as a Society and as Bank-the First World War, the Second World War,
India's freedom Movement and the glorious chapter of post-independence India.
During this cataclysmic cavalcade of history, the Bank as a financial institution and its
members could not of course remain unaffected by the economic consequences of the
major events. The two wars in particular brought in their wake, paucities of all kinds
and realities and stand by its members in distress as a solid bulwark of strength. The
Founder Members and the later-day management's of the Bank continued to
demonstrate their unwavering faith in the destiny of the common man and the co-
operative movement and they encouraged the shareholders to save despite all odds.
The bank still continues to function with the glorious tradition in public services.
Besides being the largest Urban Co-operative Bank in India, Saraswat Bank has now
become the largest in Asia. It has now 180 fully computerised branches, 9 Zonal
Offices and 23 departments located across 5 States viz. Maharashtra, Goa, Gujarat,
Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka and Delhi.
Prosperity to customer relationship has been the motto of Saraswat Bank for the
last 90 years.
The Mission Statement of the Bank is "To emerge as one of the premier and most
preferred banks in the country by adopting highest standards of professionalism and
excellence in all the areas of working !!!"
MILESTONES
Over 25 years after its inception, the Bank had gained strong foundation in
terms of its membership, resources, assets and profits. By 1942, it was
fulfilling all the banking needs of its customers.
During the late fifties, the Bank grew from strength to strength. The Bank had
established five branches within the city of Mumbai and one each at Pune and
Belgaum. In its 50th year, the Bank chose a bee motif to symbolise the Bank's
emblem - a fitting and appropriate characteristics of a Bank that believed in
hard work, a search for all that is good, a team spirit to achieve its objectives
and a selfless service to its members and customers.
The Bank has grown in stature, progressed in its social and economic
objectives and produced an image of what an ideal bank should be.
Resultantly, in the year 1977-78, the Bank's gross income crossed the Rs.3.00
crore mark for the first time.
Last two decades the bank has witnessed a steady growth in the business. The
bank has a network of 180 fully computerised branches covering five states
viz. Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Goa and Delhi. The
Bank is providing 24- hour service through ATM at 52 locations.
In 1988 the bank was conferred with "Scheduled" status by Reserve Bank of
India. The bank is the first co-operative bank to provide Merchant Banking
services.
The bank got a permanent license to deal in foreign exchange in 1978.
Presently the Bank is having correspondent relationship in 45 countries
covering 9 currencies with over 125 banks.
Saraswat Bank Business crossed Rs 21000 Crore mark on 31st March 2009.
The bank has a network of 180 branches, 11 Zonal Offices and 37 departments
located across the state of Maharashtra. RBI gave its nod for extending of the
bank’s branch network and three new branches have opened in Delhi,
Bangalore and Udupi. Saraswat Co-Operative Bank also has a network of 41
In Maharashtra, the branches are divided into various zones. A particular zone has
number of branches under it, which monitors all the credit proposals of the branches.
ZONES INFORMATION
There are different zonal offices distributed all over the Maharashtra & Goa.
1. Zone-I Grant Road
2. Zone-II Ghatkopar
3. Zone-III Goregaon
4. Zone-IV Pune
5. Zone-V Goa
6. Zone-VI Aurangabad
7. Zone-VII Thakurdwar
8. Zone-VIII Vyapar Bhavan
9. Sub Zone IV-A Sangli
10. Zone-IX Nashik
11. Zone-X Matunga
12. Wadala
13. Worli
14. Surat
15. Shivaji Park (Gadkari Chowk)
The total business of Zone I as on 31.03.09 is Rs. 4201.15 crores which includes
Rs.2555.14 crores as deposits and Rs.1646.01 crores as advances. The growth in
advances and deposits was 12% for both and the profit as on 31.03.09 was Rs. 83.01
crores.
ACQUISITION:
14 branches were acquired by Saraswat Co-Operative Bank. It had acquired Murdha
Rajendra Co-Operative Bank, Mandvi Co-Operative Bank, Maratha Mandir Co-
Operative Bank, Annasaheb Karale Urban Co-Operative Bank, Nashik Peoples Co-
Operative Bank and South Indian Co-Operative Bank.
GROWTH:
The deposits of Saraswat Bank increased from Rs. 11430.82 crores as on 31 st March
2008 to Rs.12993.20 crores as on 11/05/09.
The advances of Saraswat Bank decreased slightly from Rs.7448.31 crores as on 31st
March 2008 to Rs. 7846.64 crores as on 11/05/09.
Year Ended
Year Ended 31.03.2007 31.03.2008
Particulars
Audited (Rs in Crores) Audited (Rs in
Crores)
Interest Earned 669.81 1023.11
Other Operating Income 116.44 154.49
TOTAL INCOME 786.25 1177.59
Interest Expenditure 395.61 696.85
Operating Expenditure 208.88 234.39
TOTAL EXPENDITURE 604.49 931.24
GROSS PROFIT 181.76 246.35
Less: Provisions 15.53 14.51
OPERATING PROFIT
166.23 231.84
BEFORE TAX
Less: Income tax expenses 26.90 29.58
PRODUCTS
The products that are offered by Saraswat Bank can be categorized into SIX groups as
follows :
PERSONAL :
The bank offers retail deposit products like savings, current and term deposit
accounts. The Bank also offers a bouquet of Retail Loan Products such as Vastu
Siddhi Home Loan, Saraswati Education Loan, Car Loan etc. With a view of fulfilling
all the needs of the customers under one roof Bank has entered into tie-ups with
various premium institutions, through which third party products like Life and non-
Life Insurance, Mutual Funds and Demat Services are offered.
