35230

MM2

Spring Semester 2010

REVISION SESSION SOLUTION

QUESTION 1

1 -1 1 1 1 1 0
a/ (i) A.B = 2 3 0 1 0 = 5 2
0 3 -1 1 -1 2 1

(ii) B.A is impossible since the number of columns of B is NOT equal to the
number of rows of A (2 ¹3).

(iii) C.e is impossible since the number of columns of C is NOT equal to the
number of rows of e (4 ¹3).

1 1 T 3 3
1 1 1 6
T
(iv) B .d = 1 0 -1 = K O -1 = K O
1 0 -1 -1
1 -1 4 4

1
(v) d .e = H 3 -1 4 L. 0
T
= -1
-1

b/ The characteristics equation is

1-Λ 2
= (1-ΛL2 - 4 = Λ2 - 2Λ - 3 = (Λ -3)(Λ+1) = 0
2 1-Λ

” Λ1 = 3, Λ2 = -1.

2
v O O
2 2010 Revision Solution_Student.nb

i/ For Λ1 = 3.

The eigenvectors v1 = (x, y) associated with Λ1 can be found by solving the

system of equations

-2 2 x 0
(A - Λ1 I )v1 = K O=K O
2 -2 y 0

” - x + y = 0 ” y = x.

Taking x = p gives y = p. Hence, the eigenvectors associated with

Λ1 = 3, are

p 1
v1 = K O = pK O, where p ¹ 0.
p 1

ii/ For Λ2 = -1.

The eigenvectors v2 = (x, y) associated with Λ2 can be found by solving the

system of equations

2 2 x 0
(A - Λ2 I )v2 = K O=K O
2 2 y 0

” x + y = 0 ” y = - x.

Taking x = q gives y = - q. Hence, the eigenvectors associated with

Λ2 = -1, are

q 1
v2 = K O = qK O, where q ¹ 0.
-q -1

c/ (i) The determinant det(A) can be calculated by the cofactor expansion along
one of the rows, or along one of the columns. Below is the cofactor
expansion along the first row

3 0 2 0 2 3
det(A) = 1× - (- 1)× + 1×
3 -1 0 -1 0 3

= - 3 + (-2) + 6 = 1
 2010 Revision Solution_Student.nb 3

(ii) The inverse A-1 can be calculated by a series of Row-operations

1 -1 1 1 0 0
2 3 0 0 1 0
0 3 -1 0 0 1

1 -1 1 1 0 0
R2 ™ R2 - 2 R1 0 5 -2 -2 1 0
0 3 -1 0 0 1

1 -1 1 1 0 0
R2 ™ 2 R3 - R2 0 1 0 2 -1 2
0 3 -1 0 0 1

R1 ™ R1 + R2 1 0 1 3 -1 2
0 1 0 2 -1 2
R3 ™ R3 - 3 R2 0 0 -1 -6 3 -5

R1 ™ R1 + R3 1 0 0 -3 2 -3
0 1 0 2 -1 2
R3 ™ - R3 0 0 1 6 -3 5

-3 2 -3
-1 2 -1 2
” A =
6 -3 5

Ÿ Alternatively, the inverse A-1 can be calculated by using its adjoint

1
A-1 = adj(A)
detHAL

The adj(A) can be calculated as below

ò Find the matrix of cofactors of A

0 0 3

1 1 1

1 1 1

6
4 2010 Revision Solution_Student.nb

The 9 cofactors are

3 0 2 0 2 3
C11 = = -3, C12 = - = 2, C13 = = 6,
3 -1 0 -1 0 3

-1 1 1 1 1 -1
C21 = - = 2, C22 = = -1, C23 = = -1,
3 -1 0 -1 0 3

-1 1 1 1 1 -1
C31 = = -3, C32 = - = 2, C33 = =5
3 0 2 0 2 3

The matrix of cofactors is

-3 2 6
C = 2 -1 -3
-3 2 5

ò The adj(A) is the transpose of C

-3 2 -3
T
adj(A) = C = 2 -1 2
6 -3 5

ò The inverse of A is

-3 2 -3 -3 2 -3
-1 1 1
A =
detHAL
adj(A) = 1 2 -1 2 = 2 -1 2
6 -3 5 6 -3 5

QUESTION 2

a/ f(x,y) = x cosy + yex

fx = cosy + yex , f y = -xsiny + ex .

fxx = yex , fyy = -xcosy , fxy = fyx = -siny + ex ,

 2010 Revision Solution_Student.nb 5

b/ The unit vector in the direction of the vector (2, -3, 6) is

H 2, -3, 6L H2, -3, 6L

u= =
7
22 + H-3L2 + 62

The gradient of f(x, y, z) = x3 - xy2 -z at a point M (x, y, z) is

õf(x, y, z) = (fx, f y, fz ) = (3x2 - y2 , -2xy, -1).

