Working Capital Management - ultrATECH

A.
STUDYON
“WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT”
ULTRATECH PVT LTD
ABSTRACT
The project is “A STUDY ON WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT WITH

SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ULTRATECH LTD The main objective of the study is to
find out the soundness, liquidity and profitability of the company.
The study is formulated by the research design for analyzing the profitability,
soundness and liquidity of the company.
The research design used for this study is analytical research design. Secondary
data is collected from journals, magazines, reports and books.
The statistical tools for the study are common size statement, comparative
statement, trend analysis and ratio analysis. Graphs are also used for the diagrammatic
representation of the interpretation. The study was mainly based on the annual reports of
ULTRATECH PVT LTD.
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
“Working capital means the part of the total assets of the business that change from
one form to another form in the ordinary course of business operations.”
In a perfect world, there would be no necessity for current assets and
liabilities because there would be no uncertainty, no transaction costs, information search
costs, scheduling costs, or production and technology constraints. The unit cost of
production would not vary with the quantity produced. Borrowing and lending rates shall
be same. Capital, labour, and product market shall be perfectly competitive and would
reflect all available information, thus in such an environment, there would be no
advantage for investing in short term assets. However the world we live is not perfect. It
is characterized by considerable amount of uncertainty regarding the demand, market
price, quality and availability of own products and those of suppliers. There are
transaction costs for purchasing or selling goods or securities. Information is costly to
obtain and is not equally distributed.
There are spreads between the borrowings and lending rates for
investments and financings of equal risks. Similarly each organization is faced with its
own limits on the production capacity and technologies it can employ there are fixed as
well as variable costs associated with production goods. In other words, the markets in
which real firm operated are not perfectly competitive. These real world circumstances
introduce problem’s which require the necessity of maintaining working capital. For
example,, an organization may be faced with an uncertainty regarding availability of
sufficient quantity of crucial imputes in future at reasonable price. This may necessitate
the holding of inventory, current assets. Similarly an organization may be faced with an
uncertainty regarding the level of its future cash flows and insufficient amount of cash
may incur substantial costs. This may necessitate the holding of reserve of short term
marketable securities, again a short term capital asset. In corporate financial management,
the term Working capital management” (net) represents the excess of current assets over
current liabilities.
Working capital may be regarded as the life blood of business. Working capital is of
major importance to internal and external analysis because of its close relationship with
the current day-to-day operations of a business. Every business needs funds for two
purposes
 Long term funds are required to create production facilities through purchase of
fixed assets such as plants, machineries, lands, buildings & etc
 Short term funds are required for the purchase of raw materials, payment of
wages, and other day-to-day expenses. It is otherwise known as revolving or circulating
capital
Working Capital = Current Asset – Current Liability.
The primary objective of working capital management is to ensure that sufficient
cash is available to
 Meet day to day cash flow needs.
 Pay wages and salaries when they fall due
 Pay creditors to ensure continued supplies of goods and services.
 Pay government taxation and provider of capital – dividends and

 Ensure the long term survival of the business entity.
Concept of working capital
• Gross Working Capital = Total of Current Asset
• Net Working Capital = Excess of Current Asset over Current Liability
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
I. To analyze the sources of working capital.

II. To draw meaningful conclusion and put forward suggestion for effective
WORKING CAPITAL management.
III. To study the capital structure.
IV. To understand firms working capital position.
V. To determine the efficiency in cash, inventory, debtors, creditors.
NEED FOR THE STUDY
Working capital management, which is concerned with decisions relating to the
current assets and current liabilities?. The key difference between long term financial
management and short term financial management is in terms of the timing of cash.
While long term financial decisions like buying capital equipment or issuing
debentures involve cash flows over an extended period of time short terms financial
decision typically involve cash flows within a year or within the operating cycle of the
firm. working capital management is concerned with the problem that arise in attempting
to manage the current assets. It is the capital invested in different items of current assets
needed for the business,viz., inventory,debtors,cash and other current assets such has
loans and advances to third parties capital required for purchase of raw material and for
meeting day to day expenditure on salaries, wages, rents, advertising etc., is called
working capital.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Working Capital Management is concerned with the problems that arise in
attempting to manage the Current Assets, the Current Liabilities and the inter-relationship
that exists between them. The term Current Assets refers to those Assets which in the
ordinary course of business can be, or will be, converted into Cash within one year
without undergoing a diminution in value and without disrupting the operations of the
firm. The Major Current Assets are Cash, Marketable Securities, Accounts Receivables
and Inventory.
Current Liabilities are those Liabilities, which are intended at their inception, to be paid
in the ordinary course of business, within a year out of the current assets or the earnings
of the concern .The basic Current Liabilities are Accounts Payable, Bills Payable, Bank
Overdraft and outstanding expense. The goal of Working Capital Management is to
manage the firm's Assets and Liabilities in such a way that a satisfactory level of working
capital is maintained. This is so because if the firm cannot maintain a satisfactory level of
working capital, it is likely to become insolvent and may even be forced into bankruptcy.
The Current Assets should be large enough to cover its current liabilities in order
to ensure a reasonable margin of safety. Each of the current assets must be managed
efficiently in order to maintain the liquidity of the firm while not keeping too high a level
of any one of them. Each of the short term sources of financing must be continuously
managed to ensure that they are obtained and used in the best possible way. The
interaction between current assets and current liabilities is, therefore, the main theme of
the theory of management of working capital.

RESERCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. It
may be understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically. In it we
study the various steps that are generally adopted by a researcher in studying his research
problem along with the logic behind them. It is necessary for the researcher to know not
only the research methods/techniques but also the methodology.
METHODOLOGY OF STUDY
TYPE OF RESEARCH
Type of research employed is analytical research
COLLECTION OF DATA
Secondary data is mainly used for this study and the five year data from 2009-
2013 pertaining to the study was collected from the company and the remaining from
books, magazines, journals, web sites etc.
2.6.3 TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS
Secondary data were analyzed and interpreted with the help of different tools such
as ratio analysis, graphs, tables, operating cycle, comparative balance sheets, schedule of
changing in working capital etc.
TIME PERIOD
The duration of the study was for a period of 2009-2013

