Occupational Safety and Health In Bangladesh:

National Profile

Submitted to the

ILO Country Office in Bangladesh

June 2015

Bangladesh Institute of Labour Studies-BILS

House 20, Road 11 (32 old), Dhanmandi, Dhaka 1209
Tel: +88-02 8123869-70; Fax: +88-02 8114820
Email: [email protected]; Web: www.bilsbd.org
 Lead Research Team

Jakir Hossain
Afroza Akter
Mohd. Raisul Islam Khan

Research Support

Md. Aurongajeb Akond (Chapter 3)

Habibur Rahman (Chapter 4)
Laizun Nahar (Chapter 5)
Adv. Nazrul Islam (Chapter 2)

Coordination

Syed Sultan Uddin Ahmmed

Nazma Yesmin

Research Advisory Team

Shah Mohammad Abu Zafar, Chairman

A A Mukit Khan, Member
Md. Zafrul Hasan, Member
Dr. Wazedul Islam Khan, Focal Person
Md. Alauddin Miah, Member Secretary
Contents

Acronyms..............................................................................................................................................................5
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 6
Contextual Frame, OSH Obligations, and Legal Setting .................................................................................. 8
Contextual Frames ............................................................................................................................. 8
Demographic and Economic context ................................................................................................... 8
Labour Context ...................................................................................................................................... 8
Rights Obligations.............................................................................................................................. 9
Legal Settings ..................................................................................................................................... 9
OSH Policy Landscape and Regulatory Frames ................................................................................................ 11
Occupational Accidents, Hazards and Diseases ............................................................................... 11
Accident Prevention ............................................................................................................................. 11
Prevention from Workplace Hazards .................................................................................................. 13
Disease Prevention and Safeguards ....................................................................................................14
Record Keeping and Planning ..............................................................................................................14
Rehabilitation and Awareness Building ............................................................................................... 15
Safety Equipment/Tools and Facilities ............................................................................................ 16
Fire Fighting Apparatus and emergency fire exit............................................................................... 16
Personal Protective kits ....................................................................................................................... 18
Safety of Buildings and Machineries ................................................................................................... 19
Workplace Environment .................................................................................................................. 19
Health services and Medical Care ........................................................................................................ 21
Workplace Safety ................................................................................................................................. 22
OSH Institutions and Collaborative Mechanisms ........................................................................................... 24
Labor Administration and Departments with OSH Functions ........................................................ 24
Department of Labour......................................................................................................................... 24
Department of Inspection for Factories and Establishments ........................................................... 24
Labour Courts ...................................................................................................................................... 25
Department of Disaster Management ............................................................................................... 25
Department of Public Health Engineering ......................................................................................... 25
Fire Service and Civil Defense ............................................................................................................. 25
Government Committees .................................................................................................................... 26
National Tripartite Committee for fire and Building safety in RMG Sector ...................................... 26
Compliance Forum ............................................................................................................................... 26
International Initiatives on OSH ...................................................................................................... 27
International Labour Organization ..................................................................................................... 27
Alliance for Bangladesh Worker Safety .............................................................................................. 27
Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh............................................................................. 27
GIZ......................................................................................................................................................... 27
Solidarity Center .................................................................................................................................. 28
Civil Society and Trade Union Initiatives ......................................................................................... 28
Sramik Nirapotta Forum ...................................................................................................................... 28
Chatal Sohaiota Committee ................................................................................................................ 28
Ship Breaking Workers’ Trade Union Forum ...................................................................................... 28
Domestic Workers' Rights Network ................................................................................................... 28
Training, Research and Education on OSH ...................................................................................... 29
Laboratories and Testing Service .................................................................................................... 30
Occupational Health and Safety Services ........................................................................................31
Collaborative Arrangements ........................................................................................................... 32

