9291 6306 PDF

iCE 3000 Series
AA Spectrometers
Operators Manuals
9499 500 23000
Version 2.0
© 2011 Thermo Fisher Scientific. All rights reserved.

SOLAAR House, 19 Mercers Row, Cambridge CB5 8BZ.United Kingdom.
Telephone +44 (0) 1223 347400, Fax +44 (0) 1223 347402.
www.thermoscientific.com
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iCE 3000 Series Atomic Absorption Spectrometers Operators Manual Thermo Scientific
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction - the operators Manuals................................1 - 1
Manuals Details........................................................................1 - 3
Chapter 2 Safety in Atomic Absorption Spectrometry.......................2 - 1

Introduction - English..............................................................2 - 3
Introduction - German.............................................................2 - 5
Introduction - French...............................................................2 - 8
Regulatory Compliance..........................................................2 - 11
Hollow Cathode Lamp Hazards.....................................................2 -13
Chapter 3 Spectrometer Operation........................................................3 - 1

Installation...............................................................................3 - 3
Installing Hollow Cathode Lamps...................................................3 - 5
The R.H. Sample Compartment Universal Accessory Mount..........3 - 7
The L.H. Sample Compartment Universal Accessory Mount...........3 - 9
The iSQ Module...........................................................................3 - 11
Spectrometer Maintenance............................................................3 - 14
Chapter 4 Flame Operation.....................................................................4 - 1

Flame Safety.............................................................................4 - 3
Gases........................................................................................4 - 5
Setting up the Flame System...........................................................4 - 7
Flame System Maintenance...........................................................4 - 15
Air Compressor.............................................................................4 - 23
The ASX-520 and ASX-260 Flame Autosamplers..........................4 - 27
The ID100 Autodilutor Accessory..................................................4 -31
The Slotted Tube Atom Trap (STAT).............................................4 - 37
The Variable Flow Auxiliary Oxident Accessory.............................4 - 41
The Solvent Resistant Flame Kit....................................................4 - 43
Chapter 5 Furnace Operation..................................................................5 - 1

Furnace Safety..........................................................................5 - 3
Furnace Measurements in organic solvents..................................... 5 - 4
The GFS35 and GFS35Z Graphite Furnace Systems.......................5 - 5
Services.....................................................................................5 - 7
The GFS35 and GFS35Z System Maintenance.............................5 - 13
The GFS33 Graphite Furnace System............................................5 - 19
The GFS33 System Maintenance..................................................5 - 23
The GFS Autosampler...................................................................5 - 27
Thermo Fisher Scientific iCE 3000 Series Atomic Absorption Spectrometers Operators Manual v2.0 i
Chapter 6 Vapor Operation...................................................................6 - 1
Vapor Safety..........................................................................6 - 3
The VP100 Continuous Flow Vapor Accessory......................6 - 5
VP100 Maintenance..................................................................6 - 19
The EC90 Electrically Heated Atomiser.....................................6 - 21
Optimisation.......................................................................6 - 24
Chapter 7 Specifications...................................................................... 7 - 1
iCE 3400/ 3500 Series Spectrometer Specification Models........... 7 - 3
iCE 3300 Series Spectrometer...................................................... 7 - 4
Description of AA Systems.................................................... 7 - 5
Optical Systems..................................................................... 7 - 5
Flame Systems........................................................................ 7 -6
Data Station Software............................................................ 7 - 7
ASX-520 Flame Autosampler................................................ 7 - 9
ASX-260 Flame Autosampler................................................ 7 - 9
ID100 Autodilutor.............................................................. 7 - 10
GFS35 and GFS35Z Furnace Head and Power Supply........ 7 - 10
Furnace Control.................................................................. 7 - 12
GFS Furnace Autosampler................................................... 7 - 12
VP100 Continuous Flow Vapor System............................... 7 - 14
EC90 Electrically Heated Atomisation Cell.......................... 7 -15
AA Validator........................................................................ 7 - 16
AA Validatorplus................................................................. 7 - 16
LH Universal Accessory Mount............................................7 - 17
RH Universal Accessory Mount............................................7 - 17
iSQ Enhancement................................................................7 - 17
ii iCE 3000 Series Atomic Absorption Spectrometers Operators Manual v2.0 Thermo Fisher Scientific
Figures
Fig 3 - 1 iCE 3000 Series Spectrometer - General View.................................. 3 - 4
Fig 3 - 2 Lamp Compartment - General view.............................................. 3 - 6
Fig 3 - 3. The Right hand sample compartment with Universal Mount ......... 3 - 8
Fig 3 - 4. Left hand sample compartment with universal mount.................... 3 - 10
Fig 3 - 5. iSQ Module Assembly iCE 3400 / 3500 Systems .......................... 3 - 13
Fig 3 - 6. iSQ Module Assembly iCE 3300 System ....................................... 3 - 13
Fig 3 - 7. Connection panel and Status Indicators . ....................................... 3 - 14
Fig 3 - 8. Deuterium Lamp Assembly iCE 3400 / 3500................................. 3 - 16
Fig 3 - 9. Mains Inlet and Fuse (upper rear right corner of spectrometer ..... 3 - 17
Fig 4 - 1. Spectrometer gas connection panel ................................................. 4 - 8

Fig 4 - 2. Burner Compartment - general view . ............................................. 4 - 9
Fig 4 - 3. Standard Impact Bead Adjuster/Micro-adjustable Impact Bead .... 4 - 14
Fig 4 - 4. Universal titanium burner head .................................................... 4 - 16
Fig 4 - 5. Ignition electrode adjustment ....................................................... 4 - 17
Fig 4 - 6. Nebuliser and Spray Chamber Components ................................. 4 - 19
Fig 4 - 7. Air Compressor ............................................................................ 4 - 24
Fig 4 - 8. Cetac ASX-520 Sample Changer - General View .......................... 4 - 28
Fig 4 - 9. Cetac ASX-520 - Rear View ......................................................... 4 - 29
Fig 4 - 10. ID100 Autodilutor - General View . ............................................. 4 - 32
Fig 4 - 11. ID100 Autodilutor - Rear View .................................................... 4 - 32
Fig 4 - 12. STAT Tube and Holder ................................................................ 4 - 38
Fig 4 - 13. STAT Assembly ............................................................................ 4 - 38
Fig 5 - 1. Furnace Power Supply Connections Panel ...................................... 5 - 7

Fig 5 - 2. GF95 Furnace Head on a Fixed Mount .......................................... 5 - 8
Fig 5 - 3. GFS35Z Furnace Head on a Tilt Mount ........................................ 5 - 9
Fig 5 - 4. GFS33 / 35 Furnace Head - interior view ..................................... 5 - 13
Fig 5 - 5. Furnace Window Removal Tool . .................................................. 5 - 14
Fig 5 - 6. GFS35Z Furnace Head - interior view . ........................................ 5 - 14
Fig 5 - 7. GFS 33 / 35 Contact Cone Replacement ..................................... 5 - 16
Fig 5 - 8. GFS35Z Contact Cone Replacement ........................................... 5 - 16
Fig 5 - 9. GFS33 Graphite Furnace Head .................................................... 5 - 20
Fig 5 - 10. GFS33 - Furnace Adjustment Controls.......................................... 5 - 24
Fig 5 - 11. GFS33 - Autosampler adjustments ............................................... 5 - 25
Fig 5 - 12. GFS Autosampler ......................................................................... 5 - 28
Fig 5 - 13. GFS Autosampler Cover ............................................................... 5 - 29
Fig 5 - 14. GFS Autosampler Syringe Assembly ............................................. 5 - 30
Fig 5 - 15. Capillary Tip detail......................................................................... 5 - 32
Fig 6 - 1. VP100 General View ....................................................................... 6 - 5

Fig 6 - 2. VP100 Rear View ........................................................................... 6 - 6
Fig 6 - 3. Sample Uptake tubing connection .................................................. 6 - 7
Fig 6 - 4. VP100 Connection Panel and Peristaltic Pump .............................. 6 - 8
Fig 6 - 5. Pump tubing connection ................................................................ 6 - 9
Fig 6 - 6. VP100 Gas Liquid Separator ........................................................ 6 - 10
Fig 6 - 7. ‘T’ Cell Holder Assembly ............................................................. 6 - 11
Fig 6 - 8. ‘T’ Cell and Holder ...................................................................... 6 - 11
Fig 6 - 9. Mercury Absorption Cell and Cell Holder . .................................. 6 - 13
Fig 6 - 10. EC90 Front Panel . ....................................................................... 6 - 22
Fig 6 - 11. EC90 Furnace Head ..................................................................... 6 - 22
Thermo Fisher Scientific iCE 3000 Series Atomic Absorption Spectrometers Operators Manual v2.0 iii
iv iCE 3000 Series Atomic Absorption Spectrometers Operators Manual v2.0 Thermo Fisher Scientific
Chapter 1 Introduction
The Operators Manuals
Thermo Fisher Scientific iCE 3000 Series Atomic Absorption Spectrometers Operators Manual v2.0 1 - 1
Introduction
1 - 2 iCE 3000 Series Atomic Absorption Spectrometers Operators Manual v2.0 Thermo Fisher Scientific
Introduction
Operators Manuals
The Operators Manual It describes:
●● the safety hazards involved in working with the spectrometer and its
accessories, and the means by which such hazards can be minimised.
●● the spectrometer.
●● the flame atomisation system.
●● the flame accessories.
●● the furnace atomisation system.
●● the furnace accessories.
●● the vapour generation accessories.
The Data Station The Data Station Software Manual is supplied with the SOLAAR Series Data
Station Software.
Software Manual
It describes:
●● the software installation procedure.

●● the functions and features of the Data Station software, including
the Online Help System.
●● a series of familiarisation experiments to get you up and running
quickly with your new instrument.
Accessory Installation Several of the the major accessories are supplied with printed manuals.
Manuals In general, these describe the use of the accessories with older or
obsolete ranges of spectrometers. This Hardware Manual contains the
information required to use these accessories with the iCE 3000 Series
instruments, which supersedes that provided in the Accessory Manuals.
Some of major accessories require installation; the Accessory Manuals

contain the installation instructions to set up the accessories so that they
can be successfully used with your Atomic Absorption spectrometer.
The Data Station On-line The Data Station software contains a comprehensive Online Help
Help System system.
It describes:
●● features and functions of the software, as overviews.

●● every parameter, function and menu item with context sensitive
help.
●● step by step procedures for common tasks.
●● detailed trouble shooting procedures for identifying problems
encountered with your analysis.
The Data Station Software The Data Station Software Wizards guide you through several common
procedures in a step by step fashion. The Wizards use the default
Wizards parameters provided, and allow you to change them as necessary to suit
your work.
Wizards are available to help you with:
●● setting up a Method.
●● running an Analysis.
Introduction
Operators Manuals
●● adjusting and optimising your instrument and analysis parameters

●● viewing the Results of an analysis.
●● printing a Report of an analysis.
The Methods Manual The Methods Manual is an optional document that you can order
with your instrument.
It describes
●● the theory of atomic absorption spectrometry.

●● the main features of a practical AA spectrometer.
●● common standard and sample preparation methods.
●● the purpose and design of common accessories.
The Applications The SOLAAR Software Installation CD-ROM contains an

Applications Library to help you get the best from your AA
Information instrument.
To install the Applications Library:
1. Insert the Software Installation CD-ROM in the CD drive of a

PC running Windows.
2. The CD should start automatically, and display the main
introduction screen.
●● if it does not start automatically, run the application
autoplay.exe located in the root directory of the CD. Refer to
the Windows Online Help system if you do not know how to
do this.
3. Click on the Support Documentation option on the introduction
screen, then follow the on-screen instructions.
The Applications Library includes:
●● Methods, providing descriptions of various simple and complex

analyses.
●● Performance Sheets, providing details of the analytical
performance of the iCE 3000 Series instruments
●● Technical Articles, providing in-depth discussion of the Atomic
Absorption technique and instrumentation.
Technical Support
Contact details for Thermo Fisher Scientific organisations and agents
world wide can be found on :
http://www.thermoscientific.com
Contacting Us There are several ways to contact Thermo Fisher Scientific
Assistance: For new product updates, technical and application support, and
ordering information visit us on the web:
http://www.thermoscientific.com/ice
Technical Support Contact details for Thermo Fisher Scientific organisations and agents
world wide can be found on :
Training Training courses are available through a local Thermo Scientific sales
office. Contact details can be found on http://www.thermoscientific.com
Chapter 2 Safety in Atomic
Absorption Spectrometry
Read this Chapter carefully before installing and operating the

instrument and its accessories.
The safety standards contained in this manual comply with the

requirements of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974.
Lesen sie diese seiten desonders sorgfältig vor der installation und dem
gebrauch des gerätes.
Die Sicherheitsstandards, die in diesem Handbuch enthalten werden,

halten sich an die Bedingungen von der «Health and Safety at
Work Act 1974» als herausgegeben durch die Gesundheit und die
Sicherheitsexekutive.
Lire très attentivement ce chapitre avant d’installer et d’utiliser

l’instrument et ses accessoires.
Les normes de sécurités contenues dans ce manuel sont conformes aux

recommandations du: «Health and Safety at Work Act 1974».
Thermo Fisher Scientific iCE 3000 Series Atomic Absorption Spectrometers Operators Manual v2.0 2 -1
Safety in Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Introduction The instrument and accessories described in this manual are designed to
be used by properly trained personnel only.
Adjustment, maintenance and repair of equipment, which involves

the removal of covers, must only be carried out by qualified Service
Engineers who are aware of the hazards involved.
Safety Precautions For the correct and safe use of the instrument and its accessories, it
is essential that the operating and service personnel follow generally
accepted safety procedures in addition to the specific precautions
specified in this manual. Specific warning and caution statements and
symbols are included in the relevant sections of this manual.
A safety warning triangle means that when operating or exchanging

parts, the correct operating steps, as described in the user
documentation, must be adhered to. Non-observance can cause
accidents, injuries and/or damage to the instrument and accessories.
Warning and caution statements and symbols are marked on the

apparatus where appropriate. The symbols are described in the table
below:
Yellow/Black or Red/White General Warning Symbol This symbol

indicates imminent or potential hazard.The operator must refer to an
explanation in the User Documentation before proceeding. ▲
White/BlackMolded Protective earth (ground) terminal ▲
Yellow/Black Hot Surface Warning Symbol The “burn hazard”

warning symbol indicates a hot surface. These surfaces may cause
burns if touched.
Yellow/Black Electrical Shock Warning Symbol An electrical shock

will, could or may occur: Hazardous voltages present. Handle by
insulation only. Do not touch terminal points. ▲
Other Warning Symbols

Other warning symbols may be used on accessories and should be
adhered to. ▲
The covers of the instrument and accessories should only be removed by
qualified, trained Thermo Fisher Scientific Service personnel.
All spare parts and consumable items used must be approved by Thermo
Scientific.
Some of the chemicals used in Atomic Absorption spectrometry are
corrosive and/or flammable, and samples may be radioactive, toxic or
potentially infective.
Normal laboratory procedures and regulations for handling such
materials should be followed. A complete risk assessment should be
completed for all operations and analysis.
Electrical Safety All mains powered equipment is designed for operation with a fully
earthed mains supply. The mains earth connection to the equipment
must be connected, otherwise safety may be impaired.
Where reference is made to electrical safety, the following points apply:
¬¬ Follow the National Regulations for the country of use when

fitting mains plugs. A qualified electrician should be consulted.
¬¬ If liquid is spilled on or adjacent to the instrument, immediately

isolate the instrument and accessories from the mains supply.
Equipment Cleaning and It is the user’s responsibility to carry out appropriate cleaning and
decontamination of the equipment if hazardous material is spilt on or
Decontamination inside the equipment.
¬¬ Cleaning and decontamination procedures are specified in the

relevant sections of this manual.
¬¬ Before using any other procedures, users should check with the
manufacturers that the proposed method will not damage the
equipment.
Impaired Safety Whenever Safety Protection has been impaired, the instrument
and accessories must be made inoperative and secured against any
Protection unintended operation. The matter should then be referred to the
Servicing authority.
¬¬ Safety Protection is likely to be impaired if the instrument fails to

operate normally, or shows visible damage.
¬¬ If the equipment is used in a manner not specified by the

manufacturer, the Safety Protection provided by the equipment
may be impaired.
WEEE compliance This product is required to comply with the European Union’s Waste
Electrical & Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive 2002/96/EC .
It is marked with this symbol:
Thermo Fisher Scientific has contracted with one or more recycling/

disposal companies in each EU Member State, and this product
should be disposed of or recycled through them. Further information
on Thermo Fisher Scientific’s compliance with these Directives, the
recyclers in your country, and information on Thermo Fisher Scientific
products which may assist the detection of substances subject to the
RoHS Directive are available at www.thermoscientific.com.
Einführung Die hier beschriebenen Geräte erfordern gründlich ausgebildetes

Bedienungspersonal.
Spezielle Justierungen, Wartungen und Reparaturen am geöffneten

Gerät dürfen nur von autorisierten Personen durchgeführt werden.
Allgemeine richtlinien zur Fūr die korrekte und sichere Handhabung des Gerātes und des
sicheren handhabung des entsprecheden Zubehörs ist es unbedingt erforderlich, dass das
Bedienungs und Service-Personal den in der Bedienungsanleitung
Gerätes angegbenen richtlinien Folge leistet.
Ein Warnungsdreieck bedeutet, daß es überaus wichtig ist, die

Verfahren zu verfolgen, die im Benutzerhandbuch bei der Benutzung
oder Austausch der Stücke beschrieben wurden. Die Nicht-
Beobachtung dieser Regeln kann Unfälle und/oder Schäden am
Instrument und Zubehör verursachen.
Spezielle Vorsichts- und Warnungshinweise finden Sie der

Bedienungsanleitung besonders vermerkt. Die Symbole sind im Tisch
unten beschrieben:
Gelb/Schwarz oder Rot/Weiss Allgemeines Warnungssymbol

Dieses Symbol gibt ein unmittelbar bevorstehendes Risiko oder
eine potentielle Gefahr an.Der Wirtschaftsbeteiligte muß sich auf
eine Erklärung in der Benutzerdokumentation beziehen, bevor er
andauert ▲
Schwarz/Weiss Masse/schutzkontakt ▲
Gelb/Schwarz Heißes Oberflächenc Warnsymbol Das Warnsymbol

“der Brandgefahr” zeigt eine heiße Oberfläche an. Diese
Oberflächen können Brände verursachen. ▲
Gelb/Schwarz Elektrisches Symbol der Schockwarnung Ein Wille

des elektrischen Schlages, konnte oder kann auftreten:Gefährliche
hochspannung. Nur an der isolierung berühren. Niemals kontakte
anfassen. ▲
Andere Warnungssymbole
Andere Warnsymbole, die möglicherweise auf Zusatzgeräten
verwendet werden und sollten an gehaftet werden. ▲
Die Decken vom Instrument und die Zubehörteile sollten nur von
einem Thermo Fisher Scientific Dienstingenieur herausgenommen
werden.
Alle Ersazteile und verbrauchbaren benutzten Einzelteile müssen

Thermo Scientific genehmigt werden.
Einige der in der Spektroskopie zur Anwendung kommenden

Chemikalien sind corrosive, leight entzūdbar, radioactive, infektiōs
oder toxisch.
Daher muß dafūr Sorge getraden werden, dass die normalen

Laborrichtlinien zur Handhabung dieser Chemikaline zur
Anwendung kommen.
Eine komplette Risikobeurteilung sollte für alle Betriebe und Analyse

abgeschlossen werden.
Elektrische Sicherheit Vom Netz gespeiste Geräte sind so entwickelt, dass eine
Masseverbindung vorhanden sein muss. Diese Masseverbindung
sollte vorheinden sein, da sonst die elektrische Sicherheit beeinflusst
werden könnte.
Reinigung und Im Hinblick auf die elektrische Sicherheit müssen die folgenden
Dekontamination der Punkte beachtet werden:
Geräte ¬¬ Die elektrische Installation muß den jeweiligen Bestimmungen
des Landes durch qualifiziertes Fachpersonal erfolgen.
¬¬ Verschüttete Flüssigkeiten: Das Gerät und/oder Zubehör sofort
ausschalten.
¬¬ Es liegt in der direkten Verantwortung des ANWENDER und

nicht des Geräteherstellers, eine Dekontamination des Gerätes
durchzuführen, falls sich toxische Substanzen im oder dem System
befinde.
¬¬ Reinigungs- und Dekontaminationsarbeiten sind in der

Bedienungsanleitung beschrieben.
Beeinträchtigung der ¬¬ Bevor Sie eine Reinigungs-bzw. Dekontamin-ierungsmethode

Sicherheitseintichtungen. einsetzen, die nicht vom Hersteller empfoohlen wird (vgl.
Wartungshinweise dieser Bedienungsanleitung), sollten
Sie zusammen mit demhersteller sicherstellen, dass diese
Vorgehensweise da Systemnicht beschädigt.
Immer dann, wenn eine Beinträchtigung der Sicherheit vorliegt, muß

dafür Sorge getragen werden, daß keine weitere unbefugte Bedienung
des Gerätes oder des Zubehörs erfolgen kann unde der autorisierte
Service-Ingenieur informiert wird.
¬¬ Eine Sicherheitsbeinträchtigung liegt z.B. dann vor, wenn nicht

mehr die erwarteten Ergebnisse oder eine sichtbare Beschädigung
vorliegen.
¬¬ Wenn das Gerät nicht gemass Spezifikationen des Herstellers
eingesetzt wird, könnte die Sicherheit beeinträchtigt werden.
WEEE Konformität: Dieses Produkt muss die EU Waste Electrical & Electronic Equipment
(WEEE) Richtlinie 2002/96/EC erfüllen. Das Produkt ist durch
folgendes Symbol gekennzeichnet:
Thermo Fisher Scientific hat Vereinbarungen getroffen mit Verwertungs-/

Entsorgungsanlagen in allen EU-Mitgliederstaaten und dieses Produkt
muss durch diese Firmen wiederverwertet oder entsorgt werden. Mehr
Informationen über die Einhaltung dieser Anweisungen durch Thermo
Fisher, die Verwerter und Hinweise die Ihnen nützlich sein können,
die Thermo Fisher Produkte zu identifizieren, die unter diese RoHS
Anweisung fallen, finden Sie unter www.thermoscientific.com.
Introduction L’instrument et les accessoires décrits dans ce manuel sont conçus pour
être utilisés uniquement par un personnel proprement qualifié.
Le réglage, la maintenance et les réparations de l’équipement, impliquant

qu’un capot soit retiré, doivent être seulement réalisés par des ingénieurs
de maintenance qualifiés qui connaissent les risques encourus.
Précautions de Sécurité Pour un usage correct et sûr de l’instrument et de ses accessoires, il est
essentiel que les utilisateurs et le personnel de maintenance suivent les
procédures de sécurité généralement acceptées en plus des précautions
spécifiques indiquées dans ce manuel.
Les indications et les symboles spécifiques de mis en garde et de

précaution sont incluses dans les sections appropriées de ce manuel.
Les indications et les symboles de mis en garde et de précaution

sont marqués sur l’instrument où cela est approprié. Ces symboles
sont décris dans le tableau suivant :
Un triangle d’avertissement signifie qu’il est impératif de suivre les

procédures décrites dans le manuel d’utilisateur lors de l’utilisation ou
d’échange des pièces. La non-observance de ces règles peut causer des
accidents et/ou des dommages à l’instrument et les accessoires.
Jaune/Noir ou Rouge/Blanc Symbole général d’avertissement

Ce symbole indique un risque imminent ou un danger potentiel.
L’opérateur doit se référer à une explication dans la documentation
d’utilisateur avant de continuer. ▲
Blanc/Noir Terminaison de mise à la terre (masse) ▲
Jaune/Noir Symbole d’avertissement de surface brûlante Ce

symbole “de risque de brûlure” indique une surface chaude. Ces
surfaces peuvent causer des brûlures si touchées. ▲
Jaune/Noir Symbole d’avertissement de choc électrique Un choc

électrique peut ou pourrait se produire : Présence de tensions
dangereuses. Manipuler uniquement par l’isolation. Ne pas toucher
les extrémités. ▲
Autres Symboles d’avertissement

D’autres symboles d’avertissement peuvent être utilisés sur les
accessoires et doivent être respectés. ▲
Les panneaux de l’instrument et des accessoires doivent être seulement

retirés par un ingénieur de maintenance proprement qualifié de
Thermo Fisher Scientific.
Toutes les pièces de rechange et les articles consommables utilisés

doivent être approuvés par Thermo Scientific.
Certains produits chimiques utilisés en spectrométrie sont corrosifs et/

ou inflammables, et les échantillons peuvent être radioactifs, toxiques ou
potentiellement contagieux. Les procédures et règlements normaux de
laboratoire pour la manipulation de tels matériels doivent être observés.
Une évaluation complète des risques doit être accomplie pour toutes les
opérations et analyses.
Sécurité Electrique Tous les équipements alimentés par le courant électrique sont conçus
pour fonctionner avec une alimentation électrique avec prise de terre.
L’équipement doit être raccordé à la terre, dans le cas contraire, la
sécurité peut être compromise.
Lorsqu’il est fait référence à la sécurité électrique, les points suivants

s’appliquent :
¬¬ Suivre les règlements nationaux du pays d’utilisation lors de
l’installation électrique. Un électricien qualifié doit être consulté.
¬¬ Si du liquide est renversé sur ou à proximité de l’instrument, isoler
immédiatement l’instrument et les accessoires de l’alimentation
électrique.
Nettoyage et Décontamination Il est de la responsabilité de l’utilisateur de procéder au nettoyage et à la

décontamination appropriés de l’équipement si des matériaux dangereux
de l'Equipement ont été répandus sur, ou dans, l’équipement.
¬¬ Les procédures de nettoyage et de décontamination sont spécifiées

dans les sections appropriées de ce manuel.
¬¬ Avant d’utiliser toutes autres procédures, les utilisateurs doivent

vérifier avec le constructeur que la méthode proposée ne peut pas
endommager l’équipement.
Altération de la Protection Si jamais les Protections de Sécurité ont été altérées, l’instrument
et les accessoires doivent être rendus inopérants et protégés contre
de Sécurité toute utilisation involontaire. La cause du problème doit alors être
communiquée au Service Après Vente.
¬¬ Les Protections de Sécurité sont susceptibles d’être altérées si

l’instrument ne fonctionne normalement, ou montre des dommages
évidents.
¬¬ Les Protections de Sécurité peuvent être compromises si

l’utilisation de l’équipement n’est pas conforme aux spécifications
du fabriquant.
Safety in Atomic Absorpttion Spectrometry
Conformité DEEE: Ce produit doit être conforme à la directive européenne (2002/96/

EC) des Déchets d’Equipements Electriques et Electroniques (DEEE).
Il est marqué par le symbole suivant:
Thermo Fisher Scientific s’est associé avec une ou plusieurs

compagnies de recyclage dans chaque état membre de l’union
européenne et ce produit devrait être collecté ou recyclé par celles-ci.
Davantage d’informations sur la conformité de Thermo Fisher
Scientific à ces directives, les recycleurs dans votre pays et les
informations sur les produits Thermo Scientific qui peuvent aider la
détection des substances sujettes à la directiveRoHS sont disponibles sur
www.thermoscientific.com.
Regulatory Compliance The iCE 3000 Series Spectrometers and accessories are CE marked,
indicating compliance with the following European Directives:
2004/108/EC Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive (EMC

Directive)
2006/95/EC Electrical Equipment designed for use within certain
voltage limits (Low Voltage Directive).
For details of these standards refer to the regulatory notice provided

for the iCE 3000 Series spectrometers and accessories, which is
reproduced here.
Übereinstimmung mit Alle Spektrometer der iCE 3000-Serie tragen das CE Zeichen und
Regularien entsprechen damit den europäischen Regelwerken.
2004/108/EC Electromagnetische Kompatibilität (EMC)

2006/95/EC Elekrische Geräte, die für den Einsatz innerhalb
bestimmter Spannungsgrenzen konsipert sind (Regularien zur
Minimalspannung)
Weitere Angaben über die oben genannten Standards finden Sie

auf der nächstenSeite im Auszug aus den Regelwerken für die
Atomabsorptionsspektrometer der M-Serie.
Conformité Normative Tous les Spectromètres Série iCE 3000 et accessoires sont marqués
CE, indiquant leur conformité avec les Directives Européennes
suivantes:
2004/108/EC Directive de Compatibilité Electromagnétique

(Directive EMC).
2006/95/EC Equipement Electrique conçu pour une utilisation avec
des limites de tension fixées (Directive Basse Tension).
Pour plus de détails sur ces normes, se référer à la notice de conformité

fournie avec les spectromètres Série iCE 3000, reproduite sur la page
suivante.
Regulatory Notices
Regulatory Notices
Hollow Cathode Lamp Hazards
Introduction Hollow cathode lamps present several hazards, which you should be
aware of before you use them.
Risk of Implosion Hollow cathode lamps are filled with inert gas at pressures significantly
below normal atmospheric pressure.
¬¬ If the envelope is scratched or damaged, the lamp could implode.

¬¬ Inspect your lamps regularly, and discard any that have scratches
or damage to the envelope.
High Voltage Hollow cathode lamps are powered by high voltage power supplies.
¬¬ Ensure that the power to the lamp is turned off before you remove
a lamp from the spectrometer.
¬¬ Confirm that the socket is not powered before you install a lamp.
¬¬ If the lamp becomes damaged or broken while it is fitted to the
spectrometer, switch off the spectrometer and disconnect it from
the mains supply before attempting to remove the lamp.
Ultra-violet emission Some hollow cathode lamps emit ultra-violet radiation.
¬¬ Refer to the table to identify these lamps.

¬¬ Avoid exposing your eyes or your skin to radiation from these
lamps.
Hazardous contents The content of certain hollow cathode lamps may present health
hazards if the lamp envelope is broken.
Refer to the table to identify these lamps. Refer to your local

regulations for safe procedures for handling and disposing of the
hazardous material.
Lamp UV Hazard Cathode material hazard

Aluminium
Antimony l Toxic by inhalation, skin contact and
ingestion. Irritant.
Arsenic l Toxic by inhalation and ingestion.
Barium Toxic. Flammable on contact with water.
Beryllium l Toxic. Serious health damage from
prolonged exposure by inhalation. Irritant
to eyes, skin and respiratory system.
Bismuth l Harmful by ingestion.
Boron l Harmful by ingestion and contact with open
wounds.