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
1.The duration of the study is limited to one month. This is a major constraint.
2.The period of the study of the analysis is limited to 5 years from 2013-2017.
3.The study is based on the secondary data i.e. company’s published financial statement.
4.Data about inventory is not available for further analysis
5.The limitations of the ratio analysis are also the major constrains of the study.
6.Data for inter firm comparison is not available.
CHAPTER-3
INDUSTRY PROFILE
COMPANY PROFILE
INDUSTRY PROFILE
History of the origin of cement
It is uncertain where it was first discovered that a combination of hydrate non-

hydraulic lime and a pozzolan produces a hydraulic mixture, but concrete made from
such mixture was first used on large scale by roman engineers. They used both natural
pozzolans (trass or pumice) and artificial pozzolans (ground brick or pottery) in the
concretes. Many excellent examples of structures made from these concretes are still
standing. Notably the huge monolithic dome of the pantheon in Rome and the massive
Bath of Caracalla. The vast system of roman aqueducts also made extensive use of
hydraulic cement. The use of structural concrete disappeared in medieval Europe.
Although weak pozzolanic concretes continued to be used as a core fills in stone walls
and columns.
Modern cement
Modern hydraulic cement began to be developed from the start of the industrial
Revolution (around 1800) ,driven by three main needs: Hydraulic renders for finishing
brick buildings in wet climates Hydraulic mortars for masonry construction of harbor
works etc , in contact with sea water.
Varieties of the cement
There are some varieties in cement that always find good demand in the market.
To known their characteristics and in which area they are most required, it will be better
to take a look at some of the details given below.
Portland blast furnace slag cement (PBFSC)
The rate of hydration heat is found lower in this cement type in comparison to
PPC. It is most useful in massive construction projects, for example-dams.
Sulphate resisting Portland Cement (SRPC)
This cement is beneficial in the areas where concrete has an exposure to seacoast
or sea water or soil or ground water. Under any such instances, the concrete is vulnerable
to sulphates attack in large amounts and can damage to the structure. Hence, by using this
cement one can reduce the impact of damage to the structure. This cement has high these
cement one can reduce the impact of damage to the structure. This cement has high
demand in India.
Rapid hardening Portland Cement (RHPC)
The texture of this cement type is quite to that OPC. But, it is bit more fine than
OPC and possesses immense compressible strength, which makes casting work easy.
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
Also referred to as grey cement or OPC, it is of much use in ordinary concrete

construction. In the production of this type of cement in India, Iron (fe2O3), Magnesium
(MgO), Silica (SiO2), and Sulphur, trioxide (SO3) components are used.
Portland Pozolona Cement (PPC)
As it prevents cracks, it is useful in the casting work of huge volumes of concrete.

The rate of hydration heat is lower in this cement type. Coal waste or waste or burnt clay
is used in the production of this category of cement. It can be availed at low cost in
comparison to OPC.
Oil Well Cement (OWC)
Made of iron, coke, limestone and iron scrap, Oil Well Cement is used in
constructing or fixing oil wells. This is applied on both the off-shore and on-shore of the
wells.
Clinker Cement (CC)
Produced at the temperature of about 1400 to 14560 degree Celsius, Clinker

cement is needed in the construction work of complexes, houses and bridges. The
ingredients for this cement comprise iron, quartz, clay, limestone and bauxite.
A part from these, some of the other types of cement that are available in India can
be classified as:
 Low heat cement,

 High early strength cement,
 Hydrophobic cement,
 High aluminum cement and
 Masonry cement.
2.1.1 Cement Industry in Global
Cement is a basic ingredient for the construction industry. It is estimated there are
1500 integrated cement production plants in the world. Although the players such a
Lafarge or CEMEX, the share of the four largest firms account only for 23% of the
overall demand.
Demand
World cement demand was 2,283MT in 2005, with China accounting for
1,064MT (47% of total). The expected demand for 2010 is estimated at 2,836 MT. China
will increase its demand by 250MT during the period, an increase higher than the total
yearly European demand.
The Demand of Cement
Demand for cement in MT 2015 2014 Growth rate
North America 170 200 2.9%
Western Europe 208 236 2.2%
Asia/Pacific 1500 1900 5.2%
Other regions 405 500 4.7%
World cement demand 2283 2836 4.7%
Source: www.cementhistory.com, www.google.com.

Top 25 Cement companies in the world
S.NO Name of the Company Name of the

Country
1. Aditya Birla Group-Grasim India
2. Al-Ghurair Group Dubai
3. Ambuja Cements Limited India
4. Anhui Conch Cement Company China
5. Arabian Cement Company Egypt
6. Ararat Cement Co. South Africa
7. Cement Cruz Azul Cement Co. Armenia
8. CEMEX Co. U.S.A
9. China National Cement Materials Group Corporation China
10. Cimpor Cement corp. China
11. Companhia Siderurgical National S.A Brazil
12. Concrete Casting Cement Company Pacific Alloy
13. CRH plc America
14. Eagle Materials Inc U.S.A
15. Heidelberg Cement Company Germany
16. James Hardie Cements U.S.A
17. Lafarge India
18. Libyan Cement Company Libya
19. Monarch Cement Ltd. U.S.A, California
20. Norcem Germany
21. Pretoria Portland Cement Company South Africa
22. Ready Mix Inc India
23. Rinker Group Australia
24. Semapa Group Europe
25. Smith-Midland Cement Company U.S.A, Milford
Cement industry in India
Cement Industry in India
The cement industry in India has undergone a major shift over the last 6 years.
The Indian cement industry is the second largest producer of quality cement. Indian
cement industry is engaged in the production of several varieties of cement such as,
ordinary Portland cement (OPC), Portland pozzoland cement (PPC), Portland blast
Source: www.google.com, www.ask.com, www.linkedin.com, en.wikipedia.com

furnace slag Portland cement (PBFSPC), sulfate resistance Portland cement (SRPC),
white cement, etc,. They are produce strictly as per the Bureau of Indian standards (BIS)
specifications and their quality is comparable with the best in the world.
The industry occupies an important place in the national economy because of its strong
linkage to other sectors such as, construction, transportation, coal and power. The cement
industry is also one of the major contributors to the exchequer by way of indirect taxes.
S.NO Name of the company Details of the company
Year of establishment 1994
1. ACC Limited Head quarters Maharashtra
Web site www.acclimited.com
2. Ambuja Cements Limited Head quarters Gujarat
Web site www.ambujacement.com
3. Andhra Cements Ltd Head quarters Andhra Pradesh
Web site www.andhracements.com
4. Barak Valley Cements Ltd Head quarters Assam
Web site www.barakcement.com

5. Bheema Cements Ltd Head quarters Andhra Pradesh
Web site www.bheemacement.com
6. Binani Cement Ltd Head quarters West Bengal
Web site www.binani.com
7. Birla Corporation Limited Head quarters West Bengal
Web site www.grasim.com
8. Burnpur Cement Ltd Head quarters West Bengal
Web site www.burnpurcement.com
9. ULTRATECHLimited Head quarters Tamil Nadu
Web site www.chettinadcement.com