3
OSH Inspection Modalities ............................................................................................................................... 34
Organizational setup ....................................................................................................................... 34
Authorities and Powers ................................................................................................................... 34
Human and Logistical Resources ..................................................................................................... 35
Training and Capacity Development ............................................................................................... 37
Process of inspection and Inspection Activities ............................................................................. 37
Action Procedure and Penalty System ............................................................................................ 38
Occupational Diseases, Hazards and Risks for Workers ................................................................................ 40
Agriculture .......................................................................................................................................40
Readymade Garments ..................................................................................................................... 41
Construction Sector ......................................................................................................................... 42
Tannery ............................................................................................................................................ 42
Shrimp .............................................................................................................................................. 43
Re-rolling .......................................................................................................................................... 44
Jute ................................................................................................................................................... 45
Ship Breaking ................................................................................................................................... 45
Small Chemical Industry .................................................................................................................. 46
Precautionary Efforts and Monitoring of Exposure ....................................................................... 46
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................... 50
OSH related policy landscape and regulatory frames .................................................................... 50
OSH related Institutions, and Collaborative Mechanisms .............................................................. 50
OSH Inspection ..................................................................................................................................51
Occupational Diseases, Hazards and Risks for Workers ................................................................. 52
The Needed Change and Recommendations .................................................................................. 53
Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................................... 55
ANNEXES ........................................................................................................................................................... 58
FGD participant List .......................................................................................................................................... 64

4
Acronyms
ARI Accident Research Institute
BCSIR Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
BEPZA Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Area
BGMEA Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association
BILS Bangladesh Institute of Labour Studies
BIM Bangladesh Institute of Management
BLA Bangladesh Labour Act
BLAST Bangladesh Legal Aids and Services Trust-
BLF Bangladesh Labour Welfare Foundation
BNBC Bangladesh National Building Code
BOI Board of Investment
BSBA Bangladesh Ship Breakers Association
BSTI Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution
BUHS Bangladesh University of Health Sciences
CIS-ILO Center of the International Labour Organization
CSR Corporate Social Responsibilities
CVS Cardiovascular Disease
DDM Department of Disaster Management
DIFE Department of Inspection for Factories and Establishments
DoL Department of Labour
DPHE Department of Public Health Engineering
DRTMC Disaster Research Training and Management Centre
DWRN Domestic Workers' Rights Network
ENT Ear Nose and Throat
EPB Export Promotion Bureau
FSCD Fire Services and Civil Defense
GIT Gastro-intestinal diseases
GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit
GoB Government of Bangladesh
ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
ILO International Labour Organizations
IRI Industrial Relations Institute
JIDPUS Japan Institute of Disaster Prevention and Urban Safety
KII Key Informant Interview
LWC Labour Welfare Center
MoDMR Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief
MoHA Ministry of Home Affairs
NAP National Action Plan
NIPSOM National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine
OEH Occupational and Environmental Health
OSBB Occupational Safety Board of Bangladesh
OSHE Occupational Safety and Health and Environment
PMO Prime Minister's Office
RNG Ready -Made Garments
RTI Respiratory Tract Infection
SBSRB Ship Building and Ship Recycling Board
SBSRR Ship Building and Ship Recycling Rules
SCF Social Compliance Forum
SNF Sramik Nirapotta Forum (Workers Safety Forum)
US-GSP United States Generalized System of Preference
USDOL United States Department of Labor
UTI Urinary Tract Infection