Cadmium l Toxic.
Caesium Highly toxic (contains lead). Flammable.
Calcium l Contact with water releases flammable gas.
Harmful to eyes and skin by contact.
Chromium May cause sensitisation by skin contact.
Cobalt l May cause sensitisation by skin contact.
Copper l Toxic by ingestion.
Dysprosium Harmful by ingestion.
Erbium Harmful by ingestion.
Europium Contact with water releases flammable gas.
Gadolinium l Harmful by ingestion.
Gallium l May cause sensitisation by skin contact.
Germanium l
Gold l
Hafnium l Toxic. Mild irritant.

Holmium Harmful by ingestion.
Indium
Iridium l
Iron l
Lanthanum Contact with water releases flammable gas.

Lead l Highly toxic.
Lithium
Lutetium Harmful by ingestion.
Magnesium l Contact with water releases flammable gas.
Spontaneously flammable in air.
Manganese Toxic. May cause sensitisation by contact.
Mercury l Toxic by inhalation. Cumulative. Prolonged
exposure causes serious health damage.
Molybdenum
Neodymium Harmful by ingestion.
Nickel l May cause sensitisation by skin contact.
Niobium
Osmium Highly toxic.
Palladium l
Phosphorus l
Platinum
Potassium l Spontaneously flammable in air. Reacts
violently with water to release flammable
gases. Causes burns on contact with skin.
Praseodymium
Rhenium
Rhodium
Rubidium Highly toxic. Flammable.
Ruthenium
Samarium

Scandium Harmful by ingestion. Irritant.
Selenium l Toxic by inhalation and ingestion.
Cumulative. Prolonged exposure causes
health damage.
Silicon l
Silver
Sodium Spontaneously flammable in air. Reacts
violently with water to release flammable
gas. Causes burns on contact with
skin. Highly toxic (contains lead).
Strontium Contact with water releases flammable
gas.
Tantalum
Tellurium l Highly toxic.
Terbium Harmful by ingestion.
Thallium l Highly toxic by inhalation and ingestion.
Cumulative. Prolonged exposure causes
health damage.
Thorium Radioactive. Irritant.
Thulium
Tin l
Titanium
Tungsten l
Uranium Radioactive. Highly toxic by inhalation and

ingestion. Cumulative. Prolonged exposure
causes health damage.
Vanadium May cause sensitisation by skin contact.
Ytterbium Harmful by ingestion.
Yttrium
Zinc l Toxic by ingestion.
Zirconium
Chapter 3
Spectrometer Operation

Spectrometer Installation
Pre-Installation The laboratory facilities necessary to safely install and use your iCE
3000 Series Spectrometer are described in detail in the Pre-Installation
manual. Confirm that these facilities are available and operating
correctly before arranging for your spectrometer to be installed.
Installation Your spectrometer must be installed and tested by a trained Service

Engineer.
Data Station Installation Refer to the Software Manual.
Data Station Printer You may connect a suitable printer to the Data Station. Any printer
that is supported by your Data Station operating system may be used;
Installation printer installation procedures are described in the Software Manual.
Fig 3 - 1 iCE 3000 Series Spectrometer - General View
Installing Hollow Cathode Lamps
Introduction Hollow Cathode Lamps (HCLs) are high intensity, stable light sources
that emit the element specific spectral lines required for Atomic
Absorption spectrometry.
You can install up to 6 Hollow Cathode Lamps in your iCE 3000 Series
spectrometer.
Safety Refer to the section of this manual describing the hazards associated
with hollow cathode lamps, and ensure that you understand the hazards
involved and the precautions necessary before you install a lamp.
Lamp types ¬¬ Coded or uncoded lamps supplied by Thermo Fisher Scientific are
recommended.
¬¬ Most 37 mm diameter uncoded lamps supplied by third party
manufacturers may be used.
¬¬ Most 37 mm diameter coded lamps supplied by third party
manufacturers may also be used, but the spectrometer will not
recognise the coding, and will treat such lamps as uncoded.
¬¬ Thermo Fisher does not guarantee that the instrument will
work, nor that the published specification will be met when
using such third party lamps.
¬¬ 50 mm lamps cannot be fitted in the carousel.
WARNING: Certain older types of HCL are fitted with 4 base pins. Do
not use these lamps with your iCE 3000 Series spectrometer; they
could cause severe damage to the instrument. 
Lamp installation 1. Turn on the system and start the Data Station software.
2. Open the lamp carousel door.
3. Use the Lamp commands in the system software to rotate the
carousel to bring an empty lamp position to the front, and confirm
from the software Lamp Status display that the power to the lamp
position is OFF.
4. Orientate the lamp correctly, then install it by pushing it firmly into
the socket, so that it is held in place by the Lamp Clip.
5. Confirm that the software lamp status displays are updated correctly.
Lamp removal 1. Turn on the system and start the Data Station software if required.
2. Open the lamp carousel door, and use the software commands to
rotate the carousel to bring the lamp to the front.
NOTE: If, and only if, the spectrometer is not turned on, you can
carefully rotate the carousel by hand. 
3. Confirm from the software lamp status display that the power to
the lamp is OFF.
4. Press the lamp ejection lever downward to eject lamp. Release

lamp from clip and remove.
Lamp alignment The iCE 3000 Series spectrometers provide automatic lamp alignment
facilities, with manual overrides if required. You can access these
facilities from the Lamp page of the Data Station (Edit, Lamps....).
Fig 3 - 2 Lamp Compartment - General view
The Right Hand Sample Compartment

Universal Accessory Mount
Introduction This is a Universal Mount for fitting several accessories in the Right
Hand Sample Compartment of the iCE 3400 / 3500 systems.
¬¬ If a Graphite Furnace on a Tilt Mount is fitted in the RH Sample

Compartment, it can be tilted forward to allow the Universal
Mount to be fitted.
¬¬ If you want to use a Graphite Furnace and other accessories on the

Universal Mount in the Right Hand Sample Compartment, we
strongly recommend that you use the Tilt Mount - if a Graphite
Furnace on a Fixed Mount is fitted, the Furnace and the mount
must be removed before the Universal Mount can be fitted.
Accessories Please refer to the individual accessory pages for details of the
procedures for attaching the accessories to the Universal Mount.
Installation Fit the accessory to the Universal Mount before installing the assembly
in the Right Hand Sample Compartment.
To fit the Universal Mount and Accessory
1. Tilt the Graphite Furnace forward on the Tilt Mount or remove the
Graphite Furnace on its Fixed Mount.
2. Refer to the figure and place the Universal Mount assembly in the
Right Hand Sample Compartment, locating the Adjustment Screws
on the Sample Compartment Mounting Pads.
3. Use the supplied tool to push the Spring Retainer into the Location
Plate, then give it one quarter turn to lock the assembly into
position.
Reverse this procedure to remove the assembly.
Alignment Accessories fitted to the Universal Mount normally require alignment

with the Spectrometer optical system. However, once the alignment has
been set up and locked, the Universal Mount and accessory assembly
can be removed and replaced without disturbing the alignment.
To align an accessory fitted to the Universal Mount
1. Before fitting the Universal Mount and accessory assembly, you must:
¬¬ ensure that the right hand Sample Compartment optical path is

clear of obstruction.
The Right Hand Sample Compartment Universal Accessory Mount
¬¬ fit a suitable hollow cathode lamp.

¬¬ use the system control software to set up the optical system
in the RH Sample Compartment. Do not select any form of
background correction.
¬¬ use the system control software to display the live absorbance
signal from the RH Sample Compartment.
2. Fit the Universal Mount and accessory assembly.
3. If necessary, fit a suitable absorption cell in the accessory.
4. Use a piece of white card to locate the optical beam in the Sample
Compartment, and adjust the position of the assembly using
the Adjustment Screws until the light beam passes through the
accessory.
¬¬ You will find that the long handled, ball ended Allen key tool
supplied will be helpful when adjusting the rear Adjustment
Screw.
5. Make fine adjustments to the position of the assembly to obtain a
minimum in the displayed absorbance signal.
Adjustment screw Accessory
(not visible) mounting
points
Spring
retainer
Adjustment
screws
Mounting Location
pads plate
Right hand sample compartment

Fig 3 - 3. The Right hand sample compartment with
with Universal Universal Mount
Mount
The Left Hand Sample Compartment Universal Accessory Mount
The Left Hand Sample Compartment Universal

Accessory Mount
Introduction This is a Universal Mount for fitting several accessories in the Left Hand
Sample Compartment of the iCE 3300 / 3500 systems.
Accessories Please refer to the individual accessory pages for details of the
procedures for attaching the accessories to the Universal Mount.
Installation The Accessory mount is fitted in the LH sample compartment. You

should first refer to the relevant section of this manual, and fit the
required accessory to the Universal Mount.
To fit the LH Compartment Universal Mount
1. If necessary, use the appropriate Software commands to move the

Burner to the Parked position.
2. If necessary, remove the Burner Head as described in the flame
section of this manual.
3. Orientate the Mount correctly, then engage the support brackets
with the Accessory Support Bar at the front of the Sample
Compartment.
4. Tilt the Mount towards the rear of the Sample Compartment, until
the Rear Adjustment Screw rests securely against the rear wall.
Reverse this procedure to remove the assembly.
Alignment Accessories fitted to the Accessory Mount should be aligned with the
optical system of the Spectrometer before the accessory is used. When
the alignment has been completed, it will be possible to remove and
replace the Mount and accessory without re-alignment.
To align an accessory fitted to the Universal Mount
1. Before fitting the Accessory Mount and accessory assembly, you
must:
¬¬ ensure that the LH Sample Compartment optical path is clear

of obstruction.
¬¬ fit a suitable hollow cathode lamp.
¬¬ use the appropriate Software commands to set up the optical
system in the LH Sample Compartment. Do not select any
form of background correction.
¬¬ use the Software to display the live absorbance signal from the
LH Sample Compartment.
2. Fit the Accessory Mount and accessory assembly into the operating
position.
3. If necessary, fit a suitable absorption cell in the accessory.
4. Use a piece of white card to locate the optical beam in the Sample
Compartment, and adjust the position of the assembly using
the Adjustment Screws until the light beam passes through the
accessory.
¬¬ You will need the 3 mm ball ended Allen key supplied to
adjust the screws.
5. Make fine adjustments to the position of the assembly to obtain a
minimum in the displayed absorbance signal.
Note: Spray chamber, drain

and gas connections have
been omitted for clarity.
Accessory
Mounting
points
Rear
Adjustment
Screw
RH
Adjustment
LH
Screw
Adjustment
Screw RH support
bracket
LH support
bracket Accessory
Support
bar
Left hand
Fig 3 - 4. The Left sample compartment
Hand Sample of a flame atomizer
Compartment
with universal mount
Universal Accessory Mount
NOTE: Spray chamber, drain and gas connections have been
omitted for clarity. ▲
The iSQ Module
The iSQ Module
Introduction This module allows Intelligent Spectrometer Qualification (iSQ) tests to

be run by the SOLAAR Software, to confirm that your spectrometer is
operating correctly. The iSQ Module provides a set of certified traceable
Neutral Density and Polaroid Filters in a motorised filter mount that are
used to automatically measure the performance of your spectrometer.
The iSQ package consists of :
¬¬ the iSQ Module

¬¬ a calcium/magnesium Data-coded Hollow Cathode Lamp
¬¬ support and accessory brackets
¬¬ a RH Accessory Mount or Universal Accessory Mount
¬¬ an in-line power supply unit
¬¬ a serial data lead
Safety Observe electrical safety precautions as described in the safety section of

this manual.
Assembly To prepare the module for use:

1. Use the two supplied screws to fasten the iSQ module to the
support bracket, as shown in the Fig 3.5 / 3.6 overleaf.
2. Attach the assembly to the relevant Mount using the accessory
mounting points.
3. Connect one end of the 9-way data lead to the data socket on the
iSQ module and tighten the locking screws.
4. Fit the round plug from the power supply in the power socket on
the iSQ module. Connect the mains lead to the power supply.
Installation To install the iSQ module in the spectrometer refer to the relevant
sections of this manual, then:
1. If a graphite furnace is fitted to the system do the following:

a. iCE 3300 system
Remove the GFS33 Furnace and Autosampler Assembly
b. iCE 3400 / 3500 system

If the furnace head is fitted on a tilt mount, tilt the furnace
head forward out of the sample compartment.
If the furnace head is fitted on a fixed mount, remove the

furnace and fixed mount from the sample compartment.
The iSQ Module
2. Fit the Accessory Mount and iSQ Module assembly in the relevant
compartment.
3. Connect the free end of the data lead to a free accessory port on
the spectrometer connection panel.
4. Connect the mains lead to a suitable power outlet.
5. Switch on the spectrometer and then the iSQ module power
supply. Check that the green LED on the power supply is
illuminated.
¬¬ During a normal start, the red LED 3 on the iSQ module
flashes and LED's 1 and 2 are extinguished.
¬¬ Other LED indications are :
LED 1 lit Flash checksum test failed
LED 2 lit RAM test failed
LED 3 lit continuously Fatal error has occurred
Alignment and Operation The iSQ Wizard in the SOLAAR Data Station software provides
facilities for aligning the iSQ module. When the iSQ Module has
been correctly installed, you can carry out the alignment and the suite
of iSQ Test procedures by running the iSQ Wizard. Please refer to
the SOLAAR On-line Help system and SOLAAR Software manual to
learn how to run a SOLAAR Wizard.
Ensure an optical set up operation has been successfully carried out
prior to iSQ module installation.
To align the iSQ module and carry out the iSQ tests:
1. Turn on the spectrometer, and turn on the power to the iSQ

module.
2. Open the shutter of the iSQ module.
3. Start the SOLAAR Data Station software.
4. Start the iSQ Wizard, and follow the on-screen instructions until
you reach the ‘Install and Align Lamps’ page.
5. Install the Ca/Mg lamp supplied with the iSQ module, and
use the commands on the Wizard to perform an optical setup
operation.
6. Refer to the RH Accessory Mount section of this manual, and
carry out the alignment procedure described.
¬¬ if the assembly is a long way out of alignment, it may be
necessary to remove the iSQ module and Universal mount
assembly to allow the initial optical setup operation to be
completed successfully. Once the optical setup operation has
been completed successfully, re-fit the assembly and proceed
with the alignment procedure.
7. Continue to follow the Wizard instructions to complete the iSQ

Tests sequence.
The iSQ Module
Maintenance It is strongly recommended that the Hollow Cathode Lamps supplied

with the iSQ Module should be used for iSQ validation purposes
only and not for routine analysis. The iSQ Test software automatically
monitors and records lamp usage in mA.hours, provided that the lamp
serial numbers are registered in the Lamp database.
Thermo Fisher Scientific Hollow Cathode Lamps are guaranteed to

emit spectra for a period of 24 months from date of dispatch or 5000
milliampere hours usage, which ever occurs first. If either of these limits
are exceeded, a new Hollow Cathode Lamp should be obtained.
To ensure that the accessory operates correctly at all times, the

following guidelines must be followed:
1. The iSQ module is designed to ensure reliable operation and must
only be serviced by Thermo Fisher Scientific. If the module needs
repair, it must be returned to Thermo Fisher Scientific, via your
local sales office.
2. The iSQ module is a high precision optical instrument, and must
be handled and stored carefully. When the module is not in use,
the shutter must be placed over the measurement aperture in order
to prevent dust falling on the filters. The module should be stored
in its original packing material to prevent damage to the delicate
operating parts.
Serial
port
Serial
port
iSQ Module
iSQ Module
Shutter
Power
Support Shutter Power
connector
bracket connector
Support
bracket
RH Accessory
Mount
LH Accessory
Accessory
Mount
Mount
iSQ Module Assembly (S Series)

Fig 3 - 5. iSQ Module Assembly iCE 3300 System iSQ Module Assembly (M Series)
Fig 3 - 6. iSQ Module Assembly iCE 3400 / 3500 Systems
Spectrometer Maintenance
Introduction To ensure that your instrument operates safely and reliably, you
should regularly carry out routine maintenance.
Routine maintenance is mainly concerned with keeping the
instrument clean.
Instrument Cleaning WARNING: The iCE 3000 Series instrument covers are made of ABS
plastic material, which can be damaged by strong solvents and
concentrated acids.
●● Any spillage on the external covers or within the kitchen areas
should be cleaned up immediately, using appropriate safety
protection if necessary.
●● Stains and marks on the covers should be removed with a soft
cloth moistened with dilute detergent solution. Do NOT use
any type of solvent based cleaners.
Spectrometer Status When the system starts without error a pattern will move across the
Indicators LEDs for a second, and stop with the Standby LED flashing rapidly
(~5Hz) and all other LEDs off. Any other pattern denotes a failure as
shown in the table below. An X denotes that the LED can be in either
state.
Standby FC3 FC2 FC1 Halt
On* Off Off Off Off OK
x Off Off On Off Boot Checksum Failure
x Off On Off Off Ram Failure
x Off VAPOUR
On On Off Flash Checksum Failure
x On KIT
Off Off Off Timer Failure
x On Off On Off RS232C Crystal Failure
x x ACCESSORY
2
x x On Processor Halt
* When connected to a data station the status LED will instead flash
slowly, once a second, otherwise it will flash rapidly, 5 times a second.
ACCESSORY
1
●● The flash checksum failure may be corrected by downloading

AUX/DOWN
LOAD
the spectrometer software, as described in the Software
Manual. The other errors and the display of any code not
shown in the table will require service attention.
DATA
STATION
STANDBY
FC1
GFTV
FC2
FC3
HALT
PRINTER
7. Connection
Fig 3 -panel
Connection panel
and Status Indicators and Status Indicators
Deuterium Lamp Alignment - iCE 3400 / 3500
Deuterium Lamp The Deuterium Lamp (D2) is a consumable part and will eventually
reach the end of its useful life. You should suspect this if:
iCE 3300
¬¬ The lamp fails to strike
¬¬ Your zero absorbance baseline drifts when Quadline Background
Correction is selected.
¬¬ You get repeated warnings that the intensity of the Deuterium
Lamp is low.
If your Deuterium Lamp has reached the end of its life, you should
contact your local service engineer. On the iCE 3300, the deuterium
lamp must be replaced by a service engineer.
Deuterium Lamp The Deuterium (D2) lamp is located under the Deuterium Lamp
Cover, on the top of the Spectrometer, behind the Lamp compartment.
Alignment
iCE 3400 / 3500 The D2 Lamp should not normally require routine alignment.
However, if you have replaced the lamp, or if you suspect that the
Quadline Background Correction accuracy is poor, you should align the
lamp.
To align the Deuterium Lamp:

1. Install a suitable hollow cathode lamp.
2. Ensure that Quadline background correction is selected, and
perform an Optical Setup.
¬¬ Choose an element whose principal line is between 350 - 200 nm.
spectrometer. The D2 Energy Bar Graph should be live.
3. Use the system Software to display the optical status of the
spectrometer. The D2 Energy Bar Graph should be live.
4. Open the Deuterium Lamp cover. Refer to the figure and locate the
Deuterium Lamp adjustment controls.
5. Adjust the D2 Lamp controls to obtain the maximum D2 Energy
shown on the bar graph.
¬¬ You can make the final adjustment to give a maximum displayed
absorbance value.
¬¬ If the D2 Energy Bar Graph goes off scale, use the Auto Zero
command to bring it back to the centre of the scale.
6. Perform a final Optical Setup, and confirm that the Optical Setup is
completed correctly, and that no errors or warnings are displayed.
Deuterium Lamp Replacement

The Deuterium Lamp is a consumable item and will eventually reach
the end of its useful life. You should suspect this if:
¬¬ The lamp fails to strike
¬¬ Your zero absorbance baseline drifts when Quadline Background
Correction is selected.
¬¬ You get repeated warnings that the intensity of the Deuterium
Lamp is low.
Lamp Replacement
On the iCE 3400 and 3500, if your Deuterium Lamp has reached the
end of its life, you can replace it yourself.
To replace your Deuterium Lamp:

1. Ensure that the Spectrometer is disconnected from the mains
electricity supply, and has been switched off for at least 15
minutes, to allow the lamp to cool.
2. Open the Deuterium Lamp Cover.
3. Refer to the figure, and locate the Lamp.
4. Disconnect the Lamp Cable.
5. Slacken the Lamp Securing Bolts with a suitable Allen key.
6. Rotate the Lamp slightly anti-clockwise, then withdraw it from
the mount.
7. Remove the new Lamp from its packaging.
WARNING: Be very careful not to touch the quartz envelope

of the lamp. 
8. Fit the new Lamp into the mount, ensuring that the flat on the
base is to your left.
9. Rotate it slightly clockwise, then tighten the Lamp Securing Bolts.
10. Connect the Lamp Cable to the socket.
11. Align the new Lamp as described above.
Securing Lamp base

bolts
Adjustment
controls
Cable
Plug and
socket
Fig 3 - 8. Deuterium Lamp Assembly

Deuterium iCE 3400 / 3500
Lamp Assembly
Spares and Consumables
Deuterium Lamp 9423 420 30004
Fuse Replacement
Spectrometer fuse The iCE 3000 Series spectrometers have twin mains fuses in the power
supply module. If the instrument does not appear to turn on when the
replacement
mains switch is pressed, check these fuses.
To replace the fuse:

1. Locate the combined power inlet connector and fuse holder on the
power supply unit.
2. Disconnect the spectrometer from the mains and wait 60 seconds
for components to discharge.
3. Pull out the fuse holder tray, and remove the two fuses.
4. Fit new fuses, type F5A HRC 250V, and push the fuse holder tray
back into place.
5 Re-connect the mains supply.
WARNING: If the new fuse fails immediately, there is a serious fault in

the power supply. Isolate the instrument until it can be rectified by a
Service Engineer. 
Fig 3 - 9. Mains Inlet and Fuse (upper rear right corner of spectrometer)
Chapter 4
Flame Operation

CAUTION: Flame AAS involves the use of large quantities of

inflammable, explosive and toxic gases, and high temperature
flames. To minimise the hazards involved, you must read and
understand the contents of this section before using the equipment. 
CAUTION: A flame AAS instrument must never be left unattended

while the flame is burning. 
Flame Operation
Flame Operation
Flame Safety
Flame Safety
Flames Nitrous oxide supported flames emit intense radiation which can
damage your eyes if viewed directly.
Nitrous oxide supported flames burn at a high temperature, and emit
large amounts of heat, which can cause serious injury.
Nitrous oxide/acetylene flames can deposit carbon along the edges of
the burner slot, which can build up and partially block the slot, causing
a serious hazard.
●● Carbon build up can be reduced by ensuring that the burner is

clean, and by warming the burner up with a fuel lean nitrous oxide
flame for at least 10 minutes before use.
●● If carbon deposits appear, the flame must be extinguished
immediately and the deposits removed.
Flashbacks In the unlikely event of a flashback, a small explosion occurs in the

spray chamber, rupturing the over-pressure disc at the rear of the spray
chamber. If a flashback occurs disconnect all gas and power lines and
contact your local service enginner. A list of Thermo Fisher
Scientific organisations and agents can be found on
http://www.thermoscientific.com. A Flashback Report form must be
completed and returned to the address on the form.
The normal operating sound level of the spectrometer will not exceed
85 dBA. In the event of a flashback the sound level will not
exceed 140 dBA.
Perchloric acid Aspiration of solutions of perchloric acid and metal perchlorates into
a nitrous oxide supported flame can increase the risk of explosion or
flashback; consequently we do not recommend the use of perchloric
acid in sample preparation for nitrous oxide supported flame analyses.
If the use of perchloric acid is essential, you can minimise the hazards if
you:
●● ensure that the burner is kept clean, and do not allow deposits to
accumulate around the slot.
●● reduce the perchlorate ion concentration as much as possible before
aspirating the solution.
●● aspirate the solution for the minimum time necessary.
●● flush the spray chamber thoroughly with deionised water between
measurements.
●● never allow the spray chamber to run dry.
●● never allow perchlorate solutions to come into contact with organic
Flame Operation
Flame Safety
●● solvents. If organic solvents have previously been aspirated, ensure

that all traces have been removed from the spray chamber before
aspirating perchlorate solutions.
●● ensure that the acetylene cylinder is changed when the cylinder
pressure drops to 7 bar (100 psi), to prevent acetone carryover.
●● thoroughly flush the spray chamber, and empty and refill the drain
trap with clean water at the end of the analysis.
Silver, gold and copper Certain elements, notably Ag, Au and Cu can form unstable
samples acetylides, increasing the risk of explosion or flashback.
To minimise these hazards when aspirating solutions containing these
elements, you should:
●● ensure that the burner is kept clean, and do not allow deposits to
accumulate around the slot.
●● reduce the metal concentrations as much as possible before
aspirating the solutions.
●● flush the spray chamber thoroughly with deionised water between
measurements.
●● never allow the spray chamber to run dry.
●● thoroughly flush the spray chamber, and empty and refill the drain
trap with clean water at the end of the analysis.
Organic solvents The use of organic solvents in flame AAS is an inherently hazardous
procedure. To protect yourself, we recommend that you should carry
out a comprehensive Risk Assessment before performing the analysis.
As a minimum, you should:
●● establish that the solvent you propose to use has suitable
characteristics.
●● Avoid halogenated solvents as these can create toxic fumes,
●● Avoid solvents with low flash points as they have a potential
explosive risk,
●● Avoid solvents with low specific gravity (generally lower than
0.75) as they can breach the seals within the nebulizer and
sample chamber
●● Avoid unsaturated hydrocarbons, such as xylene and toluene,
as these have poor burning characteristics
●● As a minimum, confirm that the hazards associated with the
flashpoint, combustion products, volatility and toxicity of the
solvents are acceptable.
●● use the minimum possible quantity of solvent in the vicinity of
the spectrometer.
●● ensure that any aqueous solution in the drain trap is removed and
replaced with organic solvent before starting the analysis.
●● ensure that the organic solvent is removed from the drain trap and
replaced with clean water as soon as the analysis is finished.
If you wish to use organic solvents on a regular basis, we recommend
that you have the Solvent Resistant Flame Kit (part number 9423 420
31051) fitted to your instrument.
Flame Operation
Gases
WARNING: Many common laboratory solvents are unsuitable for use

in flame AAS. Halogenated solvents (chloroform, Freons) produce
large quantities of toxic gases when burned; solvents with low flash
points (ethers, light petroleum spirit) present too great a flammability
hazard to be safely used, and unsaturated aromatic hydrocarbons
(toluene, xylene) do not have suitable burning characteristics. 
Gases
Always follow the Safety Guidelines provided by the Gas Supplier,
such as the ‘Gas Data and Safety Sheet’ issued by the British Oxygen
Company for specific gases.
Ensure that all gas lines, fittings, etc., are free from oil or grease
contamination.
Check regularly for leaks in all gas lines and fittings.
Fit gas cylinders with appropriate pressure reducing regulators. We

strongly recommend that acetylene gas supplies should also be fitted
with flash back arrestors.
Acetylene ●● is highly inflammable and forms an explosive mixture with air.

