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 SCHEME: CBCS ( Module System)

 Course: Fluid Mechanics

 Code: 15ME44
 Credits : 04
 L-T-P : 3-2-0
 Assessment : SEE / CIA : 80 / 20
 Exam Duration : 3Hrs
Total 5 Modules
 Module 1:
 Basics
 Fluid Statics

 Module 2 :
 Fluid Kinematics
 Fluid Dynamics

 Module 3 :
 Laminar and Turbulent Flow
 Energy Consideration in a pipe flow
 Module 4 :
 Flow over bodies
 Dimensional Analysis

 Module 5 :
 Compressible Flows
 Introduction to CFD
 MODULE -1
Basics:
Introduction, Properties of fluids-mass density, weight density,
specific volume, specific gravity, viscosity, surface tension, capillarity,
vapour pressure, compressibility and bulk modulus. Concept of
continuum, types of fluids etc, pressure at a point in the static mass of
fluid, variation of pressure, Pascal’s law, Absolute, gauge, atmospheric
and vacuum pressure measurement by simple, differential
manometers and mechanical gauges.

Fluid Statics:
Total pressure and center of pressure for horizontal plane, vertical
plane surface and inclined plane surface submerged in static fluid.
Buoyancy, center of buoyancy, meta center and meta centric height
its application in shipping, stability of floating bodies.

10Hrs
 MODULE -2
Fluid Kinematics and Dynamics:
Fluid Kinematics: Types of Flow-steady, unsteady, uniform, non-uniform, laminar,
turbulent, one, two and three dimensional, compressible, incompressible,
rotational, irrotational, stream lines, path lines, streak lines, velocity components,
convective and local acceleration, velocity potential, stream function, continuity
equation in Cartesian co-ordinates. Rotation, vorticity and circulation, Laplace
equation in velocity potential and Poisson equation in stream function, flow net,
Problems.

Fluid Dynamics:
Momentum equation, Impacts of jets- force on fixed and moving vanes, flat and
curved. Numericals. Euler’s equation, Integration of Euler’s equation to obtain
Bernoulli’s equation, Bernoulli’s theorem, Application of Bernoulli’s theorem such
as venture meter, orifice meter, rectangular and triangular notch, pitot tube,
orifices etc., related numericals.

12 Hours
 MODULE -3

Laminar and turbulent flow:

Reynods Number, Entrance flow and Developed flow, Navier Stokes
Equation (no derivation),Laminar flow between parallel plates,
Poiseuille equation –velocity profile, Couette flow, Fully developed
laminar flow in circular pipes, Hagen – Poiseuille equation, related
numericals.

Energy consideration in pipe flow,

Loss of Pressure Head due to Fluid Friction, Darcy Weishach formula,
major and minor losses in pipes, Commercial pipe, Colebrook
equation, Moody equation/ diagram. Pipes in series, parallel,
equivalent pipe, Related Numericals and simple pipe design
problems.
10Hrs
 MODULE -4

Flow over bodies:

Development of boundary layer, Prandtl’sboundary layer equations,
Blasius solution, laminar layer over a flat plate, boundary layer
separation and its control. Basic concept of Lift and Drag, Types of
drag, Co-efficient of drag and lift, streamline body and bluff body,
flow around circular bodies and airfoils ,Lift and drag on airfoil,
Numericals.

Dimensional analysis:
Need for dimensional analysis, Dimensions and units,
DimensionalHomogeneity and dimensionless ratios, methods of
dimensional analysis, Rayleigh’s method, Buckingham Pi theorem,
Similitude and Model studies. Numericals.

10Hrs
 MODULE -5

Compressible Flows :
Introduction, thermodynamic relations of perfect gases, internal
energy and enthalpy, speed of sound, pressure field due to a moving
source, basic Equations for one dimensional flow, stagnation and
sonic Properties, normal and Oblique shocks.

Introduction to CFD:
Necessity, limitations, philosophy behind CFD, applications.
08Hrs
 Course outcomes:

CO1: Identify and calculate the key fluid properties used in the
analysis of fluid behavior.

CO2: Understand and apply the principles of pressure, buoyancy and

floatation

CO3: Apply the knowledge of fluid statics, kinematics and dynamics

while addressing problems of mechanical and chemical
engineering.
CO4: Understand and apply the principles of fluid kinematics and
dynamics.

CO5: Understand the concept of boundary layer in fluid flow and

apply dimensional analysis to form dimensionless numbers in
terms of input output variables.