The ‘NO Frills’ account called ‘Janhit Account’ and the ‘CUBS’ savings account for
the kids are the prominent features of this segment of products offered by Saraswat
Bank. Also, the bank has entered into a tie-up with one of the most respected and
leading industrial house of the nation, TATA MOTORS, to finance its world-
renowned most cost effective NANO cars.
The bank offers various NRI deposit products (like FCNR, NRE, NRO and RFC
accounts) and personal loans (against the security of funds held in NRE accounts and
NRO accounts) to the NRI segment.
FCNR ACCOUNT: Foreign Currency Non Resident (FCNR) accounts are permitted
to be maintained in term deposits only from one year to five years by NRIs. Saraswat
Banks accepts such deposits in three currencies i.e. US Dollar, Sterling Pound and
EURO
his intention to say outside India permanently or for an indefinite period, he becomes
a person resident outside India. His bank account, if any, in India is designated as an
Ordinary Non-resident Account (NRO Account). Such accounts can also be opened
with funds remitted from abroad. Funds held in NRO accounts, can be repatriated
outside India with an overall limit of USD one million per calendar year including
sale of assets held by NRI’s in India, on production of an undertaking and certificate
Interest earned on these deposits is not exempt from Indian Income-tax.
RFC ACCOUNT: Resident Foreign Currency Accounts are for the NRIs returning to
India permanently. The balances in NRE/FCNR accounts and other foreign currency
funds brought in by the NRI at the time of return and subsequently from the assets
maintained abroad could be freely invested in RFCs. The funds in RFCs can be
remitted abroad for any bonafide purpose of the account-holder or his dependents
without RBI`s approval. The funds can also be withdrawn by converting into rupees
for local payments. If the Returning Indian subsequently goes abroad to become an
NRI, the balance in his RFC account can be converted into an NRE/FCNR account.
Saraswat Bank accepts the RFC accounts in US Dollar currency.
CORPORATE:
The bank provides various products catering to the needs of the Mid Corporates,
Small & Medium Enterprises (SMEs), Traders, Professionals and Women
Entrepreneurs. The following arrays of facilities are being provided under this
segment:
• Working Capital
• Term Loan
• Export Finance (Pre shipment and Post Shipment)
• Import Finance
• Bank Guarantees
• Bill Discounting
• Letter of Credit (Inland and Foreign)
• Property Loan
• Rental Loans
Treasury:
Saraswat Bank Ltd. is the first co-operative Bank to set up a ‘Unified Treasury’
incorporating Foreign Exchange desk and Money Market desk. The Treasury is located
in the city of Mumbai and has a dealing room with ‘Reuters’ and ‘Bridge’ systems. All
the treasury operations are completely computerised. The treasury complies with the
statutory obligations of maintaining C.R.R. and S.L.R. for the Bank apart from
managing overall funds. The Money Market desk is specialised in Money market and
Debt market. This is one of the active G. Sec traders in the market.
Demat :
Modernisation in the trading and settlement system has been witnessed in the capital
market through automated trading mechanism of Demat. The advent of Electronic
trading and settlement has brought in transparency in trading and has eliminated risks
associated with Bad Delivery and handling huge load of paperwork. The country has
made a remarkable growth in the capital market by switching over to electronic
trading.
Saraswat Bank is registered as depository Participant with NSDL since 22nd February
1999.
Since then it provides the Demat Services to its customers. Services include Pledge,
Demat, Remat, Transfer & Settlement, and Transposition & Transmission.
Services:
The bank’s value added services can be categorized under this segment. This includes
the following :
Easy Pay – Payment of utility bills like Telephone, Electricity Bills, Cellular Phone
Bills, Insurance Premium etc automatically through the customers’ account.
Mobile Banking – This provides the authorized/registered users to avail the services
such as information relating to accounts, details about transactions etc.
ATMs – Provides the ATM facility to the customers. The customers can access over
2461 ATMs of 20 members Banks in "BANCS" network, which includes the ATMs
of the Saraswat Bank. For drawing cash from the ATMs of Consortium banks, no
charges are being levied.
Insurance – The bank has a tie-up with HDFC Standard Life Insurance Company Ltd
for offering the life insurance products. The life insurance products includes
Endowment plans, Children plan, Term plans, Pension plans/
For Non Life Insurance products, the bank has a tie-up with Bajaj Allianz General
Insurance Company Ltd, and offers Travel insurance, Health Insurance, Personal
Accident Insurance and Vehicle Insurance.
