Science for Kids

Energy and Fusion

1
Contents

Energy has many faces 2 Electricity generated by fusion power 10

Experiment: How to make an energy drink Experiment: How to fuse water droplets

Where does energy come from? 4 Check your findings 12
Experiment: How to produce energy All the explanations for your experiments

Atoms – Unknown and yet everywhere 6 Glossary 13
Experiment: How to build your own model atom
Interested in science? 16
Magnetism – A mysterious force 8 The “kidsbits” programme 17
Experiment: How to build your own magnet Imprint 18
A llow me to introduce myself?
My name is Solina. I‘m sure
my name, along with my round
body, have already given me
away: Yes, I am the sun, one of
many stars. I am over four bil-
lions years old and I like to ask
tricky questions. I know a lot
about energy because I produce
it myself in my hot tummy.

The scientists at the Max Planck

Institute for Plasma Physics
are trying to produce energy in
the same way as I do. The Max
Planck Institute for Plasma Phys-
ics is a very complicated name,
you can just say “IPP” for short.

Energy is an extremely exciting

topic. I would like to tell you all
about it and about power plants
as well as about the smallest par-
ticles and atoms. And what fusion
is all about and … but wait! There
I go again: Sorry, my fault, I am
much too impatient!

If you‘re interested, this bro-

chure contains a number of
experiments you can have a go at.
We‘ll have a lot of fun! I promise!

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 Energy has many faces
I am the most important source of
energy for all of you down on planet
earth! I may be 150 million
kilometres away from you,
but my rays put you in good
spirits, help plants to grow
and produce electricity in solar power
plants. I am multi-talented!

Experiment:
► Energy drink beaker, close it tightly and shake
it vigorously. You could even
try singing your favourite song
What will you need? whilst shaking!
• Beaker or jar
with a screw lid The energy drink should look
• 1/4 l milk pretty foamy. If it is not sweet
• 1 small banana enough, add a little sugar and
• 1 teaspoon of lemon juice shake it again.
• Sugar, to taste
• Plate and fork

How to make it?

Peel the banana, cut it in
pieces and use a fork to
mash it on a plate, add
lemon juice and milk.

Then, pour the banana
mixture into a jar or a

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Energy has many faces

W hat is energy actually?

All day long you are
absorbing and consuming
into light energy. But part of
this energy is used up because
the bulb is also heated, and
energy in various different this cannot be made into light.
ways. Energy is available in These conversion processes
many different forms: Drinking have limits, the energy in petrol
a fruity, sweet banana shake
will give you the energy your
body needs to play or to read. Our earth is inhabited by seven thousand million
Feeling hungry tells you that people. One-fifth of those still have to do without elec-
you need to stock up on energy tricity. Can you imagine a life without it? Everybody needs
again. It is not possible to live electric light, a fridge or wants to watch TV. As the number of people on
without energy. this planet is steadily increasing from year to year, it is obvious that
energy requirements are also rising.
Energy does not vanish, it is just
converted into another form. For
example, the current that flows can be converted to make a car
into an electric bulb is converted move, but there is no way of
converting this kinetic energy
back into natural gas! It‘s
actually quite simple, isn‘t it?

Give reasons why you

think sugar is so
important?

Take a look on page 12 to see what

other people have found out.
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 Where does energy come from?
We need to look for new energy sources!
The Max Planck Institute for
Experiment: Plasma Physics is setting a good
► How to produce energy example and working on a new
energy source for your future.
Using me as their inspiration!
What do you need?
• 1 balloon
• Coloured tissue paper
• Grains of rice

How do you do it?

Blow up the balloon and tie a
knot in it.
What did you
Tear the tissue paper into tiny observe?
pieces and spread them all over
the table.

Rub the balloon against your

head or your clothes.

Hold the balloon over the pieces

of paper.
Why do you think
Test the experiment by rubbing this happens?
against different materials –
jumper, shirt, t-shirt – and watch
what happens!

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 Where does energy come from?

