[G.R. No. 149276.

September 27, 2002] In a resolution dated February 26, 2002, this Court granted the
JOVENCIO LIM and TERESITA LIM, petitioners, vs. THE PEOPLE OF THE petition of Jovencio Lim to post bail pursuant to Department of Justice
PHILIPPINES, THE REGIONAL TRIAL COURT OF QUEZON CITY, Circular No. 74 dated November 6, 2001 which amended the 2000 Bail
BRANCH 217, THE CITY PROSECUTOR OF QUEZON CITY, AND Bond Guide involving estafa under Article 315, par. 2 (d), and qualified
WILSON CHAM, respondents. theft. Said Circular specifically provides as follows:
DECISION
CORONA, J.: xxx xxx xxx

The constitutionality of PD 818, a decree which amended Article 3) Where the amount of fraud is P32,000.00 or over in
315 of the Revised Penal Code by increasing the penalties for estafa which the imposable penalty is reclusion
committed by means of bouncing checks, is being challenged in this temporal to reclusion perpetua, bail shall be based
petition for certiorari, for being violative of the due process clause, the on reclusion temporal maximum, pursuant to Par. 2 (a)
right to bail and the provision against cruel, degrading or inhuman of the 2000 Bail Bond Guide, multiplied by P2,000.00,
punishment enshrined under the Constitution. plus an additional of P2,000.00 for every P10,000.00 in
excess of P22,000.00; Provided, however, that the total
The antecedents of this case, as gathered from the parties amount of bail shall not exceed P60,000.00.
pleadings and documentary proofs, follow.
In view of the aforementioned resolution, the matter concerning
In December 1991, petitioner spouses issued to private bail shall no longer be discussed. Thus, this decision will focus on
respondent two postdated checks, namely, Metrobank check no. whether or not PD 818 violates Sections 1 and 19 of Article III of
464728 dated January 15, 1992 in the amount of P365,750 and the Constitution, which respectively provide:
Metrobank check no. 464743 dated January 22, 1992 in the amount of
P429,000. Check no. 464728 was dishonored upon presentment for Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property
having been drawn against insufficient funds while check no. 464743 without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal
was not presented for payment upon request of petitioners who protection of the laws.
promised to replace the dishonored check.

When petitioners reneged on their promise to cover the amount xxx

of check no. 464728, the private respondent filed a complaint-affidavit
before the Office of the City Prosecutor of Quezon City charging Section 19 (1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading
petitioner spouses with the crime of estafa under Article 315, par. 2 (d) or inhuman punishment inflicted. x x x.
of the Revised Penal Code, as amended by PD 818.

On February 16, 2001, the City Prosecutor issued a resolution We shall deal first with the issue of whether PD 818 was enacted
finding probable cause against petitioners and recommending the filing in contravention of Section 19 of Article III of the Constitution. In this
of an information for estafa with no bail recommended. On the same regard, the impugned provision of PD 818 reads as follows:
day, an information for the crime of estafa was filed with Branch 217 of
the Regional Trial Court of Quezon City against petitioners. The case SECTION 1. Any person who shall defraud another by means of false
was docketed as Criminal Case No. Q-01-101574. Thereafter, the trial pretenses or fraudulent acts as defined in paragraph 2(d) of Article 315
court issued a warrant for the arrest of herein petitioners, thus: of the Revised Penal Code, as amended by Republic Act No. 4885, shall
be punished by:
It appearing on the face of the information and from supporting
affidavit of the complaining witness and its annexes that probable 1st. The penalty of reclusion temporal if the amount of the fraud is over
cause exists, that the crime charged was committed and accused is 12,000 pesos but does not exceed 22,000 pesos, and if such amount
probably guilty thereof, let a warrant for the arrest of the accused be exceeds the later sum, the penalty provided in this paragraph shall be
issued. imposed in its maximum period, adding one year for each additional
10,000 pesos but the total penalty which may be imposed shall in no
No Bail Recommended. case exceed thirty years. In such cases, and in connection with the
accessory penalties which may be imposed under the Revised Penal
Code, the penalty shall be termed reclusion perpetua;
SO ORDERED.[1]