Mutual Funds - Considering the changes in Indian demographics (more than 70%of
the population below the age of 35), changes in investment pattern (rising disposable
incomes created a huge potential for investment in Insurance and Mutual Funds),
increased competition and thinning of Interest margins, the Indian Banking Industry
had to redesign their bouquet of products and introduce marketing of third party
products like Insurance and Mutual Funds, to increase fee based income.
To encash on this sentiment, the Saraswat Bank has entered into the Mutual fund
distribution business 5 years back and today it has a tie up with 21 fund houses with
total funds invested at around Rs 100 crores.
The corporate social responsibility of the bank is worth mentioning. Here CSR is not a
new fashion but it is an old creed. CSR constitutes the umbilical cord that connects
the bank to the society. Today the Bank is ninety year old but the importance of CSR
was understood presciently and intuitively by the leaders of the Bank in its infancy
itself. The corporate memory is resplendent with many examples of the early
awareness of CSR in the Bank. The laudable gesture of late Wamanrao Varde and his
associates on the Board then can never be forgotten in spontaneously responding to
the grave scarcity of foodgrains during the Second World War and in starting on
behalf of the Bank a ration shop at Girgaum in Mumbai to make available foodgrains
to all. At that time, Saraswat Bank was a wholly community Bank. The whole
community therefore applauded the gesture then.
As a macro level expression of CSR, the bank in association with Maharashtra Times
created an intellectual platform entitled "Shikhar Maharashtra" with the objective of
researching into, debating and finding ways and means to deal with the many
stubborn economic and social issues that Maharashtra faces today. It is proposed that
at an interval of every three months, a major issue facing Maharashtra such as
farmers' suicides, malnutrition, foeticide, scarcity of drinking water, famine and
hunger, etc. is discussed threadbare on this nonpartisan platform by soliciting the
participation of intellectuals and social workers who are active in the field and
thereafter recommendations are made to the Government on the remedies that may
ameliorate the situation and pursued thereafter.
At the macro-level, another major issue that the bank took was one belonging to the
home turf viz. the 5,90,619 small depositors losing their hard earned money, which
they had kept in deposits in urban co-operative banks. It is here that the bank stepped
in, assimilated five ailing UCBs with it, resurrected all the deposits of all the
depositors and even restored those banks back to pristine health.
THE PROFILE :
Date of Registration
September 14, 1918
Website
www.saraswatbank.com
ORGANISATION CHART
SARASWAT BANK
HEAD OFFICE
(NARIMAN POINT)
CHAIRMAN
VICE CHAIRMAN
DIRECTOR
MANAGING DIRECTOR
COMPANY MANAGEMENT
Sterling Institute of Management Studies Page 32
Processing of Commercial Credit Proposals
Board of Directors
Shri E. K. Thakur Chairman
Shri K. V. Rangnekar Vice-Chairman
Directors
Shri R. K. Patkar
Shri A. V. Dubhashi
Shri S. V. Deshpande
Shri S. S. Sanzgiri
Shri S. S. Shirodkar
Shri A. A. Pandit
Shri H. M. Rathi
Shri S. V. Saudagar
Shri S. D. Panse
Shri M. V. Desai
Dr. Shri. S. V. Bhende
Dr. (Smt.) A. P. Samant
Shri M. K. Mantri
Advisor to Board
Shri N. R. Warerkar
Managing Director
Shri S. K. Banerji
DEPARTMENT CHART
Sterling Institute of Management Studies Page 33
Processing of Commercial Credit Proposals
Zonal Office
Manager
Officer
Accountant Assistant
Clerk
CREDIT POLICY
The Credit Policy governs all credit and credit related exposures, fund based as well
as non-fund based and prescribes acceptance criteria for all forms of credit
dispensation. These would include short term, medium term and long term based
facilities, as also letters of credit, guarantees, acceptances, etc.
The Bank has a revised credit policy every year. The Broad highlights of the
Credit Policy for 2008-09 are :
The individual exposure is of Rs. 75 crores and that for group is Rs. 150 crores, which
has been well maintained between the RBI prudential exposure limits. The group
exposure has been differentiated further in respect of companies involved in similar
activities and those in diversified activities wherein sectoral risks are well spread
thereby increasing the Bank’s comfort level. However, maximum group exposure is
taken only in respect of the group having existing relationship with us for a
considerable time.
4. Near relatives include spouse, brothers, sisters, parents and children. Major
shareholding is defined as more than 10% of equity capital in respect of public ltd.
companies, more than 25% shareholdings in respect of private limited companies
and share of 25% of profits in case of partnership firms. In addition if a
private/public ltd. company holds more than 26% of share holding in another
private/public ltd. company and/or partnership firm, said concern is deemed to be
a group concern.
5. Any additional exposure over and above the prescribed exposure shall be
treated as deviation and would require prior clearance from appropriate authority
before accepting the proposal.
6. In case of their existing customers if the exposure is going beyond the ceiling
we may advise the customer to arrange for another bank in consortium, go for
multiple banking or approach provider of private equity. The bank may also allow
exit options for the customers if the exposure is going beyond the ceiling or where
the exposure is exceeding the individual sector wise exposure limit.