5
Introduction

Safe work is one of the fundamental rights of the workers. Occupational safety and
health is an important component of decent work agenda. It means the condition of
workplace where workers work is free from all kinds of hazards and risks. Safe work
environment ensures safety and health for everyone at work preventing hazards and
risks. Risk comes in many forms—repetitive tasks, long hours of work, exposure to
harmful substances like gas and fumes, noise, insufficient lighting, damage to
equipment, and psychological and physical oppression. It is estimated that globally
around 160 million people are affected by avoidable occupational diseases and more
than two million workers die from work related accidents each year (Kwame, Kusi and
Lawer, 2014). The suffering caused by such accidents and illnesses to workers and their
families is incalculable. In economic terms, the ILO has estimated that 4 percent of the
world’s annual GDP is lost as a consequence of occupational diseases and accidents.
Besides, employers face costly early retirements, loss of skilled staff, absenteeism, and
high insurance premiums due to work-related accidents and diseases.
As a fast growing developing country, Bangladesh is gradually flourishing in its
commerce and industry; and, at the same time, the number of workers is also increasing
in industries and factories. But the country is faced with occupational health and safety
hazards in its industries. A large number of workers lose their valuable lives and are
injured because of poor occupational safety and health conditions. Though there is no
government source of data on how many workers suffer from occupational diseases and
accidents in Bangladesh each year, according to the Bangladesh Institute of Labour
Studies (BILS) newspaper based survey, a total of 5909 workers died and 14413 workers
were injured in different occupational accidents during last ten years (2002-2012). Also in
this survey it is too observed that 708 workers died in the year of 2012 due to different
workplace accident around the country; among them 554 were male workers and 154
were female. Total numbers of injured workers were 701; among them 588 were male
and 113 were female workers. And in 2013, in a single incident, Rana Plaza Building
collapse, the lives of 1138 workers were lost, and total 1912 workers were killed and 5738
workers in 2013 were injured due to workplace accident and violence.
The current regulatory framework of the country on occupational health and
safety refers mainly to the workers of industries but does not cover all occupations of
the country. The main laws related to occupational health and safety in this country is
the Bangladesh Labour Act 2006. There are a number of other laws and regulations
which also have some provisions related to occupational health and safety. Due to weak
implementation of the regulatory provisions regarding OSH, the standards of workforce
and industries are often not enforced.
In spite of having enormous problems, hazards, accidents, and complaints
relating to OSH condition of the country, getting a complete and comprehensive picture
of OSH in Bangladesh is not an easy task since the information on this issue is locating at
various sources, and even there is dearth of necessary information. Due to change of
time and change in nature of OSH problems and hazards, the existing OSH profile
developed in 2002 has become less capable to meet the information needed in this
regard. Thus, developing a new profile, which will ultimately update the existing one, on
OSH condition of the country is long overdue.

6
 The core objective of this report is to update the National Occupational Safety
and Health Profile of Bangladesh 2002 and develop a new profile of the national
occupational safety and health. To this end, specific objectives of the study are to
analyze the (a) laws and policies relevant to occupational safety and health in line with
the country’s human rights and labour rights obligation to occupational safety and
health; (b) strengths, capacities and weaknesses of institutions involved in promoting
occupational safety and health; (c) state of the occupational safety and health in major
labour intensive sectors of the country; and (d) OSH related structures, and
collaboration amongst stakeholders.
For updating the National OSH Profile, information has been collected from both
the primary and secondary sources. Secondary information includes reviewing and
analyzing the main OSH related laws and regulations, data, statistics and information on
existing state of occupational safety and health in Bangladesh. A number of key
informant interviews and focus group discussions have been carried out to draw on the
primary information (see Annex 1 for an overview of the study design).
The study is presented in four core sections. The next section provides the
background of the study exhibiting the economic, demographic, and labour context of
the country in relation to country’s obligation to OSH and legal settings. The third
chapter is the analysis of the national laws and policies related to OSH. The fourth
chapter analyses the OSH related institutions and structures, and collaboration amongst
stakeholders. The fifth chapter analyses the strengths, capacities and weaknesses of the
state of inspection for promoting occupational safety and health. The sixth chapter
exhibits the state of the occupational safety and health in major labour intensive sectors
of the country. The conclusion and policy implications are drawn in the final chapter.

