Reoprt ON: Sant Longowal Institue of Engineering and Technology Longowal, Punjab

SANT LONGOWAL INSTITUE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
LONGOWAL, PUNJAB
REOPRT
ON
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
SUBMITTED BY:-
SUDHAKAR SUMAN
GCT/1530081
ABSTRACT
The composition of municipal waste water varies from place to place. Sometimes industrial
wastes also mix with sewage. The type of treatment of waste water thus depends upon its
characteristics and the desired quality of water after treatment.
The purpose of waste water treatment is to remove/reduce organic and inorganic substances,
nutrients toxic substances kill pathogenic organisms etc. so that the quality of discharged water
is improved to meet the permissible level of water to be discharged in some water body, on
land or agricultural field.
Treatment of water thus aims at reduction of BOD, COD, eutrophication, etc. of receiving
water bodies and prevention of bio-magnification of toxic substances in food chain and
prevention of disease due to pathogenic organisms present in the waste water.There are three
process of waste water treatment process, primary , sec ondary, and teritary process.
INTRODUCTION ON WASTE WATER TREATMENT
Waste Water Treatment is a process removal of containment from waste water, both run off
(effluent)and domestic .It includes physical, chemical and biological process to remove to
remove physical, chemicaland biological containment.The purpose of waste water treatment is
remove the organice and inorganic substancee, nutrient toxic substances kill pathogenic
organisms etc. so that the quality of discharged water is improved to meet the permissible level
of water to be discharged in some water body, on land or agricultural field. Waste water created
by residences, institutions,hospitals and commercial and industrial establishments. It can be
traeted closed to where it is created or collectrd and transported via network of pipes and pump
stations to a muncipal treatment plant.
Waste water treatment involves three stages, called primary, secondary and tertiary treatment
.First, the solids are separated from the wastewater stream. Then dissolved biological matter
is progressively converted into a solid mass by using indigenous,water-borne
microorganism. Finally, the biological solids are neutralized then disposed of or re-used, and
the treated water may be disinfected chemically or physically (for example by
lagoons and micro-filtration).The final effluent can be discharged into
astream, river , bay, lagoon or wetland, or it can be used for their irrigation of a golf course,
green way or park. If it is sufficiently clean, it can also be used for groundwater recharge
Treatment of water thus aims at reduction of BOD, COD, eutrophication, etc. of receiving
water bodies and prevention of bio-magnification of toxic substances in food chain and
prevention of disease due to pathogenic organisms present in the waste water.
PRETREATMENT :-
 Screening:- Removal of large floating and suspended solids.Such as
plastic,rags,wood,boons etc. Three type of screens are fine,medium and
coras screen are used.
 Grit:- Grit –includes sand, gravel, pebbles ,cinder,and eggshell, bone chips
, seeds, coffee grounds, and large organic particles in food waste
 comminutor:- A comminutor, also known as the grinding pump, houses a rotating

cutting screen. This cutting screen shreds any large chunks of organic matter in the
wastewater into smaller pieces. This makes it easier for the microorganisms to use the
organic matter as food.
 Grit chamber:- A grit chamber allows pieces of rock, metal, bone, and
even egg shells, which are denser than organic materials, to settle out of
the waste stream. Removal of grit prevents damage to machinery through
abrsation.
 Sedimentation :-
Through sedimentation, the larger solids are removed in order to

facilitate the efficiency of the further procedures and also to reduce the
biological oxygen demand of the water. Sedimentation is primary treatment
Process.
Sedimentation is a physical water treatment process used to settle out
suspended solids in water under the influence of gravity.
Diagram of sedimentation process
Removal Efficiency of Primary Treatment Process:
 Removal efficiency of Biological Oxygen Demand (B. O.D.) in primary