The bank uses the MBPF i.e. Maximum Permissible Bank Finance method for
calculation of Working Capital Requirement. For borrowers enjoying fund based
working capital limits in excess of Rs.5.00 crores, it is explored that 25% of the book
debts are financed through bills. The bank is in the process of arranging Credit
insurance on the lines of ECGC (Export Credit Guarantee Cover) from General
Insurance Companies mainly for insuring receivables. The requirement of working
capital therefore is split into limit against receivables and limit against stocks.
Margin against receivables can be reduced upto 10% and also finance against debtors
beyond 90 days upto 180 days can be given where such insurance cover is available.
Once the assessment of working capital limit including DA L/C limit is done and
approved, the interchangeability between these two limits and interchangeability
between L/C limit and bank guarantee limit if for any reason is required to be done, it
should be done with proper assessment and approval by the respective sanctioning
authority.
MPBF Method:
Reserve Bank of India has withdrawn the prescription in regard to the assessment of
working capital needs based on the concept of Maximum Permissible Bank finance
(MPBF).
a. As far as possible second method of lending i.e. minimum NWC 25% of total
current assets is applied to all the credit exposure above Rs.25.00lacs. The same
can be relaxed to first method of lending i.e. minimum NWC 25% of Working
capital Gap in deserving cases for credit limits of Rs.25.00 lacs to Rs.100.00 lacs
with proper justification and future plan of building up of NWC upto the desired
level.
b. As per earlier RBI guidelines following heads are to be excluded from current
assets while calculating MPBF. Margin against L/C, B/G, Fixed deposits for
payment of sales tax deferral, advances to associate concerns, directors, partners,
investment in associates, shares, debentures, debtors above six months and non
moving stock.
c. However, while calculating net worth the above items except following should be
treated as non current assets and should form part of net worth:
Advances to associates/ investments in associates.
Debtors above six months if stuck up and not recoverable.
Non-moving/ old obsolete stock.
These items should be deducted from net worth.
d. Bills negotiated under L/C’s: As working capital requirements for the same are
assessed separately, receivables under L/C need not be included in the current
assets. Similarly, bank borrowings under bills purchased/ negotiated under L/C’s
need not be included under current liability. They should be shown as contingent
liability as additional information.
CREDIT PROPOSAL
Credit is the provision of resources by one party to another party where that second
party does not reimburse the first party immediately, thereby generating a debt and
instead arranges either to repay or return those resources at a later date. It is any form
of deferred payment. The first party is called a creditor, also known as a lender
The credit concept can be applied in barter economies based on the direct exchange of
goods and services, and some would go so far as to suggest that the true nature of
money is best described as a representation of the credit-debt relationships that exist
in society.
Commercial Credit
Definition
A bank loan to a company also called commercial lending or business credit.
A term used in accounting to describe either an entry on the righthand side of an
account or the process of making such an entry. A credit records the increases in
liabilities, owners’ equity and reserves as well as the decreases in assets and expenses.
Consumer credit consists of short-term loans made to people so that they can purchase
consumer goods and services for personal or household purposes.
The term credit has various applications to transactions that involve borrowing. Credit
can be used in reference to the ability to postpone payment, as in the case of an
individual who has credit with a local store that allows purchase of items on weekly
basis and settlement of account due once a month. An individual might also be
extended a credit line, the maximum amount of money that a lender will put at a
borrower’s disposal. In such a case, an individual enters into an agreement for taking
out a series of loans. Since there is a fixed limitation on the amount to be borrowed,
payments must be made to reduce the debt incurred when the maximum is reached.
RBI vide its circular Dt. May 5, 2003 and March 6, 2007 directed all scheduled
commercial banks to adopt the Fair Practice Code for lenders. Even though it is not
mandatory, Saraswat Co-operative Bank has adopted following Fair Practice Code for
its lending activities:
iv. Guarantee:
The Bank tells the person, before accepting him as guarantor about:
-His liability as guarantor
-The amount of liability he will be committing to the bank
-Circumstances in which he will have to pay up the liability
-Whether the Bank has recourse to his money in the bank if he fails to pay up as a
guarantor
-Whether his liabilities as a guarantor are limited to a specific quantum or are they
unlimited
-Time and circumstances in which his liabilities as a guarantor will be discharged as
also the manner in which the Bank will notify him about this.
- The Bank gives notice to the borrowers before taking a decision to recall/ accelerate
payment or performance under the agreement or seeking additional securities.
- The Bank releases all securities on receiving payment of loan or realization of loan
subject to any legitimate right or lien for any other claim the Bank may have against
borrowers.
- If such right of set off is to be exercised, the Bank gives notice about the same to the
borrower with full particulars about the remaining claims.
vi. General:
- The Bank refrains from interference in the affairs of the borrowers except for what is
provided in the terms and conditions of the loan sanction documents (unless new
information, not earlier disclosed by the borrower, has come to the notice of the
lender)
- The Bank doesn’t discriminate on grounds of sex, caste and religion in the matter of
lending.