H ow does electricity get into

the socket? Electricity is
produced in power stations and Experts
transported to the cities using are
long power cables. It is then arguing
distributed to the houses by about
transformer stations and whether the
junction boxes. Next time you coal, oil and gas
go for a walk, see if you can resources will have
spot the junction boxes in your been consumed within 20, 50
street! or 100 years. But the actual moment
is not really that important.
There are many ways of produc- Scientists need to find new sources
ing electricity and “loading” it of energy before the ones we use
into the power supply network, today run out completely.
as power plant operators say.
More than half of the electricity
produced in Germany, for exam-
ple, is created using coal and
natural gas. These high-energy again – and this is why we call
materials are burned and the them “non renewable” energy
heat that is released is converted sources.
into electricity.
The renewable sources of
A large amount of the additional energy include: Biomass –
electricity required is produced which is produced by using
from uranium in nuclear power plants that grow again quickly
plants. – as well as sun, wind and
water. Sunlight drives solar
It took millions of years to form power plants, the wind powers
our coal, oil and natural gas windmills and the movement of
resources. If we measure this water can also be used to pro-
process against the length of a duce electricity.
Take a look on page 12 to see what human lifetime, it would take
other people have found out. too long to produce them
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 Atoms – Unknown and yet everywhere
You cannot see an individual
atom with the naked eye. These
Experiment: tiny things I have in my
► Building a tummy could be used to
model atom provide energy for the next five
billion years. And because I use
What do you need? atom nuclei to produce energy we
• 50 cm stiff wire call it “nuclear energy”.
• 1 piece modelling clay
• 1 plate
• 1 fork or a stick What do you have to do?
• 6 tablespoons of soap bubble Bend the wire and make a lasso
solution or mix 3 tablespoons shape. The diameter of the lasso
of thick washing-up liquid with should be smaller than the plate
3 tablespoons of water you are using.
Make a small ball using the
modelling clay. This will repre-
sent the “atomic nucleus”. Place the wire lasso around the
Pour the soap bubble solution “atomic nucleus” and dip it into
onto the plate and stir it with the the soap bubble solution, agitate
fork. it and lift the wire.
Then place the “atomic nucleus” A soap bubble will appear over
in the middle of the plate. the “atomic nucleus”.

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Atoms – Unknown and yet everywhere

F or a long period of time,

people believed that our
entire surroundings were made
incredible heat of 15 million
degrees can be found; that is
the number 15 plus six zeros! A
of the elements earth, fire, water kitchen oven only manages 300
and air. degrees!
At that temperature, the atoms
Nowadays, we know that tiny in the sun take off their “peach
building blocks known as mantle” made of electrons. Atoms consist,
atoms, form everything that When this happens, scientists above all, of a lot
is around us: The soil and the call it a “plasma”. of emptiness. If an atom
stones, animals, plants and nucleus were the size of a tennis
human beings, planets and stars. Atomic nuclei move very ball, the electrons would be moving
You can imagine an atom by quickly within a plasma and about two kilometres away! And
thinking of a peach: It has a in doing so, collide at random. in-between the two – there is
stone, a nucleus – the atomic Sometimes they melt and create nothing!
nucleus. And the peel represents a new and bigger nucleus.
the surface on which the elec- During this melting process – or
trons move. fusion – an enormous amount IPP wants to imitate the sun and
of energy is released. This is the produce energy using certain
The sun is also made up of way the sun has been produc- atoms. A sun power plant on
atoms. Inside the sun, an ing energy for 4.5 billion years. earth!

What can you see here?

Use your imagination!
A hydrogen atom

Take a look on page 12

to see what other people
have found out.
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 Magnetism – A mysterious force
Imagine a life belt made of
invisible magnetic field lines.
Experiment: The hot atomic nuclei and
► How to make electrons move inside this
a magnet life belt and cannot escape!

What do you need? What do you do?

• 1.5 Volt battery Wind the wire tightly and Touch the two polished ends
• 1 metre of copper wire, about evenly around the nail 60 or 70 to the „poles“ of the battery
1 mm in diameter times, leaving a 10 cm length of and allow the current to flow
• 1 steel nail, about wire free at both ends. through the coil. Now dip the
10 centimetres long and end of the nail into the paper
2 mm thick Sandpaper the ends of the wire clips or pins.
• Sandpaper until about 1 cm is shiny all
• A few paper clips or round.
drawing pins

Important:
Never do any experiments
using electricity from the wall socket!
Use batteries with low voltage only – up
to about 4.5 Volts.

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Magnetism – A mysterious force

M agnetic forces are myste-

rious. You cannot feel,
hear, smell, or taste them, nor

can you see them directly. You

What did you can, however, make their effects
see? visible using iron filings. Within
a magnetic field iron filings line and produce a
up in so-called magnetic field magnetic field.
lines.
For its ASDEX Upgrade
A magnet always has two ends, fusion experiment, IPP needs 16
the north and the south pole, and coils weighing as much as 112
the magnetic field lines radiate cars! The coils are arranged in
from these. Metals such as iron, such a way that the magnetic
Why do you think cobalt or nickel have magnetic field lines build a closed, ring-
this happens? properties and can be made into like cage.
permanent magnets.
It is not just filings that line
Magnetism can also be produ- themselves up in a magnetic
ced using electricity. The most field. Atom nuclei and electrons
important component of an elec- within plasma do the same. This
tromagnet is a coil. It basically is simply a law of nature!
consists of a solid centre with
a metal wire wrapped around
Take a look at page 12 and it. Connecting both ends of the
see what other people have wire to a battery allows electric
discovered. current to flow through the wire

The atoms in the huge sun are physicists have come up with
held together by their own a very clever idea. They use
weight. To create a power plant magnetic forces to keep the
on earth operating like the sun, atoms together.