Dalmia Cement (Bharat)
10. Head quarters Tamil Nadu
Limited
Web site www.dalmiacement.com
11. Deccan Cements Ltd Head quarters Andhra Pradesh
Web site www.deccancem.com

12. Everest Industries Ltd Head quarters Maharashtra

Web site www.everestind.com
13. Grasim Industries Limited Head quarters Madhya Pradesh
Web site www.grasim.com
14. Gujarat Sidhee Cement Ltd Head quarters Gujarat
Web site www.gujaratsidhee.com
15. Heidelberg Cement India Ltd Head quarters Karnataka
Web site www.mycemco.com
16. Hyderabad Industries Ltd Head quarters Andhra Pradesh
Web site www.hil.in

Indian Hume Pipe Company
17. Head quarters Maharashtra
Ltd
Web site www.indianhumepipe.com
18. J. K. Cement Limited Head quarters Uttar Pradesh
Web site www.jkcement.com
19. JK Lakshmi Cement Ltd Head quarters Rajasthan
Web site www.jklcem.com

20. Kalyanpur Cements Ltd Head quarters West Bengal
Web site www.kalyancemenet.com
21. Katwa Cements Ltd Head quarters Karnataka
Web site www.katwagroup.com
22. Kesoram Industries Ltd Head quarters West Bengal
Web site www.kesocorp.com
23. Madras Cements Limited Head quarters Tamil Nadu
Web site www.madrascements.com
24. Mangalam Cement Ltd Head quarters Rajasthan
Web site www.mangalamcement.com
25. NCL Industries Ltd Head quarters Andhra Pradesh
Web site www.nclind.com
26. Nirman Cements Ltd Head quarters Bihar
Web site www.nirmancements.com
27. OCL India Ltd Head quarters Orissa
Web site www.ocl.in
28. Panyam Cements & Mineral Year of establishment 1955

Head quarters Andhra Pradesh
Inds Ltd
Web site www.panyamcements.com
29. Prism Cement Ltd Head quarters Andhra Pradesh
Web site www.prismcement.com
30. Rose Zinc Ltd Head quarters Rajasthan
Web site www.rosezinc.com
31. Sagar Cements Ltd Head quarters Andhra Pradesh
Web site www.sagarcements.in
32. Sainik Cement Inds. Ltd Head quarters Delhi
Web site www.sainikcem.in
33. Sanghi Industries Ltd Head quarters Andhra Pradesh
Web site www.sanghicement.com
34. Saurashtra Cement Ltd Head quarters Gujarat
Web site www.saurashtra.com
35. Shiva Cement Ltd Head quarters Orissa
Web site www.shivacement.com

Shree Digvijay Cement
36. Head quarters Gujarat
Company Ltd
Web site www.digvijaycement.com
Head quarters Andhra Pradesh

37. Somani Cement Company Ltd
Web site www.anjanicement.com
38. Sri Vasavi Inds. Ltd Head quarters Andhra Pradesh
Web site www.srivasavi.com
39. Sri Chakra Cements Ltd Head quarters Andhra Pradesh
Web site www.chakracement.com
40. Stresscrete India Ltd Head quarters Maharashtra
Web site www.stresscrete.com
41. The India cements Ltd Head quarters Tamil Nadu
Web site www.ramcocement.in
42. Udaipur Cement Works Ltd Head quarters Rajasthan
Web site www.udaipurcement.com

43. UltraTech Cement Limited Head quarters Maharashtra
Web site www.ultratechcement.com
44. Vinaycements Ltd Head quarters Assam
Web site www.vinaycements.com
45. Visaka industries Ltd Head quarters Andhra Pradesh
Web site www.visaka.org
46. Zuari cement corporation Ltd Head quarters Andhra Pradesh
Web site www.zuaricement.com
Source: www.google.com, info.shine.com, www.indiacatalog.com
2.1.3 Cement Industry in Tamilnadu
The cement industry of India hopes the most in Tamilnadu. The Tamilnadu is the
state which has produces the quality cement in India.
The Tamilnadu government was formed a company name is “Tamilnadu cement

corporation limited (TANCEM) in the February 1976 as public limited company. The
TANCEM was formed two cement plants in Tamilnadu. These,
1. Alangulam cement works. Alangulam, virudhunagar districts.

2. Ariylur cement works. Ariyalur, perambalur districts.
The following table shows the details of cement companies in districts of Tamilnadu.
These,
S.No Name of the company Details
Year of
1962
establishment
Corporate office Chennai

1 ULTRATECHLimited
Karur, Dhindukal,
Plant Places
Ariyalur
Brand name Chettinad.
Year of
1946
establishment
Corporate office Chennai.

2 The India cements Ltd
Ramanathapuram,
Plant Places
Sangakiri, Ariyalur.
Sankar cement,
Brand name
Coromandel cement.
Year of
1950
establishment
3 Madras cement Ltd Corporate office Chennai.
Plant place Ariyalur.
Brand name Ram co cement.
Tamilnadu cements corporation Year of

1979
Ltd establishment
4
Corporate office Chennai (Govt).
Plant place Ariyalur.
Brand name Arasu cement
Year of
1976
establishment
Corporate office Madurai.

5 Janathacem industries limited
Plant place Rajapalayam,madurai.
Janatha cement, agsar

Brand name
cement.
Source: www.indiacatalog.com, www.ask.com, en.wikipedia.com

COMPANY PROFILE
UltraTech Cement is part of the US $40 billion Aditya Birla Group. The company has 22 cement
plants in India with an installed capacity of 48.75 Million Tonnes Per Annum (MTPA) with an
expected increase of 10 MTPA by FY 13.UltraTech Cement provides a range of products that
cater to all the needs from laying the foundation to delivering the final touches. The range
includes Ordinary Portland Cement, Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement, Portland Pozzalana
Cement, White Cement, Ready Mix Concrete, building products and a host of other building
solutions. White cement is manufactured under the brand name of ‘Birla White’ , ready mix
concretes under the name of ‘UltraTech Concrete’ and new age building products under the name
of ‘UltraTech Building Products Division’. The retail outlets of UltraTech operate under the name
of ‘UltraTech Building Solutions’.
UltraTech’s parent company, the Aditya Birla Group, is in the league of Fortune 500 companies.
It employs a diverse workforce comprising of 1, 33,000 employees, belonging to 42 different
nationalities across 36 countries. A recent survey conducted by Aon-Hewitt ranked the Aditya
Birla Group as one among the ‘Best Employers’ in India. Another survey conducted by Aon-
Hewitt, Fortune magazine and RBL ranked the group as No. 4 in the world and No.1 in Asia
Pacific among the ‘Top Companies for Leaders’ (2011).
 UltraTech is the 10th largest producer of grey cement in the world.