●● has a strong garlic-like odour caused by inherently present
impurities.
●● if supplied or used above 0.62 bar (9 psi) in the United Kingdom,
the Health and Safety Executive of H.M. Factory Inspectorate must
be informed.
●● forms explosive compounds with copper and silver metal. The
following materials must not be used for parts that will come into
contact with the gas:
●● pure copper metal
●● copper alloys with a copper content >70%
●● copper alloys with a copper content <70%, if used as
filters or sieves
●● silver and silver alloys, except where used as brazing materials.
Silver alloys used as a braze must contain <43% of silver and
<21% of copper. The width of the braze gap exposed to the
acetylene gas must be <0.3mm.
●● is supplied in cylinders dissolved in acetone
●● as the cylinder pressure falls, acetone carryover increases. The
cylinder should be replaced when the internal pressure drops to
below 6.9 bar (100 psi).
WARNING: Some specialist grades of acetylene may be supplied in

solvents other than acetone. The iCE 3000 Series gas control system
has not been designed to withstand carryover of these solvents,
which may cause severe damage to the instrument. 
Flame Operation
Gases
Nitrous oxide ●● is an anaesthetic, and will cause drowsiness, unconsciousness and

eventual death if inhaled.
●● is a powerful supporter of combustion, and allows many materials
to ignite and burn more readily than they would in air.
Flame Sample The door to the Flame Sample Compartment is an important part of
Compartment Door the Safety features of your instrument. The door must be closed when
lighting a flame, and during normal operation.
WARNING: The door must always be closed when a nitrous oxide

supported flame is burning. 
You can open the door to make adjustments to the burner position
while an air supported flame is burning.
Fume Extraction All flames produce large quantities of heat and toxic combustion
products. These must be removed by a suitable fume extraction
system. Specifications of a suitable extraction system are provided in
the Pre-Installation Manual.
WARNING: With the flame running (and for some minutes after it is
turned off) the metal fume extraction chimney may reach elevated
temperatures. Take sensible precautions to avoid touching it. 
Drain ●● The position and routing of the internal spectrometer drain tube
and liquid trap are critical to the safe operation of the flame
system. They must not be modified in any way.
●● The spray chamber drain contains a ball valve sealing device,
which must not be modified, removed or re-sited.
●● The drain must discharge to a low level waste system capable
of handling acidic solutions, or a suitable, wide necked plastic
container. Do not use a glass or a narrow necked plastic waste
container.
●● The drain extension tube must provide a free-flowing outlet from
the instrument drain, without kinks or obstructions. The lower
end must always be above the liquid level in the waste container.
●● Empty and clean the waste container regularly. If you have used
an organic solvent, do not allow the solvent to accumulate in the
waste container, as vapor may cause a fire hazard.
Flame Operation
The Flame System
Setting up the Flame System

Introduction The Flame System consists of:
●● the fuel and oxidant gas supplies and connectors.
●● the Spectrometer automatic gas control system.
●● the Nebuliser and Impact Bead.
●● the Spray Chamber.
●● the Spray Chamber Drain assembly.
Safety Read and understand the Flame Safety sections in this manual.
Before using the flame system, refer to the Flame System Maintenance
section below:
●● inspect and, if necessary, replace the Over-Pressure Disc at the rear
of the Spray Chamber. (A small dentist’s mirror is provided to help
you make this inspection).
●● inspect and, if necessary, clean the Burner.
●● inspect and, if necessary, clean the Spray Chamber and Nebuliser.
●● confirm that the fume extraction system is switched on and is
operating correctly.
●● check that the Spray Chamber Drain is clear, and that it discharges
freely into a suitable receptacle.
●● set all gases to the correct inlet pressures.
●● perform a Gas Leak Test.
Flame Operation
The Flame System
Sample Uptake capillary ●● For normal use, fit a 250 mm length of 0.5 mm ID sample uptake
tubing to the nebuliser.
tube
●● Use a longer length, and/or 0.4 mm ID tube to reduce the uptake
rate and/or the analytical sensitivity.
Gas Supply inlet Set the gas supply regulators to deliver the gases at the spectrometer
pressures inlet ports at the following pressures:
Support gases ●● Compressed air 2.00-2.07 bar (29-30 psi)

●● Nitrous oxide 2.70-2.75 bar (39-40 psi)
WARNING: Never attempt to use oxygen as a support gas. 
Fuel gases ●● Acetylene 0.57-0.62 bar (8.5-9 psi)
WARNING: Never allow the acetylene pressure to exceed 9 psi. 
Fig 4 - 1. Spectrometer gas connection panel
WARNING: the gas pressures written on the gas box are maximum
pressures. 
Gas connections Three Gas Inlet connections are provided on the Spectrometer, and
are shown in the figure.
WARNING: Before disconnecting any gases from the Spectrometer,

ensure that the gas supply is shut off at source, and the gas lines
are vented. 
WARNING: After connecting the gas supplies to the Spectrometer,

always carry out a Gas Leak Test, and rectify any leaks before
using the instrument. Gas leak tests should be carried out at reqular
intervals thereafter 
Air/acetylene flame ●● connect the AIR supply to the connector marked AIR, using the
CLEAR hose supplied.
●● connect the ACETYLENE supply to the connector marked
FUEL, using the RED hose supplied.
Nitrous oxide/acetylene ●● connect the AIR supply to the connector marked AIR, using the
flame CLEAR hose supplied.
●● connect the ACETYLENE supply to the connector marked
FUEL, using the RED hose supplied.
●● connect the NITROUS OXIDE supply to the connector marked
N2O, using the BLUE hose supplied.
Flame Operation
The Flame System
Burners Two types of burner are available for your iCE 3000 Series spectrometer:
●● 50 mm slot Universal Finned Titanium Burner

●● suitable for general purpose use with all flame types
●● 100 mm slot Titanium Burner
●● suitable for air/acetylene flames only. Sensitivity for elements
measured with this flame will be improved compared to the
Universal Finned Titanium Burner.
Fig 4 - 2. Burner Compartment - general view
WARNING: Inspect burner handle prior to use and do not use if

locking mechanism is damaged. 
To install a Burner
Refer to the figure and:
1. Open the Left Hand Sample Compartment door.
2. Orientate the Burner so that the Ignition Electrode is to the rear of
the Burner.
3. Fit the Burner to the Spray Chamber stem, and push firmly home.
●● take care to avoid damaging the O-ring seals.
4. Fit the Burner Plug to the Burner Socket located on the lower left
panel of the Sample Compartment.
Flame Operation
The Flame System
To remove a Burner
1. Ensure that the flame has been extinguished and that the Burner
has cooled sufficiently for it to be safely handled.
2. Disconnect the Burner Plug from the Burner Socket.
3. Lift the Burner from the Spray Chamber stem using the heat
resistant handle.
WARNING: Do not separate the burner from the plastic base when
it is fitted to the spray chamber. 
Organic Solvents To measure samples in an organic solvent, you must first refer to the
Flame Safety pages. If you are certain that the solvent is safe to use for
Flame Atomic Absorption measurement, before lighting the flame,
you must:
1. Empty any aqueous liquids from the drain.
2. Refill the drain with clean solvent.
Refer to the relevant instructions in the Flame Maintenance section

below to learn how to do this.
If you are using methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) or similar solvents,

you must prevent the solvent from coming into direct contact with
the top of the spray chamber. Place a long stemmed funnel into the
spray chamber neck, and pour the solvent through this until it flows
freely from the drain.
You will normally use the Auxiliary Oxidant feature and adjust the
fuel gas flow rate to obtain the correct flame chemistry for your
analysis. These commands are on the Flame page of the system
software. If your instrument is fitted with Variable Flow Auxiliary
Oxidant kit, refer to the section below to learn how to adjust the
flame chemistry.
When you have completed your analysis, empty the residual organic
solvent from the drain, and replace it with clean water.
WARNING: Do not leave the drain full of organic solvent when

you are not using the instrument. The solvent vapours can cause
damage if they accumulate. 
Lighting the flame Before attempting to light the flame, confirm that:
●● The gas supplies are correctly connected, and leakfree, and the gas
supply pressures are correct.
●● The Spray Chamber is clean, and the Drain Trap is filled with
clean water or solvent.
●● The Spray Chamber drains freely to waste.
●● The Burner is clean and correctly fitted.
Flame Operation
The Flame System
●● The Sample Compartment Door is securely closed.

●● The fume extraction system is turned on and working correctly.
When the gas pressures are correct, and the burner is correctly fitted,
the Ignition Ready light beside the Sample Compartment Door will
flash.
To light the flame:

1. Confirm that the Ignition Ready light is flashing.
2. Press and hold the Ignition Ready/Flame On switch until the
default flame is established.
●● the default flame is a stoichiometric air/fuel flame.
●● if a flame is not established within 30 seconds, the automatic
flame ignition system will stop. You will then have to wait
approximately 30 seconds before you can try again.
WARNING: If you cannot ignite a flame after two attempts, it is
likely that there is a problem with the burner, ignition system, or gas
supplies. Refer to the Flame Maintenance section below and identify
and rectify any problems before making another attempt to light the
flame. 
WARNING: High voltages are present between the Ignition Electrode

and the body of the burner during the ignition sequence. Do not
touch either of these components during the ignition sequence. 
3. Use the system software to adjust the fuel flow rate and oxidant gas
type as required.
To extinguish the flame:

1. Aspirate clean water or solvent to remove all traces of sample
solution from the Spray Chamber and Drain.
2. Press the Flame Off button.
●● the oxidant gas will change to air, if necessary.
●● the fuel flow will increase to give a fuel rich flame.
●● the flame will then be shut off.
Warming up the burner It is important that you allow the burner to warm up properly before
you start to take measurements, to ensure that your results are stable,
and to minimise carbon deposition when using a nitrous oxide
supported acetylene flame.
To warm up the burner for use with an air acetylene flame:

1. Set up a suitable analysis with the system software, ensuring that
you select the Air Acetylene Flame Type, with a Fuel Gas flow rate
of between 0.8 and 1.2l/min.
2. Light the flame, and confirm that it is burning correctly.
3. Aspirate an appropriate solution, such as deionsed water.
Flame Operation
The Flame System
4. Use the system software to execute a Flame Setup command.

5. Allow the flame to burn for ten minutes before starting your
analysis.
To warm up the burner for use with a nitrous oxide acetylene

flame:
1. Warm up the burner with an air acetylene flame, as described
above.
2. Change the Flame Type to Nitrous Oxide Acetylene, and set the
Fuel Gas flow rate to 3.6 - 3.8 l/min.
3. Use the system software to execute a Flame Setup command.
4. Confirm that the oxidant gas changeover takes place correctly, and
that the nitrous oxide acetylene flame is burning correctly.
5. Allow the flame to burn for ten minutes before starting your
analysis.
Burner Alignment Burner alignment is achieved by aspirating a suitable sample solution,

and adjusting the Burner position to obtain the maximum absorbance
signal.
To align the Burner:
1. Set up a suitable analysis with the system software, install a hollow

cathode lamp, and perform an Optical Setup. Ensure that the live
absorbance signal is displayed.
2. Light the flame, and allow a few minutes for it to stabilise.
3. Aspirate deionised water and, if necessary, autozero the
absorbance signal.
4. Open the Flame Sample Compartment door, and aspirate a
suitable test solution that gives a signal between 0.1 and 0.8
absorbance units.
5. Use the Transverse Adjustment control to adjust the transverse
position of the Burner to maximise the signal from the test
solution.
6. Adjust the angular position of the Burner by rotating the whole
burner on the Spray Chamber stem to maximise the absorbance
of the test signal.
WARNING: Do not attempt to adjust the Burner with a nitrous oxide

supported flame burning. When rotating the Burner with a flame
burning, hold it only by the heat resistant handle. 
7. Close and secure the flame sample compartment door.

8. Use the Burner Height controls in the system software to adjust
the height of the Burner to maximise the test signal.
●● The SOLAAR Data Station software provides an automatic
Burner Height optimisation function to optimise this
adjustment for you.
Flame Operation
Impact bead alignment
WARNING: Do not attempt to touch the burner support or height

adjustment mechanism when the height adjustment mechanism is
operating. 
Impact Bead alignment The impact bead is aligned by aspirating a suitable sample solution, and
adjusting the Impact Bead position to obtain the maximum absorbance
signal.
To align the Impact Bead:
1. Set up a suitable analysis with the system software, install a hollow
cathode lamp, and perform an Optical Setup. Ensure that the live
absorbance signal is displayed.
2. Light the flame, and allow a few minutes for it to stabilise.
3. Align the Burner, as described above.
4. Aspirate deionised water and, if necessary, autozero the absorbance
signal.
5. Aspirate a suitable test solution that gives a signal between 0.1 and
0.8 absorbance units.
6. Use the Impact Bead control to adjust the position of the Impact
Bead to maximise the signal from the test solution.
●● Flame capable iCE 3000 Series Spectrometers may be fitted
with either a Micro-adjustable Impact Bead control or a
Standard Impact Bead control. Refer to the figure to identify
the type of adjustment required.
●● Adjust the Standard Impact Bead control by pulling or pushing
it into and out of the Spray Chamber cap. Ensure that the
handle remains in contact with the guide pin at all times.
●● Adjust the Micro-adjustable Impact Bead control by rotating
the Micro-adjuster.
WARNING: Do not attempt to adjust the Impact Bead with a nitrous

oxide supported flame burning. 
WARNING: Do not attempt to adjust the Impact Bead position too far
towards the Nebuliser as it may damage either the Nebuliser or the
Impact Bead surface. 
Flame Operation
Venting the Gas System
Oxidant Oxidant
gas inlet gas inlet
Nebuliser
Nebuliser
Handle
Micro-adjuster
Impact bead adjuster Guide pin
Fig 4 - 3.Standard
StandardImpact Bead Adjuster
Impact Bead Adjuster Micro-adjustable Impact
Micro-adjustable Impact BeadBead
Venting the Gas System Venting the Gas System releases the gas pressure in the lines to
the spectrometer. The Gas System should be vented at the end of
the working day, or when the instrument will not be used again
immediately.
To vent the Gas System:

1. Turn off the flame.
2. Shut off the gas supplies at source.
3. Press and hold the Flame Off button.
●● After about 10 seconds, you will hear a click and the gases
will be vented through the Burner.
4. When the pressure gauges on the fuel and nitrous oxide gas lines
have fallen to zero, release the Flame Off button.
Flame System Spares and Universal Finned Titanium Burner (5 cm) 9423 520 31011
Consumables Air/acetylene Ti Burner (10 cm) 9423 420 31021
0.4 mm sample uptake tube 9423 390 05411
0.5 mm sample uptake tube 9423 390 05421
Acetylene gas pressure regulator 9423 352 43881
Nitrous oxide gas pressure regulator 9423 354 03111
Acetylene flash back arrestor 9423 393 46061
Flame Operation
Flame System Maintenance
Introduction Flame System maintenance must be performed at regular intervals to

ensure safe and reliable operation.
Flame AAS involves high temperatures and corrosive solutions,
therefore system maintenance is essential.
Safety Turn off all gas supplies and disconnect the spectrometer and accessories
from the mains before carrying out maintenance work.
Flame Operation
Burner
CAUTION: Do not attempt to clean the burner while a flame is
burning, and ensure that the burner has cooled before handling it. 
To clean the external surfaces of the Burner
1. Clean and polish the top surfaces using a mild abrasive soap
cleaner.
2. Clean the burner slot with the Burner Cleaning Tool supplied
or a piece of stiff card. Do NOT use an abrasive material inside
the slot.
3. Wash the Burner with detergent solution and rinse with deionised
water. Dry the Burner carefully before using it again.
CAUTION: Do not attempt to dismantle the burner while it’s still

plugged to the spectrometer. 
To dismantle the Burner

1. While holding the base firmly, twist the burner body anti-
clockwise to release it from the burner retention clip and
securing lugs.
2. Lift the Burner Head away from the Burner Base to separate the
two parts.
To clean the internal surfaces of the Burner

1. Use an ultrasonic bath filled with deionised water, dilute detergent
solution or 5% v/v solution of nitric acid to clean the internal
surfaces of the Burner Head. Dry the burner thoroughly
before use.
WARNING: Do NOT put the plastic Burner Base and Ignition

Electrode assembly into the ultrasonic bath. 
Fig 4 - 4. Universal finned titanium burner head
Flame Operation
To re-assemble the Burner

1. Orientate the Burner Base so that it is upright, with the Burner
Handle to the right.
2. Orientate the Burner Head so that the Ignition Well is on the left
hand side to the rear.
3. Rotate the burner head about 45° anti-clockwise and push it firmly
into the base.
4. Rotate the burner head clockwise in the base so that the securing
lugs engage, and the burner retention clip snaps into place.
Fig 4 - 5. Ignition electrode adjustment
WARNING: The Burner must always be fitted to the correct Burner

Base, as supplied with the burner. 
To align the Ignition Electrode
1. Refer to the figure, and place the Cleaning Tool/Setting Jig as
shown, aligning the bottom corner of the chamfer with the edge of
the Ignition Well.
2. Gently bend the Electrode until the tip touches the top corner of
the chamfer on the Setting Jig, as shown above.
Spray Chamber
To clean the Spray Chamber
1. Aspirate a solution of dilute (1% v/v) hydrochloric acid, or a
solution of laboratory detergent, whichever is most appropriate.
Aspirate the solution for 5 minutes, then aspirate deionised water.
2. For more thorough cleaning, dismantle the Spray Chamber,
clean the individual components with laboratory detergent, rinse
thoroughly with deionised water, dry and re-assemble.
Flame Operation
To remove and dismantle the Spray Chamber

1. Use the sytem software commands to raise the Burner until the
Burner Height is less than 10 mm.
2. Remove the Burner.
3. Empty the Spray Chamber Drain.
4. Disconnect the gas lines to the Spray Chamber and disconnect
the Drain Tube.
5. Release the Burner Mount Clamp Screw by at least 3 full turns,
then rotate the Spray Chamber downwards around the axis of
the bayonet mount to release it and the Clamp Ring/Mounting
Bracket from the bayonet mount, and remove the assembly.
6. Unscrew the 4 thumbscrews, and remove the Spray Chamber
Front Cap.
7. Unscrew the 3 Rear Clamp screws, and remove the Clamp Ring
or Clamp Ring/Mounting Bracket and the Over-Pressure Disc.
8. Push the Baffle Assembly out of the Spray Chamber body towards
the front.
9. Undo the Fuel Gas Coupling on the Spray Chamber body, and
remove the Gauze Disc assembly.
CAUTION: Do not attempt to dismantle the cap assembly while the

spray chamber is still in the flame compartment. .
To dismantle the Cap Assembly

1. Slacken the Impact Bead Clamp Adjusting Screw, and withdraw
the Bead from the Alumina Disc side of the Cap.
2. Remove the Seal and the Alumina Disc.
3. Undo the securing screws, and remove the Bead Adjustment Assembly.
4. Slacken the Nebuliser Retaining Clip screw, withdraw the Clip,
and then remove the Nebuliser and O-ring.
CAUTION: Never re-assemble the spray chamber with damaged

parts..
To re-assemble the Cap Assembly
1. Fit the O-ring to the Nebuliser body, re-fit the Nebuliser to the
Cap, and replace the Clip and tighten the screw.
2. Lightly lubricate the Impact Bead stem with silicone grease, pass
it through the Alumina Disc, and fit one O-ring over the stem.
CAUTION: Take great care not to contaminate the Bead itself or the
Alumina Disc with grease .
3. Fit the Alumina Disc to the Cap, passing the Impact Bead stem
through the hole in the Cap.
4. Fit the second O-ring to the stem, slide the Bead Adjustment
assembly on to the stem, and secure it to the Cap.
5. Set the Bead Adjuster to the fully out position.
Flame Operation
6. Position the Impact Bead so that the Bead is centrally located in the
Nebuliser Nose Cone, and is as close as possible to the Nose Cone.
7. Tighten the Bead Clamp screw.
8. Refit the Alumina Disc and Seal.
Fig 4 - 6. Nebuliser and Spray Chamber Components
To re-assemble the spray chamber

1. Inspect, clean and replace any damaged components.
2. Push the Baffle Assembly into the front of the Spray Chamber
body, with the Baffle to the rear, and a short Baffle Blade at the
bottom. Push the assembly tightly into the Spray Chamber body
taper.
3. Re-assemble and re-fit the Gauze Disc assembly and the Fuel Inlet
Coupling.
4. Using a new Over-Pressure Disc, refit the Disc and Clamp Ring.
5. Re-fit the Cap Assembly, and tighten the thumbscrews.
6. Re-fit the Spray Chamber to the Spectrometer Mount, and
re-connect the Gas Lines, Drain and Burner. Perform a Leak Test,
and rectify any leaks before lighting a flame.
Flame Operation
Nebuliser To clean the Nebuliser

1. Extinguish the flame.
2. Remove the Nebuliser Uptake Capillary.
3. Push the Nebuliser Cleaning Probe through the Nebuliser
Capillary to remove any blockages.
WARNING: Do not use any other tool or wire to clean the nebuliser. 
4. Replace the Nebuliser Uptake Tube, light an air/acetylene flame

and check the Nebuliser uptake rate.
To measure the Nebuliser uptake rate
1. Fill a 10 ml measuring cylinder with deionised water.
2. Fit a standard length (250 mm) of 0.5 mm ID Nebuliser
Capillary.
3. Light an air/acetylene flame.
4. Aspirate the water from the measuring cylinder and note the
volume aspirated in 1 minute.
The normal Nebuliser uptake rate under these conditions should
be > 6 mL/min.
Periodically check the external Drain Tube, and replace it if it is
cracked or damaged.
●● If the Drain becomes blocked, it can be cleaned by pouring dilute
hydrochloric acid (5% v/v) or laboratory detergent down the
Spray Chamber Stem, and leaving it to soak. When the blockage
has dissolved, empty the Drain, and refill it with clean water.
Drain To empty and refill the Drain.
1. Turn off the fuel and nitrous oxide gas supplies at source, but
leave the air supply turned on.
2. Remove the Burner.
3. Ensure that a suitable container is positioned to receive the
contents of the Drain.
4. Block the top of the Spray Chamber with a suitable bung.
5. Vent the Gas System by holding down the Flame Off button for
at least 30 seconds. This will cause the contents of the Drain to
be blown out to waste.
6. Refill the Drain by pouring clean water or solvent into the top of
the Spray Chamber Stem until it flows freely from the Drain.
Gas Supply hoses ●● Inspect the Gas Supply hoses regularly, and replace any that are
cracked or damaged.
●● We recommend that all Gas Supply hoses are replaced every three
years.
●● Run the Gas Leak Test at least once every six months, and
whenever the instrument is moved, ensure no leaks are found.
Flame Operation
Gas Leak Test The software commands necessary to run the Gas Leak test are included
in the SOLAAR OQ Tests Data Station application.
The Data Station OQ Tests software presents the Gas Leak Tests as a
Wizard, with full on-screen instructions.
Spares and Consumables Flame compartment User Spares Kit 9423 450 30001
Nebuliser 9423 390 05481
Nebuliser Probe 9423 390 05441
Spray Chamber Renovation Kit 9423 390 05461
Replacement 'O' ring Kit 9423 390 05151
Flame Operation
Flame Operation
Air Compressor
Air Compressor
Introduction This is an accessory which provides a flow of clean, dry, compressed air
for use as the oxidant for air supported flames.
●● A Filter/Regulator unit is included to remove particles and
moisture, and ensure that a stable air pressure to the Spectrometer is
maintained.
●● Performance is reduced at high altitude.
Safety ●● Observe electrical safety precautions.

●● Use the accessory in a well ventilated position.
●● Ensure that the accessory is not close to a heat source.
●● This could result in poor removal of water vapour from the
compressed air, causing flame instability.
●● Do not use the accessory as a pump for combustible liquids or
vapours.
●● This accessory is an oil-free pump, and does NOT require
lubrication. Do NOT allow hydrocarbons to come into contact
with the diaphragm.
●● Do NOT operate the accessory without the fan guards in place.
Flame Operation
Air Compressor - Installation
Installation 1. Confirm that your Compressor is suitable for the mains supply in
your laboratory.
9423 393 34225 220V/50Hz ± 10%
9423 393 34226 220V/60Hz ± 10%
9423 393 34115 110V/50Hz ± 10%
9423 393 34116 110V/60Hz ± 10%
2. Fit a suitable plug to the Mains Cable.
3. Place the Compressor in a well ventilated position close to the
Spectrometer.
4. Use the black Connecting Hose to connect the Compressor Outlet
to the Filter/Regulator inlet.
5. Position the hose so that it is:
●● free from bends
●● away from heat sources
●● not possible for condensation to run back into the compressor.
6. Connect the clear air hose from the outlet of the Filter/Regulator
unit to the Spectrometer Air inlet connector.
7. The Compressor is now ready to use.
CAUTION: Do not shorten pipe
Air Carrying Mains

outlet handle lead
Fig 4 - 7. Air Compressor

Air Compressor
Operation 1. Ensure that the Drain Plug at the base of the Filter/Regulator unit
is closed, and that the system is leak free.
2. Switch on the Compressor.
3. Set the Filter/Regulator to 2.1bar (30 psi).
4. Allow the unit to run for 30 minutes to achieve normal operating
temperature, then check and reset the pressure if necessary.
5. Switch on the Spectrometer, and carry out your analysis.
6. After use, switch off the Compressor and vent the Gas Control
system.
Flame Operation
Air Compressor - Maintenance
CAUTION: Once the Compressor has been switched off, do not switch
it on again until the line pressure has dropped to below 0.14 bar (2
psi), otherwise you may damage the Compressor Motor. 
Maintenance Compressor
●● Inspect and clean external surfaces regularly.
Filter/Regulator unit
●● Inspect the Filter Trap regularly, and drain out any liquid collected.
●● Clean the Filter Bowl by rinsing with paraffin if necessary. Do not
use any other solvent.
●● If any liquid has collected in the hose, drain it into a suitable
container.
●● Inspect rubber components regularly for deterioration and damage.
Spares and Consumables Filter/Regulator Assembly 4013 229 31741

Compressor Service Kit 9423 393 34005
(User documentation for this kit is included in the manual supplied
with your compressor.)
Flame Operation
Flame Operation
The ASX-520 and ASX-260 Flame Autosamplers
The ASX-520 and ASX-260 Flame

Autosamplers
Introduction The ASX-520 is a high capacity Autosampler, with integral wash

facilities, capable of handling up to 360 samples. The ASX-260 is a
medium capacity Autosampler capable of handling up to 180 samples.
They are compatible with

●● Normal flame operation.
●● Flame dilution with the ID100 Autodiluter Accessory.
●● Vapour operation with the VP100 Accessory.
Safety ●● Observe electrical safety precautions.

●● Read the Safety Section of the User documentation supplied with
the unit.
Flame Operation
The ASX-520 and ASX-260 Flame Autosamplers - Installation
Installation Assembly
1. Unpack and assemble the unit as detailed in the Autosampler
Operators Manual supplied with the unit.
●● The Autosampler Operators Manual may be provided in
electronic form on a CD included with the parts sent with
the Autosampler.
2. Position the Autosampler on the Accessory Trolley, or on the
bench in front of the appropriate Sample Compartment.
3. Mount the Sample Probe Assembly, install the Sample Probe and
set the Z axis travel as described in the Autosampler Manual.
●● Two types of uptake tube are supplied - one with an internal
diameter of 0.5 mm, and one with an internal diameter
of 0.8 mm. The 0.5 mm ID uptake tube is suitable for
general purpose use, but will cause some loss of analytical
sensitivity, particularly when longer lengths are used. In these
circumstances, use of the 0.8 mm ID uptake tube will restore
the sensitivity.
4. Connect the Rinse Station as described. Either configuration may
be used.
System interconnections
1. Connect the 9-9 way RS232C Interface Cable supplied between
one of the Accessory connections on the Spectrometer, and the
COM 1 RS232C socket on the rear of the unit.
2. Connect a suitable mains cable to the in-line mains power supply,
and connect the power supply output to the Power connection on
the unit.
Sample Probe
Assembly
Standard Rack
Sample Racks
Rinse Station
Sample Tray
- 8. Cetac
Fig 4Cetac ASX-520
ASX-510 Sample-Changer
Sample Changer - General View
General View
Capillary tubing connections

1. Select the appropriate Sample Transfer Tube interface.
2. Connect the Sample Transfer Tube to the Autosampler.
3. Connect the free end of the tube as follows:
●● Normal Flame operation. Cut back the tube to the minimum

convenient length, and connect the free end to the Nebuliser.
●● Other Accessories. Refer to the appropriate accessory page.
Flame Operation
The ASX-520 and ASX-260 Flame Autosamplers - Installation
COM1 RS232C
Serial port
Fig 4 - 9. Cetac ASX-520

Cetac - Rear
ASX-510 - RearView
View
Note: If you choose to use the 0.8 mm ID uptake tube supplied, you
will find a short length of 0.5 mm ID tube attached to the free end of
the tube. This is necessary to allow the larger tube to fit securely
on to the nebuliser capillary. Remove the section of 0.5 mm ID tube
before cutting the main tube to length, then refit it after cutting. ▲
Sample Racks
1. Assemble the Sample Racks required and place them in the Sample
Tray. All the Sample Racks must be of the same type.
2. Place the appropriate Sample Tubes into the Racks:
3. Place the Standard Tubes into the rear Standards Rack.
Sample positions in rack Tube diameter

21 30mm
24 25mm
40 20mm
60 16mm
90 13mm
Operation 1. Switch on and set up the Spectrometer and accessories.

2. Switch on the Autosampler, and wait for it to initialise.
3. Use the Data Station software facilities to define the type and
number of Sample Racks, and the number of solutions required.
4. Refer to the Autosampler Loading Guide facility in the software,
and place the solutions in the correct positions in the Racks.
5. The system is now ready for you to start the analysis.
Spares and Consumables Maintenance

●● Ensure that the Autosampler is switched off and isolated from the
mains supply before carrying out any maintenance.
Flame Operation
The ASX-520 and ASX-260 Flame Autosamplers - Spares and Consumables
●● Wipe the exterior surfaces with a soft cloth dipped in soapy water
to remove any marks.
●● If a spillage occurs, isolate the Autosampler from the mains supply
immediately, and wipe up the spillage with a dry cloth.
●● The ASX-520 and ASX-260 Autosamplers do NOT require
routine lubrication.
●● The Autosampler must never be picked up by either the vertical or
horizontal arms, but only by supporting the base of the device.
21 position Rack 9423 470 03901

24 position Rack 9423 470 03911
40 position Rack 9423 470 03921
60 position Rack 9423 470 03931
90 position Rack 9423 470 03941
Sample Probe (0.5mm) 9423 470 03991
Sample Probe (0.8mm) 9423 470 04182
Tray Sub-assembly with Standard Rack 9423 470 03951
Rinse Station 9423 470 03961
Drain Pump Tubing/Connector Kit 9423 470 03971
Standard Tubes
(50 ml polypropylene, 500) 9423 470 04151
50 ml Polypropylene Sample Tubes
(for 21 position rack, 500) 9423 470 04101
18 ml Nalgene Sample Tubes
Flame Operation
The ID100 Autodilutor Accessory
The ID100 Autodilutor Accessory
Introduction This is an accessory that will provide automatic sample dilution and
standard preparation for flame AAS.
●● It can be used manually or with any of the Flame Autosamplers.