CO6: Understand the basic concept of compressible flow and CFD

Form of substances
 solids
 liquids
 Gases
FLUID >>>> Flow ability

 Fluid Mechanics
 Statics
 Kinematics
 Dynamics
Properties of fluids
 Density ( Mass Density )
 Specific weight ( Weight Density )
 Specific volume
 Specific gravity ( Relative Density )
 Viscosity
 Dynamic Viscosity
 Kinematic Viscosity
 Surface Tension
 Compressibility
 Capillarity
 Vapour pressure
Density (Mass Density) :

  = m/V

 Unit : kg / m3

 Effect of pressure and temperature

 Compressible and Incompressible fluids

  for water at 15.5C = 1000 kg/m3

 for air at 20C = 1.24 kg/m3
Weight Density (Specific Weight) : 
  = W/V
 unit : N/m3
 Effect of temp and pressure
  for water at 4C = 9810 N/m3
 for air at 15C = 11.9 N/m3

Specific Volume : 
  = V/m
 unit : m3/kg
Specific Gravity ( Relative density) : s

S = f / .std = f / .std
 S for water = 1
S for Mercury = 13.6
Problem:
Calculate the sp. Weight, sp. Mass, sp. Volume and sp. Gravity of
a liquid having a volume of 6 m3 and a weight of 44 kN

Ans: w = 7.333 kN/m3

 = 747.5 kg / m3
v = 0.00134 m3/ksg
S = 0.747
 Ans : w = 7000 N/m3
 = 713.56 kg/ m3
v = 1.4 x 10-3 m3/ kg
s = 0.7136

Ans :  = 800 kg/ m3

v = 1.25 x 10-3 m3/ kg
w = 7848 N/m3
 Viscosity:
Dynamic viscosity ( )
 Kinematic visciosity (  )

• Cohesion--- between the kind

• Adhesion----between two different kinds

Dynamic viscosity:
  = .(du/dy)
 = A +.(du/dy)n
Units : N-s /m2 (SI)
kg-s / m2 (MKS)
Poise (CGS)
1 poise = 1/10 = 0.1 N-s/m2

Newton’s Law of viscosity

  du/dy
 Kinematic viscosity (  )

  = /
 Units : m2/s (SI)
Stoke (CGS)
1 stoke = 10-4 m2/s
Effect of temperature on viscosity
Some typical values of viscosity of water and air
(at 20C and at std. atmospheric pressure)

 for water = 10-

10-3 N-
N-s/m2
 for air = 0.0181x 10-
10-3 N-
N-s/m2

 for water = 10-

10-6 m2/s
 for air = 15 x 10-
10-6 m2/s
Problem 1
A plate 0.05mm distant from a fixed plate moves at 1.2
m/s and requires a force of 2.2 N/m2 to maintain the
speed. Find the viscosity of the fluid.

Ans : = 9.16 x 10-5 N-s /m2

Problem 2
A plate having an area of 0.6 m2 is sliding down the
inclined plane at 30to the horizontal with a velocity of
0.36 m/s. There is a cushion of fluid 1.8mm thick
between plane and the plate. Find the viscosity of the
fluid if the weight of the plate is 280 N

Ans : = 1.166 N-s /m2 ( W1 = 140 N,  = 233.33 N/m2)

Problem 3
Two horizontal plates are placed 1.25 cm apart, the space
between them being filled with oil of viscosity 14 poise.
Determine the shear stress in the oil if the upper plate is
moved with a velocity of 2.5 m/s

Ans :  = 280 N/m2

Problem 4
The clearance space between a shaft and a concentric
sleeve has been filled with a newtonian fluid. The sleeve
attains a speed of 60 cm/s when a force of 500N is applied
to it parallel to the shaft. What force is needed if it is
desired to move the sleeve with a speed of 300 cm/s
Ans : F2 = 2500 N
Problem 5
Two horizontal plates are placed 0.15 mm apart, the space between
them being filled with oil of viscosity 1 poise. The upper plate of
area 1.5 m2 is required to move with a speed of 0.5 m/s relative to
the lower plate. Determine the necessary force and the power
required to maintain the speed.

Ans : F = 500 N; P = 250 W

Problem 6
A dash pot 10 cm diameter and 12.5 cm long slides vertically down
in a 10.05 cm diameter cylinder. The oil filling the annular space has
a viscosity of 0.80 poise. Find the speed with which the piston slides
down if the load on the piston is 10N

Ans :
Problem 7
If the velocity distribution over a plate is given by u = (2/3)y – y2
where u is in m/s and y is in m, determine shear stress at y=0 and at
y= 0.15m. Take dynamic viscosity of fluid as 8.63 poises.

Ans : 0.5756 N/m2; 0.3167 N/m2

Problem 8
Determine the intensity of shear of an oil having viscosity 1 poise.
The oil is used for lubricating the clearance b/w a shaft of diameter
10 cm and its journal bearing . The clearance is 1.5 mm and the
shaft rotates at 150 rpm.

