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Tetrahedron Letters No. 46, PP 4475 - 44780 0040-4039/78/1108-44759102.
00/o
@Perwon Press Ltd. 1978. Rinted in Great Britain.
DIRECT ROOM TEMPERATURE ESTERIFICATIONOF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS'
Alfred Hassner* and Vazken Alexanian

Department of Chemistry
State University of New York at Binghamton
Binghamton, New York 13901
We wish to report a mild one pot esterificationmethod, which allows the conversion of
a carboxylic acid at room temperature and under essentially neutral conditions into an ester.
The method is applicable to N-protected amino acids and to formation of tert butyl esters.
Mild esterification procedures are of considerable interest in the synthesis and
manipulation of many natural products. While a number of such methods are known,2 most
require either the presence of strong acids, the isolation of intermediate acyl derivatives
or the application of heat.
A useful catalytic acylation of alcohols, including tertiary alcohols,3 consists of
reaction of the alcohol with an acid anhydride or acid chloride in the presence of an
equivalent amount of triethylamine and an amino pyridine, e.g., 1, as a catalyst
(0.05-0.1 equivb as shown in eq. 1. Among the catalysts studied, 1 and 2 appear to be the
most effective.
R\N/R
I 1, R:Me
2, R:(CH214
3, R:C(NMe2j2
Me
catalyst 1
!
Me- -OH + Ac20 + Et3N - Me3C-OAc + AcO-GNEt3 eq. 1
!le
4475
4476 wo. 4.6
While this represents an excellent method for acylation of alcohols, it is less adequate for
the esterification of carboxylic acids because of the necessity of preformation of the
anhydride, the requirements of an equivalent amount of base (triethylamine)and finally in
the case of valuable starting material because half of the RC02H moiety is wasted in the
reaction (e.g., AcOH in eq. 1).
We have solved the above problems by incorporation of a carbodiimide.(DCC)into the
reaction. The presence of one equivalent of DCC permits one to start with one equivalent
of a carboxylic acid, which can be completely converted to ester as shown by eq. 2.
catalyst 2
R-C02H + RI-OH + DCC - R-$-O-RI + (c~H,,-NH)~C=O eq. 2
0
Several examples are shown in Table I. The reaction proceeds at 25'. the urea is filtered,
the solution evaporated and the product crystallized. The yields of isolated pure ester
are generally high. Hindered carboxylic acids like pivalic or mesitoic acid work well with
unhindered alcohols. N-protected amino acids can likewise be esterified at room temperature.
The method is applicable to the formation of benzyl or t-butyl esters important as pro-
tecting groups.
The reaction is based on a requirement fur both DCC and aminopyridine catalyst. Thus,
in the absence of 2, phenyl benzoate is formed in 10% instead of 94% yield, whereas in the
absence of DCC no reaction occurs. Apparently, the carboxylic acid is converted by DCC to
anhydride, which forms an acylpyridinium species Qwith the catalyst.4 This is followed by
equilibration of Qwith the alcohol to produce ion pair 2 (see Scheme 1). Nucleophilic attack
by R'O- on the acyl group of 2 generates the ester and catalyst 2. The carboxylic acid is
recycled by DCC while the catalyst is reused in the formation of 4.
Scheme 1
R-C-OH + DCC -+ R-i-O- -R 2, R-!-@a

e
S 0 0
-0-C-R 3
2 R-C-OH + R-{-f@Ng AR’OH

8
-OR' 3
No. 46
If an acid anhydride is to be esterified by this method, only half of an equivalent is

required since the acid is recycled. This is demonstrated by the conversion of phthalic
anhydride into the diester in 90% yield, while in the absence af DCC, triethylamine is
required and only the half ester is formed.
0
-0Et
t EtOH + DCC --+
-0Et
Further studies to apply these concepts are underway.

Typical Procedure: A solution of carboxylic acid (0.010 mol), N,N-dicyclohexylcarbo-
diimide (0.011 mole), the alcohol (0.011 mol) and 4-pyrrolidinopyridine(0.001 mol) in ether
or dichloromethane (25-50 ml) was allowed to stand at room temperature until esterification
was complete. The N,N-dicyclohexylurea was filtered and the filtrate washed with water
(3x50 ml), 5% acetic acid solution (3x50 ml) and again with water (3x50 ml), dried (MgSO4)
and the solvent evaporated in vacuuo to give the ester (see Table).
TABLE 1
DIRECT ESTERIFICATIONOF RC02H WITH R'OH WITH DCC AND CATALYST 2AT 25' IN ETHER OR CH2C12
TIME % YIELD
RC02H R’OH HR OF ESTERa
benzoic EtOH 0.5 90

benzoic PhOH 6 94
acetic tBuOH 3 90
p-Br phenylacetic EtOH 12 96
diphenylacetic EtOH 12 96
mesitoic p-NO2 phenol 12 90
isobutyric t-BuOH 24 65
N-benzoyl ala PhCH20H 2 80
N-CBZ ala-DL o-nitrobenzyl alcohol 2 70
L-N-CBZ-phenyl ala p-nitrophenol 1 71
"Isolated pure material (recrystall?zedor distilled).

No. 46
4478
Acknowledgment
This investigationwas supported by NC1Grant CA 19023 from DHEW.
References and Notes

1. Synthetic Methods 12. For Part 11 see A. Hassner and J.A. Soderquist, J. Organometal.
Chem. in press (1978).
2. For selected examples see: (a) R.B. Turner, J. Amer. Chem. Sot., 75, 3489 (1953);
(b) E. Vowinkel, Chem. Ber., 100, 16 (1967); (c) H. Staab, Angew. Chem. Internat. Ed.,
1, 351 (1962); (d) J.M. Tedder, Chem. Revs., 55_,787 (1955); (e) H. Brechbuehler,
H. Buchi, E. Hatz, J. Schreiber, and A. Eschenmoser, Helv. Chim. Acta, 48, 1746
(1965); (f) S. Masamune, S. Kamata and W. Schilling, J. Amer. Chem. Sot., 97,
3515 (1975); (9) E.J. Corey and D.J. Brunelle, Tetrahedron Letters, 3409 (1976);
and (h) T. Mukaiyama, M. Usui and K. Saigo, Chem. Lett., 49 (1976).
3. (a) W. Steglich and G. Hofle, Angew. Chem. Internat. Ed. g, 981 (1969); Tetrahedron
Letters 4727 (1970); and (b) 6. Hofle and W. Steglich, Synthesis, 619 (1972).
4. A. Hassner, L. Krepski and V. Alexanian, Tetrahedron, 34, 2069 (1978)
(Received in USA 7 September 1978)

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Tetrahedron Letters No. 46, PP 4475 - 44780 0040-4039/78/1108-44759102.

DIRECT ROOM TEMPERATURE ESTERIFICATIONOF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS'

Alfred Hassner* and Vazken Alexanian

R-C-OH + DCC -+ R-i-O- -R 2, R-!-@a

2 R-C-OH + R-{-f@Ng AR’OH

If an acid anhydride is to be esterified by this method, only half of an equivalent is

Further studies to apply these concepts are underway.

benzoic EtOH 0.5 90

"Isolated pure material (recrystall?zedor distilled).

References and Notes

(Received in USA 7 September 1978)

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