- In the matter of recovery of loans, the Bank doesn’t resort to undue harassment such
as persistently bothering the borrowers at odd hours, use of muscle power for
recovery of loans, etc.
- In case of receipt of request for transfer of borrowal account, the Bank conveys
consent or otherwise within 21 days from the date of receipt of request.
Funded Facility:
A) Cash Credit:
In 1979 the Reserve Bank of India set up a working group to review the cash
credit system. Cash credit is a short-term cash loan to a company. A bank
provides this type of funding, but only after the required security is given to
secure the loan. Once a security for repayment has been given, the businesses
that receive the loan can continuously draw from the bank up to a certain
specified amount. This type of financing is similar to a line of credit.
Sometimes bank funding is just out of the question. Unless your business has
excellent credit and a proven track record, a bank loan will be nearly
impossible to obtain.
3) Withdrawal of Funds:
After the credit limits are sanctioned as stated above, the borrower should be
required to indicate, before the commencement of each quarter, his expected
requirement of funds in that quarter. Such limits are called the operating
limits. Borrower is expected to withdraw funds from the bank within the
operating limit in that quarter subject to a tolerance of 10 per cent either way.
If a borrower draws more than or less than these tolerance limits, it must be
considered as an irregularity in the account, which is the consequence of
defective planning by the borrower.
4) Temporary limits:
Bank should very carefully consider request for temporary limits in excess of
the sanctioned limits to meet unforeseen contingencies. Such limits should be
allowed for predetermined short durations may be in the form of a separate
demand loan or non operable cash credit account, bearing an additional
interest of one percent over the normal rate. If the borrower in such a case is
unable to provide corresponding additional contribution, bank may ignore the
same.
B) Term Loans:
Term loans are also known as term/project finance. They represent a source of
debt finance which is generally repayable in more than one year but less than
07 years. The primary sources of such loans are financial institutions.
Commercial banks also provide term finance in a limited way. The financial
institutions provide project finance for new projects as also for expansion /
diversification and modernization whereas the bulk of the term loans extended
by banks are in the form of working capital loan to finance the working capital
gap.
FEATURES OF TERM LOANS:
Maturity:
The maturity period of term loans is typically longer in case of sanctions by financial
institutions in the range of 6-10 years in comparison to 3-5 years of bank advances.
However, they are rescheduled to enable corporate borrowers tide over temporary
financial exigencies.
Security:
Term loans typically represent secured borrowing. Usually assets, which are financed
with the proceeds of the term loan, provide the prime security. Other assets of the firm
may serve as collateral security.
All loans provided by financial institutions, along with interest, liquidated damages,
commitment charges, expenses, etc., are secured by way of:
a) First equitable mortgage of all immovable properties of the borrower, both
present and future for the entire institutional loan including commitment charges,
interest, liquidated damages and so on; and
Non-Funded Facility:
A) Letter of Credit :
This type of instrument was also popular prior to the common usage of credit cards
and travelers checks. A letter of credit is an instrument which facilitates trade
transactions between two parties who are not known to each other. A letter of credit
carries a promise or an undertaking by the issuing banker which is valued and
honoured on a global basis.
a) Certainly of payment and avoidance of risk. Though the exporter may be quite
unfamiliar with the importer, the letter of credit provides him an absolute.
b) Assurance that the bills of exchange drawn under the letter of credit will be
honoured.
Transit: - Y Days
Usance: - 90 Days
B) Bank Guarantees :
RATIOS
Ratio Analysis:
A relationship between various accounting figures, which are connected with each
other, expressed in mathematical terms, is called accounting ratios.
Ratio analysis is one of the techniques of financial analysis to evaluate the financial
condition and performance of a business concern. Simply, ratio means the comparison
of one figure to other relevant figure or figures.
Ratio analysis is the method or process by which the relationship of items or groups of
items in the financial statements are computed, determined and presented.
Accounting ratios are very useful as they briefly summarise the result of detailed and
complicated computations. Absolute figures are useful but they do not convey much
meaning. In terms of accounting ratios, comparison of these related figures makes
them meaningful.
Accounting ratios are effective tools of analysis. They are indicators of managerial
and overall operational efficiency. Ratios, when properly used are capable of
providing useful information. Ratio analysis is defined as the systematic use of ratios
to interpret the financial statements so that the strengths and weaknesses of a firm as
well as its historical performance and current financial condition can be determined
the term ratio refers to the numerical or quantitative relationship between items/
variables.
This relationship can be expressed as:
a. Fraction
b. Percentages
c. Proportion of numbers
The alternative methods of expressing items which are related to each other are, for
purposes of financial analysis, referred to as ratio analysis. It should be noted that
computing the ratio does not add any information in the figures of profit or sales.
What the ratios do is that they reveal the relationship in a more meaningful way so as
to enable us to draw conclusions from them.
2) To workout the solvency: With the help of solvency ratios, solvency of the
company can be measured. These ratios show the relationship between the liabilities
and assets. In case external liabilities are more than that of the assets of the company,
it shows the unsound position of the business. In this case the business has to make it
possible to repay its loans.