Ans : u= 0.785 m/s;  = 52.33 N/m2

Problem 9
Determine the specific gravity of fluid having viscosity of 0.05 poise
and kinematic viscosity 0.035 stokes

Ans : S = 1.4285 ==1.43

Problem10
Determine the viscosity of liquid having kinematic viscosity 6 stokes
and a specific gravity of 1.9

Ans :  = 1.14 N-s /m2

Problem 11: Home Work
Calculate the dynamic viscosity of an oil which is used for
lubrication b/w a square plate of size 0.8m x 0.8m and an inclined
plane with an angle of inclination 30. The weight of the square
plate is 300N and it slides down the inclined plane with a uniform
velocity of 0.3 m/s. The thickness of the oil film is 1.5 mm
Ans :  = 1.17 N-s /m2

Problem 12:
The space b/w two square flat plates is filled with oil. Each of the
plate is 60 cm. the thickness of the oil film is 12.5 mm. The upper
plate moves with a velocity of 2.5 m/s and requires a force of 98.1 N
to maintain the speed, determine
i) the dynamic viscosity of oil in poise
ii) The kinematic viscosity of the oil in stokes if the specific gravity
of oil is 0.95
Ans : i)  = 13.635 poise ii)  = 14.35 stokes
Problem 13:
If the velocity profile of a fluid over a plate is parabolic with the
vertex 20 cm from the plate, where the velocity is 120 cm/s.
Calculate the velocity gradient and the shear stresses at a distance
of 0,10,20 cm from the plate, if the viscosity of the fluid is 8.5 poise
Ans : a = -0.3 b = 12 c=0
u = -0.3y2 +12y
12, 6, 0; 10.2, 5.1, 0

Problem 14:
A 15 cm diameter vertical cylinder rotates concentrically inside
another cylinder of diameter 15.10 cm. Both are 25 cm high. The
space b/w them is filled with a fluid of unknown viscosity. If a
torque of 12 N-m is required to rotate the inner cylinder at 100
rpm, determine the viscosity of the fluid
Ans :  = 0.864 N s/m2
Problem 15: (i)
Two large plane surfaces are 2.4 cm apart. The space b/w the
surfaces is filled with glycerine. What force is required to drag a
very thin plate of surface area 0.5 square meter b/w the two large
plane surfaces at a speed of 0.6 m/s if the thin plate is in the
middle of the two, Take  = 8.1 poise
Ans : F = 40.5 N

Problem 15: (ii)

For the above problem find the same if thin plate is at a distance of
0.8 cm from one end,
Ans : F = 45.54 N
Problem 16:
A vertical gap 2.2 cm wide of infinite extent contains a fluid of
viscosity 2 N-s/m2 and specific gravity 0.9. A metallic plate 1.2 m x
1.2 m x 0.2 cm is to be lifted up with a constant velocity of 0.15
m/s, if the plate is in the middle of the gap, find the force required .
Take the weight of the plate is 40 N.
Ans : Fs = 86.4 N ; Upthrust = 25.43 N ( by fluid )
Net force acing downwards = 14.57 N; F = 100.97 N

Problem 17:
A thin plate of large area is placed in a gap of height ‘h’ with oils of
viscosities 1 and 2 on the two sides of the plate. The plate is
puled at a constant velocity ‘V’. Calculate the position of the plate
so that the shear force on the two sides of the plate is equal.
Ans : y = 2h/(1+ 2)
Problem 18 :
A square plate of size 1 m x1 m and weighing 350N slides down an
inclined plane with a uniform velocity of 1.5 m/s. The inclined plane
is laid on a slope of 5:18 and has an oil film of 1 mm thickness,
calculate the viscosity of oil.
Ans :
Thermodynamic Properties
Fluids ----- Liquids / gases
Gases – compressiblent

R = 287 J / kg K
Ru = 8314 J/ kg mol K

 A change in density can made by changing the pressure or

temperature.
 Isobaric – 1/ = T
 Isothermal --- p /  = const.
 adaibatic --- p/  = const.
Surface Tension (): Energy per unit area
 Cohesion ( molecules of same kind)
 Adhesion ( molecules of different kind) – liquid to solid

 Non wetting liquid

 Wetting liquid
Angle of contact
 for non wetting -   /2
 for wetting -   /2
Some phenomenon due to surface tension
 drop of liquid takes the spherical shape
 birds can drink water from ponds
 capillary rise or depression in a thin tube