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 Fusion power – How does it work?
I think there will be fusion power
plants one day. How old will you
Experiment: be in 2050?
► Fusing
water droplets

What do you need?

• A CD cover or a CD
that is no longer needed
• A pump spray bottle to be
filled with water
• Pencil or tooth pick

How do you do it?

Pour a little water into the pump
spray bottle.

Put the CD, with the shiny side

facing up, onto a waterproof
surface and spray some water
on it.
What did you see?
Hold the CD at an angle, dip the
tip of your pencil into one of the
droplets and pull it across the
CD surface to the next droplet.
Continue to the next drop, and
the next …

Take a look at page 12 to see what other

people have discovered.

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 Plasma in the ASDEX Upgrade device
Fusion power – How does it work?

T his is how physicists

imagine a fusion power
plant: Electromagnets are lined
land succeeded in producing
fusion power – what a great
achievement!
up in a vessel and are switched
on. The magnetic field cage But for a real power plant, the
forms inside the vessel. The amount of energy won must be
vessel is filled with atoms which higher. This is why researchers
are heated to hundred millions across the world are working
degrees: A plasma is generated. on lots of experiments in order
to find out more about atoms,
The atom nuclei and electrons plasma and fusion.
now move very quickly, they


electromagnets

plasma

Wendelstein 7-X

collide, some nuclei fuse and Physicists at IPP are working on

produce thermal energy which their ASDEX Upgrade experi-
is converted into electricity. ment in Garching and just have
built a new one in Greifswald, They have already started work
Fusion power is amazing! The the Wendelstein 7-X. on ITER, the world‘s largest
energy content of a single gram fusion experiment, in the South
of fusion fuel is the same as an By 2050 we should have learned of France. Can you find the little
entire freight waggon full of enough from these experiments man on this picture? Look how
coal! to help us to build a power plant small he is compared to the
capable of using fusion energy machine itself! Now, you can
The JET experiment belonging to provide big cities with power. imagine how big a fusion power
to a research institute in Eng- plant will need to be.

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 Check your findings

Here you will find explanations for your experiments

Page 2
Energy drink Further experiments ...
Why is sugar important?
Try rubbing a plastic ruler or an
The sugar you added, along with empty, dry plastic bottle instead
the banana fructose, quickly of a balloon.
Why does this happen?
provides your body with new
energy so that you will feel alert The coiled wire allows
Page 6
and strong enough to carry out electricity to flow and creates a
Building a model atom
the next experiments. magnetic field within the nail.
What did you see?
The more the wire is coiled,
Use your imagination!
Page 4
the stronger the magnetic field
Producing energy The soap bubble is a half-sphere becomes.
What did you notice? shape gleaming over your hand-
made “atom nucleus”. Squint
Page 10
An invisible force allows the your eyes and imagine how the
Fusion of water drops
balloon to attract the pieces of electron “rushes” over the sur-
What did you see?
tissue paper and the grains of face of the ball.
rice. If the weather is The round drops fuse to create
particularly dry, you may even a larger drop. You can no longer
Page 8
see the grains of rice dance! identify the two original drops,
Building a magnet
or however many drops you
Why does this happen? What did you see?
started with.
You rubbed electrons away from The paper clips or drawing pins
Further experiments …
the outer shells of the atoms. are attracted as long as the
This creates a charge separa- current flows. Cut off electricity “Oil drop” fusion: Oil drops
tion and the balloon attracts the and the effect decreases. found on the surface of a soup
shreds of paper as a result. The or in a salad dressing can be
harder or longer you rub, the fused by using a spoon to
better the paper sticks to the bal- connect them.
loon and the grains of rice dance
for you!

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Definitions – in a nutshell
Atom and Everything around us – plants and animals, stones, planets,
Atom nucleus sand, people – consist of tiny elements known as atoms. An
atom is made of a nucleus and one or many electrons.

Electromagnets We can produce magnetism with electricity. A coil plays the

most important part of an electromagnet. A basic coil consists
of a body and a metal wire which is coiled around it. If both
ends of the wire are then connected to a battery, the current
flows through the wire and creates a magnetic field.

Electrons Very tiny particles called electrons circle around the atom
nuclei. A similar pattern, although much larger, can be seen in
the universe: the planets circling around the sun.

Energy There are many forms of energy. Your body takes its energy
from the food you eat and transforms it into movement and
warmth. Energy does not just disappear, but is transformed
into something else. For example, electricity flowing through
a bulb is converted into light energy and heat.

(Non) renewable Sun, wind and water cannot be used up. Biomass can be
energy produced quickly. This is why these are referred to as
renewable energy sources. Gas, coal and oil reserves which
are formed over the course of millions of years are non-
renewable energy sources and are also called “fossil fuels”.