7
 Contextual Frame, OSH Obligations, and Legal Setting
1

Bangladesh, a densely populated country located in South Asia, has in recent years
achieved significant human and social development. The country still suffers from
various socio- economic, demographic and labour market challenges. These contexts
have wider implications in terms of country’s obligation to promoting occupational and
safety at workplaces. This chapter provides a general overview of the economic,
demographic and labour context of Bangladesh along with country’s obligation and
legal setting in relation to occupational safety and health.

Contextual Frames

Demographic and Economic context

The population of the country is 155.8 million (2011) with a population density of 1,015 per
square kilometer. The annual population growth rate is 1.37 percent. The annual
birthrate per thousand populations is 19.2 while the death rate per thousand populations
is 5.5. Life expectancy of total population is 69 years while female have more life
expectancy (70.3 years) than male (67.9 years).
The gross domestic product (GDP) of Bangladesh according to the Economic
Review 2014is 174.54 billion USD in nominal term in fiscal year2013-14. The sectoral share
of the GDP is industry (29.61 percent), agriculture (16.33 percent) and other service
related sectors (54.05 percent). The GDP growth rate of the country has averaged at a
modest rate of around 6 percent in the last ten years. The country’s per-capita income in
current value is 1,190 USD and per-capita GDP is 1,115 USD. In 2014 total export earning of
the country stood at 24.65 billion USD that is 19.76 percent of the GDP. The country’s
export earnings have multiplied five times in FY 2013-14 compared to FY 2001-02. This
significant export performance is because of the constant rise of the ready-made
garment manufacturing. The share of garment manufacturing in total export earning is
around 81 percent. The other notable export products include frozen foods, jute goods,
tea, and leather.

Labour Context
Bangladesh has a huge reserve pool of labour, and every year, a significant portion of
population enters in the labour force. The country is yet unable to provide adequate jobs
to all newentrants. New job creation is challenged by a steady growth of labour force of
2.2 percent during the last decade which means that a more than 1.7 million enter in the
labour force every year.
According to the Labour Force Survey 2010, the country’s economically active
population (15+ age) is 56.7 million; among them 39.5 million are men and 17.2 million are
women. Majority of the labour force is still engaged in rural areas (43.4 million). Total
number of employed population is 54.1 million where 6.8 million are in formal sector and
47.3 million are in informal sector. Agriculture is the biggest employment sector (25.7
million) while trade, hotel and restaurant, sales and service and manufacturing are other
major employment sectors. Women have lower employment rate because most of the
women in Bangladesh are still engaged in unpaid family work. According to the Labour

8
Force Survey 2010 almost 20percent of the workforce are underemployed. Both
underemployment and unemployment are relatively higher among women than men.

Rights Obligations
Bangladesh has ratified ILO’s seven out of eight fundamental conventions on core
labour rights, two out of four governance conventions on labour issues and four out of
71 up-to-date conventions (see Annex Table 1.1). These do not include any of the
conventions related to occupational safety and health. The ILO obliges states to establish
coherent national policy on occupational safety, occupational health and the working
environment aiming to prevent accidents and injuries to health arising out of, linked with
or occurring in the course of work, by minimizing the causes of hazards inherent to the
working environment (ILO Convention 155, Article 4). To improve the environment of
workplace, ILO Convention 120 has made various provisions on cleanliness, noise,
temperature, ventilation, lighting, ergonomics, pure drinking water and gender-
segregated toilet/washroom.
The country is also obliged to uphold workers’ rights through numerous
international human rights instruments, particularly under the aegis of the United Nations.
The instruments originating in the United Nations, particularly the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights (UDHR), International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
(ICESR) and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights have bestowed workers
with economic, social, cultural, civil and political rights. Moreover, the Convention on the
Rights of the Child (CRC), and Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
against Women (CEDAW) also provide the basis of protection of worker-rights especially
for young, and women workers.
A number of labor standards have been applicable to export-oriented industry and
their workers due to the country’s continued integration into the world economy,
particularly in its bid to capitalize the opportunities such as generalized system of
preference (GSP) in different developed country markets. US-GSP specifies acceptable
conditions of work with respect to minimum wages, hours of work, and occupational
safety and health as one of the conditions for preferential duty-free entry to US market. 1
The EU-GSP makes reference to UN Covenants (ICCPR, ICESCR, and CRC) and ILO Core
Conventions as conditions to comply with to access non-reciprocal trade preferences.

