Mathematics and Science Faculty Makassar State University 2013-2014

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CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE FACULTY
MAKASSAR STATE UNIVERSITY
2013-2014
1. Definition
Biomolecules are simple organic compounds forming a living organism
and is unique as a product of biological activity. Biomolecules can be viewed as
derivatives of hydrocarbons, that compounds of carbon and hydrogen which has a
basic framework composed of carbon atoms, which is put together by covalent
bonds. The basic framework of hydrocarbons are very stable, because a single
bond and double carbon-carbon using electron pairs together evenly.
Biomolecules are polifungsionil, containing two or more different types of
functional groups. In these molecules, each having functional groups and the
nature of chemical reactions on their own.
2. Types of biomolecules
a. Carbohydrates
b. Lipids
c. Proteins
d. Nucleic Acid
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates with only one
simple sugar. They essentially contain an aldehyde or ketone group in their
structure.[6] The presence of an aldehyde group in a monosaccharide is indicated
by the prefix aldo-. Similarly, a ketone group is denoted by the prefix keto.
Examples of monosaccharides are the hexoses glucose, fructose, and galactose
and pentoses, ribose, and deoxyribose Consumed fructose and glucose have
different rates of gastric emptying, are differentially absorbed and have different
metabolic fates, providing multiple opportunities for 2 different saccharides to
differentially affect food intake. Most saccharides eventually provide fuel for
cellular respiration.
Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides, or two single simple
sugars, form a bond with removal of water. They can be hydrolyzed to yield their
saccharin building blocks by boiling with dilute acid or reacting them with
appropriate enzymes. Examples of disaccharides include sucrose, maltose, and
lactose.
Polysaccharides are polymerized monosaccharides, or complex
carbohydrates. They have multiple simple sugars. Examples are starch, cellulose,
and glycogen. They are generally large and often have a complex branched
connectivity. Because of their size, polysaccharides are not water-soluble, but
their many hydroxy groups become hydrated individually when exposed to water,
and some polysaccharides form thick colloidal dispersions when heated in water.
Shorter polysaccharides, with 3 - 10 monomers, are called oligosaccharides. A
fluorescent indicator-displacement molecular imprinting sensor was developed for
discriminating saccharides. It successfully discriminated three brands of orange
juice beverage. The change in fluorescence intensity of the sensing films resulting
is directly related to the saccharide concentration.
Lipids
Lipids (oleaginous) are chiefly fatty acid esters, and are the basic building
blocks of biological membranes. Another biological role is energy storage (e.g.,
triglycerides). Most lipids consist of a polar or hydrophilic head (typically
glycerol) and one to three nonpolar or hydrophobic fatty acid tails, and therefore
they are amphiphilic. Fatty acids consist of unbranched chains of carbon atoms
that are connected by single bonds alone (saturated fatty acids) or by both single
and double bonds (unsaturated fatty acids). The chains are usually 14-24 carbon
groups long, but it is always an even number.
For lipids present in biological membranes, the hydrophilic head is from one
of three classes:
 Glycolipids, whose heads contain an oligosaccharide with 1-15 saccharide
residues.
 Phospholipids, whose heads contain a positively charged group that is linked
to the tail by a negatively charged phosphate group.
 Sterols, whose heads contain a planar steroid ring, for example, cholesterol.
Other lipids include prostaglandins and leukotrienes which are both 20-
carbon fatty acyl units synthesized from arachidonic acid. They are also known as
fatty acids
Protein
The particular series of amino acids that form a protein is known as that
protein's primary structure. This sequence is determined by the genetic makeup of
the individual. It specifies the order of side-chain groups along the linear
polypeptide "backbone".
Proteins have two types of well-classified, frequently occurring elements
of local structure defined by a particular pattern of hydrogen bonds along the
backbone: alpha helix and beta sheet. Their number and arrangement is called the
secondary structure of the protein. Alpha helices are regular spirals stabilized by
hydrogen bonds between the backbone CO group (carbonyl) of one amino acid
residue and the backbone NH group (amide) of the i+4 residue. The spiral has
about 3.6 amino acids per turn, and the amino acid side chains stick out from the
cylinder of the helix. Beta pleated sheets are formed by backbone hydrogen bonds
between individual beta strands each of which is in an "extended", or fully
stretched-out, conformation. The strands may lie parallel or antiparallel to each
other, and the side-chain direction alternates above and below the sheet.
Hemoglobin contains only helices, natural silk is formed of beta pleated sheets,
and many enzymes have a pattern of alternating helices and beta-strands. The
secondary-structure elements are connected by "loop" or "coil" regions of non-
repetitive conformation, which are sometimes quite mobile or disordered but
usually adopt a well-defined, stable arrangement.
The overall, compact, 3D structure of a protein is termed its tertiary
structure or its "fold". It is formed as result of various attractive forces like
hydrogen bonding, disulfide bridges, hydrophobic interactions, hydrophilic
interactions, van der Waals force etc.
When two or more polypeptide chains (either of identical or of different
sequence) cluster to form a protein, quaternary structure of protein is formed.
Quaternary structure is an attribute of polymeric (same-sequence chains) or
heteromeric (different-sequence chains) proteins like hemoglobin, which consists
of two "alpha" and two "beta" polypeptide chains.
Nucleic Acid
Nucleic acid is a biochemical macromolecular complex, high molecular

weight, and composed of nucleotide chains that contain genetic information. The
most common nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic
acid (RNA). Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and viruses.
DNA structure is dominated by the well-known double helix formed by
Watson-Crick base-pairing of C with G and A with T. This is known as B-form
DNA, and is overwhelmingly the most favorable and common state of DNA; its
highly specific and stable base-pairing is the basis of reliable genetic information
storage. DNA can sometimes occur as single strands (often needing to be
stabilized by single-strand binding proteins) or as A-form or Z-form helices, and
occasionally in more complex 3D structures such as the crossover at Holliday
junctions during DNA replication.
RNA, in contrast, forms large and complex 3D tertiary structures
reminiscent of proteins, as well as the loose single strands with locally folded
regions that constitute messenger RNA molecules. Those RNA structures contain
many stretches of A-form double helix, connected into definite 3D arrangements
by single-stranded loops, bulges, and junctions. Examples are RNA, ribosomes,
ribozymes, and riboswitches. These complex structures are facilitated by the fact
that RNA backbone has less local flexibility than DNA but a large set of distinct
conformations, apparently because of both positive and negative interactions of
the extra OH on the ribose. Structured RNA molecules can do highly specific
binding of other molecules and can themselves be recognized specifically; in
addition, they can perform enzymatic catalysis (when they are known as
"ribozymes", as initially discovered by Tom Cech and colleagues.
Stereo 3D image of a group I intron ribozyme (PDB file 1Y0Q); gray lines show base pairs; ribbon
arrows show double-helix regions, blue to red from 5' to 3' end; white ribbon is an RNA product.
3. Benefit
a. Carbohydrates as a source of energy, membrane-forming components and cell
wall;
b. Lipids as an energy source, hormones, and cell-forming;
c. Proteins as enzymes, transport tools, antibodies, hormones and membrane-
forming;
d. Nucleic acids as genetic factors, coenzyme, energy carriers, and regulators of
protein biosynthesis.

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Nucleic acid is a biochemical macromolecular complex, high molecular

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