 Largest producer of white cement in India.
 One of the largest producers of RMC in India.
 UltraTech Cement belongs to the Aditya Birla Group, India’s first multinational
corporation. With an installed capacity of 48.75 MTPA from its manufacturing locations in India
and 3.2 MTPA from its overseas plants, UltraTech is India’s leading cement manufacturer.
 As of Dec. 2011, UltraTech’s presence along with its subsidiaries is recorded at 11

integrated plants, one white cement plant, one clinkerisation plant in UAE, 15 grinding units; 11
in India, 2 in UAE, 1 in Bahrain and Bangladesh each, 2 rail bulk terminals in India and 3 coastal
terminals, of which 2 are located in India and 1 in Sri Lanka and 101 concrete plants.
 Straddling export markets in countries across the Indian Ocean, Africa, Europe and the
Middle East, UltraTech Cement is also the country’s largest cement clinker exporter.
UltraTech’s inception can be traced back to the mid-1980s with the establishment of Grasim’s
first cement plant at Jawad in Madhya Pradesh. In 2001, with the objective of increasing its reach,
Grasim acquired a stake in L&T Cement Ltd. The stake was further increased to a majority stake
in 2003 thereby giving Grasim a pan-India presence and an increased market share. In 2004, the
demerger of L&T’s cement business was completed and Grasim acquired a controlling stake in
L&T Cement Ltd and the name was subsequently changed to UltraTech cement. The cement
business of Grasim was demerged and vested in Samruddhi Cement Limited in May 2010, with
Samruddhi Cement Limited consequently being amalgamated with UltraTech Cement Limited in
July 2010. In September 2010, UltraTech Cement Middle East Investments Limited, a wholly
owned subsidiary of UltraTech Cement acquired management control of ETA Star Cement
Company, along with its operations in the UAE, Bahrain and Bangladesh, thereby putting
UltraTech on the global map.
Today, UltraTech Cement is the tenth largest producer of cement globally. It has a diverse
presence across the globe. The company has eleven integrated plants, one white cement plant and
one clinkerisation plant, which is based in the UAE. Furthermore, UltraTech has 15 grinding units
across the world: 11 in India, 2 in UAE and 1 each in Bahrain and Bangladesh. It also has 2 rail
bulk terminals in India, 3 coastal terminals, out of which 2 are located in India and one in Sri
Lanka. UltraTech has 101 concrete plants across 35 locations in India. The history of UltraTech’s
progress over the years is given below:
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Mr. Kumar Mangalam Birla
Chairman,
Aditya Birla Group
Mr. Kumar Mangalam Birla is the Chairman of the US$35 billion multinational Aditya Birla
Group. Mr. Birla took over as Chairman of the Group in 1995, at the age of 28, after the untimely
demise of his father. As Chairman, Mr. Birla has taken the Aditya Birla Group to an altogether
higher growth trajectory. In the 17 years that he has been at the helm of the Group, he has
accelerated growth, built a meritocracy and enhanced stakeholder value....
Mrs. Rajashree Birla
Mr. R. C. Bhargava
Mr. M. Damodaran
Mr. G. M. Dave
Mr. Adesh Gupta
Prof. Nirmalya Kumar
Mr. S. B. Mathur
Mr. V. T. Moorthy
Mr. S. Rajgopal
UltraTech’s journey began almost three decades ago and throughout this journey, the focus has
always been on providing customers with the best products and services. The resulting success
has only reaffirmed UltraTech’s desire to be a complete end-to-end building solutions provider.
Each milestone in this journey is a cherished memory: becoming the largest cement manufacturer
in India, winning the ‘SUPERBRAND’ and 'POWERBRAND' accolades and being recognised as
a truly global organization, are a few that stand out.
handle the complex nature of operations, the logistics operation is being handled at UltraTech
through a multi-tiered structure which involves logistics teams at Plant, Region and Zonal levels.
Beside this, there is a central logistics team who set the overall policy guidelines, monitor
logistics performance and ensure segmental priorities as well as service requirements are met.
Logistics processes are empowered by best in class SCM processes using technology as the
enabler with focus on:
Network Optimization
Web Based Order Management system with real time visibility of order status
Customer Service level measurement on real time basis GPS based Vehicle Tracking System for
dedicated fleetAutomation
CHAPTER-3
REVIEW OF
LITERATURE
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
DEFINITIONS OF WORKING CAPITAL:
 Working capital is the difference between the inflow and outflow of funds. In other
words it is the net cash inflow.
 Working capital represents the total of all current assets. In other words it is the
Gross working capital, it is also known as Circulating capital or Current capital for
current assets are rotating in their nature.
 Working capital is defined as the excess of current assets over current liabilities
and provisions. In other words it is the Net Current Assets or Net Working Capital
CONSTITUENTS OF CURRENT ASSETS:
1. Cash in hand and cash at bank
2. Bills receivables
3. Sundry debtors
4. Short term loans and advances.
5. Inventories of stock as:
 Raw material
 Work in process
 Stores and spares
 Finished goods
6. Temporary investment of surplus funds.
7. Prepaid expenses
8. Accrued incomes.
9. Marketable securities.
In a narrow sense, the term working capital refers to the net working. Net working
capital is the excess of current assets over current liability, or, say:
CONSTITUENTS OF CURRENT LIABILITIES:
1. Accrued or outstanding expenses.

2. Short term loans, advances and deposits.
3. Dividends payable.
4. Bank overdraft.
5. Provision for taxation, if it does not amt. to app. of profit.
6. Bills payable.
7. Sundry creditors.
The gross working capital concept is financial or going concern concept whereas net
working capital is an accounting concept of working capital. Both the concepts have their
own merits.
The Gross Concept Is Sometimes Preferred To The Concept Of Working

Capital For The Following Reasons:
 It enables the enterprise to provide correct amount of working capital at correct
time.
 Every management is more interested in total current assets with which it has to
operate then the source from where it is made available.

 It take into consideration of the fact every increase in the funds of the enterprise
would increase its working capital.
 This concept is also useful in determining the rate of return on investments in

working capital. The net working capital concept, however, is also important for
following reasons:
 It is qualitative concept, which indicates the firm’s ability to meet to its
operating expenses and short-term liabilities.
 It indicates the margin of protection available to the short term
creditors.
 It is an indicator of the financial soundness of enterprises.
 It suggests the need of financing a part of working capital requirement
out of the permanent sources of funds.
TYPES OF WORKING CAPITAL:
WORKING CAPITAL MAY BE CLASSIFIED IN TWO WAYS:
1. On the basis of concept.