Legal Settings
The constitution is the highest legislation of Bangladesh, and provides its citizens the right
to freedom of association, reasonable wages, equal opportunity in employment, social
security and prohibits forced labour (Articles 7, 14 and 20). The constitution has indicated
work as a right and duty of the citizen (Art. 20)
The Bangladesh Labour Act 2006 is the most important labour legislation of the
country. It has been amended three times since its formulation, and the latest amendment
was done in 2013. The Labour Act consolidated 25 separate acts into single labour code in
2006. The BLA regulates trade unions, working hours, minimum wages employment and
industrial relations. It sets occupational safety and health standards, compensation for
injury and accidents in the workplace, maternity benefits, factory inspectorate and
restrictions in child labour. The act also established the Minimum Wage Board, the

1
The benefits for Bangladesh under the scheme has been suspended since 2013 in the aftermath of
industrial disasters like Rana plaza building collapse and fire accidents in Tazreen Fashions.

9
Labour Court, and the National Council for Industrial Health and Safety, the mechanisms
to solve industrial disputes such as strikes and lockouts.
The provisions related to EPZs enterprises are within the EPZ Workers
Association and Industrial Relations Act (2010) (EWAIRA 2010). Factory Rules 1979
(currently under consideration for a new Rules) elaborates the legal framework for the
country. Numerous other laws including the Fire Prevention and & Extinguishing Act
2003, Bangladesh National Building Code 2006, Bangladesh Labour Welfare Foundation
Act 2006, and Ship Breaking and Ship Recycling Rules 2011 have provisions related to
OSH.
Through the legal provisions on OSH related issues, Bangladesh established
tripartite National Industrial Health and Safety Council in 2009. The Council has
formulated a National Occupational Safety and Health Policy in 2013 and working
towards implementation of the policy in every industrial sector. Numerous other policies
of the country including National Labour Policy, National Child Labour Elimination Policy,
Industrial Policy and Children Policy provide guidelines on OSH in respected field of
policy.

10
 2 OSH Policy Landscape and Regulatory Frames

A range of factors determines occupational safety and health in Bangladesh. These

include the vision and the strategies for promoting OSH standards set in country’s policy
landscape and in its regulatory frameworks. This chapter provides an analysis of the
state of laws and policies in the country to ensure occupational safety and health.
Juxtaposing with the loopholes and challenges of the current policy landscape and
regulatory frames are drawn. The analysis below is presented in three broad areas of
occupational safety and health related issue: 1) occupational accidents, hazards and
diseases; 2) safety equipment, tools and facilities, and 3) workplace environment.

Occupational Accidents, Hazards and Diseases

The key provisions of the occupational accidents, hazards and diseases relate to accident
prevention regulations, prevention from workplace hazards, disease prevention and
safeguards, record keeping and planning, rehabilitation and awareness building.

Accident Prevention
At the national policy level, the National Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Policy,
the National Labour Policy and the National Industrial Policy deal with the issues of
workplace accident prevention.
The National Occupational Safety and Health Policy include a number of
provisions/obligations to prevent accident at workplace. These are:
 Necessary measures to ensure workplace safety and health protection in light of
international Conventions/Declarations/Recommendations/Instruments (Article 3.a.1).
 Implement national laws and regulations in relation with workplace safety and
occupational health (Article 3.a.2).
 Setting up national standards on OSH (Article 3.a.14).
 Review and updating of all laws relating to OSH (Article 3.a.15, Art. 4.a.20).
 Development and implementation of national policies and legal framework (Art. 4.a.2).
 Developing Strategy and Action plan to ensure proper implementation of national laws
and regulations (Art. 4.a.3).
 Inclusion of OSH issues in the policies and programs of all related Ministries and agencies
(Art. 4.a.13).
 Establish labour courts in the industrial zone as the workers and trade unions can have
easy access to the courts for implementing the mandatory provisions of OSH (Art.
4.a.15).
 Impose mandatory terms and conditions upon the Construction agencies to follow the
OSH polices during govt. run construction works (Art. 4.a.22).
 Providing financial support to the establishments that maintain and practice the rules
and regulations of OSH (Art. 4.a.24).
 To ensure maximum safety standards during factory construction and implement all
standards and regulations on internal safety environment (Art. 4.d.1).