Some values---- = 0.073 N/m – for air-water

= 0.480 N/m – air-mercury
Surface tension on a Liquid droplet

Tensile force due to Surface Tension = Pressure force inside the

droplet
x d = p x /4 d2
p = 4 /d
Surface tension on a Soap Bubble

Tensile force due to Surface Tension = Pressure force inside the

droplet
2 x  x d = p x /4 d2
p = 8/d
Surface tension on a Liquid Jet

Tensile force due to Surface Tension = Pressure force inside the

droplet
2 x  x l = p x lx d
p = 2/d
Problems on surface tension
Problem 1.
In order to form a steam of bubbles air is introduced through a
nozzle into a tank of water at 20C. If the process requires 3 mm
diameter bubbles to be formed by how much air pressure at the
nozzle must exceed the surrounding water?. What would be the
absolute pressure inside the bubble if the surrounding water is at
100.3 kN/m2. take  for water at 20C = 0.0735 N/m
Ans : p = 98 N/m2 Pabs = 100.398 kN/m2

Problem 2.
A soap bubble 62.5 mm diameter has an internal pressure in excess
of the outside pressure of 20 N/m2. What is the surface tension in
the soap film
Ans:  = 0.156 N/m
Capillarity

The weight of liquid rise = force at the surface of the liquid due to 
 Capillary Rise Capillary Fall

h = 4 cos/ gd
 Capillary rise or fall is due to both cohesion and adhesion
 Rise occurs in wetting liquids
 Fall occurs in non- wetting liquids
 For rise   /2, and for fall   /2
 for water and glass  = 0
for mercury and glass  = 128
Ans: for water, h = 0.0118 m; for mercury h = -0.004 m

Ans: d = 0.148 m == 14.8 cm

Vapour Pressure :
 Melting
 Freezing
 vaporization
 Sublimation
 Boiling
 Condensation
Cavitation
 Compressibility and Bulk Modulus

Bulk Modulus : K = dp / (dV /V)

Compressibility:
 it is a characteristic of an ability to change its volume

 The relative change of volume per unit pressure is called

coefficient of compressibility

 c = - 1/V x (dV/dp)

 Compressibility is the reciprocal of K i.e. c = 1 / K

  for Isothermal
K=p
 for Adiabatic
K = .p

Problem 1
Determine the bulk modulus of elasticity of a liquid, if the pressure of the liquid is
increased from 70 N/cm2 to 130 N/cm2. The volume of the liquid decreases by
0.15 percent.
Ans: K = 4e4 N/cm2

Problem 2
Determine the bulk modulus of elasticity of a liquid, which is compressed in a
cylinder from a volume of 0.0125 m3 at 80 N/cm2 pressure to a volume of 0.0124
m3 at 150 N/cm2?
Ans: K = 8.75 e3 N/cm2
Concept of Continuum

 A homogeneous and continuous fluid is called continuum

 The overall properties and overall behavior of fluids can be studied
without regard of its molecular and atomic structure
 Ideal fluids ---- =0, incompressible
 Real fluids ------ some 
Newtonian fluid ( water, air kerosene, thin lubricating oil)
• follows Newton’s law
•  =  / (du/dy)
 Non-Newtonian fluids ( Thick lubricating oils, blood )
 Pseudo Plastic
 dilatants
 Ideal plastics
 real solid
 ideal solid
=k (du/dy)n – for Non-Newtonain fluids
k = consistency index
n = flow behavior index

If k =  and n =1 - Newtonian
If n  1 – pseudo plastics
if n  1 -- dilatants
 Ans : (i) p2 = 10x 105 N/ m2 K = p2
(ii) p2 = 19.03 x105 N/ m2 K =  p2 = 26.65 x105

Ans : K =3.75 x 109 N/ m2  = 1/ K = 0.267 x 10-9 N/ m2

 Syllabus
Pressure at a point in the static mass of fluid, variation of pressure,
Pascal’s law, Absolute, gauge, atmospheric and vacuum pressure
measurement by simple, differential manometers and mechanical
gauges.
Pressure at a point

p = dF/dA
p = F/A p – intensity of pressure or pressure

Units: N/m2 = Pa

1MPa = 1 N/mm2

1Gpa = 103 N/m2

1bar = 10 5 N/m2

1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 760 mm of Hg = 10.33 m of water

Variation of Pressure in a Static Fluid
Hydrostatic Law : “ The rate increase of pressure in a vertically downward
direction must be equal to specific weight of the fluid at that point ”

p/Z = w

p = w Z or Z = p/w
 Pascal’s Law

The pressure at a point in a static fluid is equal in all directions

i.e. px = py = pz
 EXPRESSING PRESSURE
 Atmospheric
 Gauge
 Vacuum
 Absolute
 Pressure Measurement
 Manometers
Manometers are the devices in which pressure at a point can be measured by
balancing the column of liquid by the same or different liquid
• Simple Manometers
• Differential Manometers

 Mechanical Gauges
Mechanical gauges are the devices that can measure pressure by balancing the
liquid column by spring or dead weight
• Diaphragm pressure gauge
• Bourdon tube pressure gauge
• Dead weight pressure gauge
• Bellow pressure gauge
Piezometer Simple u-tube manometer
Single column manometer

Single vertical column Single inclined column