●● It is not compatible with the VP100 Vapour Generation accessory.
Flame Operation
The ID100 Autodilutor Accessory - Installation
Installation Before installing your Autodilutor, refer to the figure and familiarise
yourself with the parts shown.
Port labels
Nebuliser
tube
Port A
Top View Port B
Mixing piece
Power
indicator
Sample
uptake tube
Diluent
uptake tube
Fig 4 - 10. ID100 Autodilutor

ID100 - General
Autodilutor View
- General View
RS232C Power
Serial inlet
port
Power
switch
Fig 4 - 11. ID100 Autodilutor

ID100 Autodilutor- Rear
- rear View
view
To install your Autodilutor:

1. Place the accessory in a convenient position in front of the
spectrometer Flame Compartment.
2. Connect a suitable power lead between the power inlet socket and
a power outlet.
3. Connect an RS232C cable between the RS232C port on the
accessory and an Accessory port on the Spectrometer Connection
Panel.
4. Locate the 1.5 mm OD, 0.5 mm ID polythene nebuliser tubing,
and connect one end to the mixing piece using one of the white
finger nut and ferrule connectors in the plumbing kit. Cut the
tube to length, and fit the free end to the Nebuliser.
5. Locate the 1.5 mm OD, 0.8 mm ID PTFE tubing, and fit a
suitable length between the ‘B’ port of the Autodilutor and port 2
of the mixing piece. Use a white finger nut and ferrule connector
at the mixing piece, and a grey 10/32 minature fitting at the
Autodilutor end.
Flame Operation
The ID100 Autodilutor Accessory - Installation
6. Locate the 3.2 mm OD wide bore PTFE tubing supplied, and fit it
to the remaining free port of the mixing piece, using the red finger
nut and ferrule connector. Trim the tube to a suitable length and
place the free end in the diluent container.
Manual Sampling
Fit a suitable length of 0.8 mm ID PTFE tubing to Port A of the
Autodilutor using a grey minature 10/32 connector.
Cetac Autosampler
Either fit a spare grey minature 10/32 connector to the free end of the
Cetac Sample Probe tube, and fit that to Port A of the Autodiluter, or
fit a 10/32 connector to a short piece of 0.8 mm ID PTFE tubing, fit
that to Port A of the Autodilutor, then attach the Cetac Sample Probe
tubing to this with a short piece of the thick walled silicone rubber tube
supplied with the autosampler.
Connectors
Minature 10/32 compression fittings are used for the Autodilutor fluid
connections.
To fit a minature 10/32 connector:
1. Use a sharp blade to trim the end of the 1.6 mm OD tubing to a
shallow taper.
2. Slide the nut over the tubing.
3. Slide the ferrule on to the tubing, until part of the taper has passed
through the ferrule.
4. Grip the tapered end of the tubing, and pull it through the ferrule,
so that the full width of the tubing passes through the ferrule.
5. Trim the tapered end from the tubing, leaving 0.5 - 1 mm of the
tubing visible at the end of the ferrule.
6. Bring the nut up to the ferrule, and fit the assembly into the port.
Tighten the nut until the assembly is secure.
Operation 1. Prepare a sufficient quantity of diluent solution. Place the Diluent

Uptake tube in this solution.
●● The diluent solution should be similar in composition to the
sample solution matrix.
2. Turn on and set up the Spectrometer and lamps in the normal way,
and light the flame.
●● You should then see that the Diluent solution is drawn up
through the Mixing Piece into the Nebuliser.
3. Use the appropriate Wizards to optimise the Burner and Nebuliser.
4. Otherwise, disconnect the Nebuliser Uptake Tubing between the
Autodilutor Mixing Piece and the Nebuliser at the Nebuliser end,
and replace it with a standard piece of Nebuliser Tubing, then
optimise the Burner position and Impact Bead as usual.
Flame Operation
The ID100 Autodilutor Accessory - Operation
5. Replace the tube connecting the ID100 to the Nebuliser.

6. Set the Pre-Fill volume on the Sampling tab of the View.Options
dialogue.
●● A Pre-Fill volume of 1200 - 1500 µl will be suitable for use
with manual sampling with the ASX260 autosamplers. Up to
2000 µl will be needed for the larger ASX-520 autosampler.
●● If you notice memory effects when measuring solutions with
widely different concentrations, increase the Pre-Fill volume.
7. Set up the analysis parameters in the normal way.
8. When working at high dilutions, small bubbles in the sample
can disturb the operation of the ID100, resulting in poor
measurement precision and incorrect results. You should take
precautions to remove as much dissolved gas from the sample
as possible, but it is not practicable to completely prevent the
formation of such bubbles. We therefore recommend that you
use the RSD Test facility in the SOLAAR Data Station software
to identify and automatically repeat any measurements with poor
(>5% RSD) precision.
8. Set the Nebuliser Delay flame parameter to a value of 10 seconds.
●● If the measured signal drifts during the measurement,
increase the Nebuliser Delay Parameter.
9. Set the Wash Time parameter on the Sampling parameters page
to 30 seconds, and set the Wash Frequency to Wash between
Samples.
●● If you are analysing samples that are similar to each other in
concentration, you may find that it is not necessary to wash
the Autodilutor between samples.
10. Load the samples into the Autosampler, if required, then start the
analysis in the normal way.
●● During the analysis, ensure that the liquid level in the
Diluent Container does not fall below the levels of
the uptake tube.
11. If you are working manually, carefully follow the prompts
displayed. Particularly, always confirm that the Sample Uptake
tube connected to Port A of the Autodilutor is placed in the
correct solution before acknowledging the prompt.
12. When the analysis has finished, replace the sample and diluent
with clean deionised water, and perform 2-5 wash cycles, to
ensure that all sample and diluent is flushed from the diluter.
Do NOT leave any sample or diluent in the diluter. If you do
not intend to use the Autodilutor again immediately, remove the
Sample and Diluent Uptake tubes from the liquid containers, and
perform another wash cycle. This will remove all the fluid from
inside the Autodilutor.
WARNING: If the outlet of the Diluter should become blocked, a
small amount of liquid may be ejected from the Leak Port. If this
happens, stop the Dilutor immediately. Investigate and rectify the
cause of the problem before using the accessory again. 
Flame Operation
The ID100 Autodilutor Accessory - Operation
WARNING: Particulate material present in the samples can cause

serious damage to the ID100. Ensure that your samples do NOT
contain any particulate material before using them with the ID100. 
WARNING: Prolonged exposure to mineral acids at concentrations

above 10% can cause degradation of the material used in the ID100
high precision piston pump. Avoid the use of samples containing high
concentrations of mineral acid if possible; otherwise, ensure that you
wash the ID100 with clean water between each measurement and at
the end of the analysis. 
Maintenance
●● Wipe up any leaks or spillages as soon as they occur, and do not
allow liquid to accumulate in the drip tray.
●● Periodically, check for visible signs of leakage from the connectors,
and replace any that are faulty.

ID100 Autodilutor Consumables Kit 9423 450 03201
Flame Operation
Flame Operation
The Slotted Tube Atom Trap (STAT)
The Slotted Tube Atom Trap (STAT)
CAUTION: Never attempt to use nitrous oxide supported flames with

this accessory. 
Introduction ●● This is an accessory that enhances the flame sensitivity for certain
elements by 2 - 5 times.
●● It consists of a Slotted Tube held in the flame by a simple Holder.
Safety ●● The temperature of the Slotted Tube will be in excess of 1000° C

during normal operation - ensure that the Tube and its Holder have
cooled for at least 15 minutes before handling them.
●● Use the STAT only with the 50 mm Universal Burner.
CAUTION: Never attempt to light or extinguish a flame with the STAT

in the operational position. 
Flame Operation
The Slotted Tube Atom Trap (STAT) - Installation
Installation The STAT Tube is held in the flame by the STAT Holder, which clips
to the Burner.
To install the STAT Holder:

1. Remove the Burner from the Spectrometer.
2. Orientate the burner with the Burner Handle to the right and the
Ignition Electrode to the left.
3. Unclip the Strap Clip, to allow the Securing Clips to spread open.
4. Gently push the STAT Holder assembly on to the Burner until
the Securing Clips click into the Locating holes on the Burner.
5. Clip the Strap Clip together again to hold the assembly in place.
6. Refit the Burner to the Spectrometer.
To fit a STAT Tube to the STAT Holder:

1. Orientate the STAT Tube so that the longer slot is at the bottom.
2. Clip the STAT Tube into the STAT Holder.
Operating Position Parked Position
Fig 4 - 12. STAT Tube and Holder
Fig 4 - 13. STAT Assembly
Flame Operation
The Slotted Tube Atom Trap (STAT) - Installation
Alignment 1. With the Burner and STAT Holder fitted to the spectrometer, fit
a STAT Tube to the Holder, then move the Holder to the Parked
position
2. Install a suitable hollow cathode lamp, and perform an optical set
up.
3. Move the Holder to the Operating position.
4. Use a piece of white card at the right hand side of the Sample
Compartment to locate the light beam.
5. Adjust the Burner position until the light beam passes along the
axis of the STAT Tube.
6. Move the STAT Tube away from the Burner slot.
Operation 1. Ensure that the STAT Tube is not over the Burner.
2. Set up your method as required. The STAT does not require any
additional parameters to be set.
3. Light the flame, and aspirate deionised water.
4. When the flame is established, move the STAT Tube into its
operating position over the Burner.
5. Allow the STAT Tube to stabilise for 5 minutes, then start your
analysis in the normal way.
6. When the analysis has finished, move the STAT Tube out of the
flame, then extinguish the flame.
Maintenance ●● Remove the the STAT Tube from the Holder after using it. The
Holder can remain on the Burner, where it will not interfere with
normal operation.
●● If necesary internal deposits can be removed by rinsing with water
or dilute acid.
●● If the flame is extinguished with the STAT Tube in the Operating
position, it will become coated with soot. This will burn off when
the tube is next used, or it can be removed by wiping the Tube with
a dry cloth.
Spares and Consumables Slotted Silica STAT tubes (5) 9423 393 35021
Flame Operation
Flame Operation
The Variable Flow Auxiliary Oxidant Accessory
The Variable Flow

Auxiliary Oxidant Accessory
Introduction ●● An auxiliary supply of Oxidant gas to the air/acetylene flame is

necessary to maintain the optimum flame chemistry when using
non-aqueous solvents.
●● The standard configuration of the flame instruments provides a
fixed Auxiliary Oxidant flow that is suitable for use with common
solvents such as white spirit and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK).
●● This accessory provides a variable flow of Auxiliary Oxidant to allow
the flame chemistry to be optimised for other less common solvents.
●● If you want to use your instrument to analyse this type of sample on
a regular basis, we recommend that your instrument should also be
fitted with the Solvent Resistant Flame Kit (part number 9423 420
31051).
Safety The use of organic solvents with flame AA spectrometry is inherently

hazardous. Ensure that you read and fully understand the hazards and
precautions described in the Flame Safety section of this manual.
Flame Operation
The Variable Flow Auxiliary Oxidant Accessory - Installation
Installation The accessory must be installed by a trained Service Engineer.
Operation 1. Set up the instrument in the normal way.

●● It may be beneficial to use a longer and/or narrower length
of nebuliser uptake tube to reduce the aspiration rate of the
sample, although this will also reduce the chemical sensitivity.
2. Ensure that the Auxiliary Oxidant parameter on the Flame page
of the Method is selected.
●● You will normally also set the Fuel Flow rate parameter to its
minimum value.
3. Confirm that the Variable Flow Auxiliary Oxidant Needle Valve
is closed, and light the flame.
4. Use the Flame Setup command in the system software to set your
chosen flame parameters.
5. Aspirate a typical sample solution, and slowly open the Needle
Valve until the yellow colour disappears from the flame.
6. Stop aspirating the sample, and confirm that the flame remains
stable.
●● If the flame lifts off the burner, adjust the needle valve
to slightly decrease the auxiliary oxidant flow rate and/or
increase the fuel flow rate to the flame.
7. Use the system software to display the analytical signal, and make
fine adjustments to the auxiliary oxidant flow rate, the fuel gas
flow rate, the burner height and the impact bead position, to
obtain the best signal from your sample.
Maintenance Check the accessory for wear and damage at regular intervals.
Fig 4 - 14. Flame Compartment Valance with Variable Flow Auxiliary

Oxident fitted
Spares and Consumables 0.5 mm ID nebuliser uptake tubing

(standard) 9423 390 05421
0.4 mm ID nebuliser uptake tubing
(reduced uptake rate) 9423 390 05411
Solvent Resistant Flame Kit
Introduction This manual describes the use of the components included in the
Solvent Resistant Flame Kit (part number 9423 420 31051).
This Kit has been designed for the Thermo Fisher Scientific Flame
Atomic Absorption Spectrometers. It provides replacements for certain
parts in the standard flame atomisation system that can be susceptible to
damage if subject to long term exposure to certain organic solvents.
Installation
Installation The Solvent Resistant Flame Kit will be installed at our factory, if you
specified it on your original spectrometer order.
Alternatively it can be installed as a field upgrade by a Field Service

Engineer who has been properly trained end authorized to do this work
by Thermo Fisher Scientific.
Do NOT attempt to install the Solvent Resistant Flame kit yourself.
Components The Kit includes a modified Spray Chamber. The top of the spray
Spray Chamber chamber stem has been modified with a Teflon sleeve. This prevents the
top of the stem from softening when ketone solvents such as methyl
isobutyl ketone, di-isobutyl ketone and methyl ethyl ketone are run for
long periods with a high temperature nitrous oxide supported flame.
WARNING: The teflon sleeve should not be removed from the stem of
the spray chamber. 
The drain tube connection of the Spray Chamber has also been
modified to incorporate an ‘O’ ring seal. This prevents leaks that can
occur with certain low viscosity solvents such as white spirit.
Drain Tube The Kit icludes an extended length of the convoluted PTFE Drain that
extends down to the drain vessel, and does not require a joint between
the PTFE tube and the standard polythene drain tube. This prevents
leakage of certain low viscosity solvents at the joint, and prevents
degradation of the standard polythene drain tube.
‘O’ rings The Kit includes a set of ‘O’ rings made of the perfluoroelastomer
‘Kalrez’ which are resistant to attack by certain solvents that cause the
standard Viton ‘O’ rings to swell and degrade. Three of the standard
Viton ‘O’ rings are replaced with Kalrez ‘O’ rings. These are located at
the spray chamber neck, the spray chamber drain, and the nebuliser-to-
spray chamber seal.
0.4 mm ID Sample Uptake Tube It is often desirable to reduce the sample uptake rate when measuring
samples in organic solvents, as this can make it easier to optimize the
flame chemistry. This can be conveniently achieved by replacing the
standard 0.5 mm ID sample uptake tubing with the 0.4 mm ID tubing
supplied in the Kit.
Flame Measurements in Before using your instrument, refer to the Safety sections of the main
organic solvents Operators Manual that are concerned with safe use of the spectrometer,
Safety and safe use of the flame atomisation system.
If you wish to use organic solvents on a regular basis, we recommend

that you have the Solvent Resistant Flame Kit (part number 9423 420
31051) fitted to your instrument.
Flame Measurements in organic solvents
Risk Assessment The use of organic solvents in flame AAS is an inherently hazardous
procedure. As a minimum, you should:
●● use the minimum possible quantity of solvent in the vicinity
of the spectrometer.
●● ensure that any aqueous solution in the drain trap is removed
and replaced with organic solvent before starting the analysis.
●● ensure that the organic solvent is removed from the drain
trap, and the vicinity of the instrument, as soon as the
analysis is finished.
●● ensure that the drain vessel is resistant to the solvent being
used, and is suitably vented to prevent build-up of vapour
inside the vessel. Empty the drain vessel frequently, to
minimize the quantity of solvent in the vicinity of the
spectrometer.
●● ensure that the extraction system is operating properly, to
minimize the risk of solvent vapours accumulating in the
vicinity of the spectrometer.
●● ensure that the nebuliser, spray chamber and burner are clean
and free from leaks
●● ensure that the gas supplies are set to the correct operating
pressures, as listed in the main Operators Manuals, that the
pressure regulators are operating properly and that the gas
connections are free from leaks.
WARNING: Many common laboratory solvents are unsuitable for

use with flame AAS. Halogenated solvents (chloroform, Freons)
produce large quantities of toxic games when burned; solvents with
low flash points (ethers, light petroleum spirit) present too great a
flammability hazard to be safely used, and unsaturated aromatic
hydrocarbons (toluene, xylene) do not have suitable burning
characteristics. 
To minimise the hazards to personnel and equipment, we recommend

that you should carry out a comprehensive risk reduction assessment
before performing the analysis. This should, at a minimum, include
measures to reduce the hazards associated with:
●● the risk of accidental spillage of solvent in and around the
instrument.
●● the risk of accidental ignition of solvent.
●● the risk of a flash-back occurring in the spray chamber.
Drain Vessel Waste solvent draining from the instrument will accumulate in the
drain vessel. To minimise the hazards associated with this, you should
ensure that:
●● the drain vessel is constructed of a material that is resistant to
the solvent used.
●● the drain vessel is located in a secure position such that it
cannot be accidentally over-turned or its contents spilt.
●● the capacity of the drain vessel is no greater than 500ml, to
prevent the accumulation of large volumes of waste solvent. It

must be emptied frequently.
●● the neck of the drain vessel is wide relative to the body of the
vessel, so that waste solvent can enter freely and vapours can
disperse easily. Alternatively, vapours can be removed from the
vessel with a suitable venting system, but it is still important
that vessel has a large opening, and is not sealed in any way.
Auxiliary Oxidant When an organic solvent is sprayed into a flame, the solvent combusts
and so increases the effective fuel supply to the flame. This causes a
change in the flame chemistry that can result in reduced sensitivity and
increased interferences for certain elements. This problem affects only
air/acetylene flames; with nitrous oxide supported flames, the oxidant is
sufficiently powerful that compensation for the additional fuel effect of
the solvent can be achieved with the normal fuel flow rate adjustments
available.
With an air supported flame, an additional supply of oxidant is

normally required to obtain the optimum flame chemistry. The flame
capable iCE 3000 series spectrometers fitted with fully automatic gas
handling systems, provide a facility known as the Auxiliary Oxidant
that provides this additional oxidant supply. Thin can be selected on the
Flame Parameters page of the SOLAAR Data Station.
The standard Auxiliary Oxidant feature supplies a fixed flow rate of

additional oxidant that will be suitable for flame measurements with the
solvents commonly used in AAS, such as methyl isobutyl ketone and
white spirit.
The Variable Flow Oxidant Kit Auxiliary (part number 9423 393
46111) is an optional accessory that provides facilities for adjusting the
flow rate of the additional oxidant, so permitting a wider range of less
common solvents to be used.
Flame Atomiser Unless the solvent that you are planning to use is freely miscible with
Spray Chamber Drain water, you must remove any aqueous solutions from the spray chamber
before you introduce the solvent. You must then re-fill the spray
chamber with clean solvent. These procedures are described in the main
spectrometer Operators Manual.
We strongly recommend that you do NOT leave solvent in the spray

chamber when you are not using the instrument, as solvent vapor can
accumulate in and around the spectrometer, creating a fire hazard and
potentially damaging plastic and other components.
Therefore, you should remove any solvent from the spray chamber
drain when you have finished your analysis. If you intend to use the
solvent again when you next use the instrument, you can leave the spray
chamber drain dry. If you intend to use aqueous samples next re-fill the
spray chamber drain with clean water.
Burner warm-up It is always important to ensure that your burner head has been
properly warmed up before you start to take measurements. Not only
will this give you the most stable and accurate results, but it will also
minimise carbon deposition on and around the burner slot if you are
using a nitrous oxide supported flame.
We recommend the following procedure for warming up your burner

when using an organic solvent:
1. Perform the normal flame safety checks described in the

Operators Manual, and ensure that any additional checks and
actions associated with your risk reduction assessment have been
properly performed.
2. Fill the spray chamber drain with clean solvent as described above.
3. Set the flame type to Air Acetylene, with a fuel flow rate
of 1.2 l/min.
4. Ignite the flame, and perform a flame setup. Do NOT aspirate
solvent into the nebuliser at this time.
5. Allow the flame to burn for at least ten minutes.
6. If you intend to use an air supported flame, proceed with the
optimisation of the flame described below
7. If you intend to use a nitrous oxide supported flame, set the flame
type to Nitrous Oxide Acetylene, with a fuel flow rate of
4.2 l/min. Perform a flame setup, and, when the flame has
stabilised, reduce the fuel flow rate to 3.8-3.8 l/min. This should
result in a lean flame, with a small red zone no more than 1-2 mm
high. Do NOT aspirate solvent into the nebuliser at this time.
WARNING: If the red zone at the base of flame disappears entirely,

immediately extinguish the flame and check the nitrous oxide supply
pressure - it should be no higher than 40 psi (2.7 bar). 
8. Allow the flame to burn for at least ten minutes, then proceed
with the optimisation of the flame described below.
Flame optimisation When the burner has been properly warmed up, set the Auxiliary
Initial optimisation for air Oxidant option on the Flame Parameters page of the SOLAAR
supported flames software, and perform a flame setup. The appearance of the flame will
change as the oxidant flow is increased.
Aspirate clean solvent into the flame. If the flame colour changes to
yellow, indicating a fuel rich flame, reduce the Fuel flow rate until a
clear flame is obtained. If you reach the minimum fuel flow rate
(0.8 l/min) before the flame becomes clear, you should reduce the
uptake of the solvent by changing to a narrower bore and/or longer
length of nebuliser uptake tubing.
When you have established the conditions that give you a clean flame,
stop aspirating the solvent, and confirm that the flame does not lift off
the burner. It may be necessary to make further minor adjustments to
the fuel gas flow rate and sample uptake rate to obtain a clean flame that
is stable when no solvent is being aspirated.
The Variable Flow Auxiliary If you have the Variable Flow Auxiliary Oxidant accessory fitted to your
Oxidant Kit spectrometer, you should optimise the flame according to the procedure
below.
Having warmed up the burner, confirm the Auxiliary Oxidant flow
control needle valve is fully closed, then turn on the Auxiliary Oxidant
facility on the Flame Parameters page as described above. When you
execute a flame setup command, the appearance of the flame should not
change.
Aspirate the clean solvent, then slowly and carefully open the Auxiliary
Oxidant flow control needle valve until the flame becomes clear. If you
open the needle valve too far, you may find that the flame lifts off the
burner head and may go out. If this happens, close the valve, re-light
the flame, and open the valve a lesser amount. You can also adjust the
fuel flow rate, and the nebuliser uptake rate, as described above, to
obtain a clean flame while aspirating your solvent, that is also stable
when solvent is not aspirated.
Initial optimisation for nitrous Auxiliary oxidant is not required with nitrous oxide supported flames,
oxide supported flames and the facility cannot be selected in the software when the Flame Type
is Nitrous Oxide/Acetylene.
When the burner has been properly warmed, aspirate the clean solvent
into the flame. If the bright white colour of free carbon appears in the
flame, reduce the fuel flow rate and/or reduce the sample uptake rate as
described above to obtain a clean flame.
Final optimisation for all flames When you have obtained settings that give you a clean flame while
aspirating clean solvent, you can then perform the final optimisation
to obtain the best signals from your samples. You can use the Wizards
and automatic flame optimisation tools provided in the SOLAAR Data
Station software, or the normal manual procedures, to perform the
final optimisation of fuel gas flow and burner height while monitoring
the absorbance signal from your sample. If it is necessary to optimise
the transverse position and rotational positions of the burner, take
extra care when opening the sample compartment door, as there
will be inflammable solvents in the vicinity of the exposed flame.
Do not attempt any optimisations that require you to open the
sample compartment door while a nitrous oxide flame is burning.
The transverse and rotational burner positions can both be set while
measuring an element that can be atomised in an air supported flame,
and they will then also be in the correct positions for measurements in a
nitrous oxide supported flame.
Note: The On-Line Cookbook and other documentation that we

provide list typical performance data, such as characteristic
concentration, that you should be able to obtain from your

instrument. This data is always measured with aqueous samples,
and is not applicable when performing measurements in non-
aqueous solvents.
Impact bead adjustment The impact bead has been designed to provide the optimum aerosol
particle size when used with aqueous solvents. When working
with organic solvents, where the density, viscosity and volatility
are quite different from water, the effect of the impact bead cannot
be predicted. You should investigate the effect of the impact bead
position on the signal from your sample and may well find that the
optimum signal will be obtained with the impact bead moved out of
the aerosol path altogether.
Other Accessories If you plan to use an autosampler fitted with a wash facility, ensure
that you fill the wash reservoir with clean solvent.
If you plan to use the ID100 Autodilutor, ensure that you use clean
solvent as the diluent.
Maintenance ●● Check the various parts for wear and damage at regular intervals,
and replace any damaged parts immediately.
Spares and Consumables 0.5 mm ID nebuliser uptake tubing

(standard) 9423 390 05421
0.4 mm ID nebuliser uptake tubing
(reduced uptake rate) 9423 390 05411
Solvent Resistant Drain Tubing 9423 390 05491
Solvent Resistant O-ring Kit 9423 390 05151
Chapter 5 Furnace Operation

Introduction Graphite Furnace AAS does not involve the use of large quantities of
inflammable, explosive or toxic gases, and so is relatively free from
hazard. To minimise the hazards involved, read and understand the
contents of this section before using the system.
Furnace Operation
Furnace Operation
Furnace Safety
Furnace Safety
The GFS33/35 and GFS35Z ●● The intense light emitted by a heated Graphite Cuvette can harm
your eyes. Although you are protected from direct glare in normal
Furnace Heads
operation, light escapes from the Injection Port and the Furnace
Head windows. To avoid this hazard, do not operate the Furnace
at high temperatures unless it is in the normal operating position in
the Sample Compartment.
●● The Furnace Head is water cooled, and all components will return
to ambient temperature within about a minute from the end of
the Furnace cycle. Nevertheless, ensure that the heating cycle has
ended, and that all components have cooled before handling or
opening the Furnace Head.
●● The Graphite Furnace system is not capable of detecting the type
of Cuvette you have fitted; you must select the correct type on the
Furnace parameters software page. If you select the wrong type
of Cuvette, incorrect heating regimes will be applied, which may
damage the Furnace Head and/or the Cuvette.
●● If a Cuvette fails in use, it may break up into small pieces inside the
Furnace Head. Remove any debris that could cause a short circuit
and consequent damage to the head, and clean the Temperature
Control System Window and Lens before fitting a new Cuvette.
The GFS35Z Zeeman ●● The magnet fitted to the GFS35Z Zeeman Furnace Head produces
Furnace Head a variable magnetic field up to 0.85 Tesla at mains frequency
during the atomisation and autozero phases. This can affect other
electronic systems in the vicinity.
CAUTION: If you use a heart pacemaker, do not stand closer than one
metre from the magnet when the system is operating. 
●● Keep all magnetic material and magnetic storage media at least

300 mm from the magnet when it is operating.
●● The Magnet and Head assembly is heavy; take care if you have to lift
or move the assembly, and ensure that it is securely attached to the
Spectrometer before use.
●● When tilting the GFS35Z on the Tilt Mount, take care to avoid
trapping your fingers in the moving mechanism.
Fume Extraction ●● Hot, potentially toxic and corrosive fumes derived from the sample
are vented above the Furnace Head, and must be removed by a
suitable fume extraction system.
●● The Furnace should only be fired when the furnance head is securely
attached to the spectrometer and not tilted and there is suitable
extraction.
Furnace Operation
Gases ●● Follow the safety guidelines provided by Gas Suppliers, such as

the ‘Gas Data and Safety Sheet’ issued by the British Oxygen
Company for specific gases at all times.
●● All gas lines, fittings and regulators must be free from oil or grease.
●● Gas cylinders must be fitted with suitable pressure reducing
regulators.
Furnace Measurements Before using your instrument, refer to the Safety sections of the
main Operators Manual that are concerned with safe use of the
in organic solvents spectrometer, and safe use of the Furnace atomisation system.
Safety If you wish to use organic solvents on a regular basis, we recommend

that you use PTFE sample cups (9423 393 80051) and PTFE
sampling capillary (94230393 82261).
Risk Assessment
The use of organic solvents in furnace AAS is an inherently hazardous
procedure. As a minimum, you should:
●● unless the solvent that you are planning to use is freely miscible
with water, you must remove any aqueous solutions from the
autosampler before you introduce the solvent.
●● use the minimum possible quantity of solvent in the vicinity of
the spectrometer.
●● ensure that any aqueous solution in the wash and waste bottle
is removed and replaced with organic solvent before starting the
analysis.
●● ensure that the autosampler has been purged 5 times.
●● ensure that the organic solvent is removed from the wash and
waste bottle, and the vicinity of the instrument, as soon as the
analysis is finished.
●● empty the waste bottle frequently, to minimize the quantity of
solvent in the vicinity of the spectrometer.
●● ensure that the extraction system is operating properly, to
minimize the risk of solvent vapors accumulating in the vicinity of
the spectrometer.
●● ensure that the autosampler is free from leaks
●● ensure that the gas supplies are set to the correct operating
pressures, as listed in the main Operators Manuals, that the
pressure regulators are operating properly and that the gas
connections are free from leaks.
WARNING: Many common laboratory solvents are unsuitable for

use in Graphite Furnace. Halogenated solvents (chloroform, Freons)
produce toxic gases; solvents with low flash points (ethers, light
petroleum spirit) present too great a flammability hazard to be safely
used, and unsaturated aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene, xylene) are
unsuitable. 
Furnace Operation
The GFS35 and GFS35Z Graphite Furnace

Systems
Introduction ●● The GFS35 and GFS35Z Graphite Furnace systems are major
accessories that are fitted in the right hand Sample Compartment of
the iCE 3400 / 3500 Series spectrometers.
●● The GFS35 and GFS35Z use an electrically heated graphite cuvette,
enhancing the analytical sensitivity compared to flame atomization
by 100-1000 times, and reduce the sample volume required to a few
microlitres.
●● The GFS35Z Zeeman Graphite Furnace system can be used on
an iCE 3400 and 3500 spectrometer to provide graphite furnace
analyses with Zeeman background correction capability.
Furnace Operation
Furnace Operation
Services
Services
Inert Gas ●● This protects the hot cuvette from atmospheric oxygen, and flushes
sample vapours from the cuvette interior.
●● Argon is recommended; nitrogen can be used with some loss of
performance for some elements.
●● Connect the inert gas supply to the inlet port labelled ARGON 2 at
the rear of the Furnace Power Supply unit.
●● The inert gas supply must be regulated to 1.03±0.14 bar (15±2 psi).
Alternate Gas ●● An alternate type of gas can be passed through the cuvette to modify
the sample behaviour.
●● Connect the alternate gas supply to the inlet port labelled AIR 1 at
the rear of the Furnace Power Supply unit.
●● The alternate gas supply must be regulated to 1.03±0.14 bar (15±2
psi).
Fume Extraction ●● Smoke and fumes from the sample decomposition must be
extracted away from the vicinity of the instrument.
●● Refer to the Pre-Installation Manual for the specifications of a
suitable extraction system.
●● Ensure that the extraction system is switched on and is operating
correctly before using the furnace.
30A Mains Inlet
Gas Inlets
Autosampler
AIR ARGON Gas Outlet
1 2
GAS
FURNACE AUTOSAMPLER
Autosampler
connection
SPECTROPHOTOMETER
Spectrometer
connection
WATER OUT
Cooling
Water outlet
WATER IN
Cooling
Water filter
Cooling
Water inlet
Fig 5 - 1. Furnace Power Supply Connections Panel

Furnace Power Supply Connections Panel
Furnace Operation
Cooling Water ●● A supply of reasonably clean (e.g. drinking) water, at a

temperature of less than 30 ºC and a pressure of 1.4 to 6.9 bar (20
- 100 psi), capable of providing a minimum flowrate of 0.7 l/min
is required.
●● Do not allow the pressure to exceed 6.9 bar (100 psi).
●● Connect the cooling water inlet and outlet hoses to the water inlet
and outlet connections on the Furnace Power Supply unit.
Recirculators ●● The Furnace can be cooled by a temperature controlled

recirculator/chiller unit instead of mains water.
●● The specifications of a suitable unit are given in the Pre-
Installation Manual.
●● Set the recirculating water temperature to about 5 ºC above
ambient temperature, providing that this is less than 30 ºC.
Installation The GFS33 / GFS35 and GFS35Z Furnace Systems must be installed
in your spectrometer by a trained Service Engineer.
Furnace Head Mounts ●● The GFS35 Furnace can be supplied with either a Fixed Head
Mount, or a Tilting Head Mount.
●● The GFS35Z Furnace is always supplied with a Tilting Head
Mount.
●● The Tilting Head Mount allows the furnace head to be tilted
forward for maintenance and cleaning, and to allow other
accessories to be fitted.
Fitting and removing the It may occasionally be necessary to remove the GFS35 from the Fixed
Mount to gain better access to the head for cleaning and maintenance,
GFS35 on the Fixed Mount or to fit an accessory in the right hand sample compartment.
Fig 5 - 2. GFS35 Furnace Head on a Fixed Mount
Furnace Operation
To remove the GFS35 Furnace Head on the Fixed Mount

1. Refer to the figure, and locate the Head Securing screw.
2. Remove the Head Securing screw and the 2 Valance screws above
the Furnace Conduit.
3. Carefully lift the Head and the Mount, together with the Conduit
and Valance, and place the assembly safely on the bench in front of
the Spectrometer.
To refit the the head, reverse the procedure.
Electrical Connections ●● Connect the 9 pin serial port on the Furnace Power Supply unit to
the Accessory port on the Spectrometer Connection Panel, using a
standard RS232C cable.
●● Connect the Furnace Power Supply mains lead to a suitable 30A
mains outlet.
●● Note that the GFS35Z unit requires a second mains power
connection to supply the Zeeman magnet drive board.
Centre block
Sample
Magnet injection
pole pieces port
Right
hand
Window
Transverse
adjustment
screw (not
visible)
Magnet
securing
bolt
Vertical Clamping
adjustment lever
control
Conduit
Fig 5 - 3. GFS35Z Furnace Head on a Tilt Mount

GF95Z Furnace Head on Tilt Mount
Furnace Head Optical The Furnace Head will have been aligned with the Spectrometer optical
Alignment system when it was installed, and both types of mounting arrangements
have been designed so that the alignment is not lost when the Furnace
Head is moved. Furnace Head alignment should, therefore, seldom be
required.
Furnace Operation
To align the Furnace Head

1. If the Tilt Mount is fitted, tilt the Head out of the Sample
Compartment. It will be helpful to remove the Furnace Head
windows, although this is not essential.
2. Install a suitable hollow cathode lamp, and set up a Furnace
Method. Set up the optical system in the normal way.
●● Ensure that you do NOT select any form of background
correction.
3. Set up the system software to display the live absorbance signal
from the right hand Sample Compartment, and confirm that the
display shows zero. Use the auto-zero command if necessary.
4. Return the Furnace Head to its normal operating position.
5. Refer to the figure, and use the positioning controls to adjust
the position of the Furnace Head to obtain a minimum in the
displayed absorbance signal.
●● If you have removed the Furnace Head Windows, you should
be able to position the Furnace Head so that it does not
absorb any radiation i.e. the displayed absorbance will remain
at zero.
●● With the Windows in place, you should be able to obtain a
minimum absorbance value of below 0.1 absorbance units
when the Furnace Head is correctly aligned.
Cuvette Fitting ●● Handle new Cuvettes carefully to avoid contamination.

