Determine (using MATLAB) the resulting sequence from the following transforms.

1. 𝑋1 (𝑧) = (1 − 2𝑧 −1 + 3𝑧 −2 − 4𝑧 −3 )(4 + 3𝑧 −1 − 2𝑧 −2 + 𝑧 −3 )
Codes:
x1=[1 -2 3 -4];
x2=[4 3 -2 1];
n1=[0:3];
[X1, N1]= conv_m(x1, n1, x2, n1)

Therefore:
𝑋1 (𝑧) = 4 − 5𝑧 −1 + 4𝑧 −2 − 2𝑧 −3 − 20𝑧 −4 + 11𝑧 −5 − 4𝑧 −6

2. 𝑋2 (𝑧) = (𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 3 + 2𝑧 −1 + 𝑧 −2 )(𝑧 3 − 𝑧 −3 )
Codes:
x3=[1 -2 3 2 -2];
n3=[-2:2];
x4=[1 0 0 0 0 0 -1];
n4=[-3:3];
[X2, N2]= conv_m(x3, n3, x4, n4)

Therefore:
𝑋2 (𝑧) = 𝑧 5 − 2𝑧 4 + 3𝑧 3 + 2𝑧 4 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 −1 + 2𝑧 −2 − 3𝑧 −3 − 2𝑧 −4 + 2𝑧 −5

3. 𝑋3 (𝑧) = (1 + 𝑧 −1 + 𝑧 −2 )3
Codes:
x5=[1 1 1];
x6=[1 1 1];
x7=[1 1 1];
n5=[0:2];
[Y33 N33]= conv_m(x5, n5, x6, n5);
[X3 N3]=conv_m(x7, n5, Y33, N33)
Therefore:
𝑋3 (𝑧) = 1 + 3𝑧 −1 + 6𝑧 −2 + 7𝑧 −3 + 6𝑧 −4 + 3𝑧 −5 + 𝑧 −6

4. 𝑋4 (𝑧) = 𝑋1 (𝑧)𝑋2 (𝑧)𝑋3 (𝑧)

Codes:
[Y44 N44]=conv_m(X1, N1, X2, N2);
[X4 N4]=conv_m(Y44, N44, X3, N3)

Therefore:
𝑋4 (𝑧) = 4𝑧 5 − 𝑧 4 + 11𝑧 3 + 11𝑧 2 + 16𝑧 + 11 − 43𝑧 −1 − 101𝑧 −2 − 250𝑧 −3 − 252𝑧 −4 − 184𝑧 −5
− 18𝑧 −6 + 94𝑧 −7 + 133𝑧 −8 + 247𝑧 −9 + 235𝑧 −10 + 176𝑧 −11 + 7𝑧 −12 − 55𝑧 −13
− 31𝑧 −14 − 8𝑧 −15 + 6𝑧 −16 − 8𝑧 −17

5. 𝑋5 (𝑧) = (𝑧 −1 − 3𝑧 −3 + 2𝑧 −5 + 5𝑧 −7 − 𝑧 −9 )(𝑧 + 3𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 3 + 4𝑧 4 )
Codes:
x8=[0 1 0 -3 0 2 0 5 0 -1];
x9=[4 2 3 1 0];
n8=[0:9];
n9=[-4:0];
[X5 N5]=conv_m(x8, n8, x9, n9)
Therefore:
𝑋5 (𝑧) = 4𝑧 3 + 2𝑧 2 − 9𝑧 − 5 − 𝑧 −1 + 𝑧 −2 + 26𝑧 −3 + 12𝑧 −4 + 11𝑧 −5 + 3𝑧 −6 − 3𝑧 −7 − 𝑧 −8

For the linear time-invariant systems described by the following systems functions, determine the impulse
response, difference equation representation, the pole-zero plot, the output 𝑦[𝑛] if the input is 𝑥[𝑛] =
𝜋𝑛
5𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑢[𝑛] and plot 100 samples of the output.
4
𝑧+1
6. 𝐻(𝑧) = 𝑧−0.5, causal system
1 + 𝑧 −1
𝐻(𝑧) =
1 − 0.5𝑧 −1
b1 = [1,1];
a1 = [1,-0.5];
[R,p,k] = residuez(b1,a1)
figure (1)
[z,p,l] = zplane(b1,a1);

n=[0:99];%100 samples
x=5.*cos(pi.*n/4).*(stepseq(0,0,99));
s=filter(b1,a1,x);
figure (2)
stem(n,s);%plot of the output