Experiment Latin experimentum “trial, proof, checking, test”. Whenever

you are testing something in order to find out how it works,
you are conducting an experiment.

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 Definitions – in a nutshell
Fusion An enormous amount of energy is released when atom nuclei
melt, this process is called fusion. This is how the sun has been
producing energy for 4.5 billion of years.

IPP IPP is actually the Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics
and is working on plasma physics and fusion research.

ITER The largest international fusion experiment in the world,

ITER, is currently being built in the South of France.

Nuclear energy We talk about “nuclear energy” when we refer to energy that
originates from the fission or fusion of atom nuclei.

Power plant In a power plant, substances like coal are burned in order to
generate heat and electricity.

Magnet, A thing that attracts or repels something is called a magnet.

Magnetic field, Magnetic forces can be found in nature. All forms of
Magnetic field lines magnetism come from electric charges. Magnetic forces are
to be found along so-called magnetic field lines when fine
iron filings line up in magnetic fields.

Million and One million, as a number, is a 1 with 6 zeros behind it, so it is

Billion written 1,000,000. A billion is thousand times more, so it is a
1 with nine zeros: 1,000,000,000.

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Definitions – in a nutshell
Plasma and Plasma is a gaseous medium. Atom nuclei and electrons
Plasma physics move separately. You can see plasma in nature, as a bolt of
lightning, at home in a fluorescent light tube or in energy-
saving light bulbs. Plasma physics investigates the behaviour
of that gas.

Solar collectors Solar collectors use sunlight to produce electricity and

warmth.

Sun As an energy supplier, the sun is very important for the earth.
It is the sun which makes it possible for the planet to have
a weather system and a climate. And without the sun there
would be no life. A lot of energy is required to do all this and
this energy is produced inside the sun by nuclear fusion.

Transformer station They are part of power plants and ensure the distribution of
and Junction box electricity in the cities, to homes and to the power socket.

Scientists … work in many fields, for example in biology, history,
medical science, astronomy (science of the stars), or physics.
Physicists analyse natural activities and laws.

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 Interested in science?

For parents and teachers

A re your children inter-

ested in science? The
Max Planck Institute’s “kids-
If you would like to
register your class or a group
bits” programme in Garching of children, please take a
is offering “Living Science” look at
for children of different ages.
Several activities are designed www.kontakt.kidsbits.info
especially for children aged 3
to 13. to find out all you need to
know. Above web sites are
All of the programs have one only available in German
thing in common, they make a and visits to the IPP are
point of getting the children to conducted in German too.
join in and ask questions.

From January to July,
experienced colleagues from
our institute are available at
IPP to host nursery schools,
preschools and primary
schools.

You will need to set aside
about two hours for the activ-
ity session. This will involve
talking to the children and car-
rying out experiments which
will give them an exciting and
interesting insight into fusion
research.


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The “kidsbits” programme

T he “kidsbits” programme
in 2005 received financial
support from Pallas Athene, the
Come and visit IPP –
at Garching or Greifswald:

European “Ambassadors for We invite all interested adults, as will be able to find out about the
Women and Science” project. individuals or groups, to come achievements and possibilities.
Max Planck Institute for and visit our institute. Fusion Visit Garching and Greifswald
Plasma Physics regard this as research will be introduced in a to discover what fusion experi-
recognition of their activities in comprehensible way and you ments are all about!
promoting the young generation.
This funding also served to
produce the very brochure you
are now reading.


Contact:

in Garching: in Greifswald:


Max-Planck-Institut für Max-Planck-Institut für
Plasmaphysik Plasmaphysik
Boltzmannstraße 2 Teilinstitut Greifswald
85748 Garching Wendelsteinstraße 1
17491 Greifswald

Phone: Phone:
+49 (0)89 32 99-22 33 +49 (0)38 34 88-26 14

Thank you very much to all of Fax: Fax:

the small and large scientists +49 (0)89 32 99-26 22 +49 (0) 38 34 88-20 09
for their tireless proofreading
efforts, their suggestions and
patient photo sessions! www.ipp.mpg.de/visitors

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Imprint

Editor:
Max-Planck-Institut für
Plasmaphysik (IPP)
Boltzmannstraße 2
85748 Garching bei München

Illustrations:
Page 3 Alexandra, age 10
Page 4 Gabriel, age 9
Page 5 Ricarda, age 10
Page 8 Alexandra, age 10
Page 9 Hannah, age 7
Photos: IPP

Concept and editorial work:

Dr. Petra Nieckchen
Iris Eckl
Ute Schneider-Maxon

Layout and illustration:

Swantje Schmidt, Germering

English text version:

Aline Dürmaier

2nd edition, 2015

ISBN 978-3-00-027132-8