●● The GFS33, GFS35 and GFS35Z Furnace Heads will accept all
types of Cuvette supplied by Thermo Fisher Scientific for use
in these Heads. Do not attempt to use cuvettes from any other
source, nor those not specifically designed for these Furnace
Heads.
To fit a Cuvette
1. Refer to the respective figures, and unclamp the Furnace Head by
turning the Clamping Lever.
2. Remove the old Cuvette.
●● Note that if the Cuvette has failed in use, there may be soot
and debris inside the Furnace Head. Remove any debris,
and clean the interior of the Head as described in the
Maintenance section below before fitting the new Cuvette.
3. Take the new Cuvette, and side orientate it so that the Injection
Hole is pointing upwards.
4. Position the Cuvette fully in the Furnace Head, and carefully close
the Clamping Lever.
5. Check that the Cuvette Injection Hole is positioned correctly. If
necessary, unclamp the Furnace Head and rotate the Cuvette
slightly. Use the Cuvette Tool shown in the figure to make the
Injection Hole central in the Furnace Head Injection Port.
6. Zero the Cuvette Life Counter, and ensure that you set the correct
Cuvette Type on the Furnace Parameters page of the System
Software before attempting to use the Cuvette.
Furnace Operation
Spares and Consumables Normal Electrographite Cuvettes

(10) 9423 393 95031
Pyrolytically Coated Electrographite Cuvettes
(10) 9423 393 95071
Extended Lifetime Cuvettes (ELCs)
(10) 9423 393 95041
Extended Lifetime Cuvettes (ELCs)
(20) 9423 393 95051
Omega Platform Extended Lifetime Cuvettes
(10) 9423 490 20101
Furnace Operation
Furnace Operation
The GFS35 / 35Z System Maintenance
Introduction ●● Furnace System maintenance must be performed regularly to ensure

safe and reliable operation.
●● Contamination is the major cause of problems with the Graphite
Furnace System. It is essential to maintain scrupulous cleanliness
of the Furnace Head, Furnace Autosampler and all sample handling
apparatus.
Cleaning Furnace Head

●● At least once a week, open the Furnace Head, remove the cuvette,
and inspect all graphite components. Use a cotton bud to remove
any sample deposits or debris. An air jet can also be used to blow
out any dust.
●● Inspect all other Head components. Clean exterior surfaces with
tissue or soft cloth moistened with dilute detergent solution.
Furnace Head Windows
If the Furnace Head Windows become dirty, they will reduce the
optical energy passing through the cuvette, and so increase the baseline
noise.
To remove and clean the Furnace Head Windows
1. If the Furnace Head is fitted on the Tilting Mount, tilt the Head
forward, out of the Spectrometer Sample Compartment. If the
Furnace Head is mounted on the Fixed Mount, remove the Head
from the Sample Compartment, and place it in a secure, accessible
position in front of the spectrometer.
2. Take the Furnace Window Removal Tool supplied, and push
it firmly into the gap between the Window Holder and the
furnace body. Use the Tool to lever the Window Holder from its
mounting, then remove each Window Holder by pulling it from
the body of the Furnace.
3. Remove any debris or deposits from the Window Holder gas ways.
Sample Injection port
Left hand Rubber Seal Right hand
Electrode
Electrode
Centre
block
Right hand
Contact Cone
Cuvette
Cuvette alignment tool
Fig 5 - 4.GF95 Furnace

GFS35 Head
Furnace - interior
Head view view
- interior
Furnace Operation
Fig 5 - 5. Furnace Window

Furnace WindowRemoval
RemovalTool
Tool
4. Clean the Windows with a moist cotton bud.

●● The Windows can be removed from the Window Holders by
pulling out the O-ring seal. Take care to avoid damaging the
O-ring seals if you do this.
5. Refit the Window Holders, taking care not to damage the O-ring
seals.
●● Note that the Window Holder O-ring seals should not be
lubricated.
Rear Magnet Coil Sample Centre Cuvette

Injection block
port
Left hand
electrode Right
hand
Contact
Cone
Front
Magnet
Coil
Magnet Right
securing hand
bolt electrode
GF95Z Furnace Head - interior view

Fig 5 - 6. GFS35Z Furnace Head - interior view
Optical Temperature Feedback System

Thermal radiation emitted by the hot Cuvette is used to control
the Cuvette temperature when the Temperature Control command
is selected. If the Temperature Control Window or Lens are dirty,
temperature accuracy, analytical precision and cuvette lifetime will be
degraded.
If a Cuvette has failed in use, it is likely that soot and debris will have
been deposited on the Temperature Control Window. The Window
should be cleaned before fitting a new Cuvette.
Furnace Operation
To clean the Temperature Feedback System

1. Remove the Furnace Head Centre Block, to expose the
Temperature Control Window in the base of the Centre Block, and
the Lens in the body of the Furnace.
2. Clean the Lens with a cotton bud.
3. Unscrew the Window Holder from the rear of the Centre Block.
●● Take care that the Window does not fall out.
4. Inspect and clean the Window.
5. Replace the Window and Window Holder.
6. Refit the Centre Block.
To remove the GFS 33/ 35 Centre Block

1. Open the Furnace Head, and remove the Cuvette.
2. Pull the Centre Block gently to the right, to free it from the
locating spigots.
3. Gently pull the hoses and connections out from the body of the
Furnace, until you can obtain good access to the rear of the Centre
Block.
4. Reverse the procedure to refit the Centre Block.
●● When feeding the hoses and connection back into the Furnace
body, ensure that none are trapped or kinked, or otherwise
damaged.
To remove the GFS35Z Centre Block

1. Open the Furnace Head, and remove the cuvette.
2. Tilt the Head back into its normal position in the Sample
Compartment, and remove the Magnet Securing Bolt with the
spanner provided.
3. Carefully tilt the Head forward.
●● Note that the front Magnet Pole Piece will now open.
4. Lift the rear Magnet Pole Piece, and secure it with the catch
provided.
5. Remove the Centre Block by pulling it gently to the right.
6. Gently pull the hoses and connections out from the body of the
Furnace, until you can obtain good access to the rear of the Centre
Block.
7. Reverse the procedure to refit the Centre Block.
●● When feeding the hoses and connection back into the Furnace
body, ensure that none are trapped or kinked, or otherwise
damaged.
●● When refitting the Magnet Securing Bolt, take care not to over
tighten it - finger tight plus half a turn is sufficient.
Furnace Operation
Cuvette Contacts After typically 6 months of use, the Cuvette Contact Cones
may become worn, causing poor contact with the Cuvette, and
unreproducible Cuvette temperatures.
●● Inspect the Cones regularly.
●● A shallow groove in the contact area is normal, but if the
contact areas show signs of pitting or burning, the Cones
must be replaced.
●● The Contact Cones must be replaced in pairs.
●● The Contact Cones cannot be re-used once they have been
removed from the Head.
To remove used Contact Cones

1. If the Furnace Head is on the Tilt Mount, tilt it forwards out of
the Sample Compartment. If it is on the Fixed Mount, remove
the Head and position it securely in front of the spectrometer.
2. Remove the Sample Injection Port Sleeve, and both Furnace Head
Window Holders.
3. In the case of the GFS35Z, open the magnet.
4. Remove the Centre Block.
5. Remove the rubber Seal from the right hand Electrode
6. Referring to the relevant figure, assemble the Cone Replacement
Tool, and insert it into one of the Electrodes.
●● Ensure that the body of the Tool is locked into position
against the dowel stop, to prevent rotation.
7. Gently tighten the screw with the hex wrench provided, until the
Cone is drawn out of the Electrode.
8. Repeat the procedure for the other Electrode.
To fit new Contact Cones

1. Referring to the relevant figure, assemble the new Cone on the
Cone Replacement Tool.
2. Insert the assembly into the Electrode.
3. Fit, then gently tighten the screw until the Cone is fully home.
●● Take care not to over tighten the screw, which may damage
the Cone.
4. Repeat the procedure for the other Electrode.
5. Refit the Rubber Seal in the right hand Electrode.
6. Refit the Centre Block, and close the GFS35Z magnet.
7. Refit the Window Holders and Sample Injection Port sleeve.
8. Fit a new Cuvette, and replace the Furnace Head in its normal
position in the Spectrometer Sample Compartment.
9. Check the optical alignment of the Head before using it again.
Furnace Operation
M4 x 50
screw Washer
PTFE
washer LHS
contact
cone
Position of Clearance
furnace electrode for dowel
Body
Body
Removal
LHS
contact
cone
Inserter
PTFE
washer
Washer
M4 x 50
Insertion screw
Fig 5 - 7. GFSGF95 Contact

33 / 35 Cone
Contact Replacement
Cone Replacement
Cone
jig-nut LHS
contact
cone
Cone
jig-jack
Washer
M4 x 50
M4 x 50 screw
screw
Washer Removal
Cone
jig-jack
LHS
contact
cone Cone
jig-nut
Insertion
Fig 5 - 8. GFS35Z
GF95Z Contact ConeReplacement
Contact Cone Replacement
Leak Testing Leaks may occur in the gas handling system or the water cooling system.
Inspect your Furnace System regularly for leaks in both these areas.
Gas System
1. Set the inert gas supply pressure to 1.03 bar (15 psi).
2. Close the cylinder valve to isolate the gas lines and equipment.
3. Monitor the line pressure shown by the cylinder gauge for 10
minutes.
4. If the pressure falls by more than 0.07 bar (1 psi), check each
connection by brushing dilute soap solution on it. Bubbles will
indicate the presence of a leak.
●● Ensure that you wipe off the soap solution at the end of the
test, so that it does not cause corrosion of the fittings.
5. Rectify any leaks found.
Furnace Operation
The GFS35 / 35Z Spares and Consumables
Water Cooling System

●● Water leaks usually occur at connections, and are often self-
evident. Rectify them by tightening or re-making the connection.
Internal Leaks
●● If you suspect a gas or water leak to be present inside the Furnace
Power Supply, Conduit or Furnace Head, turn off all services to
the equipment, and do not use it again until the leak has been
located and rectified by a trained Service Engineer.
Fuses The Furnace Power Supply contains some internal fuses. These must
only be replaced by a trained Service Engineer.
The GFS35Z Power Supply contains, in addition, two user replaceable
fuses. These are located adjacent to the Zeeman magnet mains inlet,
on the rear left hand panel of the Power Supply module. If these fuses
fail, they can be replaced with suitable replacements, type 8A(T). If
the replacement fuses fail, it is likely that a serious fault is present, and
you should call a Service Engineer to diagnose and rectify the fault.
Spares and Consumables Furnace Head Window (1) 9423 393 68561
Standard Furnace Contact Cone set 9423 393 95011
Standard Furnace Contact Cone Replacement Tool 9423 393 95101
Standard Furnace User spares Kit 9423 450 20002
Zeeman Furnace Contact Cone set 9423 393 95161
Zeeman Furnace Contact Cone Replacement Tool 9423 393 95181
Zeeman Furnace User spares Kit 9423 450 20003
The GFS33 Graphite Furnace System

Introduction ●● The GFS33 Graphite Furnace system is major accessories that
can be fitted in the Sample Compartment of the iCE 3300 Series
spectrometers.
●● It utilises an electrically heated graphite cuvette, enhancing the
analytical sensitivity by 100-1000 times compared to flame
atomization and reducing the sample volume required to a few
microlitres.
●● The GFS33 accessory includes an integrated Furnace Autosampler,
to automatically inject the sample solutions into the Graphite
Furnace.
Installation Your GFS33 Furnace System must initially be installed by a trained
Service Engineer, who will make all the necessary connections to the
services and align the instrument ready for use. This information is
included on the Maintenance pages of this section and will be useful if
you have to move the system to another location, or otherwise re-install
it.
GFS33 Fitting and Removal
You will have to remove the GFS33 assembly if you want to use the
flame or vapor atomisation systems on your spectrometer. When not
fitted in the Sample Compartment of the spectrometer, the GFS33
should be parked between the LHS of the spectrometer and the
Furnace Power Supply.
To remove the GFS33:
1. Identify the Securing Screw at the top rear of the mount.
2. Unscrew the Securing Screw to release the assembly from the rear
wall of the Sample Compartment,
●● Take care not to disturb the setting of the Transverse Alignment
nut.
3. Raise the whole assembly until it is free of the Accessory Support
Bar.
4. Move the assembly towards you and to the left until it is clear of the
spectrometer, then park it between the spectrometer and Furnace
Power Supply.
5. Refer to the appropriate section of this manual, and if applicable, fit
the flame or vapor atomisation system that you want to use.
6. If appropriate, fit the Sample Compartment Door.
To fit the GFS33:
1. If applicable, use the system software to move the Burner to the
Parked position.
2. If applicable, refer to the appropriate section of this manual, and
remove the Burner or Vapor atomisation accessory.
3. If applicable, remove the Sample Compartment Door, by lifting it
off its hinges.
4. Move the GFS33 assembly towards you and to the right, then lift it
slightly so that you can position it on the Accessory Support Bar.
5. Secure the GFS33 in the Sample Compartment with the Securing

Screw on the rear of the mounting assembly.
●● Take care not to disturb the setting of the Transverse
Alignment nut.
6. The GFS33 is now ready for use.
Operation The GFS33 Furnace Head and Autosampler will have been aligned
- Graphite Furnace with each other and with the Spectrometer optical system at
installation, and the mounting arrangements have been designed so
that the alignment is not lost when the assembly is removed from and
replaced in the Sample Compartment.
Graphite Cuvettes
The GFS33 will accept all types of Cuvette supplied by Thermo Fisher
Scientific for use in this Furnace Head.
●● Do not attempt to use cuvettes from any other source, nor
those not specifically designed for this Furnace Head.
●● Handle new Cuvettes carefully to avoid contamination.
To fit a Cuvette
1. Refer to the figure, and unclamp the Furnace Head by turning the
Clamping Lever.
2. Remove the old Cuvette.
●● Note that if the Cuvette has failed in use, there may be soot
and debris inside the Furnace Head. Remove any debris,
and clean the interior of the Head as described in the
Maintenance section below before fitting the new Cuvette.
3. Take the new Cuvette, and orientate it so that the Injection Hole
is pointing upwards.
Clamping lever
Cuvette
Sample Contact cone
injection port
Gas seal
Furnace
Centre window
block
RHS electrode
Fig. 5 - 9. GFS33 Graphite Furnace Head

GFS97 Graphite Furnace Head
3. Position the Cuvette fully in the Furnace Head, and carefully close
the Head with the Clamping Lever.
4. Check that the Cuvette Injection Hole is positioned correctly. If
necessary, unclamp the Furnace Head and rotate the Cuvette
slightly. Use the Cuvette Tool to make the Injection Hole central in
the Furnace Head Injection Port.
5. Zero the Cuvette Life Counter, and ensure that you set the correct
Cuvette Type on the Furnace Parameters page of the System
Software before attempting to use the Cuvette.
Maintenance
The GFS33 System Maintenance
Introduction ●● Furnace System maintenance must be performed regularly to ensure

safe and reliable operation.
●● Contamination is the major cause of problems with the Graphite

Furnace System. It is essential to maintain scrupulous cleanliness
of the Furnace Head, Furnace Autosampler and all sample handling
apparatus.
Installation Your GFS33 Furnace System must initially be installed by a trained

Service Engineer, who will make all the necessary connections to
the services and align the instrument ready for use. Installation and
alignment procedures included in this section to help you if you have to
move the system to another location, or otherwise re-install it.
Alignment Routine alignment of the GFS33 should seldom be required.
However, it is good practice to check the alignment if a component
has been replaced, and as part of the routine maintenance procedures
for your instrument.
To align the Furnace Head

1. Remove the GFS33 from the Sample Compartment. It will be
helpful to remove the Furnace Head Windows, although this is
not essential.
●● The Windows are held in place on an ‘O’ ring seal. Remove
each Window by grasping the Window Mount, and twisting
and pulling until the Window Mount is free.
2. Install a suitable hollow cathode lamp, and set up a Furnace
Method. Set up the optical system in the normal way.
●● Ensure that you do NOT select any form of background
correction.
Transverse
adjustment
control
LHS Vertical
adjustment
access port
RHS Vertical
adjustment
access port
GFS33- -Furnace
Fig. 5 - 10.GFS97 FurnaceAdjustment
AdjustmentControls
Controls
3. Set up the system software to display the live absorbance signal

and confirm that the display shows zero. Use the auto-zero
command if necessary.
4. Replace the GFS33 in its normal operating position.
5. Refer to the figure, and use the Transverse and Vertical position
adjustment controls to adjust the position of the Furnace Head so
that the light beam passes through the cuvette. Then make final
Maintenance
adjustments of each of the controls to obtain a minimum in the

displayed absorbance signal.
●● You will need the long 8 mm ball ended Allen key supplied
with your Furnace System to adjust the Vertical position
controls. Insert the tip of the tool in the Access Port, and
push it gently downwards until it engages with the head of the
adjuster screw.
●● If you have removed the Furnace Head Windows, you should
be able to position the Furnace Head so that it does not absorb
any radiation i.e. the displayed absorbance will remain at zero.
●● With the Windows in place, you should be able to obtain a
minimum absorbance value of below 0.1 absorbance units
when the Furnace Head is correctly aligned.
To align the Autosampler Capillary Tip
1. Ensure that the Graphite Furnace is correctly aligned before
aligning the Capillary Tip.
2. Refer to the figure, and locate the Capillary Tip Adjustment
controls A and B.
3. Use the Align Capillary Tip command in the System Software to
move the Autosampler Arm over the Cuvette. Do not attempt
to move the Arm horizontally by hand - this may damage the
mechanism.
4. Adjust the position of the Tip until it enters the Cuvette cleanly,
without touching the sides of the Injection Hole.
●● Control A will move the tip diagonally across the Sample
Compartment from the rear left to the front right.
●● Control B will move the tip diagonally across the Sample
Compartment from the rear right to the front left.
5. Use a dentists mirror or the GFTV image to view the Capillary Tip
inside the Cuvette.
6. Refer to the figure, loosen the Adjustment Lock Nut, then use the
Height Adjustment Control to set the depth of the Capillary Tip
Capillary tip
height adjuster
Autosampler
adjustment A
Autosampler
adjustment B
GFS33
Fig 5 - 11.GFS97 - Autosampler
- Autosampler adjustments
adjustments
Maintenance
so that the Tip is approximately 1 mm clear of the bottom of the

Cuvette.
●● You may have to optimise the Capillary Depth Setting
further, by observing a sample injection.
7. Lock the Adjustment Screw with the Adjustment Lock Nut, then
use the Park Capillary Tip command to return the Autosampler
Arm to its normal parked position.
8. Align the probe automatically by selecting the “Align Probe”
command in the SOLAAR software. You may need to make
fine adjustments to the position of the capillary tip. Repeat if
necessary.
Maintenance Refer to the GFS35 / 35Z system maintenance section on

- Graphite Furnace page 5 - 13
Furnace Operation
The GFS Autosampler
The GFS Autosampler
Introduction ●● This is an Autosampler designed for use with the GFS33 / 35 and
GFS35Z Graphite Furnace systems.
●● It provides fully automated sample injection facilities.
●● It also provides facilities for automated matrix modification, and
standard and sample solution preparation.
Furnace Operation
The GFS Autosampler
Installation To fit the GFS Autosampler (GFS 35 and GFS 35Z)

1. Fit and align the GFS35 or GFS35Z Graphite Furnace System.
Ensure that the Furnace Head is in the normal operating position.
2. Lift the GFS Autosampler, and insert the supporting arms into
the holes on the right of the Sample Compartment.
3. Push the Autosampler body home until the arms secure into place.
To remove the GFS Autosampler (GFS 35 and GFS 35Z)

1. Ensure both the Wash and Waste containers are fitted to the
Autosampler.
2. Grasp the body of the Autosampler firmly, and pull it towards
you, until the supporting arms come free from the Spectrometer.
3. Place the Autosampler upright on the bench.
Gas Connection
The Autosampler Wash facility is pressurised by an inert gas supply
routed through the Furnace Power Supply unit.
To connect the Autosampler Gas supply

1. Locate the Autosampler Gas Inlet tube.
2. Fit the quick release connector on the free end of the tube to the
Autosampler Gas Port on the Furnace Power Supply connection
panel.
Wash Autosampler Adjustment Capillary

position arm control A tip height
control
Sample
Cup position
Reagent Capillary
Cup position tip
Carousel
handle
Carousel
cover
Syringe
cover
Wash liquid Waste Adjustment Supporting

container container control B arms
Fig 5 - 12. GFSFS95

Autosampler
Furnace Autosampler
Furnace Operation
The GFS Autosampler
Electrical Connection
The Autosampler power and control signals are generated by the
Furnace Power Supply unit.
To connect the Autosampler to the Furnace Power Supply

1. Locate the Autosampler Connection cable.
2. Fit the free end of the cable to the Autosampler socket on the
Furnace Power Supply connection panel.
Drain Assembly
The GFS Autosampler is fitted with a Waste container to collect the
used Wash liquid. This container can be replaced by a permanent
connection to a suitable drain, if required.
To connect a permanent Drain

1. Remove the Waste container.
2. Locate the waste tube that discharges into the Waste container.
3. Use the connector and spare length of tygon tubing supplied to
extend the waste tube as required.
●● Note that the liquid must be able to run freely down the drain
tube, which must not contain kinks or liquid traps.
Carousel Cover
The Carousel Cover protects your sample solution from airborne
dust, and prevents contamination. It will also reduce evaporation of
the sample solutions. In some ambient conditions, condensation can
form on the lower surface of the cover, which can also contaminate
the samples. You can fit small feet to the Carousel Cover to reduce
the condensation on the under surface, although this will increase the
sample evaporation rate. We recommend that you only fit these feet, if
you have a problem with condensation.
To fit the Carousel Cover Elevation Feet

1. Locate the three Feet supplied.
2. Refer to the figure and fit the Feet to the Carousel Cover.
Feet
Fig 5 - 13. GFS Autosampler Cover

FS95 Cover
Furnace Operation
The GFS Autosampler
Operation Wash Liquid

A small quantity of the Wash Liquid is pumped through the internal
plumbing of the unit into the Wash Reservoir after each injection.
Choose the composition of the Wash Liquid to efficiently remove
traces of the sample solutions from the capillary. Dilute nitric acid
(approximately 0.1% v/v) will be suitable for many aqueous sample
types.
Wash Liquid contamination can be a serious problem, affecting the
accuracy and precision of your results. Check that the Wash Liquid is
acceptable, by analysing a sample of the liquid before use.
Syringe Purge
A command is provided in the System Software to purge the Syringe
to remove bubbles and contamination before use. You should use this
command whenever the Wash Reservoir is refilled.
Sample Cups
Capillary Wash liquid Syringe Syringe

connector connector plunger
Internal Syringe Handling

capillary Strap
tube
FS95 Syringe Assembly

Fig 5 - 14. GFS Autosampler Syringe Assembly
Three types of Sample Cup are available for use with the GFS
Autosampler. These are:
Polypropylene Cups for general use. These will contain approximately
2 ml of liquid, and are normally not re-used.
Fluoroplastic Cups for ultra-trace applications. These also contain
approximately 2 ml, and can be subjected to rigorous cleaning
procedures when necessary.
Reduced Volume Cups for analyses where the available sample volume
is limited. These are polypropylene, and contain approximately
1.5 ml. The bottom of the cup is ‘V’ shaped, allowing sample
volumes down to 100 µl to be sampled reliably.
Reagent Cups are provided for use in the six larger Reagent Positions
on the Autosampler Carousel. These are polypropylene, and hold
approximately 25 ml.
Cup Reducing Rings are available, which allow a normal Sample Cup
to be used in a Reagent Position.
Furnace Operation
The GFS Autosampler
Cleaning Autosampler Cups

All Autosampler Cups should be cleaned by soaking in 5-10% v/v nitric
acid and rinsing with clean water before use. More rigorous cleaning
procedures may be necessary for ultra-trace applications.
Capillary Tip Alignment

The Autosampler Capillary Tip must be aligned with the Cuvette
Injection Hole before use, and the Capillary Tip Depth Adjustment set
correctly so that the sample is injected properly on to the floor of the
Cuvette.
To align the Capillary Tip

1. Ensure that the Graphite Furnace is correctly aligned before
aligning the Capillary Tip.
2. Refer to the figure, and locate the Capillary Tip Adjustment
controls A and B.
3. Use the Align Capillary Tip command in the System Software to
move the Autosampler Arm over the Cuvette. Do not attempt
to move the Arm horizontally by hand - this may damage the
mechanism.
4. Adjust the position of the Tip until it enters the Cuvette cleanly,
without touching the sides of the Injection Hole.
●● Control A will move the tip diagonally across the Sample
Compartment from the rear left to the front right.
●● Control B will move the tip diagonally across the Sample
Compartment from the rear right to the front left.
5. Use a dentists mirror or the GFTV image to view the Capillary Tip
inside the Cuvette.
6. Refer to the figure, loosen the Adjustment Lock Nut, then use the
Height Adjustment Control C to set the depth of the Capillary Tip
so that the Tip is approximately 1 mm clear of the bottom of the
Cuvette.
●● You may have to optimise the Capillary Depth Setting further,
by observing a sample injection.
7. Lock the Adjustment Screw with the Adjustment Lock Nut, then
use the Park Capillary Tip command to return the Autosampler
Arm to its normal parked position.
8. Align the probe automatically by selecting the “Align Probe”
command in the SOLAAR software. You may need to make fine
adjustments to the position of the capillary tip. Repeat if necessary.
Maintenance Syringe
If persistent bubbles or leaks occur, it may be necessary to remove the
Syringe and inspect it for blockage or damage.
To remove the syringe

1. Ensure that the Autosampler Arm is in the parked position, by
using the Park Autosampler command in the System Software.
2. Locate the Syringe Compartment on the Autosampler front panel.
3. Remove the Syringe from its mount by carefully pulling the Syringe
Furnace Operation
The GFS Autosampler
Handling Strap. Take great care not to damage the Syringe or