3
𝐻(𝑧) = −2 + 1−0.5𝑧−1
Impulse Response: ℎ(𝑛) = −2𝛿(𝑛) + 3(0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)
Difference Equation Representation: 𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑥(𝑛) + 𝑥(𝑛 − 1) + 0.5𝑦(𝑛 − 1)
Pole-zero plot:

Output y[n]: :
1+𝑧 −1 +𝑧 −2
7. 𝐻(𝑧) = , stable system
1+0.5𝑧 −1 −0.25𝑧 −2
b2 = [1,1,1];
a2 = [1,0.5,-0.25];
[R,p,k] = residuez(b2,a2)
figure (1)
[z,p,l] = zplane(b2,a2);

n=[0:99];%100 samples
x=5.*cos(pi.*n/4).*(stepseq(0,0,99));
s=filter(b2,a2,x);
figure (2)
stem(n,s);%plot of the output
 0.9348 4.0652
𝐻(𝑧) = −4 + +
1+0.809𝑧 −1 1−0.309𝑧 −1
Impulse Response: ℎ(𝑛) = −4𝛿(𝑛) + 0.9348(−0.8090)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) + 4.0652(0.3090)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)
Difference Equation Representation: 𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑥(𝑛) + 𝑥(𝑛 − 1) + 𝑥(𝑛 − 2) − 0.5𝑦(𝑛 − 1) +
0.25𝑦(𝑛 − 2)

Pole-zero plot:
Output y[n]:

𝑧 2 −1
8. 𝐻(𝑧) = (𝑧−3)−2, anti-causal system
1−𝑧 −2
𝐻(𝑧) = 1−6𝑧−1 +9𝑧−2 ,
b3 = [1,0,-1];
a3 = [1,-6,9];
[R,p,k] = residuez(b3,a3)
figure (1)
[z,p,l] = zplane(b3,a3);
n=[0:99];%100 samples
x=5.*cos(pi.*n/4).*(stepseq(0,0,99));
s=filter(b3,a3,x);
figure (2)
stem(n,s);%plot of the output

0.2222 0.8889𝑧 −1
: 𝐻(𝑧) = −0.1111 + + (1−3𝑧−1 )2
1−3𝑧 −1
Impulse Response: ℎ(𝑛) = −0.1111𝛿(𝑛) − 0.2222(3)𝑛 𝑢(−𝑛 − 1) − 0.8889𝑛(3)𝑛+1 𝑢(−𝑛 − 1)
Difference Equation Representation: 𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑥(𝑛) − 𝑥(𝑛 − 2) + 6𝑦(𝑛 − 1) − 9𝑦(𝑛 − 2)
Pole-zero plot:

Output y[n]:

𝑧 1−0.5𝑧 −1
9. 𝐻(𝑧) = 𝑧−0.25 + 1+2𝑧−1 , stable system
2 + 1.25𝑧 −1 + 0.125𝑧 −2
𝐻(𝑧) =
1 + 1.75𝑧 −1 − 0.5𝑧 −2
b4 = [2,1.25,0.125];
a4 = [1,1.75,-0.5];
[R,p,k] = residuez(b4,a4)
figure (1)
[z,p,l] = zplane(b4,a4);
n=[0:99];%100 samples
x=5.*cos(pi.*n/4).*(stepseq(0,0,99));
s=filter(b4,a4,x);
figure (2)
stem(n,s);%plot of the output
 1.25 1
𝐻(𝑧) = −0.25 + 1+2𝑧−1 + 1−0.25𝑧−1
Impulse Response: ℎ(𝑛) = −0.25𝛿(𝑛) − 1.25(2)𝑛 𝑢(−𝑛 − 1) + (0.25)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)
Difference Equation Representation: 𝑦(𝑛) = 2𝑥(𝑛) + 1.25𝑥(𝑛 − 1) + 0.125𝑥(𝑛 − 2) −
1.75𝑦(𝑛 − 1) + 0.5𝑦(𝑛 − 2)

Pole-zero plot:

Output y[n]:
 10. 𝐻(𝑧) = (1 + 𝑧 −1 + 𝑧 −2 )2
𝐻(𝑧) = 1 + 2𝑧 −1 + 3𝑧 −2 + 2𝑧 −3 + 𝑧 −4
x1=[1 2 3 2 1];
x2=[1];
n1=[0:4];
n2=[0];
[H, N1]= conv_m(x1, n1, x2, n2)
figure (1)
[z,p,l] = zplane(x1,x2);
n=[0:99];%100 samples
x=5.*cos(pi.*n/4).*(stepseq(0,0,99));
s=filter(x1,x2,x);
figure (2)
stem(n,s);%plot of the output