3) Helpful in analysis of financial statement: Ratio analysis help the outsiders just
like creditors, shareholders, debenture-holders, bankers to know about the profitability
and ability of the company to pay them interest and dividend etc.
8) Helpful for forecasting purposes: Accounting ratios indicate the trend of the
business. The trend is useful for estimating future. With the help of previous years’
ratios, estimates for future can be made. In this way these ratios provide the basis for
preparing budgets and also determine future line of action.
2) False Results: Accounting ratios are based on data drawn from accounting records.
In case that data is correct, then only the ratios will be correct. For example, valuation
of stock is based on very high price, the profits of the concern will be inflated and it
will indicate a wrong financial position. The data therefore must be absolutely correct.
3) Effect of Price Level Changes: Price level changes often make the comparison of
figures difficult over a period of time. Changes in price affect the cost of production,
sales and also the value of assets. Therefore, it is necessary to make proper
adjustment for price-level changes before any comparison.
period, but some debtors may be in the list of doubtful debts, which is not disclosed
by ratio analysis.
6) Costly Technique: Ratio analysis is a costly technique and can be used by big
business houses. Small business units are not able to afford it.
7) Misleading Results: In the absence of absolute data, the result may be misleading.
For example, the gross profit of two firms is 25%. Whereas the profit earned by one is
just Rs. 5,000 and sales are Rs. 20,000 and profit earned by the other one is Rs.
10,00,000 and sales are Rs. 40,00,000. Even the profitability of the two firms is same
but the magnitude of their business is quite different.
Types of Ratio:
a. Liquidity Ratio
b. Profitability Ratio
c. Turnover Ratio
d. Capital Structure Ratio
e. Coverage Ratio
Liquidity Ratio:
The following ratio’s come under this head:
1. Current Ratio
2. Quick Ratio
B) Profitability Ratio:
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Processing of Commercial Credit Proposals
C) Turnover Ratio
The following ratio’s come under this head:
1. Inventory Turnover Ratio
2. Debtor’s Turnover Ratio
3. Creditor’s Turnover Ratio
4. Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio
E) Coverage Ratio
The following ratio’s come under this head:
1. Interest Coverage Ratio
2. Dividend Coverage Ratio
3. Total Coverage Ratio
Own Fund Ratio: Opening Balance + Profit & Loss + Capital Introduced + Reserves
& Surplus – Drawing / Net Worth.
2) Current Ratio:
Current Ratio includes Current Assets & Current Liabilities.
Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities
The minimum limit is 1.33 and any ratio below 1.33 is treated as deviation. As
regards proposals having exposures below Rs.1.00 crore and depending upon type of
activities/products, life cycle of production process, performance under other
parameters is permissible in deserving cases, but not below 1.17. Any such proposal
having current ratio lower than 1.17 is treated as deviation.
Shareholders funds consist of Preference Share Capital, Equity Share Capital, Capital
Reserves, Revenue Reserves and Reserves representing earmark surplus. The amount
of fictitious assets is deducted from the above. Debts represent long-term debts. It
includes mortgage loans and debentures.
For this ratio debt means sanctioned Fund based working capital limits or
outstandings whichever is higher plus outstanding term loans plus Letter of Credit
-usance limit or outstanding whichever is higher.
The ISCR is a measurement of the number of times the company could make its
interest payments with its earning before interest and depreciation but after tax.
Higher ratio sounds the better financial capacity of the unit to serve the debt burden of
the company.
ISCR = Profit after Tax + Depreciation + Interest on Unsecured loan & Working
Capital / Interest on Working Capital & Unsecured Loan.
ISCR has to be calculated where only working capital limits are enjoyed with the
bank.
# This ratio should not be less than 2.5. ISCR below 2.5 is treated as a
deviation and proposals having ISCR below 2 deserve rejection from bank.
Profit after tax + Int. on Term loan & working capital limits + Depreciation
Int. on Term loan & working capital limits + Term loan installment payable
This ratio includes fixed assets and term loan, cash credit.
Assets Coverage Ratio = Total Fixed Assets / Term loan + Cash Credit.
8) Quick Ratio :
In finance, the Acid-test or quick ratio or liquid ratio measures the ability of a
company to use its near cash or quick assets to immediately extinguish or retire its
current liabilities. Quick assets include those current assets that presumably can be
quickly converted to cash at close to their book values.
Generally, the acid test ratio should be 1:1 or better, however this varies widely by
industry.
A) Collection of Documents:
Audited profit and Loss A/c, Balance Sheet for the Current Year
Month wise sales, purchases for the last year and current year
Xerox copies of tax payments especially Sales Tax, Income Tax, Service Tax,
Wealth Tax
Insurance Policy for stock & other assets duly endorsed in banks name
Borrowings in the personal name of Directors / Partners (if any) from other
banks / other sources
B) Proposal :
Bank makes proposal on the basis of required documents. The Proposal shows the
capacity of the company by calculating various ratios and by giving comments on
those ratios.
Industrial Parameters:
Based on the preference of the industry the marks are allotted
This table shows how the rating is done based upon the score obtained
The present Prime Lending Rate (PLR) of the bank is 13.00%
The credit rating is must for every account and every year the credit rating of a
particular account is done. The PLR is determined by the bank & is based upon the
economic condition.