Plunger during this operation.
4. Unscrew the capillary tube connections and remove the Syringe.
Reverse this procedure to refit the Syringe. Take particular care not
to trap any of the capillary tubing between the Syringe or Connector
bodies and the Autosampler.
Internal Capillary tubing
You can replace the capillary tube between the Syringe and Capillary
Tip if it should become blocked or damaged, although this is unlikely
to happen in normal use.
To replace the Internal Capillary Tubing
1. Remove the Capillary Tip and Locking Cap.
2. Pull the exposed Capillary Tubing gently from the arm, and
remove the PTFE cone.
3. Remove the Syringe, and disconnect the Capillary Tubing
connector.
4. Gently pull the old Capillary Tubing out from the Autosampler.
5. Feed the new Capillary Tubing into the Autosampler, until the
end emerges from the Autosampler Arm.
6. Trim the free end of the Tubing to an acute angle with a sharp
scalpel blade, and feed it through a new PTFE cone.
7. Pull the tubing through the cone, and trim it flush with the flat
face of the cone.
●● Take great care not to damage the flat sealing face of the cone.
8. Push the cone back into the Arm, and refit the Capillary Tip.
9. Attach the new Capillary Tubing to the Syringe, and refit the
Syringe.
10. Thoroughly purge the system before use, to remove any bubbles
and contamination.
Capillary Tip
The Autosampler Capillary tip can be replaced if it becomes bent or
contaminated.
Capillary Tip
Height adjuster
Locking collar
Cone seal
Capillary Tip
and Cone
Locking Cap
Capillary
Fig. 5 - 15. Capillary Tip detail
Tip detail
Furnace Operation
The GFS Autosampler
To replace the Autosampler Capillary Tip

1. Refer to the figure, and gently lift the Autosampler Arm. Do not
attempt to move the arm horizontally, as this may damage the arm
drive mechanism.
2. Carefully unscrew the Locking Cap, and remove the old Capillary
Tip.
3. Fit a new Capillary Tip into the Locking Cap, and refit the Cap to
the Arm.
Spares and Consumables Polypropylene Sample Cups (1000) 9423 393 80031
Fluoroplastic Sample Cups (20) 9423 393 80051
Reduced Volume Sample Cups (20) 9423 393 80061
Reagent Cups (50) 9423 393 80021
Cup Reducing Ring 9423 393 80071
Capillary Tips (10) 9423 393 81261
Internal Capillary Tubing 9423 393 82261
Spare Carousel and Tray 9423 393 83261
Furnace Auto-sampler User Spares Kit 9423 450 20004
Floor Standing 5L Waste Vessel 9423 390 05471
Chapter 6 Vapor Operation

Introduction ●● The gaseous products of the hydride reaction used in Vapor AAS are
combustible and may be toxic. Ensure that your fume extraction
system is working correctly before using the technique, and that all
gas and liquid connections are secure and free from leaks.
Vapor Operation
Vapor Operation
Vapor Safety
Vapor Safety
Reagents ●● Sample solutions and reagents used in Vapor AAS are corrosive and
may be toxic. Ensure that you take all necessary precautions when
handling these materials.
●● Reagents are contained in the Reagent Containers supported on the
rear of the unit. If it is necessary to move the unit, ensure that the
Reagent Containers are empty, or are removed to prevent spillages,
before moving the unit.
●● The sodium borohydride reagent used is unstable, and will gradually
evolve hydrogen on standing. Ensure that any containers used for
this reagent are suitably vented, and do not store the reagent for any
length of time.
Flame Heated Atomisation ●● Before using a Flame Heated Atomisation Cell, refer to the Flame
Safety Page of this manual, and ensure that you fully understand the
Cell hazards involved in using the flame.
●● Never attempt to use a nitrous oxide supported flame to heat the
Atomisation Cell.
●● Flame Heated Atomisation Cells can reach temperatures in excess of
1100 °C during use. Do not handle the cell or the cell holder until
they have cooled for at least 15 minutes after the flame has been
extinguished.
●● Ensure that the Atomisation Cell is in the parked position away
from the flame before attempting to ignite or extinguish the flame.
Electrically Heated ●● The Electrically Heated Atomisation Cell can reach temperatures in
Atomisation Cell excess of 1100 °C during use. Do not open the furnace or handle
the cell for at least 15 minutes after the power to the furnace has
been switched off.
Vapor Operation
Vapor Safety
Vapor Operation
The VP100 Continuous Flow Vapor Accessory
Introduction ●● The VP100 is an accessory for measuring hydride-forming elements

(and mercury) with better analytical sensitivity than can typically be
obtained with flame or furnace atomisation.
●● The analyte elements in the sample solution are reduced to volatile
hydrides using sodium borohydride, and are carried in a carrier gas
stream to a heated Measurement Cell for measurement.
●● The Measurement Cell is normally heated by an air supported
acetylene flame. The EC90 Electrically Heated Atomisation Cell
accessory can also be used.
●● The VP100 can be used to measure mercury, as well as the hydride
group elements. As is it not necessary to use heat for mercury
measurements, the VP100 includes a Mercury Absorption Cell,
which can be used in place of the normal ‘T’ cell. The Mercury
Cell will improve the sensitivity of the system for mercury
measurements by a factor of about 1.3x relative to the standard ‘T’
cell.
Reagent
Bottles
Measurement Cell
connection
Peristaltic
Pump
Mains
Switch
Connection Gas Liquid

Panel Separator
VP100 General View
Fig 6 - 1. VP100 General View
Power ●● Connect the unit to a suitable mains supply via the mains cable
supplied.
Control Signals
●● Connect the Serial Cable supplied between the RS232C
connection on the rear of the unit and a free Accessory port on the
Spectrometer Connections panel.
Vapor Operation
Gas Supply
●● Using the black nylon tubing supplied, connect a supply of argon
or nitrogen, regulated to a pressure of 0.34 bar (5 psi), to the gas
inlet at the rear of the unit.
Gas Liquid Reagent Bottles Bottle Tray

Separator
Mains Mains RS232C Gas

switch inlet connection inlet
Fig 6 - 2. VP100 RearVP100
View Rear View
Drain
●● Connect a suitable length of the 3.2 mm ID Tygon drain
tubing supplied, from the Drain Outlet on the front of the unit,
identified with a BLACK connector, to a suitable low level drain
or wide necked plastic container.
WARNING: Do not mix the waste from Vapor Analysis with waste
from other analysis. 
Main Unit
●● Support the main unit to one side or in front of the Spectrometer,
adjacent to the Sample Compartment that you will be using.
●● Ensure that you can access the main power switch on the RHS of
the unit.
●● Best results will be obtained when the distance between the Gas
Liquid Separator and the Measurement Cell is kept as short as
possible.
Sample Uptake
The Sample Uptake tubing must be attached to the GREEN Sample
Uptake connector on the front panel of the VP100 using a short piece
of the thick walled silcone tube supplied.
Vapor Operation
●● Manual sampling. Take a suitable length of the PTFE Sample

Uptake tubing supplied, and connect it to the VP100 Sample
Uptake connector.
●● Autosampler. Connect the tube from the autosampler sample
probe to the VP100 Sample Uptake Connector.
●● If you are using a CETAC autosampler, we recommend that
you use the larger 0.8 mm ID sample probe and uptake tube
supplied with the autosampler.
To connect the Sample Uptake tube:

1. Locate the thick walled silicone tubing supplied, and cut off a piece
15-20 mm long.
2. Grip the sample uptake tube firmly and push it into one end of the
silicone tubing, until 10 mm is inside the silicone tubing.
●● Use a small piece of abrasive paper to grasp the sample uptake
tube more firmly.
●● Use a drop of water to lubricate the tubing, if necessary.
3. Push the free end of the silicone tubing over the GREEN push-on
connector on the VP100 front panel.
Thick walled
silicone
Connector tubing
PTFE Sample
tubing
Fig 6 - 3. Sample Uptake tubing connection

Sample Uptake tubing connection
Pump Tubing
The VP100 is fitted with a four channel Peristaltic Pump. The channels
are identified by the colour coded connectors on the pump tube
connection panel of the unit, as follows:
BLACK channel Drain

GREEN channel Sample
RED channel Reductant reagent
BLUE channel Acid reagent
●● The BLACK (Drain) channel must be fitted with pump tubing with
BLACK/WHITE bridges i.e. a single piece of pump tubing will
have a black bridge fitted at one end, and white bridge fitted at the
other end. This tubing has an ID of 3.17 mm and and OD of
4.85 mm.
Vapor Operation
●● The GREEN (sample) channel must be fitted with pump tubing

with two GREEN bridges. This tubing has an ID of 1.85 mm
and an OD of 3.53 mm.
●● The RED (Reductant) channel must be fitted with pump tubing
with two BLACK bridges. This tubing has an ID of 0.76 mm and
an OD of 2.43 mm.
●● The BLUE (Acid) channel must be fitted with pump tubing with
YELLOW/ORANGE bridges. This tubing has an ID of 0.5 mm
and an OD of 2.33 mm.
Clamp arms Pressure Plungers
screws
Reductant
Channel
RED connector
BLACK/BLACK
pump tubing
Acid Channel
BLUE connector
ORANGE/YELLOW
pump tubing
Sample Channel
GREEN connector
GREEN/GREEN
pump tubing
Drain Channel
BLACK connector
Sample Inlet BLACK/WHITE
GREEN connector pump tubing
Bridge
Drain Outlet retaining
BLACK connector pillars
- 4. VP100
Fig 6VP100 Connection
Connection PanelPanel and Peristaltic
and Peristaltic Pump Pump
The internal diameters of the pump tubing with the BLACK bridges,
and the pump tubing with the YELLOW/ORANGE bridges are
too small to allow the pump tubing to be attached directly to the
connectors on the VP100 connection panel. You must fit a short
length of the 1.6 mm ID Tygon tubing supplied over the ends of the
pump tubing, then fit that to the VP100 connectors.
To attach 1.6 mm ID Tygon tubing to the pump tubing:
1. Take a piece of 1.6 mm ID Tygon tubing, and expand one end.
●● A disposable pipette tip is ideal for this, but any other object
with a tapering point can be used.
2. Take the pump tubing, and insert 3 - 5 mm inside the expanded
Tygon tubing.
●● Lubricate the tubes with a drop of water, if necessary
●● You can use a small piece of abrasive paper to grasp the tube
securely.
Vapor Operation
ORANGE/YELLOW
or
BLACK/BLACK
pump tubing
1.6mm ID
Tygon
tubing
Connector
Fig 6 - 5. Pump tubing connection

Pump tubing connection
3. Trim back the Tygon tubing to 15 mm or so.
4. Repeat for the other end of the pump tubing.
To fit the pump tubing

1. You will find that it is most convenient to fit the pump tubes from
the rear of the connection panel towards the front, in the following
order:
1. Reductant channel (RED connectors, pump tubing with
BLACK bridges).
2. Acid channel (BLUE connectors, pump tubing with
YELLOW/ORANGE bridges).
3. Sample channel (GREEN connectors, pump tubing with
GREEN bridges).
4. Drain channel (BLACK connectors, pump tubing with
BLACK/WHITE bridges).
2. Release the plungers to free the clamp arms, then move the arms
anti-clockwise to reveal the pump rollers.
3. Take the pump tubing, and feed it around the pump rollers.
4. Stretch the pump tubing slightly, and fit the bridges under the
bridge retaining pillars.
5. Push the ends of the tubing over the appropriate push on
connectors on the VP100 connection panel.
6. Move the clamp arm back over the rollers, and confirm that the
tubing is properly located beneath it.
7. Return the plunger to the normal position, and adjust the pressure
screw to release the pressure on the tubing.
To adjust the peristaltic pump tube pressure:
1. Turn on the Spectrometer, Data Station and VP100. Turn on the
inert gas supply to the VP100.
2. Place the Reagent Uptake tubes and the Sample Uptake tube in a
container of clean water.
3. Ensure that the Drain tube discharges to a suitable low level drain
or drain vessel.
Vapor Operation
1. Ensure that the clamp arms are correctly positioned, and that the
plunger arm pressure screws have been fully released.
2. Use the system software to set up a Vapor Method using the
VP100, and set an appropriate value for the Carrier Gas flow rate.
Set the Pump Speed to 30 RPM.
3. Use the commands on the Action menu in the system software to
turn on the VP100.
4. Tighten the pressure screws in each plunger arm in turn until
each channel starts to pump.
●● Do not overtighten the pressure screw - this will shortent
the life of the pump tubing and may damage the pump
mechanism.
●● The flow rate in the Drain channel is significantly greater
than the total flow rate of the three other channels. In normal
operation there will be bubbles present from the evolved
reactant gases in the pumped fluid in the Drain channel.
●● The flow rates in the Acid and Reductant channels are low,
and so it will take a short time before the fluid reaches the
pump. Do not attempt to set the final pressure on the tube
until the fluid has filled the pump tubing.
Gas Liquid Separator

The Reaction Zone of the Gas Liquid Separator contains 4 mm
glass beads, which minimise the dead volume of the zone and ensure
proper mixing of the carrier gas and liquid reagents. It also contains
an hydrophobic Teflon membrane to prevent moisture and salts
from being carried over into the Measurement Cell. These parts are
supplied with the VP100, and must be fitted before the accessory is
used.
Top Cap
'O' Ring seal
Hydrophobic
membrane
Teflon coated
face
Reaction zone
Drain Channel
BLACK connector
Reductant Channel
RED connector
Acid Channel
BLUE connector
Sample Channel
GREEN connector
Fig 6 - 6. VP100 GasGas

VP100 Liquid Separator
Liquid Separator
To prepare the Gas Liquid Separator

1. Refer to the figure, and unscrew the Top Cap of the Gas Liquid
Separator.
Vapor Operation
1. Add a sufficient quantity of the 4 mm glass beads supplied to fill

the Reaction Zone. There should be no beads on the floor of the
Expansion Volume.
●● Take care to prevent the glass beads from falling into the Drain,
where they may cause blockage.
3. Take one of the 47 mm Teflon membranes supplied. Orientate it
so that the Teflon covered face is on the underside, and place it in
position.
4. Carefully re-fit the ‘O’ Ring seal and Top Cap, ensuring that the
position of the membrane is not disturbed.
Flame Heated Measurement Cell

The Flame Heated Measurement Cell (‘T’ Cell) is supported over the
Universal Burner by the ‘T’ Cell Holder.
Note: The STAT Holder and ‘T’ Cell Holder are the same device. If you
have already fitted a STAT holder to your Burner, this will also support
the ‘T’ Cell.
'T' cell
'T' cell
clips
Strap
clip
Securing clips Location hole
Fig 6 - 7. ‘T’ Cell Holder

'T'Assembly
Cell Holder Assembly
'T' cell
Burner head
'T' cell
holder
Operating position Parked position
'T' Cell and Holder

Fig 6 - 8. ‘T’ Cell and Holder
Vapor Operation
To fit the Cell Holder to the burner:

1. Remove the Burner from the Spectrometer.
2. Orientate the Burner with the Burner Handle to the right and the
Ignition Electrode to the left.
3. Unclip the Strap Clip on the ‘T’ Cell Holder, and spread the
Securing Clips slightly.
4. Gently push the ‘T’ Cell Holder assembly on to the Burner until
the Securing Clips click into the Locating holes on the Burner.
5. Re-clip the Strap Clip together, to secure the Holder to the
Burner.
6. Refit the Burner to the Spectrometer.
7. Clip the ‘T’ Cell into the ‘T’ Cell Holder Clips.
‘T’ Cell Alignment

1. Fit the Burner, Cell Holder and ‘T’ Cell assembly to the Spray
Chamber Stem.
2. Move the Cell Holder so that the ‘T’ Cell is in the Parked
position, away from the Burner slot.
3. Install a suitable hollow cathode lamp, and perform an optical set
up.
4. Move the Cell Holder so that the ‘T’ Cell is in the Operating
position over the Burner slot.
5. Use a piece of white card at the right hand side of the Sample
Compartment to locate the light beam.
6. Adjust the Burner position until the light beam passes along the
axis of the ‘T’ Cell.
7. Move the ‘T’ Cell away from the Burner slot.
Electrically Heated Atomisation Cell

The EC90 Electrically Heated Atomisation Cell can be fitted to either
the L.H. or R.H. Sample Compartment of the Spectrometer, and
must be mounted on the appropriate Universal Mount. Instructions
for fitting and aligning the Cell are provided in the EC90 section of
this manual.
Mercury Absorption Cell
You can measure mercury with the VP100 using the standard ‘T’
cell, although it will not be necessary to heat the cell. However, you
will obtain improved sensitivity and precision by using the Mercury
Absorption Cell supplied with the VP100.
The Mercury Absorption Cell can be fitted in either Sample
Compartment of the Spectrometer, and should be mounted on the
appropriate Universal Mount.
●● It is possible to fit the Mercury Absorption Cell to the standard
‘T’ cell holder. This is not recommended, as it is then possible to
light a flame, which will destroy the Mercury cell.
To fit the Mercury Absorption Cell to the Universal Accessory
Mounts:
1. Locate the Mercury Cell Holder shown, and fit it to the required
Universal Mount.
Vapor Operation
2. Refer to the Universal Mount pages in the Spectrometer section

of this manual, and fit the assembly in appropriate Sample
Compartment.
3. Fit the Absorption Cell in the Cell Clips of the Cell Mount.
4. Refer to the Universal Mount pages in the Spectrometer section of
this manual, and align the assembly in the Sample Compartment.
Mercury Cell
Cell Clips
Fig 6 - 9. Mercury Absorption Cell and Cell Holder

Mercury Absorption Cell
Absorption Cell connection
and Cell Holder
The ‘T’ cell or Mercury Absorption cell must be connected to the Exit
port at the top of the Gas Liquid Separator of the VP100.
To connect the Absorption cell:

1. Cut a suitable length of the 8 mm OD Tygon tubing provided.
●● Use the shortest possible length of tubing.
●● If you are using the LH (Flame) sample compartment, you
can feed the tubing through the aperture in the sample
compartment door, so that you can make your measurements
with the door closed.
2. Connect the tubing between the Top Cap connection on the Gas
Liquid Separator and the inlet of the ‘T’ Cell or Mercury Cell.
●● You can loosely plug the other arm of the Mercury Cell with
a small piece of cotton wool, to prevent the ingress of dust.
This will also increase the sensitivity, but will also increase the
washout time.
‘T’ Cell Conditioning
A new ‘T’ cell may require conditioning before you obtain stable
measurements.
To condition a new ‘T’ cell
●● Run a high concentration standard (typically 1-10 mg/L) for at
least 5 complete measurement cycles , followed by a blank to wash
out the high concentration standard. The signal may not return
to baseline. Wait fort he signal to stabilize and then perform an
autozero.
Vapor Operation
Reagents The optimum composition of the reagents used depends upon the
element being measured and the composition of the sample.
The reagent compositions described below will be suitable for the
analysis of simple aqueous solutions.
Acid Blank Reagent
This reagent is suitable for all type of measurement.
●● 50 % v/v (6M) hydrochloric acid solution.
Borohydride Reductant Reagent
This Reagent is suitable for all hydride elements, and for mercury.
●● 0.5 % m/v sodium tetrahydroborate (sodium borohydride,
NaBH4), stabilised in 0.5 % m/v sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
●● The Reagent should be filtered through a coarse filter paper
immediately after preparation.
●● The Reagent slowly evolves hydrogen gas, and so must be stored in
a vented container.
●● The Reagent will remain usable for 2-3 days if stored in a
refrigerator at 4 °C, but it is recommended to prepare it daily,
immediately before use.
Stannous Chloride Reductant reagent.
This reagent is suitable for mercury analyses only.
●● 0.1 - 10 % m/v of stannous chloride (SnCl2) in 1 - 10 % v/v
hydrochloric acid.
●● If you have pre-reduced your sample with hydroxylamine
hydrochloride, or if your sample contains little or no oxidising
residues, you can use the lower concentrations of stannous
chloride.
●● We strongly recommend the use of Low Mercury grades of
stannous chloride, which are available from most major chemical
suppliers.
●● Dissolve the stannous chloride in the concentrated hydrochloric
acid, with gentle heating. The stannous chloride should dissolve to
form a clear solution. Cool, and make to volume with deionised
water. the final solution should be clear. A milky suspension
indicates hydrolysis of the stannous chloride and should not be
used.
Parameter Optimisation The VP100 has three parameters that control its operation:
●● The Carrier Gas Flow rate.
●● The Pump Speed.
●● The Measurement Delay time.
Default values are provided for these parameters, can altered in the
System software, on the Vapor page of the Method.
VP100 Carrier Gas Flow rate

For each hydride group element, there is an optimum Carrier Gas
Flow rate that will give the maximum sensitivity for that element.
For mercury, the analytical sensitivity increases as the Carrier Gas
Flow rate decreases. Low Carrier Gas Flow rates require longer
Measurement Delays.Higher Carrier Gas Flow rates allow the use
Vapor Operation
of shorter Measurement Delays, at the expense of some analytical

sensitivity, and can be used if you want to complete your analysis as
quickly as possible. Typical default values are in the range 100 - 200
mL/min. It is unlikely that flow rates higher than 300 mL/min will be
useful.
VP100 Pump Speed
As the VP100 Pump Speed is increased, the analytical sensitivity
increases, but so does the consumption of samples and reagents. The
Measurement Delay required will be decreased at higher pump speeds.
Reducing the pump speed reduces the reagent consumption at the
expense of the analytical sensitivity and increased Measurement Delay
time. The default pump speed is 30 RPM, and good results can be
obtained with pump speeds up to 45 RPM.
VP100 Measurement Delay
A certain amount of time is required to allow the sample solution
to reach the Gas Liquid Separator and for the reduction reaction to
stabilise, so that a stable analytical signal can be measured. This is
the Measurement Delay time. The optimum Measurement Delay is
determined by the Carrier Gas Flow rate and the Pump Speed, but will
typically be 40 - 60 seconds.
To optimise the VP100 parameters
You will need:
●● Freshly prepared Reagents.
●● A blank solution.
●● A test sample that should gives a signal of between 0.1 and 0.4 A.
1. Fill the VP100 Reagent Bottles, and place the Reagent Uptake
tubes into the correct containers. Place the Sample Uptake tube
into a container of clean water.
2. Install a suitable hollow cathode lamp, and set up or load a suitable
Method.
3. If you are using Flame Heating, move the ‘T’ cell to the Parked
position, light the flame, then move the ‘T’ cell to the Operating
position. If you are using Electrical Heating, turn on the EC90,
set the furnace temperature, and wait until the furnace temperature
stabilises.
4. Perform an Optical Setup operation, and open the Spectrometer
Status Window to display the live absorbance signal.
5. Open the Vapor Status Window.
6. Use the commands on the VP100 submenu on the Actions menu
to start the VP100.
●● The Vapor Status Window will update to show the actual pump
speed and carrier gas flow rate.
7. Wait until the Reagents have filled the Gas Liquid Separator
Mixing Zone. If necessary, perform an Autozero to reset the signal
display to 0.000 A.
8. Place the Sample Uptake tube in your test sample. After 30 - 60
Vapor Operation
seconds, the absorbance signal should rise and stabilise.

9. Use the commands on the VP100 submenu to adjust the Carrier
Gas Flow rate and the Pump Speed to obtain the optimum signal
for your analysis.
●● As you change the Carrier Gas Flow rate and Pump Speed,
the Vapor Status display will be updated. The parameter
values in the Method will also automatically be updated to
reflect the changes that you make.
10. When you have obtained the optimum signal for your analysis,
place the Uptake tube in the Blank solution, and wait until the
displayed signal returns to the baseline.
11. Place the Uptake tube into the test solution, and measure the time
required for the signal to stabilise.
●● You can use the Running Signal display facility of the
Spectrometer Status Window to help you with this. Refer
to the On Line Help system provided with the Data Station
software to learn how to access and use the Running Signal
display.
●● If you are using an autosampler, you may need to add a few
seconds to the Measurement Delay that you have measured,
to allow for the longer length of Uptake tube used with the
Autosampler.
12. The time period that you have measured is the Measurement
Delay time that you should set in the Measurement Delay
parameter field on the Vapor page of the Method.
Sample Measurement When you are satisfied that you have successfully set up the VP100,
and have optimised the measurement parameters, you can use the
system to measure your samples.
Sample Preparation
Successful analyses using the Hydride Generation technique depend
critically on the sample preparation procedure used. It is not possible
in this manual to provide details for all types of samples, but the
following factors should be considered:
1. It is normal practice to acidify samples for trace metal analysis,
and many types of sample require acid digestion to bring
them into a suitable form for analysis. The hydride generation
technique is most successful when the samples are presented in
a hydrochloric acid solution, and every effort should be made to
design a sample preparation procedure that ends with the final
solution in hydrochloric acid.
2. The acid concentration in the samples affects the size of the
analytical signal. Samples, blanks and standards should
therefore all contain the same concentration of acid. A final
acid concentration of 10 % v/v (1.2M) will be suitable for many
analyses.
3. The sensitivity of the Hydride Generation technique depends
on the oxidation state of the analyte element, and the lower
Vapor Operation
oxidations states (As(III), Sb(III), Bi(III) SeI(V), and Te(IV)) are

more sensitive. It is therefore normal practice to pre-reduce the
analytes before analysis.
●● As and Sb can be pre-reduced with a potassium iodide/ascorbic
acid mixture.
●● Se and Te can be pre-reduced by boiling in 6M hydrochloric
acid for ten minutes.
●● The Bi(V) oxidation state is unstable, and all bismuth solutions
contain Bi(III). Bismuth analyses therefore do not normally
require pre-reduction.
4. Many transition metals (such as copper and nickel) interfere with
the reduction reaction. Refer to the SOLAAR On-line Cookbook
for further information.
5. Some samples may contain mercury in the form of organo-mercury
compounds. The Stannous Chloride reductant reagent will only
reduce ionic mercury, and the degree to which the Borohydride
reductant reacts with organo-mercury compounds varies with
the type of compound. It is therfore normal practice to use an
oxidative digestion for samples for mercury analyses, to convert the
organo-mercury compounds to ionic mercury.
To measure samples with the VP100 Vapor Kit

1. Install and align all parts of the VP100 Vapor Kit.
2. Prepare your samples, standards and blank solutions.
3. Prepare the Reagents required and place them in the Reagent
bottles.
4. Turn on the Spectrometer, Data Station and VP100. Install
suitable hollow cathode lamps in the Spectrometer.
5. Turn on the gas supplies to the Spectrometer and VP100, and
confirm that the VP100 Drain discharges into a suitable container.
6. Set up a suitable Method. Turn on the hollow cathode lamp, and/
or perform an Optical Setup, and allow the lamp to warm up.
7. If you are using a Flame Heated cell, ignite the flame and move
the ‘T’ cell into the Operating position. If you are using the
Electrically Heated cell, turn on the EC90 and and wait until the
furnace temperature has stabilised.
8. Optimise the Method parameters if necessary.
9. If you are using an Autosampler, refer to the Autosampler Loading
Guide, and place your samples and standards into the autosampler
racks.
10. Start the VP100, and allow it to run until the Reagents reach the
Gas Liquid Separator, and are pumped away through the Drain
channel.
11. Start your analysis by clicking the Analyse button, or selecting the
Analyse command on the Actions menu in the usual way.
●● Note that the VP100 does not monitor the amount of Reagents
in the Reagent bottles, nor detect if the Reagents are being
pumped into the Gas Liquid Separator. Especially when
working with an autosampler, you must periodically check that
the Reagent bottles have not been emptied.
Vapor Operation
●● While the analysis is running, you can use the Pause button
to halt analysis, if, for example, it is necessary to re-fill the
Reagent bottles. You can then use the VP100 Run and Stop
commands to ensure that the Reagents have reached the
Gas Liquid Separator before using the Continue button to
complete the analysis.
To shut down the VP100 When your analysis has finished, you must shut down the VP100
properly if you do not intend to use it again immediately.
1. Move the ‘T’ cell to the Parked position, and extinguish the
flame, or turn off the power to the EC90 furnace.
2. Place the Reagent and Sample Uptake tubes in clean water, and
run the VP100 until all the samples and reagents have been
flushed from the tubes, and clean water is being discharged from
the Drain.
3. Remove the Uptake tubes from the water, but allow the VP100 to
run for another few minutes to remove the liquid from the tubes.
4. Stop the VP100, and flip open the Plunger arm pressure screws to
release the pressure on the pump tubes.
5. Empty and rinse the Reagent bottles. Wipe up any liquid that
may have been spilled on or around the VP100.
6. Turn off the inert gas supply to the VP100, and turn off the
power to the accessory.
7. When all the parts have cooled to room temperature, remove the
‘T’ cell and EC90 furnace, if necessary.
●● If you are using Flame Heating, the ‘T’ cell Holder can be left
attached to the Burner in the Parked position, where it will
allow the Burner to be used normally.
Consumables ‘T’ Cells (2) 9423 390 60101

VP100 Pump Tubing set 9423 460 10011
Vapor Operation
VP100 Maintenance
Introduction ●● Routine maintenance mainly concerns keeping the apparatus clean.
If it is necessary to clean the casework, use a mild, water based
detergent. Do NOT use any form of solvent based cleaner, as it
may damage the plastic front cover.
●● Some of the Reagents used are corrosive. To reduce potential
corrosion and hazards:
●● All spills must be wiped up immediately.
●● All leaks must be rectified immediately.
●● Problems can be caused by blockages formed from dried Reagents
and Sample solutions. To minimise these problems:
●● Remove all Reagents from the instrument when it is not being
used.
●● Flush all liquid paths with clean water at the end of your
analysis.
Peristaltic pump ●● After extended use, the pump tubing will become worn and must
be replaced.
●● You should inspect the tubing at regular intervals by removing
it from the pump, and examining the part of the tube that is in
contact with the pump rollers. If the tubing appears to be stretched,
or does not appear to have a circular cross section, it should be
replaced.
NOTE: The tubing in the Acid channel will gradually become opaque.
This does not affect normal operation, and is not an indication that
the tubing requires replacement. 
●● After you have replaced the pump tubing, or if you suspect

that there is a blockage, you should check the flow rates of the
Reductant, Acid and Sample channels.
To check the flow rates in the Acid, Reductant and Sample chan-
nels
1. Place the Uptake tubes in a container of clean water.
2. Start the VP100 at a Pump Speed of 30 RPM, and allow it to run
until the water has filled the Gas Liquid Separator, and is being
discharged from the Drain.
3. Take a 10 mL measuring cylinder, and fill it to the 10 mL mark
with clean water.
4. Stop the VP100. Place the Uptake tube of the channel that you
want to test into the measuring cylinder.
5. Start the VP100, and measure the volume of liquid drawn from the
measuring cylinder in 1 minute.
The flow rates should be:
Acid channel 0.7 mL/min
Reductant channel 1.6 mL/min
Sample channel 7.5 ml/min
Drain channel 14 mL/min
Vapor Operation
To check the flow rate in the Drain channel, you can remove the Top
Cap and Semi-Permeable Membrane of the Gas Liquid Separator,
then pour clean water into the body of the Gas Liquid Separator and
measure the volume of liquid discharged from the Drain outlet in 1
minute. It is unlikely that the Drain will become blocked in normal
operation.
Gas Liquid Separator The Gas Liquid Separator is unlikely to become worn or damaged in
normal operation, but may become dirty, and so require cleaning.
To clean the Gas Liquid Separator