𝐻(𝑧) = 1 + 2𝑧 −1 + 3𝑧 −2 + 2𝑧 −3 + 𝑧 −4
Impulse Response: ℎ(𝑛) = {1 2 3 2 1} = 𝛿(𝑛) + 2𝛿(𝑛 − 1) + 3𝛿(𝑛 − 2) + 2𝛿(𝑛 − 3) + 𝛿(𝑛 − 4)
Difference Equation Representation: 𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑥(𝑛) + 2𝑥(𝑛 − 1) + 3𝑥(𝑛 − 2) + 2𝑥(𝑛 − 3) + 𝑥(𝑛 − 4)

Pole-zero plot:
Output y[n]:

For the following linear, causal and time-invariant systems described by the difference equations,
determine the impulse response representation, the system function, the pole-zero plot, the output y[n] if
the input is 𝑥(𝑛) = 4(0.2)𝑛 𝑢[𝑛] and plot 200 samples of the output.
𝑥[𝑛]+2𝑥[𝑛−1]+𝑥[𝑛−3]
11. 𝑦[𝑛] =
4
1+2𝑧 −1 +𝑧 −3
System Function: 𝐻(𝑧) =
4
1
Impulse Response: ℎ(𝑛) = [𝛿(𝑛) + 2𝛿(𝑛 − 1) + 𝛿(𝑛 − 3)]
4
x1=[1 2 0 1];
x2=[4];
figure (1)
[z,p,l] = zplane(x1,x2);
n=[0:199];%100 samples
x=5.*(0.2.^n).*(stepseq(0,0,199));
s=filter(x1,x2,x);
figure (2)
stem(n,s);%plot of the output

Pole-zero plot:
Output y[n]:

12. 𝑦[𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛] + 0.5𝑥[𝑛 − 1] − 0.5𝑦[𝑛 − 1] + 0.25𝑦[𝑛 − 2]

1+0.5𝑧 −1
System Function: 𝐻(𝑧) = 1+0.5𝑧−1 −0.25𝑧−2
b4 = [1,0.5];
a4 = [1,0.5,-0.25];
[R,p,k] = residuez(b4,a4)
figure (1)
[z,p,l] = zplane(b4,a4);
n=[0:199];%100 samples
x=5.*(0.2.^n).*(stepseq(0,0,199));
s=filter(b4,a4,x);
figure (2)
stem(n,s);%plot of the output

0.2764 0.7236
𝐻(𝑧) = 1+0.809𝑧−1 + 1−0.309𝑧−1
Impulse Response: ℎ(𝑛) = 0.2764(−0.809)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) + 0.7236(0.309)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)
Pole-zero plot:

Output y[n]:

13. 𝑦[𝑛] = 2𝑥[𝑛] + 0.9𝑦[𝑛 − 1]

2
System Function: 𝐻(𝑧) = 1−0.9𝑧−1
b4 = [2];
a4 = [1,-0.9];
[R,p,k] = residuez(b4,a4)
figure (1)
[z,p,l] = zplane(b4,a4);
n=[0:199];%100 samples
x=5.*(0.2.^n).*(stepseq(0,0,199));
s=filter(b4,a4,x);
figure (2)
stem(n,s);%plot of the output
 2
𝐻(𝑧) = 1−0.9𝑧−1
Impulse Response: ℎ(𝑛) = 2(0.9)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)

Pole-zero plot:

Output y[n]:

14. 𝑦[𝑛] = −0.45𝑥[𝑛] − 0.4𝑥[𝑛 − 1] + 𝑥[𝑛 − 2] + 0.4𝑦[𝑛 − 1] + 0.45𝑦[𝑛 − 2]

 −0.45−0.4𝑧 −1 +𝑧 −2
System Function: 𝐻(𝑧) = 1−0.4𝑧 −1 −0.45𝑧 −2
b4 = [-0.45 -0.4 1];
a4 = [1 -0.4 -0.45];
[R,p,k] = residuez(b4,a4)
[z,p,l] = zplane(b4,a4);

0.2187 1.5536
𝐻(𝑧) = −2.2222 + +
1−0.9𝑧 −1 1+0.5𝑧 −1
Impulse Response: ℎ(𝑛) = −0.22222𝛿(𝑛) + 0.2187(0.9)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) + 1.5536(−0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)

Pole-zero plot:
Output y[n]:

15. 𝑦[𝑛] = ∑4𝑚=0 0.8𝑚 𝑥[𝑛 − 𝑚] − ∑4𝑙=1 0.9𝑙 𝑦[𝑛 − 𝑙]