2. On the basis of time.
1. ON THE BASIS OF CONCEPT:

a) Gross Working Capital
b) Net Working Capital
a) Gross Working Capital:
Gross working capital refers to the firm’s investment I current assets. Current
assets are the assets which can be convert in to cash within year includes cash, short term
securities, debtors, bills receivable and inventory.
b) Net Working Capital:
Net working capital refers to the difference between current assets and current
liabilities. Current liabilities are those claims of outsiders which are expected to mature
for payment within an accounting year and include creditors, bills payable and
outstanding expenses. Net working capital can be positive or negative.
NET WORKING CAPITAL = CURRENT ASSETS – CURRENT LIABILITIES.
Net working capital can be positive or negative. When the current assets exceeds
the current liabilities are more than the current assets. Current liabilities are those
liabilities, which are intended to be paid in the ordinary course of business within a short
period of normally one accounting year out of the current assts or the income business.
2. ON THE BASIS OF TIME:

 Permanent or fixed working capital.
 Temporary or variable working capital
Permanent or Fixed Working Capital:
Permanent or fixed working capital is minimum amount which is required to

ensure effective utilization of fixed facilities and for maintaining the circulation of
current assets. Every firm has to maintain a minimum level of raw material, work- in-
process, finished goods and cash balance. This minimum level of current assets is called
permanent or fixed working capital as this part of working is permanently blocked in
current assets. As the business grow the requirements of working capital also increases
due to increase in current assets.
Temporary or Variable Working Capital:
Temporary or variable working capital is the amount of working capital which is

required to meet the seasonal demands and some special exigencies. Variable working
capital can further be classified as seasonal working capital and special working capital.
The capital required to meet the seasonal need of the enterprise is called seasonal
working capital. Special working capital is that part of working capital which is required
to meet special exigencies such as launching of extensive marketing for conducting
research, etc.
Temporary working capital differs from permanent working capital in the sense that is
required for short periods and cannot be permanently employed gainfully in the business.
IMPORTANCE OR ADVANTAGE OF ADEQUATE WORKING CAPITAL:
 SOLVENCY OF THE BUSINESS: Adequate working capital helps in
maintaining the solvency of the business by providing uninterrupted of
production.
 GOODWILL: Sufficient amount of working capital enables a firm to make
prompt payments and makes and maintain the goodwill.

 EASY LOANS: Adequate working capital leads to high solvency and credit
standing can arrange loans from banks and other on easy and favorable terms.
 CASH DISCOUNTS: Adequate working capital also enables a concern to avail
cash discounts on the purchases and hence reduces cost.

 REGULAR SUPPLY OF RAW MATERIAL: Sufficient working capital ensures
regular supply of raw material and continuous production.

 REGULAR PAYMENT OF SALARIES, WAGES AND OTHER DAY TO DAY
COMMITMENTS: It leads to the satisfaction of the employees and raises the

morale of its employees, increases their efficiency, reduces wastage and costs and
enhances production and profits.

 EXPLOITATION OF FAVORABLE MARKET CONDITIONS: If a firm is
having adequate working capital then it can exploit the favourable market
conditions such as purchasing its requirements in bulk when the prices are lower
and holdings its inventories for higher prices.

 ABILITY TO FACE CRISES: A concern can face the situation during the
depression.
 QUICK AND REGULAR RETURN ON INVESTMENTS: Sufficient working
capital enables a concern to pay quick and regular of dividends to its investors and
gains confidence of the investors and can raise more funds in future.
 HIGH MORALE: Adequate working capital brings an environment of securities,
confidence, high morale which results in overall efficiency in a business.
EXCESS OR INADEQUATE WORKING CAPITAL:
Every business concern should have adequate amount of working capital to run
its business operations. It should have neither redundant or excess working capital nor
inadequate nor shortages of working capital. Both excess as well as short working
capital positions are bad for any business. However, it is the inadequate working
capital which is more dangerous from the point of view of the firm.
DISADVANTAGES OF REDUNDANT OR EXCESSIVE WORKING CAPITAL:
 Excessive working capital means ideal funds which earn no profit for
the firm and business cannot earn the required rate of return on its
investments.
 Redundant working capital leads to unnecessary purchasing and
accumulation of inventories.
 Excessive working capital implies excessive debtors and defective
credit policy which causes higher incidence of bad debts.
 It may reduce the overall efficiency of the business.
 If a firm is having excessive working capital then the relations with
banks and other financial institution may not be maintained.
 Due to lower rate of return n investments, the values of shares may
also fall.
 The redundant working capital gives rise to speculative transactions
DISADVANTAGES OF INADEQUATE WORKING CAPITAL:
Every business needs some amounts of working capital. The need for working
capital arises due to the time gap between production and realization of cash from sales.
There is an operating cycle involved in sales and realization of cash. There are time gaps
in purchase of raw material and production; production and sales; and realization of cash.
Thus working capital is needed for the following purposes:
 For the purpose of raw material, components and spares.

 To pay wages and salaries.
 To incur day-to-day expenses and overload costs such as office expenses.
 To meet the selling costs as packing, advertising, etc.
 To provide credit facilities to the customer.
 To maintain the inventories of the raw material, work-in-progress, stores and
spares and finished stock.
For studying the need of working capital in a business, one has to study the
business under varying circumstances such as a new concern requires a lot of funds to
meet its initial requirements such as promotion and formation etc. These expenses are
called preliminary expenses and are capitalized. The amount needed for working
capital depends upon the size of the company and ambitions of its promoters. Greater
the size of the business unit, generally larger will be the requirements of the working
capital.
The requirement of the working capital goes on increasing with the growth and
expensing of the business till it gains maturity. At maturity the amount of working
capital required is called normal working capital.
There are others factors also influence the need of working capital in a business.
Working Capital Operating Cycle:
3.4 FACTORS DETERMINING THE WORKING CAPITAL