There are some other policies those also deal with the overall implementation of
the health and safety status in the industrial sector. For instance, the National Labour

11
Policy urges government to bring necessary amendments in the laws to ensure safe,
healthy and women friendly workplaces and maternity protection (Section 19).
The Industrial Policy of Bangladesh states that it’s one of the main objective is to
mentioning the policies and institutional mechanisms in the Industrial Policy to ensure
the implementation of the international standards on environment, health, safety and
standard working environment in the industrialization process (Section 2.15)
In terms of the legal framework, the Bangladesh Labour Act 2006 has extensively
described the measures to prevent occupational accidents in the workplaces. BLA on
OSH encompasses three areas of protection: (i) occupational accidents, hazards and
diseases; (ii) safety equipment and facilities; and (iii) workplace environment.
The BLA states that every establishment shall be provided with firefighting
apparatus and one alternative fire exit. In absence of such fire exit, the inspector may
give a written order to the employer of the establishment. The doors affording exit shall
not be locked or fastened and all such doors will open outwards unless they are of
sliding types. Every window, door or other exit affording means of the establishment
shall be distinctively marked in Bangla in red letters of adequate size or by some other
effective and clearly understood signs. Clear and audible means of warning together
with a free passageway giving access to each means of escape in case of fire shall be
maintained [Sec. 62, BLA].
In case of 10 workers working above the ground floor or explosive or highly
inflammable materials, effective measures shall be taken to ensure that all the workers
are familiar with the fire escape, and are adequately trained. In case of 50 or more
workers, employer shall arrange at least once a year a mock fire-fighting and shall
maintain a book of record [Section 62, BLA].
If there are machineries which are moving and in motion, they should be securely
fenced [Section 63, BLA] and screw, belt or key or any revolting shaft, spindle of any
machinery driven by power should be covered as well [Section 67, BLA]. The floors,
stairs, passages and gangways of the establishment should be of sound construction
and properly maintained, and all floors, ways and stair ways should be clean, wide and
clear of all obstructions [Section 72, BLA] and no persons should be engaged in any
factory to lift, carry or move any load so heavy as to be likely to cause him injury
[Sections 74, 83-86, 90, 323, BLA]
BLA also states that notice to be given of accidents: (1) when any accident occurs
in an establishment causing loss of life or bodily injury, or when an accidental explosion,
ignition, outbreak of fire or irruption of water or fumes occurs in an establishment, the
employer of the establishment shall give notice of the occurrence to the Inspector
within two working days (Section 80, BLA 2006), Section 80 of BLA 2006 (Amended
2013) further includes, immediately after incident, to minimize the damage or bring the
situation under control, the factory authority shall inform the matter to the government,
fire service, inspection department, police station, if necessary the nearby hospital or
government-non government health service organization by phone, mobile phone or
SMS or fax.
According to Factory Rules 1979, In case of fatal or serious injury factory manager
is obliged to give notice to the Chief Inspector, Deputy Commissioner, Inspector,
Commissioner, and especially in case of fatal accident to the officer in charge of the local
police station (Rule-84).
The Bangladesh Ship Breaking and Ship Recycling Rule 2011 necessitates that only
trained workers shall be employed who has theoretical or on the job training from

12
designated training institute or the Ship Braking and Ship Recycling Board (SBSRB). No
person shall be employed without appropriate training certificate (Rule, 17.1).