∑4𝑚=0 0.8𝑚 𝑧 −𝑚
System Function: 𝐻(𝑧) = 1+∑4𝑙=1 0.9𝑙 𝑧 −𝑙
1 + 0.8𝑧 + 0.64𝑧 + 0.512𝑧 −3 + 0.4096𝑧 −4
−1 −2
𝐻(𝑧) =
1 + 0.9𝑧 −1 + 0.81𝑧 −2 + 0.729𝑧 −3 + 0.6561𝑧 −4
b4 = [1,0.8,0.64,0.512,0.4096];
a4 = [1,0.9,0.81,0.729,0.6561];
[R,p,k] = residuez(b4,a4)
figure (1)
[z,p,l] = zplane(b4,a4);
n=[0:199];%100 samples
x=5.*(0.2.^n).*(stepseq(0,0,199));
s=filter(b4,a4,x);
figure (2)
stem(n,s);%plot of the output

Impulse Response:
Pole-zero plot:

Output y[n]:

16-20. Decompose the responses of items 11-15 into three different ways.

x[n]  2 x[n  1]  x[n  3]

16. y[n]=
4

Total response:

a. Homogenous part:

b. Particular part:
 c. Transient part:

d. Steady state response:

17. y[n]= x[n]+0.5x[n-1]-0.5y[n-1]+0.25y[n-2]

Total response:

Homogenous part:

Particular part:

Transient part:

Steady state response:

18. y[n]= 2x[n]+0.9y[n-1]

Total response:

Homogenous part:

Particular part:

Transient part:
 Steady state response:

19. y[n]= -0.45x[n]-0.4x[n-1]+x[n-2]+0.4y[n-1]+0.45y[n-2]

Total response:

Homogeneous part:

Particular part:

Transient part:

Steady state response:

4 4
20. y[n]=  0.8
m 0
m
x[n  m]   0.9l y[n  1]
l 1

Total response:

Homogeneous part:

Particular part:

Transient part:

Steady state part:

Solve the difference equation for y[n], n ≥ 0 and show the complementary (homogenous) solution, the
particular solution, the zero-input response, the zero-state response, the transient response and the steady
state response.
𝑦[𝑛] − 0.4𝑦[𝑛 − 1] − 0.45𝑦[𝑛 − 2] = 0.45𝑥[𝑛] + 0.4𝑥[𝑛 − 1] − 𝑥[𝑛 − 2]
1 𝑛
The input of the system is 𝑥[𝑛] = [2 + (2) ] 𝑢[𝑛] and subject to the following initial conditions
𝑌 + (𝑧) − 0.4𝑦[−1] − 0.4𝑧 −1 𝑌 + (𝑧) − 0.45𝑦[−2] − 0.45𝑦[−1]𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2 𝑌 + (𝑧)
= 0.45𝑋 + (𝑧) + 0.4𝑥[−1] + 0.4𝑧 −1 𝑋 + (𝑧) − 𝑥[−2] − 𝑥[−1]𝑧 −1 − 𝑧 −2 𝑋 + (𝑧)

0.45 + 0.4𝑧 −1 − 𝑧 −2 +
𝑌 + (𝑧) = 𝑋
1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2
0.4𝑦[−1] + 0.45𝑦[−2] + 0.45𝑦[−1]𝑧 −1 + 0.4𝑥[−1] − 𝑥[−2] − 𝑥[−1]𝑧 −1
+
1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2
1 𝑛
𝑥[𝑛] = [2 + ( ) ] 𝑢[𝑛]
2
2 1
𝑥[𝑛] = −1
+
1−𝑧 1 − 0.5𝑧 −1

21. 𝑦[−1] = 0, 𝑦[−2] = 3, 𝑥[−1] = 4, 𝑥[−2] = 2

+ (𝑧)
0.45 + 0.4𝑧 −1 − 𝑧 −2 + −1.85 − 4𝑧 −1
𝑌 = 𝑋 +
1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2 1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2

0.45 + 0.4𝑧 −1 − 𝑧 −2 2 1 −1.85 − 4𝑧 −1

𝑌 + (𝑧) = ( + ) +
1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2 1 − 𝑧 −1 1 − 0.5𝑧 −1 1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2

