Modernism

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Modernism

Literary modernism, or modernist literature, has its origins in the late 19 th and
20th centuries, mainly in Europe and North America. Some philosophers
theorized that literary modernism had its origins in the philosophy of Walter
Benjamin. Modernism is characterized by a self-conscious break with traditional
styles of poetry and verse. Modernists experimented with literary form and
expression, adhering to Ezra Pound’s maxim to “to make it new”. The modernist
literary movement was driven by a conscious desire to overturn traditional
modes of representation and express the new sensibilities of their time. The
horrors of First World War saw the prevailing assumptions about society
reassessed. In the 1880s, increased attention was given to the idea that it was
necessary to push aside previous norms entirely, instead of merely revising
past knowledge in light of contemporary techniques. The theories of Sigmund
Freud, and Ernst Mach influenced early Modernist literature. Freud’s description
of subjective states, involving an unconscious mind full of primal impulses and
counterbalancing self-imposed restrictions, was combined by Carl Jung with the
idea of the collective unconscious, which the conscious mind either fought or
embraced. Another major precursor or modernism was Friedrich Nietzsche,
especially his idea that psychological drives, specifically the “will to power”,
were more important than facts, or things. Henri Bergson’s work on time and
consciousness technique, such as Dorothy Richardson for the book Pointed
Roofs, James Joyce for Ulysses, and Virginia Woolf for Mrs Dalloway and To
the Lighthouse. Modernism as a literary movement can be seen also, as a
reaction to industrialization, urbanization and new technologies. Important
literary precursors of Modernism were: Fyodor Dostoyevsky (Crime and
Punishment, The brothers Karamazov), Walt Whitman (Leaves of Grass),
Rimbaud ( Illuminations, 1874), August Strindberg (The trilogy to Damascus, A
dream play, The Ghost sonata. The poet of the Imagist movement, founded by
Ezra Pound in 1912 as a new poetic style, gave Modernism its early start in the
20th century, and were characterized by a poetry that favored a precision of
imagery, brevity and Free verse. Many modernist writers also shared a mistrust
of institutions of power such as government and religion, and rejected the notion
of absolute truths. Modernist works such as T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land (1922),
were increasingly self-aware, introspective, and explored the darker aspects of
human nature.

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