REQUIREMENTS:
1. NATURE OF BUSINESS: The requirements of working is very limited in public

utility undertakings such as electricity, water supply and railways because they offer cash
sale only and supply services not products, and no funds are tied up in inventories and
receivables. On the other hand the trading and financial firms requires less investment in
fixed assets but have to invest large amt. of working capital along with fixed investments.
2. SIZE OF THE BUSINESS: Greater the size of the business, greater is the
requirement of working capital.
3. PRODUCTION POLICY: If the policy is to keep production steady by

accumulating inventories it will require higher working capital.
4. LENTH OF PRDUCTION CYCLE: The longer the manufacturing time the raw
material and other supplies have to be carried for a longer in the process with progressive
increment of labour and service costs before the final product is obtained. So working
capital is directly proportional to the length of the manufacturing process.
5. SEASONALS VARIATIONS: Generally, during the busy season, a firm requires

larger working capital than in slack season.
6. WORKING CAPITAL CYCLE: The speed with which the working cycle
completes one cycle determines the requirements of working capital. Longer the cycle
larger is the requirement of working capital.
DEBTORS
CASH FINISHED GOODS
RAW MATERIAL WORK IN PROGRESS
7. RATE OF STOCK TURNOVER: There is an inverse co-relationship between

the question of working capital and the velocity or speed with which the sales are
affected. A firm having a high rate of stock turnover will needs lower amt. of working
capital as compared to a firm having a low rate of turnover.
8. CREDIT POLICY: A concern that purchases its requirements on credit and sales
its product / services on cash requires lesser amt. of working capital and vice-versa.
9. BUSINESS CYCLE: In period of boom, when the business is prosperous, there is
need for larger amt. of working capital due to rise in sales, rise in prices, optimistic
expansion of business, etc. On the contrary in time of depression, the business contracts,
sales decline, difficulties are faced in collection from debtor and the firm may have a
large amt. of working capital.
10. RATE OF GROWTH OF BUSINESS: In faster growing concern, we shall

require large amt. of working capital.
11. EARNING CAPACITY AND DIVIDEND POLICY: Some firms have more
earning capacity than other due to quality of their products, monopoly conditions, etc.
Such firms may generate cash profits from operations and contribute to their working
capital. The dividend policy also affects the requirement of working capital. A firm
maintaining a steady high rate of cash dividend irrespective of its profits needs working
capital than the firm that retains larger part of its profits and does not pay so high rate of
cash dividend.
PRICE LEVEL CHANGES: Changes in the price level also affect the working
capital requirements. Generally rise in prices leads to increase in working capital.
OTHERS FACTORS:
 Operating efficiency.
 Management ability.
 Irregularities of supply.
 Import policy.
 Asset structure.
 Importance of labour.
 Banking facilities, etc.
REQUIREMENTS OF FUNDS:
Funds Requirements of company
Fixed Capital Working Capital

Preliminary Expenses Raw materials
Purchase of Fixed Assets Inventories
Establishment work exp. Goods in Progress
Fixed working capital Others
Every company requires funds for investing in two types of capital i.e. fixed capital, which requires
long-term funds, and working capital, which requires short-term funds.
Sources of Working Capital
Long-term source Short-term source

(Fixed working capital) (Temporary working
capital)
a) Loan from financial institution a)

Factoring
b) Floating of
f) Commercial paper Debentures

b) Bill discounting
c) Accepting public deposits c) Bank

overdraft
d) Issue of shares d) Trade

credit
e) Cash credit
CHAPTER-4
DATA ANALYSIS
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Data anlysis and interpretation is the core factor of any project. This chapter “data
analysis and interpretation consist of analytic part based upon empirical study. In this
project the researcher used annual report for data collection. The study is based on
primary and secondary data. Primary data is collected by means of interview. Secondary
data is collected by annual reports. In project, I have used various tools such as
 Ratio analysis
 Operating cycle
 Trend analysis
 Schedule of changes in working capital
RATIO ANAYSIS
Ratio analysis is the process of determining and presenting in arithmetical terms
the relation between figures and group of figures drawn from statements. The ratio
analysis is one of the tools in the hands of those who want to know something more from
the financial statements. Ratio is basis of this analysis.
Ratio can be expressed in any of three ways.
 Rate, which is the ratio between the numerical facts over a period of time.
 Pure ratios or proportions, which are arrived at by the simple division of one number by
another.
 Percentage, which is a special type of rate expressing the relationship in hundred.
Ratio analysis is based on different ratios which are calculated from the accounting
data contained in the financial satements. Different ratios are used for different purpose.
These ratios can be grouped into various classes according to the financial activity
function to be evaluated.
3.1.1 CURRENT RATIO
Current assets normally mean assets convertible and meant to be converted into
cash within a year time. Current assets usually include cash in hand and at bank, debtors,
bills receivable, prepaid expenses, inventories, ratio materials, work in progress and
finished goods, marketable securities and other short term high quality investments.
Current liability represent the liablities at which fall due for payment within year.
Current ratio establishes the relation between the current assets and current
liabilities. Conventional rule, idle current ratio should be 2:1
The ability of a company to meets its short term commitment is normally assessed by
comparing current assets with current liabilities.
CURRENT RATIO
CURRENT CURRENT CURRENT

YEAR ASSETS( lakhs) LIABILITIES( lakhs) RATIO
2012-13 3137.42 1195.6 2.62
2013-14 4590.76 1632.56 2.81
2014-15 3063.73 840.48 3.64
2015-16 2870.67 1016.37 2.82
2016-17 3270.91 1142.61 2.86
INTERPRETATION
As a conventional rule, idle current ratio should be 2:1. The actual current ratio is
2:1 it can be reasonably being taken as a sign of liquidity or the short term solvency of
concern. The company has maintained the current ratio favorable from 2005-2006 to
2009-2010, but the year 2007-2008 the ratio was highly increased to 3.64.
The main reason for increasing current ratio in the year 2007-2008 is dipping the
sail in that year, it is because of increased price of the products. So the stock increased.
To recover this problem the sales have to increase.

TABLE NO 3.2 LIQIDITY RATIO
CURRENT
ASSETS-
CLOSING CURRENT
YEAR STOCK(laks) LIABILITES(laks) LIQUDITY RATIO
2012-13 1152.71 1195.6 0.9641
2013-14 2535.94 1632.56 1.5534
2014-15 1210.17 840.48 1.4398
2015-16 1328.96 1016.37 1.2865
2016-17 1255.03 1142.61 1.0984
INTERPRETATION
Quick ratio is expressed as quick asset:quick liability.quick ratio of 1:1 is
considered to represent a satisfactory financial position. If actual quick ratio is equal or
more than the standard quick ratio of 1:1,the conclusion can be the concern is liquid and
so it can pay of its short-term liability out of its quickly The company has maintained
quick ratio favorable from 2005-06 to 2016-17. In year 2005-06 the company shows
lower quick ratio because of the company had highest stock in the year.
CREDITORS TURNOVER RATIO