1.35 + 0.3𝑧 −1 − 3.8𝑧 −2 + 2𝑧 −3 −1.85 − 4𝑧 −1

𝑌 + (𝑧) = +
(1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2 )(1 − 𝑧 −1 )(1 − 0.5𝑧 −1 ) 1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2
−0.5 − 0.925𝑧 −1 − 8.875𝑧 −2 + 4𝑧 −3
𝑌 + (𝑧) =
1 − 1.9𝑧 −1 + 0.65𝑧 −2 + 0. 475𝑧 −3 − 0. 225𝑧 −4
b3 = [-0.5,-0.925,-8.875,4];
a3 = [1,-1.9,0.65,0.475,-0.225];
[R3,p3,k3] = residuez(b3,a3)
 −84 91.0938 −3.9375 −3.6562
𝑌 + (𝑧) = 1−𝑧−1 + 1−0.9𝑧−1 + 1+0.5𝑧−1 + 1−0.5𝑧−1
𝑦 + (𝑛) = −84 + 91.0938(0.9)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) − 3.9375(−0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) − 3.6562(0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)
Transient Response: 𝑦𝑡𝑟 (𝑛) = 91.0938(0.9)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) − 3.9375(−0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) − 3.6562(0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)
Steady State Response: 𝑦𝑠𝑠 (𝑛) = −84
1 𝑛
Complementary Solution: 𝑦𝑐 (𝑛) = 2 + (2)
Particular Solution: 𝑦𝑝 (𝑛) = 𝑐1 (0.9)𝑛 + 𝑐2 (−0.5)𝑛
Zero-input response:
−1.85 − 4𝑧 −1
𝑌𝑧𝑖+ =
1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2
b4 = [-1.85,-4];
a4 = [1,-0.4,-0.45];
[R,p,k] = residuez(b4,a4)

−4.0464 2.1964
𝑌𝑧𝑖+ = +
1−0.9𝑧 −1 1+0.5𝑧 −1
𝑦𝑧𝑖 (𝑛) = −4.0464(0.9)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) + 2.1964(−0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)

Zero-state response:
+ (𝑧)
1.35 + 0.3𝑧 −1 − 3.8𝑧 −2 + 2𝑧 −3
𝑌 =
1 − 1.9𝑧 −1 + 0.65𝑧 −2 + 0. 475𝑧 −3 − 0. 225𝑧 −4
b2 = [1.35,0.3,-3.8,2];
a2 = [1,-1.9,0.65,0.475,-0.225];
[R2,p2,k2] = residuez(b2,a2)

+ −2 3.4438 1.8125 1.7187

𝑌𝑧𝑠 = 1−𝑧−1 + 1−0.9𝑧−1 − 1+0.5𝑧−1 + 1+0.5𝑧−1
𝑦𝑧𝑠 (𝑛) = −2 + 3.4438(0.9)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) − 1.8125(−0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) + 1.7187(0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)

22. 𝑦[−1] = 0, 𝑦[−2] = 0, 𝑥[−1] = −3, 𝑥[−2] = 0

+ (𝑧)
0.45 + 0.4𝑧 −1 − 𝑧 −2 + −1.2 + 3𝑧 −1
𝑌 = 𝑋 +
1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2 1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2

0.45 + 0.4𝑧 −1 − 𝑧 −2 2 1 −1.2 + 3𝑧 −1

𝑌 + (𝑧) = ( + ) +
1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2 1 − 𝑧 −1 1 − 0.5𝑧 −1 1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2

+ (𝑧)
1.35 + 0.3𝑧 −1 − 3.8𝑧 −2 + 2𝑧 −3 −1.2 + 3𝑧 −1
𝑌 = +
(1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2 )(1 − 𝑧 −1 )(1 − 0.5𝑧 −1 ) 1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2
+ (𝑧)
0.12 + 5.2𝑧 − 6.1𝑧 + 1.5𝑧 −3
−1 −2
𝑌 =
1 − 1.9𝑧 −1 + 0.65𝑧 −2 + 0. 475𝑧 −3 − 0. 225𝑧 −4
b3 = [0.12,5.2,-6.1,1.5];
a3 = [1,-1.9,0.65,0.475,-0.225];
[R3,p3,k3] = residuez(b3,a3)
 9.6 5.5264 2.7786 1.175
𝑌 + (𝑧) = − − −
1−𝑧 −1 1−0.9𝑧 −1 1+0.5𝑧 −1 1−0.5𝑧 −1
+ (𝑛)
𝑦 = 9.6 − 5.5264(0.9) 𝑢(𝑛) − 2.7786(−0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) − 1.175(0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)
𝑛

Transient Response: 𝑦𝑡𝑟 (𝑛) = −5.5264(0.9)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) − 2.7786(−0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) − 1.175(0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)
Steady State Response: 𝑦𝑠𝑠 (𝑛) = 9.6
1 𝑛
Complementary Solution: 𝑦𝑐 (𝑛) = 2 + (2)
Particular Solution: 𝑦𝑝 (𝑛) = 𝑐1 (0.9)𝑛 + 𝑐2 (−0.5)𝑛
Zero-input response:
+ −1.2 + 3𝑧 −1
𝑌𝑧𝑖 =
1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2
b4 = [-1.2,3];
a4 = [1,-0.4,-0.45];
[R,p,k] = residuez(b4,a4)