At the given point P(1,1,0) we have

õf(1, 1, 0) = (2, -2, 1).

The derivative of f(x, y, z) at the point P(1,1,0) in the direction

of the vector (2, -3, 6) is

H2, -3, 6L
Du f(1,1,0) = õf(1, 1, 0) .u = (2,-2,1).
7

H2,-2, 1L.H2, -3, 6L 4

= =
7 7

c/ The critical points of f(x, y) = xy can be found by solving the system

of equations

f = y = 0
: fx = x = 0
” (x, y) = (0, 0) is the unique critical point.
y

Since fxx× fyy - HfxyL2 = 0×0 - 12 = -1 < 0 the point (0, 0) is a saddle point.

x2 y2
d/ To apply Lagrange multiplier technique we set g(x, y) = + - 1.
8 2
We want to find maximum and minimum values of the function f(x,y) = xy,
subject to the side condition g(x,y) = 0.

2 2
Ix

H L
6 2010 Revision Solution_Student.nb

f(x, y) = xy ” õf(x, y) = (y, x).

2
x2 y
g(x, y) =
8
+
2
- 1 ” õg(x, y) = I x4 , y)

Setting õf(x, y) = Λ õg(x, y) we need to find the solution (x, y) and Λ

of the system

x
y = Λ H1L
4
x = Λy H2L
x2 y2
+ = 1 H3L
8 2

Consider two cases:

i/ Case 1: x = 0. From (1) we have y = 0. But (0, 0) is not in the ellipse (3).
ii/ Case 2 : x ¹ 0. From (2) we have y ¹ 0 and Λ ¹ 0. Multiplying (1) and (2),
side by side, gives

xy
xy = Λ2 ” Λ2 = 4 ” Λ1 = 2, Λ2 = -2
4

H2L
ò Λ1 = 2 ” x = 2y (4)

Subsituting (4) into (3) gives H2 yL2 y2 ” y2 = 1

+ = 1
8 2

” y1 = 1, y2 = - 1. Substituting these into (4) gives x1 = 2, x2 = -2.

So, for Λ1 = 2 there are two solutions
(x1 , y1 ) = (2,1), (x2 , y2 ) = (-2, -1). And f(2,1) = f(-2,-1) = 2.

ò Λ2 = - 2. Similarly, we obtain two solutions

(x3 , y3 ) = (2,-1), (x4 , y4 ) = (-2, 1). And f(2,-1) = f(-2,1) = - 2.

Hence, the maximum value is 2, obtained at (2,1) and (-2,-1);

the minimum value is -2, obtained at (2,-1) and (-2,1)
 2010 Revision Solution_Student.nb 7

QUESTION 3

4
y= 4-x2
2
a/
x
-2 -1 1 2

-2

y = x2 - 4 -4

2 4 - x2
I = Ù Ù (x2 + 2y)âA = Ù -2 Ù x2 -4
Hx + 2 yL â y â x
R

Since f(y) = 2y is an odd funcion we have

4 - x2
Ù x2 -4 2 y â y = 0. Hence
2 4 - x2 2 2
I =Ù Ù 2 x â y âx = Ù-2 x2 AI4 - x2M - Ix2 - 4M E â x
-2 x -4
2 2
= 2 Ù-2 x2 I4 - x2 M â x = 4Ù0 I4 x2 - x4 M â x

= 4 [ 43 (23 - 0) - 1 5
5
(2 - 0)] =
256
15
8 2010 Revision Solution_Student.nb

b/
y

y= x

x
Π

Π Π sin x Π x sin x
Ù0 Ùy x âx â y = Ù0 Ù0 x â y âx
Π sin x Π
= Ù0 x Hx - 0L â x = Ù 0 sin x â x

=- (cosΠ - cos0) = 2.

c/
y

x
-R R
 2010 Revision Solution_Student.nb 9

Hrsin
2Π R
Ù Ù Ky2âA = Ù0 Ù0
2
Q = K Θ N r â r âΘ
R

2Π R 3
= KÙ Θ âΘ ×Ù r â r
2
0
sin 0

K R4 2 Π 1 - cosH2 ΘL
=
4 Ù0 2
âΘ

K R4 1 1
=
4 2
[(2Π - 0) - 2
(sin2Π - sin 0)]

K Π R4
=
4

QUESTION 4

a/ (i) Let X, Y be the groove width and plate thickness . Then

X ~ NI26.8, 0.72 M N(26.8, 0.72 M, Y ~ NI25.1, 0.52 M.