Prevention from Workplace Hazards

At policy level The National OSH Policy, and Children Policy National Child Labour
Elimination Policy state about the prevention of workplace hazards. Along with The
Bangladesh Labour Law2006, Factory Rule 1979, the Bangladesh National Building Code
(BNBC) 2006 and the SBSRR 2011 deal with the issue.
The National OSH Policy ensures safety in transportation, maintenance and use
of chemicals used in the production process (Clause, 3.a.6).
The National Child Labour Elimination Policy has determined some conditions
related to the working environment of working children to protect them from
workplace hazards. It has mentioned that all necessary steps and efforts should be
taken to rescue the children from hazardous works that are harmful for their physical
and mental health (Clause 10).
Also in Children Policy it has mentioned that adolescents will be protected from
all kinds of harmful works and those who are involved in the household works will not
be engaged with the hazardous works (Clause 7.4 and 9.5). The state will also take
necessary measures to protect adolescents from the physical, mental and sexual
harassment in any industrial establishment (C 9.6).
The Bangladesh Labour Law has declared a number of provisions for preventing
the workers from workplace hazards, which includes; a) every establishment is kept
clean and free from effluvia arising out of any drain, privy or other nuisance [section 51,
BLA], b) the temperature of the work room is of comfort and prevent injury to health, c)
every employer is required to make effective and suitable measures for securing and
maintaining adequate ventilation, sufficient and suitable lighting [section 52], d)to
prevent gathering dust or fume in the workroom and its inhalation by the workers
[section 53], e) The work room of an establishment should not be such overcrowded
that is injurious to the health of workers and for that nine and a half cubic meter of
space should be provided for every single worker in a factory [section 56], and f) every
establishment should arrange sufficient number of separate toilets with sufficient light,
air and water for its male and female workers [section 59]. According to labour Law, the
employers are also entitled to provide sufficient supply of pure drinking water [section
58] , sufficient lighting (section 57), adequate number of gender segregated toilet and
washroom, and sufficient number of clean and hygienic dustbin and spittoons at
convenient places [section 60].
The Bangladesh Penal Code 1860 indicates that an employer will be criminally
liable for making atmosphere noxious to health [section 278, Penal Code] and for being
negligent with respect to poisonous substance/ fire or combustible matter/ explosive
substance/ machinery/pulling down or repairing buildings [sections 284 – 288, Penal
Code].
The Factory Rule 1979 states that in every factory all electric supply lines and
apparatus shall be of proper size and sufficient strength and shall be constructed,
situated, protected, worked and maintained in such a manner as to cause no risk of
bodily injury (Rule 41). No process or work shall be carried on in any factory in such a
manner as to cause risk of bodily injury (Rule 42).
The Bangladesh National Building Code 2006 necessitates that chimneys, vents
and ventilation ducts shall be constructed with noncombustible materials. Every Boiler,

13
central heating plants, electrical rooms or hot water supply boiler shall be separated
from the rest of the occupancy for prevention of any major hazards or use by not less
than two hour fire resistive construction (Section 2.11.7).
According to The Bangladesh Ship Building and Ship Recycling Rules 2011, the
SBSRB is entitled to examine the ship for hazardous waste and material excluding in
built hazardous and toxic materials that could harm the workers and the environment
and also can issue an environment clearance certificate for that particular ship (Rule 3.3).
It again states that he SBSRB in cooperation with the Department of Explosives will issue
two certificates (one is ‘gas free for man entry’ and another is ‘gas free for hot work’)
regarding toxic gas existence (Rule 4).