1.3714 2.5714
𝑌𝑧𝑖+ = 1−0.9𝑧 −1 − 1+0.5𝑧−1
𝑦𝑧𝑖 (𝑛) = 1.3714(0.9)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) − 2.5714(−0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)

Zero-state response:
+ (𝑧)
1.35 + 0.3𝑧 −1 − 3.8𝑧 −2 + 2𝑧 −3
𝑌 =
1 − 1.9𝑧 −1 + 0.65𝑧 −2 + 0. 475𝑧 −3 − 0. 225𝑧 −4
b2 = [1.35,0.3,-3.8,2];
a2 = [1,-1.9,0.65,0.475,-0.225];
[R2,p2,k2] = residuez(b2,a2)

+ −2 3.4438 1.8125 1.7187

𝑌𝑧𝑠 = 1−𝑧−1 + 1−0.9𝑧−1 − 1+0.5𝑧−1 + 1+0.5𝑧−1
𝑦𝑧𝑠 (𝑛) = −2 + 3.4438(0.9)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) − 1.8125(−0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) + 1.7187(0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)

23. 𝑦[−1] = −4, 𝑦[−2] = −3, 𝑥[−1] = −4, 𝑥[−2] = −3

+ (𝑧)
0.45 + 0.4𝑧 −1 − 𝑧 −2 + −1.85 − 4𝑧 −1
𝑌 = 𝑋 +
1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2 1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2

0.45 + 0.4𝑧 −1 − 𝑧 −2 2 1 −1.85 − 4𝑧 −1

𝑌 + (𝑧) = ( + ) +
1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2 1 − 𝑧 −1 1 − 0.5𝑧 −1 1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2

1.35 + 0.3𝑧 −1 − 3.8𝑧 −2 + 2𝑧 −3 −1.85 − 4𝑧 −1

𝑌 + (𝑧) = +
(1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2 )(1 − 𝑧 −1 )(1 − 0.5𝑧 −1 ) 1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2
+ (𝑧)
−0.5 − 0.925𝑧 −1 − 8.875𝑧 −2 + 4𝑧 −3
𝑌 =
1 − 1.9𝑧 −1 + 0.65𝑧 −2 + 0. 475𝑧 −3 − 0. 225𝑧 −4
b3 = [-0.5,-0.925,-8.875,4];
a3 = [1,-1.9,0.65,0.475,-0.225];
[R3,p3,k3] = residuez(b3,a3)
 −84 91.0938 −3.9375 −3.6562
𝑌 + (𝑧) = 1−𝑧−1 + 1−0.9𝑧−1 + 1+0.5𝑧−1 + 1−0.5𝑧−1
𝑦 + (𝑛) = −84 + 91.0938(0.9)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) − 3.9375(−0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) − 3.6562(0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)
Transient Response: 𝑦𝑡𝑟 (𝑛) = 91.0938(0.9)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) − 3.9375(−0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) − 3.6562(0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)
Steady State Response: 𝑦𝑠𝑠 (𝑛) = −84
1 𝑛
Complementary Solution: 𝑦𝑐 (𝑛) = 2 + (2)
Particular Solution: 𝑦𝑝 (𝑛) = 𝑐1 (0.9)𝑛 + 𝑐2 (−0.5)𝑛
Zero-input response:
−1.85 − 4𝑧 −1
𝑌𝑧𝑖+ =
1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2
b4 = [-1.85,-4];
a4 = [1,-0.4,-0.45];
[R,p,k] = residuez(b4,a4)

−4.0464 2.1964
𝑌𝑧𝑖+ = +
1−0.9𝑧 −1 1+0.5𝑧 −1
𝑦𝑧𝑖 (𝑛) = −4.0464(0.9)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) + 2.1964(−0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)

Zero-state response:
+ (𝑧)
1.35 + 0.3𝑧 −1 − 3.8𝑧 −2 + 2𝑧 −3
𝑌 =
1 − 1.9𝑧 −1 + 0.65𝑧 −2 + 0. 475𝑧 −3 − 0. 225𝑧 −4
b2 = [1.35,0.3,-3.8,2];
a2 = [1,-1.9,0.65,0.475,-0.225];
[R2,p2,k2] = residuez(b2,a2)