CASE
‘XYZ’ Private Limited Company.
Constitution: Private Limited Company
Sterling Institute of Management Studies Page 62
Processing of Commercial Credit Proposals
Establishment: 1994
Banking with us since: 1994
Sector: Trading
Present PLR: 13.00%
Rating: B
Applicable ROI; PLR + 1.00% i.e. 14.00%
Activity: Trading
Products: Alphox, Polymeg, Sorbitrol, Sodium Hydro Suplhite, Maize Starch, Liquid
Glucose, Dicyandiamide.
Background:
The company is mainly in the business of trading in dyes and chemicals. The
company is an authorized distributor of major chemical companies. The main
range of products traded by the company are Alphox, Polymeg, Sorbitrol, Sodium
Hydro Suplhite, Maize Starch, Liquid Glucose, Dicyandiamide etc. which find
uses in the various industries like textile pharmaceuticals, glassware etc.
The applicant company has started importing products like DCDA from China.
The products are finding a very good demand in the Indian market mostly in the
textile and pharma industry for which the marketing channel has already been
established by the company by way of its existing clientele.
The CIBIL Inquiry was carried out and the account described was Standard. Carrying
out CIBIL (Credit Information Bureau India Limited). The need for such enquiry can
be described as below:
At a time when the economy is growing more resilient and self-sufficient, the demand
for credit is on the rise. Borrowers are sometimes predisposed towards taking
advantage of the system by moving from one institution to another, despite being
defaulters in their earlier banking relationships. The aim of CIBIL's Commercial
Credit Bureau is to minimise instances of concurrent and serial defaults by providing
credit information pertaining to non-individual borrowers such as public limited
companies, private limited companies, partnership firms proprietorships, etc. CIBIL
maintains a central database of information as received from its Members. CIBIL then
collate and disseminate this information on demand to Members, in the form of
Commercial Credit Information Reports (CIR) to assist them in their loan appraisal
process.
The CIN and DIN of the company were referred from the website www.mca.gov.in
(CIN-Company Identification Number & DIN- Directors Identification Number) This
is useful to know whether the company is really in existence and have the directors
really registered for that company. The charge against the fixed assets has to be
registered with the ROC. For this there is a need to know whether the company is in
existence.
Packaging material - - - - -
Spares, stores & consumables - - - - -
Power, fuel, water - - - - -
Direct labour - - - - 2.65
Direct expenses - - - 80.00 60.51
BALANCE SHEET
Import
Creditors for expenses 2.24 - 0.48 - -
Deposits accepted - - - - 0.30
Advances received - - - - -
Taxes Payable - - - - 3.96
Tax Provisions 4.03 7.64 13.60 13.00 20.25
Other provisions 1.40 - 4.19 - 2.13
Others - 1.51 - - 0.13
TOTAL CURRENT
LIABILITIES 127.49 219.75 461.46 308.00 371.58
NET CURRENT
ASSETS 67.12 82.39 72.41 134.00 128.79
TANGIBLE NET
WORTH 72.84 87.59 76.48 139.00 131.99
Represented By:
Opening Balance of
Capital 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
+Profit/Loss in the year - - 9.20 - 18.32
+Capital introduced - - - - -
+Reserves ( Excl Rev.
Reserve) 9.50 14.69 14.69 43.00 23.89
+Unsecured Loan/quasi
equity 62.92 72.60 52.33 95.00 89.03
- Drawings/Dividend - - - - -
NET WORTH (A) 73.42 88.29 77.22 139.00 132.24
Debtors above 6
months, non recoverable - - - - -
+Investments including
ICD’s 0.25 0.25 0.25 - 0.25
=Total non current
assets 0.25 0.25 0.25 - 0.25
-Non current liabilities - - - - -
=NET NON CURRENT
ASSETS(B) 0.25 0.25 0.25 - 0.25
Intangible Assets (C) 0.33 0.45 0.49 - -
TANGIBLE NET
WORTH (A-B-C) 72.84 87.59 76.48 139.00 131.99
(0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00)
KEY RATIOS
Current ratio for 2008-09 provisional is 1.35 which is above the banks outer norm of
1.17 and hence it satisfies the requirements with respect to Current ratio. The trend for
past years is also in the acceptable limits.
The debt-equity ratio is 1.63 which is above the below norm of 1.75. The debt-equity
ratio is on higher side on account of due to increase in the unsecured loans.
The ISCR is 2.53, which is above the banks norms of 2.5. The average for the four
years is well above the rejection norms.
Sales:- Company has achieved sales of Rs.2370.08 lacs as against Rs.1701.16 lacs in
the previous year. There is growth in sales to the extent of 39.32% over the previous
year.
During the previous there were frequent fluctuations in prices of the chemicals and
hence the company had to restrict dealings of certain chemicals whose prices had
increased substantially.