TABLE3.3
ANNUAL CREDITORS TURNOVER

YEAR PURCHASE AVERAGE PAYABLE RATIO
2012-13 16867.45 322.68 52.27

2013-14 17987.75 787.61 22.84
2014-15 21910.96 418.8 52.32
2015-16 23071.44 491.29 46.96
2016-17 29308.93 557.82 52.54
INTERPRETATION
This ratio reflects whether terms of terms of credit allowed by suppliers are
liberal or stringent. High creditors turnover ratio shows that creditors are being paid
promptly, while a low turnover ratio reflects liberal credit terms granted by suppliers.
The company has been maintaining a better creditor’s turnover ratio but the year 2013-14
the ratio was highly decreased. Now the company recovers this problem.
TABLE 3.4 AVERAGE PAYMENT PERIOD

CREDITORS TURN OVER AVERAGE PAYMENT
YEAR DAYS IN YEAR RATIO PERIOD
2012-13 365 52.27 7
2013-14 365 22.84 16
2014-15 365 52.32 7
2015-16 365 46.96 8
2016-17 365 52.54 7
INTERPRETATION
Above table shows average payment period of ULTRATECH pvt ltd. Company getting
6-8 days to make payment to the supplier. This helps the company to get discount from
suppliers. But the year 2013-14 the company took 16 days to make the payment.
TABLE 3.5 SHOWING STOCK TURN OVER RATIO

YEAR COST OF GOOD AVERAGE INVENTORY STOCK TURNOVER RATIO
SOLD
2012-13 19917.38 1094.26 18.2
2013-14 22829.1 1659.51 13.76
2014-15 27199.67 1628.34 16.69
2015-16 28947.48 1340.48 21.6
2016-17 33971.91 1394.56 24.36
INTERPRETATION
The above table shows the inventory conversion period of k s e ltd. From the part
of the company ideal period is 20 days. Company is not achieve the inventory conversion
period as ideal in last two years, that is ,22 and 25 days have taken to convert the stock
into cash in 2016-17 and 2015-16 respectively. The reason of taking this much dates,
company purchased raw material in bulk quantity with discount.
TABLE WORKING CAPITAL TURNOVER RATIO

NET NET WORKING WORKING CAPITAL TUREOVER
YEAR SALES CAPITAL RATIO
2012-13 21301.58 1941.82 10.96
2013-14 24076.42 2958.21 8.13
2014-15 27551.91 2223.25 10.63
2015-16 28947.49 1854.3 15.61
2016-17 35007.87 2128.3 16.64
INTERPRETATION
The higher ratio indicated efficient utilization of working capital and a low ratio
indicates inefficient utilization. The above table shows the working capital and high ratio
is due to high net working capital. In the year 2013-14 shows the working capital is 8
times but after that year the company getting good working capital utilization.
STATEMENT OF WORKING CAPITAL:
A statement of working capital is working capital is working capital is prepared to
depict the changes in working capital. Working capital represents the excess of current
Assets over current liabilities. Since, several times, i.e., all current assets and current
liabilities are the components of working capital, it is necessary to measure the increase
or decrease therein, by preparing a statement or schedule of changes in Working Capital.
This statement is prepared with current assets and current liabilities as appearing in the
Balance Sheets under consideration.
Working capital is defined as the difference between current asset and current
liabilities. Working capital of ULTRATECH INDUSTRY is analyzed to find out the
nature of source of fund and how they are utilized for financing current assets.
TABLE3.7 STATEMENT OF WORKING CAPITAL OF ULTRATECH
INDUSTRY FROM THE YEAR 2009-2013
Current Assets 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012
a) Inventories 15,34,87,658 24,65,78,960 23,54,67,432 23,98,76,543 27,65,42,765
b)Sundry Debtors 90,67,543 91,23,654 1,09,87,654 43,25,672 34,23,567
c)Cash&Bank Balances 9,03,35,432 3,67,85,432 13,24,56,876 43,56,87,980 56,76,54,329
Total assets (A) 31,32,65,323 45,32,76,865 31,24,44,125 28,65,00,114 31,24,01,442
Current Liabilities
a) Liabilities 6,65,23,432 6,56,43,212 1,04,57,654 8,75,44,332 8,76,53,434
b) Provisions 4,77,67,003 9,67,24,252 7,54,26,778 2,47,90,111 3,65,97,908
Total liability (B) 11,42,90,435 16,23,67,464 858,84,432 11,23,34,443 12,42,51,342
Net working capital (A-B) 19,89,74,888 29,09,09,401 22,65,59,693 17,41,65,671 18,81,50,100

TABLE NO 3.8
COMPARITIVE STATEMENT FOR THE YEAR 2012-2013
(Rs in lakhs)
PARTICULARS 2013 CHANGE

2012
LIABILILTIES :
a) Liabilities 6,65,23,432 6,56,43,212 8,80,220

b) Provisions 4,77,67,003 9,67,24,252 (-)4,89,57,249
TOTAL 11,42,90,435 16,23,67,464 (-) 48077029
ASSETS:
a) Inventories 15,34,87,658 24,65,78,960 9,30,91,302

b)Sundry Debtors 90,67,543 91,23,654 56,111
c)Cash&Bank Balances 9,03,35,432 3,67,85,432 5,35,50,000
TOTAL 31,32,65,323 45,32,76,865 14,66,97,413
TABLE NO 3.9
COMPARITIVE BALANCE SHEET FOR THE YEAR 2013-2014
(Rs in lakhs)
Working capital= 19,89,74,888 29,09,09,401
Current asset – current liability

PARTICULARS 2013 2014 CHANGE
LIABILILTIES :
a) Liabilities 6,56,43,212 1,04,57,654 5,51,85,558

b) Provisions 9,67,24,252 7,54,26,778 2,12,97,474
TOTAL 16,23,67,464 8,58,84,432 7,64,83,032
ASSETS:
a) Inventories 24,65,78,960 23,54,67,432 1,11,11,528

b)Sundry Debtors 91,23,654 1,09,87,654 (-)18,64,000
c)Cash&Bank Balances 3,67,85,432 13,24,56,876 (-)14,08,32,740
TOTAL 45,32,76,865 36,90,23,072 (-)13,15,85,212
TABLE NO 3.10
Working capital= 29,09,09,441 28,31,38,640
Current asset – current liabilities
(Rs in lakhs)
PARTICULARS 2014 2015 CHANGE
LIABILILTIES :
a) Liabilities 1,04,57,654 8,75,44,332 7,70,86,678

b) Provisions 7,54,26,778 2,47,90,111 5,06,36,667
TOTAL 8,58,84,432 11,23,34,443 7,64,83,032
ASSETS:
a) Inventories 23,54,67,432 23,98,76,543 (-)44,09,111