+ −2 3.4438 1.8125 1.7187

𝑌𝑧𝑠 = 1−𝑧−1 + 1−0.9𝑧−1 − 1+0.5𝑧−1 + 1+0.5𝑧−1
𝑦𝑧𝑠 (𝑛) = −2 + 3.4438(0.9)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) − 1.8125(−0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) + 1.7187(0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)

24. 𝑦[−1] = 1, 𝑦[−2] = 7 𝑥[−1] = −4, 𝑥[−2] = 0

0.45 + 0.4𝑧 −1 − 𝑧 −2 + −1.85 − 4𝑧 −1
𝑌 + (𝑧) = 𝑋 +
1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2 1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2

0.45 + 0.4𝑧 −1 − 𝑧 −2 2 1 −1.85 − 4𝑧 −1

𝑌 + (𝑧) = ( + ) +
1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2 1 − 𝑧 −1 1 − 0.5𝑧 −1 1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2

+ (𝑧)
1.35 + 0.3𝑧 −1 − 3.8𝑧 −2 + 2𝑧 −3 −1.85 − 4𝑧 −1
𝑌 = +
(1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2 )(1 − 𝑧 −1 )(1 − 0.5𝑧 −1 ) 1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2
−0.5 − 0.925𝑧 −1 − 8.875𝑧 −2 + 4𝑧 −3
𝑌 + (𝑧) =
1 − 1.9𝑧 −1 + 0.65𝑧 −2 + 0. 475𝑧 −3 − 0. 225𝑧 −4
b3 = [-0.5,-0.925,-8.875,4];
a3 = [1,-1.9,0.65,0.475,-0.225];
[R3,p3,k3] = residuez(b3,a3)
 −84 91.0938 −3.9375 −3.6562
𝑌 + (𝑧) = 1−𝑧−1 + 1−0.9𝑧−1 + 1+0.5𝑧−1 + 1−0.5𝑧−1
𝑦 + (𝑛) = −84 + 91.0938(0.9)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) − 3.9375(−0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) − 3.6562(0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)
Transient Response: 𝑦𝑡𝑟 (𝑛) = 91.0938(0.9)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) − 3.9375(−0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) − 3.6562(0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)
Steady State Response: 𝑦𝑠𝑠 (𝑛) = −84
1 𝑛
Complementary Solution: 𝑦𝑐 (𝑛) = 2 + (2)
Particular Solution: 𝑦𝑝 (𝑛) = 𝑐1 (0.9)𝑛 + 𝑐2 (−0.5)𝑛
Zero-input response:
−1.85 − 4𝑧 −1
𝑌𝑧𝑖+ =
1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2
b4 = [-1.85,-4];
a4 = [1,-0.4,-0.45];
[R,p,k] = residuez(b4,a4)

−4.0464 2.1964
𝑌𝑧𝑖+ = +
1−0.9𝑧 −1 1+0.5𝑧 −1
𝑦𝑧𝑖 (𝑛) = −4.0464(0.9)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) + 2.1964(−0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)

Zero-state response:
+ (𝑧)
1.35 + 0.3𝑧 −1 − 3.8𝑧 −2 + 2𝑧 −3
𝑌 =
1 − 1.9𝑧 −1 + 0.65𝑧 −2 + 0. 475𝑧 −3 − 0. 225𝑧 −4
b2 = [1.35,0.3,-3.8,2];
a2 = [1,-1.9,0.65,0.475,-0.225];
[R2,p2,k2] = residuez(b2,a2)

+ −2 3.4438 1.8125 1.7187

𝑌𝑧𝑠 = 1−𝑧−1 + 1−0.9𝑧−1 − 1+0.5𝑧−1 + 1+0.5𝑧−1
𝑦𝑧𝑠 (𝑛) = −2 + 3.4438(0.9)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) − 1.8125(−0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) + 1.7187(0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)

25. 𝑦[−1] = 5, 𝑦[−2] = 3, 𝑥[−1] = 4, 𝑥[−2] = 8

0.45 + 0.4𝑧 −1 − 𝑧 −2 + −1.85 − 4𝑧 −1
𝑌 + (𝑧) = 𝑋 +
1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2 1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2

0.45 + 0.4𝑧 −1 − 𝑧 −2 2 1 −1.85 − 4𝑧 −1

𝑌 + (𝑧) = ( + ) +
1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2 1 − 𝑧 −1 1 − 0.5𝑧 −1 1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2