1. Remove the Top Cap and Hydrophobic Membrane.
2. Inspect the internal volume of the Gas Liquid Separator, and
remove any deposits.
3. Confirm that the Reaction Zone is filled with 4 mm glass beads.
4. Fit a new Hydrophobic Membrane, and refit the ‘O’ ring seal and
Top Cap.
Fuse Replacement The VP100 contains two main fuses located in the mains inlet
connector. It is unlikely that these fuses will fail in normal operation,
but if they do, you can replace them. The specification of the fuses is
detailed on the label adjacent to the mains inlet connector. You must
ensure that the replacement fuse matches this specification.
If the replacement fuse fails immediately, or it the equipment does

not work normally after the fuse has been replaced, it is likely that
a serious fault exists. Isolate the unit from the mains power and
gas supplies, and ensure that it is not used until the fault has been
diagnosed and rectified by a trained Service Engineer.
Consumables and Spares Set of VP100 Pump Tubing 9423 460 10011
Spare Hydrophobic Membrane 9423 460 10021
Spare 4 mm Glass Beads for GLS 9423 460 10031
Vapor Operation
The EC90 Electrically Heated Accessory
The EC90 Electrically Heated Atomiser
Introduction ●● This is an accessory for use with the VP100 Continuous Flow Vapor
Accessory.
●● It replaces the Flame Heated Measurement Cell with an Electrically
Heated Atomisation Cell, so that Vapor measurements can be made
without a flame.
●● It can be fitted in either Sample Compartment, using either the
Right Hand or Left Hand Sample Compartment Universal Mount.
●● The accessory consists of two parts:
●● the EC90 Furnace Head.
●● the EC90 Power Supply.
Safety ●● The Electrically Heated Atomisation Cell can reach temperatures in

excess of 1100 °C during use. Do not open the Furnace or handle
the Cell for at least 15 minutes after the power to the Furnace has
been switched off.
●● Open the furnace head using the insulated furnace handles only.
Remove the T-cell with great care, handling only the end of the
silica inlet tube or Tygon hydride tubing.
WARNING: The T-cell wide body may still be hot - avoid contact. 
Vapor Operation
Installation The EC90 Power Supply

1. Place the Power Supply at the front or side of the Spectrometer.
2. Confirm that the voltage selector on the rear panel matches your
mains voltage.
3. Connect the Power Supply to a mains socket.
Set temperature (green) Actual temperature (red)
WATLOW
EC90 furnace
MAINS HEAT
ON ON
OFF OFF
Mains switch Increase/decrease Heat switch

set temperature
Fig 6 - 10. EC90 Front Panel

EC90 Front Panel
The EC90 Furnace Head

1. Fit the Furnace Head to the appropriate Mount using the two
securing screws on the base of the Furnace. Ensure that the
power cable is fed through the hole in the RH Universal Mount,
to emerge from the front of the instrument.
2. Locate the pink Sensor Lead, and connect it to the pink Sensor
Plug on the Furnace Head.
3. Refer to the Spectrometer section of this manual, and fit
the Furnace Head and Mount assembly in the required
Compartment of the Spectrometer.
EC90 Head Closure 'T' Cell

Furnace Knobs Leg
'T' Cell
Power Cable
to EC90 Power
Module EC90
Baseplate
Head
Securing
Screw
Fig 6 - 11. EC90 Furnace Head

EC90 Furnace Head
Vapor Operation
4. Connect the Power Cable from the Furnace Head to the Head
socket on the back of the Power Supply.
●● Push the plug into the socket, then give it a quarter turn
clockwise, until it clicks into position.
●● To disconnect the plug from the socket, pull the metal locking
piece towards the cable to release the lock, then rotate the plug
anti-clockwise and pull it from the socket.
5. Fit the Sensor Lead to the Sensor socket on the back of the Power
Supply.
6. Loosen the Furnace Head Closure knobs, and open the Furnace
Head.
7. Fit a quartz ‘T’ Cell, then close the Furnace Head.
8. Refer to the relevant Universal Mount section of this manual, and
align the assembly with the optical system of the Spectrometer.
9. Connect the ‘T’ cell to the Gas Liquid Separator outlet connector
of the vapour accessory.
Operation To perform a vapour analysis with the EC90, you must:

1. Set a suitable atomisation temperature (typically 900 °C).
2. Turn on the EC90 Furnace and allow the temperature to stabilise.
3. Set up the vapour accessory and perform the analysis. Please refer to
the appropriate section of this manual to learn how to do this.
To set the atomisation temperature:

1. Ensure that the Heat power switch is turned off, then turn on the
main power switch on the front panel of the Power Supply.
●● The Controller Display will then be illuminated.
2. Set the required temperature on the lower (green) display, using the
up and down arrow buttons.
●● Recommended values for the atomisation temperature for each
element are provided in the On-Line Cookbook and Method
Manual.
●● The upper (red) display will indicate the approximate ambient
temperature.
3. Ensure that the vapour system Carrier Gas is flowing through the
Atomisation Cell.
4. Turn on the Heat power switch.
●● Power will be applied to the Furnace Head, and the red
temperature display will increase.
5. When the red and green temperature displays are the same, the
Furnace Head is ready to use.
Maintenance The EC90 Power Supply is fitted with thermal overload protection. If
this should trip, the power supply to the Furnace Head will be cut off,
and the Overload Reset switch on the back of the Power Supply will
move to the Off position.
To reset the thermal overload protection

1. Ensure that the Heat power switch is turned off.
Vapor Operation
2. Move the Overload Reset to the On position.

3. Turn on the Heat power switch.
If the thermal overload protection repeatedly trips out, it is likely that

there is a serious fault with the accessory. Disconnect all power to the
accessory, remove it from the Spectrometer, and do not use it again
until the fault has been rectified by a trained Service Engineer.
Optimisation Furnace Operation Temperature

For default operation temperatures for your particular vapour analysis
refer to Table I.
Table I
Default operating Temperatures for the EC90 in the determination of
Hydride forming elements by vapour generation.
Element EC90 Operating Temperature (Default)

Arsenic As 900 °C
Antimony Sb 900 °C
Selenium Se 900 °C
Germanium Ge 900 °C
Telurium Te 900 °C
Lead Pb 900 °C
Tin Sn 900 °C
Mercury Hg Ambient EC90 non operational
Further improvements in system performance may be possible

through manual optimisation of the atomisation temperature. Using
a standard solution expected to give an absorbance of approximately
0.20, vary the furnace operating temperature until the maximum
signal response is observed. Ensure that the furnace temperature has
achieved equilibrium prior to each Vapor measurement.
Trouble Shooting Furnace Non Operational:

●● Check that the power supply is connected and switched ON.
●● Check that the power cable is connected between the furnace
head and the back of the furnace power supply/control box
●● Check that the thermocouple cable is connected between
the furnace head and the back of the furnace power supply /
control box.
●● Check that the correct operating temperature is programmed
into the local controller.
●● Check that the power/controller unit has been switched ON.
Refer to MAINS and HEAT ON/OFF Switches.
●● Check that the power trip on the rear panel of the power
supply is in the operating position.
Consumables and Spares Silica Atomisation T Cells (Pack of 2) 9423 390 60101 14
Chapter 7 Specifications

Specifications
Specifications
iCE 3400 / 3500 Series iCE 3500 Spectrometer

Dual Atomiser Zeeman AA Spectrometer with wide range
Spectrometer Specification
photomultiplier.
Models Flame Atomisation in LH Sample Compartment.
Zeeman or standard Furnace Atomisation in RH Sample
Compartment.
Vapour atomisation in either Sample Compartment.
iCE3400 Spectrometer
Vapor atomisation in the RH Sample Compartment
Zeeman Furnace AA Spectrometer in RH Sample Compartment
with wide range photomultiplier.
Light Source
Single or multi-element hollow cathode lamps.
Uncoded and Data Coded hollow cathode lamps.
6 independent lamp supplies, each providing 0 to 20 mA.
Wavelength Range
180 nm to 900 nm.
Data/Control Systems
Spectrometer
512kB Flash PROM.
256kB RAM.
3 general purpose RS232C ports.
USB Port
Data Station
Refer to data station control section.
iCE 3500 Configuration

Double Beam Stockdale optical system.

Self-referencing Single Beam Zeeman system.
Monochromator
Echelle monochromator and prism post-monochromator.
Nominal 1.0, 0.5 and 0.2 nm spectral bandpass with 0.1 nm
available below 400 nm.
0.5 nm/mm reciprocal linear dispersion at 200 nm.
Absorbance Range
-0.150 A to 3.000 A (including background signal).
Background Correction
Quadline (continuum source) is standard on all spectrometers.
Background signals <2 A corrected to <2 %.
Total signal up to 3 A.
Specifications
Gas Control
Fuel Flow Range
Air/Acetylene - 0.8 to 2.3 l/min.
Nitrous Oxide/Acetylene - 3.6 to 5.1 l/min.
Power
100 to 240 V (±10 %) at 50 or 60 Hz.
Power consumption
300 VA.
Dimensions (mm)
788W x 527H x 595D.
Weight
Approximately 54 kg.
iCE 3300 Series iCE 3300 Spectrometer

Spectrometer Specification AA Spectrometer with wide range photomultiplier.
6 Lamp Automatic Carousel.
Flame and/or Furnace options available.
Light Source
Single or multi-element hollow cathode lamps.
Uncoded and Data Coded hollow cathode lamps.
6 independent lamp supplies, each providing 0 to 20 mA.
Wavelength Range
180 nm to 900 nm.
Data/Control Systems
Spectrometer
512 kB Flash PROM.
256 kB RAM.
3 general purpose RS232C ports.
USB Port
Data Station
Refer to data station control section.
Optics
Double Beam Stockdale Optical system
Monochromator
Ebert configuation with nominal 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 nm spectral
bandwidths.
Half height slit settings available.
Reciprocal linear dispersion 1.5 to 2.0 nm/mm.
Focal length 270 mm.
Specifications
Grating
1800 l/mm
Absorbance Range
-0.150 A to 3.000 A (including background signal).
Background Correction
Quadline (continuum source) is standard on all spectrometers.
Background signals <2 A corrected to <2 %.
Total signal up to 3 A.
Gas Control
Fuel Flow Range
Air/Acetylene - 0.8 to 2.3 l/min.
Nitrous Oxide/Acetylene - 3.6 to 5.1 l/min.
Power
100 to 240V (±10 %) at 50 or 60 Hz.
Power consumption
300 VA.
Dimensions (mm)
575W x 510H x 595D.
Weight
Description of AA Systems Fully functional AA system with complete multi-element capability,

controlled by a Data Station running SOLAAR Software under
Windows. Flame absorption/emission systems can be extended to
Graphite Furnace or Vapour absorption modes by ordering the
appropriate accessory atomiser.
Optical system All systems (except the iCE 3400) are fitted with Stockdale double
beam optics giving maximum signal-to-noise ratio during the signal
measurement. All mirrors are silica coated, and the optics are sealed
to prevent dust ingress. The self-calibrating Echelle monochromator
and prism post-monochromator provide automatic wavelength and
bandpass set-up. Quadline background correction is fitted as standard
to all instruments. Both the Zeeman and the high energy Quadline
background correction system correct for up to 2 A of background
with <2 % error. All iCE 3000 Series spectrometers provide a 6
position data-coded, auto aligning lamp carousel, with 6 independent
power supplies modulated at 200/240Hz. Automatic analyses with
up to 16 element Methods are possible, and separate Methods can be
sequentially run in each Sample Compartment as a Dual Analysis. The
wide range PMT covers the wavelength range from 180 nm to 900 nm.
GFTV is available as an option on all furnace systems.
Specifications
Flame System All AA flames are supported by the Universal Finned 50 mm

titanium burner with chamfered slot design giving high solids
handling, excellent flame stability and low carbon build-up. The
burner height is automatically adjustable, and controls are provided
to adjust the burner rotation and transverse position. An optional
100 mm burner for air/acetylene flames is also available. Automatic
flame ignition is provided by a high tension electric spark. Flame
systems are controlled by a fully automatic gas control system using
programmable array state logic and binary flow switching technology
for reliability. Oxidant gas changeover, and fuel and oxidant flow
rates are software controlled and interlocked to prevent operation
with incorrect burners and gas flows. A flame sensor, responding to
all flame types ensures safe gas handling if the flame goes out. All
active gas lines are fitted with flame arrestors and blow back valves,
with pressure sensors to provide automatic safe shutdown if the line
pressure falls below the safe limits. The gas control system shuts down
safely if the power fails. The totally enclosed, draught proof "kitchen"
area is fitted with a safety door containing a heat and UV absorbing
window.
The inert fluoroplastic spray chamber contains an adjustable impact

bead, flow spoiler and low memory hydrophilic disc front end, with
built in over pressure relief and automatic empty drain protection.
The standard spray chamber configuration is suitable for all flame and
sample types. The standard inert nebuliser has a Pt/Ir capillary and
PTFE venturi, and is factory optimised.
Graphite Furnace Systems Graphite Furnaces are fitted in the RH sample Compartment
of the iCE 3400/3500 Series Spectrometers and the LH sample
Compartment of the iCE 3300. The iCE 3500 will accept either the
GFS35 or GFS35Z Furnace systems while the iCE 3400 Spectrometer
will only accept the GFS35Z Furnace. The iCE 3300 will only accept
the GFS33.
The GFS35Z Zeeman Furnace is mounted on a pre-aligned tilt
mount, which can be tilted forward out of the sample compartment
to allow access to the furnace for maintenance purposes, and to allow
other accessories to be fitted into the sample compartment.
The GFS35 furnace is fitted with a pre-aligned fixed mount as
standard, but can be optionally fitted with the tilt mount if required.
The GFS Furnace Autosampler is mounted in front of the RH Sample
Compartment with a simple self-locating ‘push in’ mount on the iCE
3400 / 3500. The GFS Furnace Autosampler is integrated into the
GFS33 and does not require separate mounting.
Specifications
Graphite Furnace TeleVision Standard feature on the iCE 3400 / 3500 and the furnace only iCE
(GFTV) 3300 (3300 GF). GFTV is optional on the flame only iCE 3300 (iCE
3300 FL) Spectrometers. The GFTV accessory provides high definition
images of events inside the Graphite Furnace cuvette, allowing
monitoring of the sample injection, dry and ash phases of the furnace
program. A CMOS camera mounted in the instrument produces live
video for display on the Data Stations screen.
Electronics Spectrometer electronics are based on the Motorola 68340
microprocessor, with the system firmware residing in Flash PROM.
Firmware can be downloaded to the Flash PROM from an external
PC without removing any covers. Interfacing to the Data Station is via
USB. Accessories including autosamplers, furnace and VP100 interface
to the spectrometer is via RS232C at 9600 baud.
Data Station Control The spectrometer system and accessories are controlled via a Data
Station running the SOLAAR AA Software Package under the
Microsoft Windows XP Professional, Vista Ultimate or Windows
7 Professional operating systems. The Data Station is a Personal
Computer, with a minimum configuration of:
800MHz Pentium processor or equivalent.
512MB RAM.
CD ROM Drive.
Fixed Disk Drive with at least 1GB free space
19˝ SVGA Colour Monitor.
USB Port,
Parallel Port.
Windows XP Professional SP2, Vista Ultimate or Windows 7
Professional.
Data Station Software The SOLAAR Data Station Software will control all iCE 3000 Series
spectrometers. The software is aware of the type of spectrometer that
it is controlling, and will only provide relevant parameters and options
for each instrument type and configuration. The Data Station Software
supports all the facilities provided by all the AA Series Accessories,
The software features a range of Wizard based procedures and a tabbed

Methods dialogue to make setting up even complex analyses fast
and easy. All raw data, results and parameters are stored in a single
database for easy retrieval. True Windows multi-tasking is available,
so that SOLAAR can be iconised while running an analysis, allowing
concurrent use of other applications. Methods can be created, edited
and saved, and earlier results can be reviewed, edited and printed, while
an analysis is underway.
SOLAAR software enables full 16 element Methods to be performed

automatically. The flexible and comprehensive tabbed Methods dialogue
box guides the user through setting up complex, multi-element analyses.
Data coded HCLs are fully supported, and facilities are provided to
record lamp usage. Up to 10 calibration standards and a blank can
be used, with segmented curve, linear or quadratic least squares fit
Specifications
calibration algorithms. Normal, standard addition and standard curve

calibration methods are supported, with full graphical display and
print out of the calibration curve. Full alpha-numeric sample details
including sample mass and dilution correction can be entered for each
sample, or imported via text files.
Comprehensive furnace signal graphics are provided, and automated

ash-atomise plots produce graphical data for furnace program
optimisation, and will even suggest optimum values. For flame
systems, fully automatic fuel gas flow and burner height optimisation
with graphical presentation are provided.
Extensive online, context sensitive Help facilities are available. Carefully

structured "books" allow easy browsing and searching as well as direct
access to any Help topic. Trouble-shooting and diagnostics sections
describe simple experiments to first locate the problem then to rectify it.
A full "Cookbook" with default parameters for all elements, common
interferences, and the methods to overcome them is included.
SOLAAR software provides comprehensive printer support through the

Windows operating system. Report formatting enables customisation
of the sample details, results, summaries, methods, system parameters
and graphical displays that are to be included in the Report. All Reports,
as well as individual results, are time and date stamped. Flexible and
comprehensive Results database filters select and display the required
data, which can be exported to other applications for further processing.
Fully reversible results editing is available and is automatically audit
trailed. Password protection and the Audit Trail maintain the validity of
the data for accreditation purposes.
Integrated Auto QC software provides comprehensive Quality

Control protocols automation with checking, testing and re-analysis
options, SPC graphical results display, report generation and data
filing. QC Blanks, QC Checks, QC Duplicates and two forms of
QC Spikes are all included, each with user definable test criteria and
failure actions. Full QC reporting, including pass/fail results and
time and date stamps is provided on the Results display, and hard
copy reporting of all QC protocols, parameters, results and actions is
available. QC data is linked to the results to which it applies, and can
be exported with the results.
SOLAAR software is available in English, USA English, French,

German, Russian, Spanish, Japanese, Chinese and Polish languages.
An additional software package, SOLAARsecurity, is available, which

adds to the SOLAAR Data Station software the tools, functions and
facilities required to comply with the Food and Drug Administration
21 CFR Part 11 Rule “Electronic Records, Electronic Signatures” .
Specifications
ASX 520 Flame Autosampler Standard Items

Random access x-y autosampler mechanism.
Standards rack (10 positions).
4 sample racks (60 positions each).
10 standard and 240 sample polypropylene sample tubes.
0.5 mm ID and 0.8 mm ID PTFE sample probes.
Pumped wash facility.
RS232C adaptor.
Necessary Additional Items

None.
Power
100V - 240 V at 50 or 60 Hz.
Power consumption
50 VA.
Description
Random access, large capacity flame and vapour autosampler with 84
to 360 maximum sample capacity, dependent on rack configuration.
Optional racks for 21, 24, 40, 60 or 90 samples.
ASX-260 Flame Autosampler Standard Items

Random access x-y autosampler mechanism.
Standards rack (10 positions).
2 sample racks (60 positions each).
10 standard and 240 sample polypropylene sample tubes.
0.5 mm ID and 0.8 mm ID PTFE sample probes.
Pumped wash facility.
RS232C adaptor.

None.
Power
100V - 240 V at 50 or 60 Hz.
Power consumption
50VA.
Description
Random access, medium capacity flame and vapour autosampler with
42 to 180 maximum sample capacity, dependent on rack configuration.
Optional racks for 21, 24, 40, 60 or 90 samples.
Specifications
ID100 Autodilutor Standard Items

ID100 Autodilutor.
None.
Power
110V - 240 V at 50 or 60 Hz.
Power consumption
85 VA.
Description
The ID100 Autodilutor provides rapid, in-line preparation of
calibration standards and intelligent or fixed ratio dilution of samples
for flame measurements. It is based on a high precision multi-piston
pump that is calibrated for life, and does not require any consumable
items. It can be used with manual sampling or with any of the flame
autosamplers.
GFS33, GFS35 and GFS35Z Standard Items

Furnace Head and Power Supply Standard (GFS33/35) or Zeeman (GFS35Z) Furnace Head.
Power supply.
Tilt Mount (GFS35Z) or Fixed Mount (GFS35).
Intergrated Furnace and Auto Sampler mount (GFS33)
Normal Electrographite cuvettes (10).

Additional cuvettes as required.
Contacts
End-loaded graphite.
Containment
All graphite.
Cuvettes
Normal Electrographite.
Extended Lifetime (ELC).
Pyrolytically Coated Electrographite.
Omega Platform Extended Lifetime.
Cuvette Volume
0 - 70 µl.
Temperature Control System

Choice of Voltage Control or Optical Temperature Control with a
stabilised sensor and fibre optic transmission system.
Gas System
Fixed external flow.
Adjustable internal flow with choice of inert or alternate gas.
Specifications
Gas Flow Rate

3.5 l/min external flow.
0, 100, 200, 300 ml/min internal flow.
Gas Pressure
1.03 ± 0.14 bar (15 ± 2 psi)
Cooling Water
Mains or Recirculator.
Minimum flow rate 0.7 l/min.
Pressure 1.4 - 6.9 bar (20 -100 psi).
Cooling Time
20 seconds (fixed).
Interlocks
Water pressure and flow rate.
Inert gas pressure.
Power.
Power supply temperature.
Magnet temperature (GFS35Z only).
Furnace open.
Magnet open (GFS35Z only).
Cuvette present.
Power
200/220/240 V at 50/60 Hz, 30A Single phase.
GFS35Z requires additional 200-240V 50/60 Hz single phase
supply.
Power consumption
7.2k VA.
GFS35Z - additional 1.5 kVA
Dimensions (mm)
265W x 390H x 495D.
Weight
GFS33 - 58kg, GFS35 - 50kg, GFS35Z - 66kg.
Description
All cuvettes mount directly in an all-graphite containment with
end loaded contacts. Cuvettes are self aligning, and can be rapidly
exchanged with a single lever movement.
The binary flow controlled internal gas system, with gas stop, offers a
choice of the inert gas or an alternate gas, and the fixed external inert gas
flow protects the cuvette and purges the optical temperature sensor.
Specifications
Furnace Control Control System

From Data Station.
Program Phases
20 time + temperature phases and 20 ramp (5 of each with Local
Control).
Phase Temperature Range

Ambient to 3000 °C in 1 °C increments.
Phase Time
0 to 200.0 seconds in 0.1 second increments.
Ramping Modes
Linear and non-linear.
Ramp Rates
1 to 2000 °C/sec in 1 °C/sec increments.
Injection Temperature
Programmable up to 200 °C when used with the furnace
autosampler.
Signal Display
Data Station VDU.
Program Storage
Unlimited disk storage with Data Station.
Description
Control of the furnace is from the SOLAAR Data Station software
via the spectrometer. A full handshaking RS232C link is provided
to the furnace power supply. Furnace cycles are set up within a
rapid fill table allowing up to 20 phases to be programmed for
temperature, time, ramp rate, gas type and flow and special functions
such as optical temperature control, read phase and non linear
ramp. Individual temperature look-up tables for all cuvette types
ensure accurate temperature calibration. A lifetime display enables
the cuvette to be changed before failure becomes likely. A pre-
programmed cuvette clean cycle is available, culminating in maximum
temperature for 5 seconds to ensure complete contamination removal.
Comprehensive storage of the furnace program, together with
spectrometer and autosampler parameters, is provided. Full furnace
and autosampler status can be displayed, together with the results
during the analysis. Complete monitoring of all furnace interlocks is
provided.
GFS Furnace Autosampler Standard Items

Polypropylene Sample cups (120).
Polypropylene Reagent cups (12).
Spare capillary tips (10).
Specifications

None.
Carousel Capacity
60 sample cups, 6 reagent cups.
Cup Types
Polypropylene sample cups.
Fluoroplastic sample cups.
Reduced Volume sample cups.
Polypropylene reagent cups.
Cup Volume (nominal)

Sample cups 2 ml.
Reduced Volume cups 1.5 ml.
Reagent cups 25 ml.
Matrix Modifiers
Up to 6 per Method.
Resamples
1 to 99 per measurement.
Sampling System
100 µl syringe (side port).
Sampling Volume
1 to 70 µl.
Reproducibility of Injected Volume

Better than 1 % (by mass) at volumes equal to and exceeding 10 µl.
Accuracy of Injected Volume

±0.5 µl.
Inert Gas Pressure

0.34 bar (5 psi).
Wash and Waste Container Volume

1 litre each.
Dimensions (mm)
296W x 380H x 320D.
Weight
Approximately 8 kg.
Description
The Autosampler will accommodate up to 60 samples in the large
carousel. Carousel changeover allows up to 120 samples per element
run. 6 large reagent cups enable up to 6 matrix modifiers to be
Specifications
employed. Using the cup reducing ring, smaller cups can be used
to reduce modifier consumption. The sample is collected and
dispensed via an inert PTFE capillary with rapidly interchangeable
tips. Viscous and Normal modes of injection ensure that samples
are handled appropriately and an enhanced wash program eliminates
contamination. Fast furnace operation provides concurrent operation
of the furnace, spectrometer, and autosampler sample uptake
procedures, minimising overall furnace cycle time. The syringe is
visible and easily accessible for routine maintenance. A large, 1 litre
capacity wash vessel for long, unattended analysis is complemented
by an on-board waste vessel. All facilities are programmed from the
SOLAAR software and sampling facilities such as matrix modification
(wet or dry mixing), standards addition, dilution, re-concentration
and automatic standards preparation can be rapidly set up. Automatic
re-scaling and re-calibration functions are provided. If a sample
falls outside the calibration range the system automatically and
intelligently calculates the most appropriate dilution factor required
to bring the sample back within range. Autosampler loading guides
indicate the optimum carousel layout.
VP100 Continuous Flow Vapour Standard Items

System ‘T’ cell (2).
Spare pump tubing.

None
Absorption Cell
Open ended, T-shaped silica cell.
120 mm long.
8 mm internal diameter.
Long path Mercury absorption cell.
Cell Heating
Air/acetylene flame on 50 mm Universal burner.
Electrical heating using EC90.
Carrier/Purge Gas
Argon or nitrogen.
Gas Inlet Pressure

0.34 bar (5 psi).
Gas Consumption
Up to 500 ml/min.
Reducing Agents
Sodium borohydride
Tin (II) chloride may be used for mercury analysis.
Specifications
Solution Transport
Variable speed, 4 channel peristaltic pump, using continuous
flow principle.
Solution Flow Rates

Reductant - 3.2 ml/min.
Sample - 7.8 ml/min.
Carrier Gas Flow Rates

Variable 50 - 500 mL/min.
Electronic control via Mass Flow Controller.
Reagent Containers
Two 1L plastic bottles.
Power
220/240 V, 50 Hz or 110/120 V, 60 Hz.
Power consumption
30 VA.
Dimensions (mm)
475W x 300H x 200D.
Description
The VP100 Continuous Flow Vapour System performs hydride and
mercury vapour measurements with significant sensitivity improvement
over normal flame techniques. An air/acetylene flame or an electrically
heated cell is used for atomisations. The VP100 unit incorporates the
reagent reservoirs, a variable speed 4 channel peristaltic pump, control
electronics and gas-liquid separator. An integrated Mass Flow Controller
allows the carrier gas flow to be controlled and monitored through
the system software, and the continuous flow principle eliminates
the need to clean the reaction vessel after each sample. The VP100
operates automatically under Data Station control and can provide full
autosampling operation with a suitable autosampler. When used with
the EC90 Electrically Heated Atomisation Cell, unattended operation is
possible.
EC90 Electrically Heated Standard Items

Atomisation Cell EC90 Furnace Head.
EC90 Furnace Power Supply.
2 Silica T Cells.