2nd. The penalty of prision mayor in its maximum period, if the amount
On July 18, 2001, petitioners filed an Urgent Motion to Quash
of the fraud is over 6,000 pesos but does not exceed 12,000 pesos.
Information and Warrant of Arrest which was denied by the trial
court. Likewise, petitioners motion for bail filed on July 24, 2001 was
denied by the trial court on the same day. Petitioner Jovencio Lim was 3rd. The penalty of prision mayor in its medium period, if such amount is
arrested by virtue of the warrant of arrest issued by the trial court and over 200 pesos but does not exceed 6,000 pesos; and
was detained at the Quezon City Jail.However, petitioner Teresita Lim
remained at large. 4th. By prision mayor in its minimum period, if such amount does not
exceed 200 pesos.
On August 22, 2001, petitioners filed the instant petition for
certiorari imputing grave abuse of discretion on the part of the lower
court and the Office of the City Prosecutor of Quezon City, arguing that Petitioners contend that, inasmuch as the amount of the subject
PD 818 violates the constitutional provisions on due process, bail and check is P365,750, they can be penalized with reclusion perpetua or 30
imposition of cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment. years of imprisonment. This penalty, according to petitioners, is too
severe and disproportionate to the crime they committed and infringes
on the express mandate of Article III, Section 19 of the Constitution
1
which prohibits the infliction of cruel, degrading and inhuman petitioners failed to present clear and convincing proof to defeat the
punishment. presumption of constitutionality of PD 818.

Settled is the rule that a punishment authorized by statute is not With respect to the issue of whether PD 818 infringes on Section
cruel, degrading or disproportionate to the nature of the offense unless 1 of Article III of the Constitution, petitioners claim that PD 818 is
it is flagrantly and plainly oppressive and wholly disproportionate to the violative of the due process clause of the Constitution as it was not
nature of the offense as to shock the moral sense of the community. It published in the Official Gazette. This claim is incorrect and must be
takes more than merely being harsh, excessive, out of proportion or rejected. Publication, being an indispensable part of due process, is
severe for a penalty to be obnoxious to the Constitution. [2] Based on this imperative to the validity of laws, presidential decrees and executive
principle, the Court has consistently overruled contentions of the orders.[5] PD 818 was published in the Official Gazette on December 1,
defense that the penalty of fine or imprisonment authorized by the 1975.[6]
statute involved is cruel and degrading.
With the foregoing considerations in mind, this Court upholds the
In People vs. Tongko,[3] this Court held that the prohibition against constitutionality of PD 818.
cruel and unusual punishment is generally aimed at the form or
character of the punishment rather than its severity in respect of its WHEREFORE, the petition is hereby DISMISSED.
duration or amount, and applies to punishments which never existed in SO ORDERED.
America or which public sentiment regards as cruel or obsolete. This
refers, for instance, to those inflicted at the whipping post or in the
pillory, to burning at the stake, breaking on the wheel, disemboweling
and the like. The fact that the penalty is severe provides insufficient
basis to declare a law unconstitutional and does not, by that
circumstance alone, make it cruel and inhuman.

Petitioners also argue that while PD 818 increased the imposable

penalties for estafa committed under Article 315, par. 2 (d) of the
Revised Penal Code, it did not increase the amounts corresponding to
the said new penalties. Thus, the original amounts provided for in the
Revised Penal Code have remained the same notwithstanding that they
have become negligible and insignificant compared to the present value
of the peso.

This argument is without merit. The primary purpose of PD 818 is

emphatically and categorically stated in the following:

WHEREAS, reports received of late indicate an upsurge of estafa

(swindling) cases committed by means of bouncing checks;

WHEREAS, if not checked at once, these criminal acts would erode the
peoples confidence in the use of negotiable instruments as a medium of
commercial transaction and consequently result in the retardation of
trade and commerce and the undermining of the banking system of the
country;

WHEREAS, it is vitally necessary to arrest and curb the rise in this kind of
estafa cases by increasing the existing penalties provided therefor.

Clearly, the increase in the penalty, far from being cruel and
degrading, was motivated by a laudable purpose, namely, to effectuate
the repression of an evil that undermines the countrys commercial and
economic growth, and to serve as a necessary precaution to deter
people from issuing bouncing checks. The fact that PD 818 did not
increase the amounts corresponding to the new penalties only proves
that the amount is immaterial and inconsequential. What the law
sought to avert was the proliferation of estafa cases committed by
means of bouncing checks. Taking into account the salutary purpose for
which said law was decreed, we conclude that PD 818 does not violate
Section 19 of Article III of the Constitution.

Moreover, when a law is questioned before the Court, the

presumption is in favor of its constitutionality. To justify its nullification,
there must be a clear and unmistakable breach of the Constitution, not
a doubtful and argumentative one.[4] The burden of proving the
invalidity of a law rests on those who challenge it. In this case,