b)Sundry Debtors 1,09,87,654 43,25,672 66,61,982
c)Cash&Bank Balances 13,24,56,876 43,56,87,980 (-)30,32,31,104
TOTAL 36,90,23,072 28,65,00,114 (-)30,09,78,233
TABLE NO 3.11
Working capital= 28,31,38,640 17,41,65,671
Current asset-current liability
(Rs in lakhs)
PARTICULARS 2016
2015 CHANGE
LIABILILTIES :
a) Liabilities 8,75,44,332 8,76,53,434 (-)1,09,102
b) Provisions 2,47,90,111 3,65,97,908 (-)1,18,07,797
11,23,34,443 12,42,51,342 (-)11916899
TOTAL
ASSETS:
a) Inventories 23,98,76,543 27,65,42,765 36666222
b)Sundry Debtors 43,25,672 34,23,567 (-)9,02,195
c)Cash&Bank Balances 43,56,87,980 56,76,54,329 13,19,66,349
TOTAL 28,65,00,114 31,24,01,442 16,77,30,376
CHAPTER-5
Working capital= 8,36,84,429 18,81,50,100
Current asset-current liability
FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS,
CONCLUSIONS
FINDINGS
1. The company has maintained quick ratio favorable from 2009- 2013 In year
2015-16 the company shows lower quick ratio because of the company had highest stock
in the year. .
2. The company has maintained the current ratio favorable from 2005-2006 to
2009-2010, but the year 2007-2008 the ratio was highly increased to 3.63.
3. The company has been maintaining a better creditors turnover ratio but the year
2013-14 the ratio was highly decreased. Now the company recover this problem.
4. Company getting 6-8 days to make payment to the supplier. This help the
company to get discount from suppliers. But the year 2013-14 the company took 19 days
to make the payment.
5. Company is not achieve the inventory conversion period as ideal in last two
years, that is ,22 and 25 days have taken to convert the stock into cash in 2016-17 and
2015-16 respectively. The reason of taking this much dates, company purchased raw
material in bulk quantity with discount.
6. In the year 2013-14 shows the working capital is 7 times but after that year the
company getting good working capital utilization.
7. Only in 2005 and 2008 the inventory conversion period is higher than the
standard norms in that period company is took more days inventory conversion. The
inventory is converted rapidly in other years with 920days.91 days, 79 dys & 88 days in
2001, 2005,2006 and 2007 respectively

SUGGESTIONS
1 . The management should pay attention towards increasing working capital turnover by
minimizing the investment in inventories and receivables.
2 . The management should try to increase the liquidity position of the company by
proper by proper investment in current assets.
3 . the management is never think credit sales in their policies. But trade debtors in
balance sheet so it must think to eliminate it so as to reduce working capital requirements.
5 . The company mainly depends on cash sales if credit sales to maximum extend.
6 . Better consistency should be maintained in relation with working capital.
7 . Advanced and new technology of production should be incorporated.
8 . Unnecessary operational expenses should be reduced.
9 . special attention should be made by management in management of short term funds.

CONCLUSION
From the study it is concluded that ULTRATECH INDUSTRY has good working
capital management .however it is also revealed that current ratio is least minimum and
quick ratio is not up to peak , even though the company is maintaining a good track
record . It means that efficient utilization of working capital especially in the areas of
inventory and cash management.
Profitability is the key to success in business customer centric thinking is extremely
essential for survival in today’s business environment. Searching and developing the
strategic control points in an industry simultaneously with business design process can go
along way. Every good business design should have at least one strategic control point.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Company’s annual reports and records
Website
1) www.ULTRATECH.com
2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_capital
3) www.studyfinance.com/lessons/workcap/
REFERENCE
Books
a. Arora M.N., Management Accounting, Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai,

2008.
b. Jain S.P. & Narang K.L., Cost and Financial Analysis, Kalyani Publishers, New
Delhi, 2008.
c. Kothari C.R., Research Methodology, 2nd Revised Edition, New Age

International Pvt. Ltd., 2009.
d. Shashi K. Gupta & Sharma R.K., Financial Management Theory & Practice,
3rd Edition, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, 2000.
e. Dr.K.G.Chandrasekharan Nair and Dr. Jayakumar ‘CORPORATE
ACCOUNTING’
Chapter 8,’ Ratio analysis’,page no:8.1 – 8.46

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A.

The project is “A STUDY ON WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT WITH

one form to another form in the ordinary course of business operations.”

In a perfect world, there would be no necessity for current assets and

liabilities because there would be no uncertainty, no transaction costs, information search

reflect all available information, thus in such an environment, there would be no

is characterized by considerable amount of uncertainty regarding the demand, market

transaction costs for purchasing or selling goods or securities. Information is costly to

obtain and is not equally distributed.

example,, an organization may be faced with an uncertainty regarding availability of

fixed assets such as plants, machineries, lands, buildings & etc

wages, and other day-to-day expenses. It is otherwise known as revolving or circulating

Working Capital = Current Asset – Current Liability.

The primary objective of working capital management is to ensure that sufficient

 Meet day to day cash flow needs.

 Pay wages and salaries when they fall due

 Pay creditors to ensure continued supplies of goods and services.

 Pay government taxation and provider of capital – dividends and

Concept of working capital

• Gross Working Capital = Total of Current Asset

• Net Working Capital = Excess of Current Asset over Current Liability

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

I. To analyze the sources of working capital.

Working capital management, which is concerned with decisions relating to the

Working Capital Management is concerned with the problems that arise in

Overdraft and outstanding expense. The goal of Working Capital Management is to

the theory of management of working capital.

Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. It

may be understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically. In it we

only the research methods/techniques but also the methodology.

Type of research employed is analytical research

books, magazines, journals, web sites etc.

2.6.3 TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS

changing in working capital etc.

The duration of the study was for a period of 2009-2013

It is uncertain where it was first discovered that a combination of hydrate non-

Varieties of the cement

Sulphate resisting Portland Cement (SRPC)

Rapid hardening Portland Cement (RHPC)

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)

Also referred to as grey cement or OPC, it is of much use in ordinary concrete

Portland Pozolona Cement (PPC)

As it prevents cracks, it is useful in the casting work of huge volumes of concrete.

Clinker Cement (CC)

Produced at the temperature of about 1400 to 14560 degree Celsius, Clinker

 Low heat cement,

2.1.1 Cement Industry in Global

Demand for cement in MT 2015 2014 Growth rate

North America 170 200 2.9%

Western Europe 208 236 2.2%

Asia/Pacific 1500 1900 5.2%

Other regions 405 500 4.7%

World cement demand 2283 2836 4.7%

Source: www.cementhistory.com, www.google.com.

S.NO Name of the Company Name of the

Cement industry in India

Cement Industry in India

Source: www.google.com, www.ask.com, www.linkedin.com, en.wikipedia.com