VP100 Continuous Flow Vapour System.
Appropriate Accessory Mount.
Control System
From external power supply.
Specifications
Temperature Range
Ambient to 1000 °C in 1 °C steps.
Power
220/240 V, 50 Hz or 110/120 V, 60 Hz.
Power consumption
720 VAC.
Dimensions (mm)
280W x 140H x 290D (Power supply).
Weight
Description
The EC90 is an electrically heated atomisation cell for flameless
vapour generation AAS. It provides improved analytical performance,
unattended operation and reduced operating costs. The EC90 must be
used with the VP100 and is suitable for all hydride forming elements.
AA Validator Major Contents (depends on kit type):

SOLAAR Validator Logbook
Ca/Mg Hollow Cathode Lamp
Ni/Cr/Mn Hollow Cathode Lamp
Pyrolytically Coated Cuvettes
Manganese Validation Standard
Nickel Validation Standard
Chromium Validation Standard
Calibration Validation Unit (CVU)
Water Blank Validation Standard
Description
Available in three separate kits designed for Flame, Furnace or Flame
and Furnace installations, the unique AA Validator kits provide
full system validation for iCE 3000 Series AA systems, including
comprehensive qualification plans. Full SOP and check sheets,
together with complete supplier assessment questionnaires, are
supplied in the Validator Logbook for recording and demonstrating
compliance. All necessary consumables are provided and even method
validation guidelines are included.
Calibration Validation Unit Standard Items

Calibration Validation Unit (CVU).
Power Supply.
RS232 Data Lead.
Power
110V - 240 V at 50 or 60 Hz.
Specifications
Power consumption
10VA
Description
The CVU is provided as part of the AA Validator kits and contains
a set of traceable and certified filters. It is fitted in the spectrometer
and controlled by the OQ Test software, and tests the spectrometer
resolution, wavelength accuracy, photometric accuracy and stability, and
D2 background correction efficiency.
The integrated PQ Test software contains a complete set of SOPs

and a Wizard to lead the user through the tests needed to validate
the instrument analytical performance against the manufacturer's
specification.
LH Universal Accessory Mount Description

Accessory Mount for use in the iCE 3000 Series Sample Compartments.
This is necessary for mounting the EC90 Furnace Head, the Calibration
Validation Unit, and the Mercury Absorption Cell in these Sample
Compartments.
RH Universal Accessory Mount Description

Accessory Mount for use in the right hand iCE 3400 / 3500 Series
Sample Compartment. This is necessary for mounting the EC90
Furnace Head, the Calibration Validation Unit, and the Mercury
Absorption Cell in this Sample Compartment.
iSQ Enhancement Standard Items

Intelligent Spectrometer Qualification module.
Coded Ca/Mg Hollow cathode lamp
RH Accessory mount

None
Power
110V - 240V at 50 or 60Hz.
Power consumption
10VA
Description
The iSQ module is mounted on either the RH or LH sample
compartment of iCE 3000 Series instruments. It provides facilities for
automatically testing the Spectrometer hardware.
A O
AA Validator................................................................ 7 - 16 Optical Systems............................................................. 7 - 5
Air Compressor............................................................ 4 - 23 Optimisation............................................................... 6 - 24
ASX-260 Flame Autosampler......................................... 7 - 9 P
ASX-520 Flame Autosampler......................................... 7 - 9 Q
B R
C Regulatory Compliance............................................... 2 - 11
D RH Universal Accessory Mount................................... 7 - 17
Data Station Software.................................................... 7 - 7 S
Description of AA Systems............................................. 7 - 5 Safety in Atomic Absorption Spectrometry.................... 2 - 1
E Services.......................................................................... 5 - 7
EC90 Electrically Heated Atomisation Cell.................. 7 -15 Setting up the Flame System.......................................... 4 - 7
F Specifications................................................................. 7 - 1
Flame Operation............................................................ 4 - 1 Spectrometer Maintenance........................................... 3 - 14
Flame Safety.................................................................. 4 - 3 Spectrometer Operation................................................. 3 - 1
Flame System Maintenance.......................................... 4 - 15 T
Flame Systems................................................................ 7 -6 The ASX-520 and ASX-260 Flame Autosamplers......... 4 - 27
Furnace Control.......................................................... 7 - 12 The EC90 Electrically Heated Atomiser....................... 6 - 21
Furnace Operation......................................................... 5 - 1 The GFS Autosampler.................................................. 5 - 27
Furnace Safety................................................................ 5 - 3 The GFS33 Graphite Furnace System.......................... 5 - 19
G The GFS33 System Maintenance................................. 5 - 23
Gases............................................................................. 4 - 5 The GFS35 and GFS35Z Graphite Furnace Systems..... 5 - 5
GFS Furnace Autosampler........................................... 7 - 12 The GFS35 and GFS35Z System Maintenance............ 5 - 13
GFS35 and GFS35Z Furnace Head The ID100 Autodilutor Accessory................................. 4 -31
and Power Supply..................................................... 7 - 10 The iSQ Module.......................................................... 3 - 11
H The L.H. Sample Compartment Universal
Hollow Cathode Lamp Hazards.................................... 2 -12 Accessory Mount........................................................ 3 - 9
I The R.H. Sample Compartment Universal
iCE 3300 Series Spectrometer........................................ 7 - 4 Accessory Mount......................................................... 3 - 7
iCE 3400/ 3500 Series Spectrometer Specification Models.7 - 3 The Slotted Tube Atom Trap (STAT)........................... 4 - 37
ID100 Autodilutor...................................................... 7 - 10 The Solvent Resistant Flame Kit................................... 4 - 43
Installation..................................................................... 3 - 3 The Variable Flow Auxiliary Oxident Accessory........... 4 - 41
Installing Hollow Cathode Lamps.................................. 3 - 5 The VP100 Continuous Flow Vapor Accessory.............. 6 - 5
Introduction - English................................................... 2 - 3 U
Introduction - French.................................................... 2 - 8 V
Introduction - German.................................................. 2 - 5 Vapor Operation............................................................ 6 - 1
Introduction - the operators Manuals............................. 1 - 1 Vapor Safety................................................................... 6 - 3
iSQ Enhancement........................................................ 7 - 17 VP100 Continuous Flow Vapor System....................... 7 - 14
J VP100 Maintenance.................................................... 6 - 19
K WXYZ
L
LH Universal Accessory Mount................................... 7 - 17
M
Manuals Details............................................................. 1 - 3
N
Thermo Fisher Scientific iCE 3000 Series Atomic Absorption Spectrometers Operators Manual v2.0 19
20 iCE 3000 Series Atomic Absorption Spectrometers Operators Manual v2.0 Thermo Fisher Scientific
iCE 3000 Series
Pre-Installation Manual
Version 1.3
Part number 9499 500 30031
2011 Thermo Fisher Scientific. All rights reserved.
Registration No. 441506
SOLAAR House
19 Mercers Row,
Cambridge CB5 8BZ,
United Kingdom.
Telephone +44 (0) 1223 347400, 70
Fax +44 (0) 1223 347402,
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Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction............................................................................ 5
Chapter 2 System Accessories.............................................................. 7
Chapter 3 Transportation ....................................................................... 9

Package Size .................................................................................... 9
Short Term Storage ........................................................................ 11
Transit Damage.............................................................................. 11
Warranty ........................................................................................ 11
Chapter 4 Working Area Requirements............................................... 13

Introduction.................................................................................... 13
Location ......................................................................................... 13
Environmental Requirements......................................................... 14
Electrical ........................................................................................ 14
Spectrometer Size .......................................................................... 15
Gas Requirements .......................................................................... 17
Water Temperature Control ........................................................... 19
Waste Storage ................................................................................ 20
Spectrometer Fume Extraction ...................................................... 20
Sample Fume Extraction................................................................ 22
Chapter 5 Communications Interface.................................................. 23

On the Data Station........................................................................ 23
Chapter 6 Pre-Installation Checklist .................................................... 25
Chapter 7 Special Agreements ............................................................ 27

Chapter 1
Introduction
This manual is designed to help ensure that your iCE 3000 Series AA
Spectrometer will be installed efficiently and will be able to meet
your requirements quickly and completely.
It will minimise installation time if the services and facilities detailed

here are available before the equipment is delivered.
Properly installed and maintained, your system will provide you with
years of reliable service. Please inform your local Thermo Fisher
organisation what aspects of support are most important to you and a
tailored agreement can be provided to prolong the life of your
instrument. Contact details for your local support office are at the
end of this document.
This manual describes the environment and the resources required at

the installation site of the iCE 3000 Series AA Spectrometer and
associated equipment. Safety requirements for the installation are
also detailed.
WARNING: The installation of all services must comply with the

appropriate rules and regulations required by the local authorities
responsible for those services in the workplace at the installation
site. An installation engineer is not responsible for the fitting, or
compliance of the facilities, or services.
The choice of an operating site for the instrument will be influenced

by local considerations, for example ease of access and availability
of electrical power.
Logical planning of the installation can save both time and money.
The objective of this manual is to provide information that will
enable the best site to be chosen and to highlight the essential
requirements.
If further information or advice is required, contact your local

Thermo Fisher organisation. A list of Thermo Fisher organisations
and agents can be found on http://www.thermoscientific.com
iCE 3000 Series Pre-Installation Manual v1.3 5 of 28

Installation of the system will include some familiarisation training;
however comprehensive method development and software training
will require additional training that should be ordered separately.

Chapter 2
System Accessories
Required:
z Data Station (see specification)
Optional:
z GFS33 Integrated Graphite Furnace and Autosampler
z GFTV for iCE 3300
z SOLAAR Validator Package
z SOLAARsecurity Software
z ID100 Auto Dilutor
z VP100 Continuous Flow Vapour System
z EC90 Electrically Heated Atomisation Cell
z Slotted Tube Atom Trap
z Air Compressor
z Cetac ASX-520 Autosampler (requires dedicated RS232 on Data
Station)
z Cetac ASX-260 Autosampler (requires dedicated RS232 on Data
Station)
z Water Recirculator
Please request site requirement guides for any purchased accessories

2BSystem Accessories
8BPackage Size

Chapter 3
Transportation
The spectrometer is supplied with all compatible accessories that
have been purchased to meet the customer's system requirements.
Items may be shipped in separate packages.
WARNING: All items should be transported to the installation site

on pallets, in their original packaging and the right way up. Under no
circumstances may any package be moved without its pallet unless
under the direct control of an authorised Thermo Fisher service
engineer.
Proposed routes from the customer receiving area to the installation

site must be checked for suitability. The largest pallet size should be
used to calculate clearances.
WARNING: The boxed Spectrometer and the Graphite Furnace and

Power Supply should be moved using a mechanical lift, and to
distribute the weight, four people should be used to lift the
equipment from the box. Care should be taken in doorways, corridors
or when lowering to avoid trapping fingers.
Package Size The instrument and accessories will be supplied inside especially
designed packaging. The dimensions are:
Table 3–1. Spectrometer Packaged Dimensions and Weight
Width Depth Height Weight
iCE 3500 1070mm 740mm 760m (30in) 64 kg
(42.2in) (29.2in) (141lbs)
iCE 3400 1070mm 740mm 760m (30in) 60 kg
(42.2in) (29.2in) (132lbs)
iCE 3300 660mm 700mm 760mm 55 kg
(26in) (27.6in) (30in) (121 lbs)
iCE 3300 660mm 700mm 760mm 48 kg
GF (26in) (27.6in) (30in) (106 lbs)

3BTransportation
8BPackage Size
Table 3–2. Accessory Packaged Dimensions and Weight

Furnace 715mm 550mm 620mm 57Kg
(28.2in) (21.7in) (24.5in) (126lbs)
Zeeman 715mm 550mm 720mm 71Kg
Furnace (28.2in) (21.7in) (28.4in) (157lbs)
Autosampler (20.1in) (16.6in) (20.9in) (22.1lbs)
EC90 720mm 620mm 350mm 20Kg
(28.4in) (25.5in) (13.8in) (44.1lbs)
VP100 690mm 500mm 400mm 9.5Kg
(27.2in) (19.7in) (15.8in) (21lbs)
Transportation to some destinations may necessitate additional

packaging, for example a packing crate. Dimensions and exact
specifications may vary.

3BTransportation
9BShort Term Storage
Short Term
To maintain the instrument in serviceable condition and to comply
Storage with the conditions of warranty, ensure that storage of each item is
maintained within the stated parameters detailed for the Working
Area Requirements below. Make sure that the packages are stored
the correct way up.
Note: Do not open the Packages without the permission of the

Thermo Fisher engineer
When the packages are opened prior to installation, the contents will
be checked against the packing list(s).
Spectrometers ordered with Validation packages should not be

opened other than by the trained Service Engineer performing the
installation.
Transit Before accepting delivery of any equipment, the packages should be

inspected for signs of obvious damage. The nature of the damage
Damage should be noted on the delivery notice and signed by the carrier's
representative.
Within the time stated in the Thermo Fisher terms and conditions an
inspection should be made for concealed damage. The local Thermo
Fisher organisation should be advised of any damage in writing and,
on receipt of specific instructions, the customer should return the
equipment complete and in the original packing material.
Warranty The instrument is warranted against defects in material and

workmanship for a period of 12 months from installation, or 15
months from shipment, whichever comes first. This warranty does
not cover damage sustained as a result of improper storage by the
customer prior to installation, or resale to a third party.
Note: Warranty is not transferable to a third party without Thermo
Fisher approval.

3BTransportation
11BWarranty
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Chapter 4
Working Area Requirements
The choice of site will be influenced by the dimensions and weights
of the spectrometer and accessories. Other factors are the
environment and the availability of electricity, water and gas
supplies, as well as the need for a suitable ventilation system to
dispose of the exhaust gases. All of these factors are covered in the
following sections.
Pre-installation visits can be made on request, but may be
chargeable.
Introduction Prior to installation make sure that the proposed area is compatible
with the conditions specified. The laboratory must offer a dry, even
temperature and dust-free conditions, with no possibility of
condensation forming. Sample preparation activities and corrosive
materials should be located in a separate room to avoid problems due
to corrosive fumes.
A comprehensive ‘Risk Assessment’ should be carried out that is
specific to the handling of solvents, samples and sample preparation.
Particular consideration should be taken to avoid direct sunlight,
proximity to heat sources, draughts and vibration. Do not locate the
system where sudden changes in temperature can occur, for
example near a door or window. Care should be taken with the
location of items such as air conditioning vents and heating vents.
Location The instruments are designed for use on a normal laboratory bench.
Ideally the instrument should be placed on a moveable bench with
0.5 meters of access behind the instrument. The mounting surface
must be level and the instruments must not be placed on any type of
cushioning as this could block ventilation.
The mounting arrangements should be capable of supporting the
weight of the spectrometer and its accessories. Make sure that the
working surface is sufficiently rigid to prevent vibration as this may
affect the optical alignment of the spectrometer and accessories.
To avoid the possibility of liquid ingress into the top of the
spectrometer the location should ensure it is not possible to store
sample or other liquids directly above the instrumentation.
Organic or volatile solvents should not be stored, even for a short
time, near the instrument.

Figure 4–3. iCE 3500 Series typical location diagram.
Do not position the equipment so that it is difficult to operate the

extraction, electrical supply, cooling water, purge gas and plasma gas
controls.
Environmental The atmospheric temperature requirement is 5 to 40 °C (41 to 104

°F), The temperature should not change by more than 2 °C per hour.
Requirements
Atmospheric humidity should be 20 to 80 % m/v for an ambient
temperature between 5 and 30 °C and 20 to 60 % m/v for an ambient
temperature between 30 and 40 °C. Atmospheric conditions must be
non-condensing. The instrument room should be at a positive
pressure with respect to rooms with a corrosive atmosphere.
Electrical
lectrical The spectrometer will require an electrical supply at 100 to 240VAC,
300VA, 50/60Hz. The spectrometer will be supplied with a 2m
mains cord with USA type or Non USA (rest of world) type coding.
USA coding is black (X – ac high), white (Y – ac low), green (G –
earth/ground). Rest of World coding is blue (neutral), brown (live),
green/yellow (earth/ground).
The furnace power supply unit will require a single phase mains
supply of 200/240VAC, 7.2KVA, 50/60Hz. In normal operation the
furnace power supply may draw surge currents in excess of the
nominal rating. A dedicated supply should be used which may
require the inclusion of delayed action protection devices such as
circuit breakers or motor start fuses.

Within the EU the furnace power supply unit should be connected to
a supply with an impedance of 0.124 Ohms or less. It is the
responsibility of the user of the unit to ensure by consultation with
the local supply authority if necessary, that the unit is connected to
this type of supply.
An additional 220/240VAC, 1.5KVA, 50/60Hz is required for a
Zeeman furnace power supply unit.
Other accessories will require a single phase mains supply 110/120V,
or 200/240V at 50/60Hz. The requirements are:
EC90, 720VAC
VP100, 125VAC
ID100, 100VAC
Connection to the laboratory supply should be with an appropriately
rated plug conforming to local electrical guide lines and local
requirements. It must be possible to electrically isolate the
instrumentation.
Multiple installations will require separate mains supplies.
Additional standard mains sockets will be required for the Data
Station and printer, for an extended autosampler, for a chiller and for
each additional accessory used.
Each electrical outlet must have an effective earth/ground
connection. This protection must not be negated by the use of an
extension cable without a protective earth conductor.
Spectrometer Table 4–1. Spectrometer Dimensions and Weight

Size Width Depth Height Weight
iCE 3500 780mm 577mm 520mm 54Kg
(30.1in) (22.7in) (20.5in) (119lbs)
iCE 3400 780mm 577mm 520mm 54Kg
(30.1in) (22.7in) (20.5in) (119lbs)
iCE 3300 567mm 589mm 510mm 45Kg
(22.3in) (23.2in) (20.1in) (99lbs)
iCE 3300GF 567mm 589mm 510mm 38 Kg
(22.3in) (23.2in) (20.1in) (84 lbs)
Table 4-2. Accessory Dimensions and Weight

(10.4in) (19.5in) (15.4in) (110.2lbs)
Zeeman 265mm 495mm 390mm 66Kg
Furnace (10.4in) (19.5in) (15.4in) (145.5lbs)
Furnace 296mm 320mm 380mm 7.3Kg
Autosampler (11.7in) (12.6in) (15in) (16.1lbs)

EC90 305mm 500mm 215mm 16Kg
(12in) (19.7in) (8.5in) (35.3lbs)
VP100 340mm 360mm 280mm 8.5Kg
(13.4in) (14.2in) (11in) (18.7lbs)

Gas General
Requirements
The spectrometer will use a flame or furnace to provide atoms that
are analysed to indicate the concentration of an element in an
unknown sample. A flame will use acetylene as the fuel and either air
or nitrous oxide will be required as the oxidant for the flame. A
nitrous oxide flame will also require air to allow the system to
stabilize before a nitrous oxide flame is used.
Care should be taken to ensure that laboratory gas lines are gas tight,
free from oil and grease, and do not contaminate the gases used for
the spectrometer.
Gas cylinders must be stored and operated in a vertical position and

in an environment free from naked lights and sparks. Cylinders
should be left to stabilize overnight before use.
Only the gas tubing supplied with the spectrometer should be used.
The gas tubing supplied will terminate in 3/8in BSP thread
connections.
All gas supplies should be regulated and connected within 1 meter of

the instrument.
A comprehensive ‘Risk Assessment’ should be carried out that is

specific to the gas requirements.
Acetylene
A flame spectrometer will require acetylene at 0.62 bar (9 psi) with

flow rates of between 0.8 and 5.1 lmin-1. The purity must be at least
98.5%, with impurities for sulphur and phosphorus of less than 15
ppm, and water of less than 100 ppm. The balance of the gas should
be inert gas.
The instrument will be supplied with acetylene gas tubing

terminating in 3/8in BSP Left Hand tighten thread connections.
Black iron is recommended for internal plumbing of acetylene.
It is recommended that banks of cylinders be used with switch over

valves so that the gas supplies can be used continuously. The
cylinders must be fitted with regulators which can provide an outlet
pressure of at least 0.84 bar (12 psi).

A flashback arrestor must be fitted to pressure regulator outlets.
Acetylene is usually supplied in cylinders containing about 6.16m3

(220ft3) of the gas dissolved in acetone. As the acetylene is used the
pressure in the cylinder will fall. This can result in release of acetone
that can lead to erratic results and possible instrument damage. A
cylinder must be considered exhausted at 7 bar (100 psi).
The acetylene in the cylinder must be dissolved in acetone. Do not

use acetylene that is dissolved in other solvents (for example DMF).
The cylinders should be stored and operated in a vertical position as

far away from the instrument as the length of the fuel hose will
permit and in an environment free from naked lights or sparks.
Caution: If pressures above 0.62 bar (9 psi) acetylene are used in

the UK, the Health and Safety Executive of HM Factory Inspectorate
must be informed and an Exemption Certificate obtained. Local and
national regulations and guidelines must be followed at all
installation sites.
Warning: Acetylene is a highly flammable gas that can form

explosive compounds. Contact with copper, silver, and alloys
containing these metals must be avoided. Fittings, filters, or tubing,
containing copper, silver, or other acetylide forming metals, must not
be used.
Air
The spectrometer requires clean dry compressed air at a steady

pressure at 2.1 bar (30 psi), with a flow up to 10 lmin-1.
If the graphite furnace is using air as an oxidant it requires a pressure

of 1.1 bar (15 psi) and a flow rate of 0.2 lmin-1.
The air should be supplied by an oil free compressor at a pressure up

to 4.14bar (60psi). A filter/ regulator unit is required that
incorporates a 5 micron filter, a pressure regulator and a pressure
gauge. A clear plastic Terylene reinforced link hose, of at least 3.5m
(12ft) is required to cool the air and permit efficient water removal
by the filter/regulator unit.
Argon and Nitrogen
A graphite furnace will require argon, or nitrogen, gas at 1.04bar

(15psi) with a purity of 99.999%. Argon gas is the preferred purge
gas.

A vapour system will require a pressure of 0.34bar (5psi).
Warning: Nitrogen and argon gas may cause asphyxiation at high

concentrations. Appropriate care should be taken.
Nitrous Oxide
A flame spectrometer may require nitrous oxide gas for some

applications. Nitrous oxide must be supplied at 2.75bar (40psi) at a
flow of 8lmin-1. Special grade AA nitrous oxide must be used with
oxygen impurities of less than 150ppm; nitrogen less than 400ppm;
carbon dioxide of less than 50ppm; oxides of nitrogen less than
2ppm; carbon monoxide less than 1ppm and water less than 15ppm .
A two stage regulator is required to provide good precision and
stable flame conditions. It maybe necessary to fit a heater to the
regulator to prevent freezing, which would cause flow rate variations
and an unstable flame.
Warning: Nitrous oxide is an anaesthetic and if inhaled in large

amounts can be fatal. The gas supports combustion to a higher
degree than air and will produce highly combustible mixtures very
readily.
Water A recirculating chiller should be used to remove waste heat from the
Temperature graphite furnace. The water temperature should be set to 5°C below
the ambient temperature.
Control
The flow requirement of the furnace is 0.7 l/min and the pressure
should be between 1.4 and 6.9bar (20 to 100psi). The chiller must
have a cooling capacity in excess of 900W.
A suitable chiller (ThermoFlex 900) can be supplied from your local
Thermo Fisher organisation.
Requirements for ThermoFlex 900:
Power: 230V, 50Hz, 7A; or 115V, 60Hz, 13A
Dimensions: 696 x 361 x 627mm (27.4 x 14.2 x 24.7in)
The furnace will be supplied with plastic connecting tubing that has a
6.5mm inside diameter.
Connection to the water chiller should be within 3 meters of the
instrument. If greater distance is required insulated tubing must be
used.
A suitable fungicide, or biocide, should be added to the water. This
can be recommended by the supplier of the chiller.

Waste Storage The analysis of a sample, by flame atomic absorption, usually
involves production of a fine mist from a liquid sample. Waste will
be produced that could be corrosive and toxic, or an organic solvent.
An appropriate container is required that is solvent proof,
shatterproof and vented away from the instrument. Ensure the waste
container does not constitute a spill or trip hazard.
The waste vessel must have a wide neck, be made of a shatterproof
material and resistant to attack by the chemicals used in the analysis.
Polythene is suitable in most cases.
It may be necessary to neutralise waste to prevent any toxin build up.
Appropriate facilities should be provided for the disposal of any
waste. Waste should be disposed of following local procedures and
regulations.
Warnings: The lower end of the drain extension must always be
above the level of the liquid in the drain vessel.
Glass or metal drain vessels must not be used.
The drain extension tube must provide a free flowing drain outlet, to
prevent the formation of any additional ‘U’ traps, and must be free of
kinks and sharp bends.
Spectrometer
The spectrometer is designed to operation in clean air conditions.
Fume The laboratory must be free of all contaminants that could have a
Extraction degrading effect on the instrument components.
Dust, acid and organic vapours must be excluded from the work area.
The warranty will be void if the equipment is operated in substandard
conditions.
WARNING: The spectrometer must never be operated without an

effective fume extraction system installed above the sample
compartment. The fume extraction hood must not be attached to the
chimney and an air gap of 150mm (6in) to 230mm (9in) must be
made. For dual atomizer instruments with two sample compartments,
two extractions may be required.
An acetylene flame can generate between 3 and 5kW with

temperatures up to 3000ºC. The fumes from the flame, which may be
corrosive and toxic, are discharged from the instrument chimney
during operation. To ensure a safe working environment and safe
removal of waste combustion products an effective extraction system
must be installed; this should include appropriate filtering of
hazardous toxic fumes.
It is recommended that the hood of the extraction system and

ducting be made of stainless steel with a circular cross section of at

least 150mm (6in). No compounds that may form acetylides should
be in contact with exhaust fumes.
A centrifugal fan, preferably with plastic coated metal blades,

extracting at least 2800lmin-1 (100ft3min-1) must be fitted into
ducting connected to the hood over the flame. The fan must be at
least 3m from the hood. The hood over the furnace must extract
200lmin-1. Suitable extraction should also be used for the EC90.
Caution: The instrument must not be installed in a normal chemical

fume cupboard as the ventilation is likely to be inadequate and any
other chemical operation may damage the spectrometer.
Figure 4–4. iCE 3000 Series, extraction positions.
The extraction system must not be affected by external weather

conditions, or other uses the system may be used for.

Sample Fume Additional, separate, extraction should be considered if significant
Extraction numbers of volatile or acidic samples are left in the proximity of the
instrumentation, even those in an autosampler.

Chapter 5
Communications Interface
On the Data The Data Station requirements will normally be met by a PC meeting
the following minimum specification:
Station
z Windows XP Professional, Windows Vista Ultimate or Windows
7 Professional.
z 20 Gb Hard drive
z 512 Mb RAM
z A USB connection for spectrometer communication
z Some accessories require a dedicated RS232 port
z A separate Ethernet card will be required for networking
z A printer port may be required
A suitable PC is available from your local Thermo Fisher
organisation.
The installation engineer is not responsible for network and customer
specific set-up of the PC.


Chapter 6
Pre-Installation Checklist
This checklist is to be filled in by the customer to confirm that all
relevant factors concerned with the installation have been
considered and dealt with. On completion of the list, a copy should
be forwarded to your local Thermo Fisher organisation with a request
for installation to be carried out. Failure to send the checklist may
result in delays with the instrument installation; any delays may incur
extra charge.
Table 6–2. Pre-Installation Checklist
Action Completed?
Work area prepared
Location of units planned
Suitable work benches provided
Fume extraction system installed and commissioned.
Electrical socket outlet available for:

Spectrometer (domestic)
Furnace (conditional – see Chapter 4 Electrical)
Data station (domestic)
Chiller (domestic)
Autosampler (domestic)
Other accessories (domestic)
Drain/waste container available
Gas supplies available and tested with correct size fittings (3/8in BSP):
2.1bar (30psi) air; 0.62bar (9psi) acetylene; 2.1bar (30psi) for
argon/nitrogen; 2.75bar (40psi) nitrous oxide.
Cooling water (6.5mm id plastic tubing supplied with instrument)
18 MΩ/cm3 water required for testing
Test and set-up solution.
SolaarSecurity (optional) and Validation (optional)
The following manuals are required by the customer to enable
preparation prior to instrument installation IQ
1) SolaarSecurity pre-installation procedure
2) SolaarSecurity Software installation manual
3) Security Administration Users Guide
Contact details for your local Thermo Fisher Organisation should be

below, or are available from:
[email protected]

Customer Support contact details:

Chapter 7
Special Agreements
This section should detail any special agreements, which have been
arranged with your local Thermo Fisher organisation.

7BSpecial Agreements

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iCE 3000 Series

9499 500 23000

© 2011 Thermo Fisher Scientific. All rights reserved.

Chapter 2 Safety in Atomic Absorption Spectrometry.......................2 - 1

Chapter 3 Spectrometer Operation........................................................3 - 1

Chapter 4 Flame Operation.....................................................................4 - 1

Chapter 5 Furnace Operation..................................................................5 - 1

Fig 4 - 1. Spectrometer gas connection panel ................................................. 4 - 8

Fig 5 - 1. Furnace Power Supply Connections Panel ...................................... 5 - 7

Fig 6 - 1. VP100 General View ....................................................................... 6 - 5

This page is intentionally blank.

The Operators Manual It describes:

●● the software installation procedure.

Some of major accessories require installation; the Accessory Manuals

●● features and functions of the software, as overviews.

●● adjusting and optimising your instrument and analysis parameters

●● the theory of atomic absorption spectrometry.

The Applications The SOLAAR Software Installation CD-ROM contains an

To install the Applications Library:

1. Insert the Software Installation CD-ROM in the CD drive of a

The Applications Library includes:

●● Methods, providing descriptions of various simple and complex

Read this Chapter carefully before installing and operating the

The safety standards contained in this manual comply with the

Die Sicherheitsstandards, die in diesem Handbuch enthalten werden,

Lire très attentivement ce chapitre avant d’installer et d’utiliser

Les normes de sécurités contenues dans ce manuel sont conformes aux

This page is intentionally blank.

Adjustment, maintenance and repair of equipment, which involves

A safety warning triangle means that when operating or exchanging

Warning and caution statements and symbols are marked on the

Yellow/Black or Red/White General Warning Symbol This symbol

White/BlackMolded Protective earth (ground) terminal ▲

Yellow/Black Hot Surface Warning Symbol The “burn hazard”

Yellow/Black Electrical Shock Warning Symbol An electrical shock

Other Warning Symbols

Where reference is made to electrical safety, the following points apply:

¬¬ Follow the National Regulations for the country of use when

¬¬ If liquid is spilled on or adjacent to the instrument, immediately

¬¬ Cleaning and decontamination procedures are specified in the

¬¬ Safety Protection is likely to be impaired if the instrument fails to

¬¬ If the equipment is used in a manner not specified by the

Thermo Fisher Scientific has contracted with one or more recycling/

Einführung Die hier beschriebenen Geräte erfordern gründlich ausgebildetes

Spezielle Justierungen, Wartungen und Reparaturen am geöffneten

Ein Warnungsdreieck bedeutet, daß es überaus wichtig ist, die

Spezielle Vorsichts- und Warnungshinweise finden Sie der

Gelb/Schwarz oder Rot/Weiss Allgemeines Warnungssymbol

Gelb/Schwarz Heißes Oberflächenc Warnsymbol Das Warnsymbol

Gelb/Schwarz Elektrisches Symbol der Schockwarnung Ein Wille

Alle Ersazteile und verbrauchbaren benutzten Einzelteile müssen

Einige der in der Spektroskopie zur Anwendung kommenden

Daher muß dafūr Sorge getraden werden, dass die normalen

Eine komplette Risikobeurteilung sollte für alle Betriebe und Analyse

¬¬ Es liegt in der direkten Verantwortung des ANWENDER und

¬¬ Reinigungs- und Dekontaminationsarbeiten sind in der

Beeinträchtigung der ¬¬ Bevor Sie eine Reinigungs-bzw. Dekontamin-ierungsmethode

Immer dann, wenn eine Beinträchtigung der Sicherheit vorliegt, muß

¬¬ Eine Sicherheitsbeinträchtigung liegt z.B. dann vor, wenn nicht