+ (𝑧)
1.35 + 0.3𝑧 −1 − 3.8𝑧 −2 + 2𝑧 −3 −1.85 − 4𝑧 −1
𝑌 = +
(1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2 )(1 − 𝑧 −1 )(1 − 0.5𝑧 −1 ) 1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2
−0.5 − 0.925𝑧 −1 − 8.875𝑧 −2 + 4𝑧 −3
𝑌 + (𝑧) =
1 − 1.9𝑧 −1 + 0.65𝑧 −2 + 0. 475𝑧 −3 − 0. 225𝑧 −4
b3 = [-0.5,-0.925,-8.875,4];
a3 = [1,-1.9,0.65,0.475,-0.225];
[R3,p3,k3] = residuez(b3,a3)
 −84 91.0938 −3.9375 −3.6562
𝑌 + (𝑧) = 1−𝑧−1 + 1−0.9𝑧−1 + 1+0.5𝑧−1 + 1−0.5𝑧−1
𝑦 + (𝑛) = −84 + 91.0938(0.9)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) − 3.9375(−0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) − 3.6562(0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)
Transient Response: 𝑦𝑡𝑟 (𝑛) = 91.0938(0.9)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) − 3.9375(−0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) − 3.6562(0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)
Steady State Response: 𝑦𝑠𝑠 (𝑛) = −84
1 𝑛
Complementary Solution: 𝑦𝑐 (𝑛) = 2 + (2)
Particular Solution: 𝑦𝑝 (𝑛) = 𝑐1 (0.9)𝑛 + 𝑐2 (−0.5)𝑛
Zero-input response:
−1 − 𝑧 −1
𝑌𝑧𝑖+ =
1 − 0.4𝑧 −1 − 0.45𝑧 −2
b4 = [-1.85,-4];
a4 = [1,-0.4,-0.45];
[R,p,k] = residuez(b4,a4)

−4.0464 2.1964
𝑌𝑧𝑖+ = +
1−0.9𝑧 −1 1+0.5𝑧 −1
𝑦𝑧𝑖 (𝑛) = −4.0464(0.9)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) + 2.1964(−0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)

Zero-state response:
+ (𝑧)
1.35 + 0.3𝑧 −1 − 3.8𝑧 −2 + 2𝑧 −3
𝑌 =
1 − 1.9𝑧 −1 + 0.65𝑧 −2 + 0. 475𝑧 −3 − 0. 225𝑧 −4
b2 = [1.35,0.3,-3.8,2];
a2 = [1,-1.9,0.65,0.475,-0.225];
[R2,p2,k2] = residuez(b2,a2)

+ −2 3.4438 1.8125 1.7187

𝑌𝑧𝑠 = 1−𝑧−1 + 1−0.9𝑧−1 − 1+0.5𝑧−1 + 1+0.5𝑧−1
𝑦𝑧𝑠 (𝑛) = −2 + 3.4438(0.9)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) − 1.8125(−0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛) + 1.7187(0.5)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)

26-30. Determine the stability of the systems described in items 11-15.

𝑥[𝑛]+2𝑥[𝑛−1]+𝑥[𝑛−3]
26. 𝑦[𝑛] = 4
x1=[1 2 0 1];
x2=[4];
z = roots(x2);
magz = abs(z)

Since the magnitude of the root cant determine, the system

is unstable.

27. 𝑦[𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛] + 0.5𝑥[𝑛 − 1] − 0.5𝑦[𝑛 − 1] + 0.25𝑦[𝑛 − 2]

b4 = [1,0.5];
a4 = [1,0.5,-0.25];
z = roots(a4);
magz = abs(z)

Since the magnitudes of the roots are less than one, the system is stable.

28. 𝑦[𝑛] = 2𝑥[𝑛] + 0.9𝑦[𝑛 − 1]

b4 = [2];
a4 = [1,-0.9];
z = roots(a4);
magz = abs(z)
 Since the magnitude of the root is less than one, the system is stable.

29. 𝑦[𝑛] = −0.45𝑥[𝑛] − 0.4𝑥[𝑛 − 1] + 𝑥[𝑛 − 2] + 0.4𝑦[𝑛 − 1] + 0.45𝑦[𝑛 − 2]

b4 = [-0.45 -0.4 1];
a4 = [1 -0.4 -0.45];
z = roots(a4);
magz = abs(z)

Since the magnitudes of the roots are less than one, the system is stable.

30. 𝑦[𝑛] = ∑4𝑚=0 0.8𝑚 𝑥[𝑛 − 𝑚] − ∑4𝑙=1 0.9𝑙 𝑦[𝑛 − 𝑙]

b4 = [1,0.8,0.64,0.512,0.4096];
a4 = [1,0.9,0.81,0.729,0.6561];
z = roots(a4);
magz = abs(z)

Since the magnitudes of the roots are less than one, the system is stable.