treatment process is 30%.
 Removal efficiency of Total Suspended Solids (T.S.S.) in primary
treatment process is 60%.
SECONDART TREATMENT:- Removal of biodegradable organic
matter [insoluble or suspension state}and suspended solids. Disinfection is
also typically included in the definition of conventional secondary
treatment. The second stage of wastewater treatment. Usually biological
treatment is used to treat wastewater in this step.
• It involves the removal of biodegradable dissolved and colloidal organic
matter using aerobic biological treatment processes.
• This step mainly includes:
• Trickling filters
• Activated sludge tanks
• Anaerobic Digester
• Lagoons
TRICKLING FILTERS :-
It consists of a fixed bed of rocks, gravel, slag, polyurethane foam, sphagnum peat
moss, or plastic media over which sewage or other wastewater flows downward
and is contacted with a layer or film of microbial slime covering the bed media. Aerobic
conditions are maintained either by forced air flowing through the bed or natural
convection of air if the filter medium is porous. The process mechanism involves
adsorption of organic compounds in the sewage or other wastewater by the layer
of microbial slime, diffusion of air into thes e l i m e l a ye r t o f u r n i s h t h e
oxygen r e q u i r e d f o r t h e biochemical oxidation o f t h e o r g a n i c compounds to
release carbon dioxide gas, water and other oxidized end products. As thes
lime layer thickens, it becomes more difficult for air to penetrate the layer
and an inner anaerobic layer is probably formed. For some plastic-mesh
material filters this slime layer will build and eventually slough off the
smooth plastic walls into the treated effluent as sludge that requires
subsequent removal and disposal. Other filters utilizing higher-density
media such as sand, foam and peat moss do not produce a sludge that must be removed.
• A trickling filter consists of a bed of highly permeable media on whose surface

microorganisms are developed as a slime layer.
• Wastewater is applied intermittently, or sometimes continuously, over the media.
• Organic matter in the wastewater diffuses into the film, where it is metabolized.
• Aerobic conditions are maintained by splashing, diffusion, and either by forced air
flowing through the bed or natural convection of air if the filter medium is porous
Activated sludge tank:-

• Activated sludge process is a common method of aerobic wastewater treatment.
• Uses air and a biological floc composed of bacteria and protozoa.
• These tanks are large aeration tanks in which air is mixed to wastewater.
• The tanks soon develop a highly aerobic flocculent microbial growth, which continues
to be nourished by the incoming waste.
• %The supernatant is run off to undergo further treatment before discharge.
• Part of the active sludge is returned to the head of the aeration system to re-seed the
new sewage entering the tank.
• The remaining sludge is further treated prior to disposal.
• If wastes are low in nitrogen, then some nitrogenous compounds can be added so as to
decompose the wastes properly.
• In this BOD can be reduced by 90-95.
ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS:-
• Anaerobic digesters digest organic waste in a machine that limits access to oxygen,
encouraging the generation of methane and carbon dioxide by microbes in the waste.
• This digester gas is then burned as fuel to make electricity.
• Digesters aren't widely used yet, but tend to be used for sewage sludge at sewage
treatment plants and for animal waste on farms.
• Digesters are only marginally effective at reducing problems with odours, pathogens
and greenhouse gas emissions.
LAGOONS :-
• An aerated lagoon is a treatment pond provided with artificial aeration to promote the
biological oxidation of wastewaters.
• Water from Trickling Filters and Activated Sludge Tanks frequently are pumped into
concrete tanks or man made ponds and lagoons.
• These are shallow to maintain an aerobic condition.
• In these further microbial degradation of remaining BOD occurs as well as additional
settling of traces of solids.
• Water when clarified of solids is sufficiently low in BOD for approved discharge into
lakes and rivers.
Tertiary Treatment :-
Tertiary Treatment is the process is used to improve the quality of effluent which
has resulted from primary and secondary treatment processes. After tertiary water
can safely discharge in environment (water bodies like river and lake)and used
for industries , agriculture domestic purpose.
• UV light radiation
In UV light radiation we use ultravilot raditation at 254 nanometer .The cell of
bacteria destroyed by uv rays . The lamp of uv rays is submered in water .The
rays is destroyed DNA of bacteria so reproduction rate is reduce(negligible).

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SANT LONGOWAL INSTITUE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

 comminutor:- A comminutor, also known as the grinding pump, houses a rotating

Through sedimentation, the larger solids are removed in order to

Diagram of sedimentation process

Removal Efficiency of Primary Treatment Process:

 Removal efficiency of Biological Oxygen Demand (B. O.D.) in primary

• A trickling filter consists of a bed of highly permeable media on whose surface

Activated sludge tank:-

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