Let C be the distribution of the clearrance between the plate and the edge
of the groove. Then C = X - Y. So C is normally distributed.

E(C) = E(X - Y) = E(X) - E(Y) = 26.8 - 25.1 = 1.7

Var(C) = Var(X) + Var(Y) = 0.72 + 0.52 = 0.74.
ΣC = VarHCL = 0.74 » 0.8602

So, C is normally distributed with mean ΜC =1.7, and standard deviation

ΣC = 0.8602, i.e. C ~ N(1.7, 0.74).

(ii) The plate will not fit into the grove if C = X - Y < 0.

0 - ΜC 0 - 1.7
P(C < 0) = P( Z < ΣC
) = P(Z < 0.8602
) = P(Z < -1.98)
= 1 - P(Z < 1.98) = 1 - 0.9761 = 0.0239
10 2010 Revision Solution_Student.nb

S
(iii) 95% CI = x ¡ tn-1, Α ×
2 n
0.5
= 25.1 ¡ t29 , 0.025 ×
30
0.5
= 25.1 ¡ 2.045 ×
30
» ( 24.92, 25.28 ).

b/ (i)

9 HH01 ::
Μ = 1500 Kj
Μ > 1500 Kl
Here is one-sided test, the p-value of the test is given in Minitab Output 2
Since p-value = 0.069 > 0.05 = Α we do not reject H0 .
The conclusion: the amount of energy is NOT significantly greater than
1500Kj per 100g.

(ii) The data from 24 samples are normally distributed.

c/ Let P(X) be the probability that the component X functions, and P( X )

be the probability that the componet X does not function. Then

P(System functions) = P(C1)×P(C2 or C3 or C4)×P(C5)×P(C6 or C7)

= P(C1)×[1 - P( C2 )×P( C3 )×P( C4 L]×P(C5)×[1 - P( C6 )×P( C7 )]
= (1-0.02)×[1 - 0.005×0.001×0.01]×(1 - 0.01)×[1 - (1-0.02)×(1 - 0.004)]
» 0.98 × 1.0000×0.99×0.9992 (round up to 4 decimal places)
» 0.9

QUESTION 5

a/ 9 HH10 :: The aspirin use and the chance of a heart attack s are independent.
There is a relationship between them .

The test statistic is Χ0 = 2.130

The p-value = 0.144 > 0.05. So we do not reject H0 .
The conclusion: The risk of a heart attack does not depend on the use
of aspirin.
 2010 Revision Solution_Student.nb 11

b/ (i) Let Σ1 and Σ2 be the variances of car 1 and car 2, respectively.

:H H0 : Σ21 = Σ22
: Σ21 ¹ Σ22
1

The test statistic and p-value of the test are given in Minitab Output 3.

The test statistic F = 2.49

The p-value = 0.005 < 0.05. So we reject H0 .
The conclusion: The variances for the two groups of cars are
significantly different.

(ii) Let Μ1 and Μ2 be the mean times to reach 100km/h of car 1 and car 2,
respectively.

9 HH01 :: Μ1 = Μ2
Μ1 ¹ Μ2

Since the variances of car 1 and car 2 are significantly different, the test
statistic and p-value of the test are obtained from Minitab Output 1.
The test statistic T - Value = -2.25
The p-value = 0.028 < 0.05. So we reject H0 .
The conclusion: mean times to reach 100km/h of car 1 and car 2 are
significantly different.

(iii) 95% CI for the difference between the mean elapsed times between
the cars is (-1.536, -0.090).

QUESTION 6
a/ The equation for the regression model: Hardness = -1160 + 57.6 Density.

b/ 9 HH01 :: Β1 = 0
Β1 ¹ 0

The test statistic T = 25.24

Since p-value = 0.000 < 0.05 = Α we reject H0 , and accept that Β1 ¹ 0.
The conclusion: There is a significant linear relationship between the
hardness and density of the timber.

c/ Since the model is significant, and R = 94.9% > 75% we can use density
to predict harness.
12 2010 Revision Solution_Student.nb

d/ For a 1 unit increase in density the hardness will increase by 57.5 units
on average.

e/ (i) There appears to be an outlier on the normal probability plot.

(ii) There is a pattern (parabolic) on the Residuals Vs Fits plot.
(iii) The variation in the residuals changes as the fitted value changes.