CONCLUSION
2) It is studied during the project that, past record with regard to payments, nature
of business is scrutinized neatly before considering the proposals
3) At the time of visit to the firm the concerned officers check the required
information & also discuss the third party products like CASA (Current A/c’s
& Savings A/c’s}, Deposits & other banks accounts
4) Ratio analysis method is specially use by the bank for company’s future
financial study for e.g. debt equity ratio, current ratio etc.
5) The rating of the firms applying for credit is done on the basis of the credit
rating model every year. The parameters considered for rating are financial
and non-financial parameters like raw materials availability, competition faced
etc.
6) Security in the nature of prime & collateral. Prime security is where the bank
has prima facie charge and collateral security is secondary in nature. In case if
the prime security fails to service the advance only then the collateral security
is considered.
7) Security is in liquid form like FDR, LIC policy, NSC etc. or tangible form like
any property (gala, godown), machinery etc.
8) For manufacturers or traders bank provides cash credit facility against stock.
Prime Security for Cash Credit (CC) is in the nature of Stock + (Debtors -
Creditors) or else property & collateral may be in liquid or tangible form
Recommendations
The Saraswat Co-Operative bank being the leading Co-operative bank has some areas
where it needs to be looked upon. The present state of economy has resulted into
many big players in banking sector shaping up their strategies accordingly. Though
the economy is grooming up from the effects of recession the following steps for
various industry segments is suggested for Saraswat bank.
1. Auto ancillary:
The rise in the interest rate is deterring the purchase of commercial vehicles, which
has reduced the sales of commercial vehicles of some big companies. This is further
compounded by steep rise in international prices of crude oil resulting into
skyrocketing prices of petrol and diesel. General slump in automobile sales may in
turn affect the companies which supply components to auto manufacturers. Hence, the
bank needs to adopt cautious approach while financing such units. The sales of the
units should not be dependent only on single party.
2. FMCG:
The rising purchasing power of individuals has boosted the FMCG segment. This will
boost the industries directly/indirectly dependent on the FMCG segment. Packaging
industry is one such related industry. With the continuous growth in country’s GDP
fortunes of this industry are bright. Impending global economic slowdown would
have least effect on this sector and hence this sector needs to be encouraged .
3. Steel:
The units engaged in steel manufacturing are expected do well due to increasing
infrastructure projects that are coming up. At the same time, the bank needs to have a
cautious approach while lending to units engaged in trading especially due to high
price volatility. Integrated steel mills with captive sources of basic raw material like
coal can be looked at. Stainless steel making units are also doing well presently due to
increased demand from equipment manufacturers.
4. Textile:
The textile industry is booming. However, due to appreciation of the value of the
rupee borrowal units engaged in exports may take a hit. Manufacturers with fixed rate
contracts with MNCs like Wall Mart may be affected due to general slowdown in
USA. However, the Indian textile industry is presently in the diversified markets and
is expected to do well due to favorable GOI (Textile Upgradation Fund Scheme)
policies and acceptability it can achieve from the world markets towards its quality of
product. Possible global economic slowdown would affect this industry the most.
5. Pharmaceuticals:
The pharmaceutical industry has registered a steady growth and is expected to
continue doing so. Units in Active Pharma Ingredients and those in contract
manufacturing are doing well. Contract research is another booming area and few
units set up for this activities have shown good performance.
Recently RBI has modified the definition of industry/business for the purpose of
classification. Earlier the units were classified as Small business, SSI, Medium and
Large industries. Now as per the new definition the units will be classified as Micro,
Sterling Institute of Management Studies Page 75
Processing of Commercial Credit Proposals
Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME) of which micro and Small enterprises were
classified as priority sector advances. The bank should therefore implement its
policies according to the new guidelines.
In addition to the above suggestions the bank shows negligence in granting credit to
Sugar industries, Oil crushing industries, Glass industries and audio and video
cassettes industries. This negligence is due to the performance of the sector in the
economy and the risk associated with it. But credit facilities should be provided as
these sectors have high demand for their products in market and wont be much risky
at the present economic scenario.
The bank has also slowed down the granting of credit to some industries such as:-
1. Textiles (natural fiber as well as synthetic fibre)- staple fiber into yarn i.e. spinning
mills and standalone texturised yarn makers, Denim.
2. Steel manufacturing like melting of scrap through induction furnace, manufacturing
of sponge iron & pig iron.
3. Cigarette manufacturing, manufacturing of Gutka & Paan Masala
4. Infrastructure-direct finance to large projects.
5. Project Finance - Large Greenfield projects with long gestation period
6. Production of TV serials and films.
7. Service sector industries such as Travel by sea, land for new entrants, tourism,
hospitality, healthcare and hospitals with long gestation period have least acceptance
for credit from the bank.
The bank therefore needs to explore these segments so as to build its esteemed
presence in the banking sector at more higher and competitive level.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Web:
a. http://www.saraswatbank.com
b. http://www.wikipedia.com
c. http://www.investopedia.com
d. http://www.mca.gov.in
e. http://www.cibil.com
f. http://www.moneycontrol.com
g. http://www.google.com
h. http://www.teachmefinance.com
i. http://www.rbi.gov.in
Books:
Papers:
The Economic Times
Business Standard