Disease Prevention and Safeguards

The National OSH Policy and the National Child Labour Elimination Policy include some
clauses regarding disease prevention and safeguard.
The National OSH Policy has made some mandatory obligation which include to
a) identify the risk of health and safety [clause .a.3], b) give orientation to the persons
engaged with formal and informal workplace on the risk of possible accident, health risk
and safety issues (Clause 3.a.4), and c) make specialist who can identify the occupational
diseases and to ensure health service in the factory and establishment [Clause 3.a.10]
The National Child Labour Elimination Policy calls on formulating separate action
plan both for work place and home within the purview of the National Health and
Nutrition Policy and ensuring its implementation to provide sufficient physical and
mental healthcare facilities and adequate nutrition for working children. The Policy also
urges the government to undertake and implement comprehensive health and nutrition
programs and projects for working children in line with the National Health and Nutrition
Policy in order to prevent diseases in the workplaces. (Clause 12)
The BLA 2006, (Amendment 2013), the BNBC 2006, and the SBSRR 2011 provides
a number of regulations regarding the issue of safeguards or disease prevention
measures to prevent work related diseases and accidents at workplace.
The Bangladesh Penal Code ensures the punishment in case of negligent and /or
malignant act likely to spread infection of disease dangerous to life [section 269 & 270,].
The Bangladesh National Building Code obligates the installation of automatic
fire and smoke detection system when the size, arrangements and the occupancy of a
building become such that a fire itself cannot provide adequate warning to its occupants
for their safeguard. The automatic fire and smoke detection system shall include spot or
line type heat sensitive detectors and optical, ionized or chemical sensitive type of
smoke detectors (Section 4.4)
Bangladesh Ship Breaking and Ship Recycling Rule 2011 suggests to identify and
mark all non-breathable spaces by the safety offices at the yard and also identification
and marking all places containing or likely to contain hazardous wastes or toxic
chemicals to prevent any workplace related diseases (Section 17.3).

Record Keeping and Planning

The National OSH Policy urges the collection and maintenance of all records on OSH
related accidents, injuries, death, treatment, compensation, cases, decisions etc. (Clause
3.a.7; 4.a. 8,;and 4.d.5) and also states that the respective institutions will use those
data and information to make action plan and OSH specialist for ensuring OSH at

14
workplace (Clause 3.a.8, 4.a.9, and 4.d.6). The National Health Policy as well ensures
health information for all.
The BLA 2006, The Factory Rules 1979 and the Ship Breaking and Recycle Rules
provides obligation on record keeping and planning about OSH.
Section 90 of BLA 2006 provides compulsory obligation of keeping and maintenance a
safety record book and a safety board in every establishment and factory wherein more
than 25 workers are employed
According to the Factory Rules 1979 , manager of each factory is obliged to
maintain a register of all accidents and dangerous occurrences which occur in the
factory (Rule 100). Bangladesh Ship Breaking and Ship Recycling Rule 2011 suggests to
establish systems and procedures to be followed to document and keep track of all
hazardous waste generated during recycling, as well as hazardous substances found on
board of the ship and their transport to the disposal facility or registered recycling
facility in safe and sound manner (Rule 17.3).

Rehabilitation and Awareness Building

The National OSH Policy, the National Health Policy and Child Labour Elimination Policy
deal with the issue of rehabilitation and awareness building.
The National OSH policy mandates to ensure the treatment and compensation of
victim workers, and rehabilitate the victim workers as per his/her capability (Clause 4.b.11
and 3.a.12, ). For crating awareness on OSH issue the Policy includes a number of clause.
These include— a) regular observance of 'Occupational Health and Safety Day' on April
28 by the state (Clause 4.a.25), b) publicity on OSH related issues through govt. and
private TV channel and others media (Clause 4.a.26), c) inclusion of OSH issues in the
curriculum of Secondary and Higher Secondary education (Clause 4.a.27), d) motivate
the employers to implement the OSH policy, Labour Act and related laws on OHS Clause
4.b.1), e) arrange discussion, consultation and training for Employers' member
organizations (Clause 4.b.2), f) provide information on laws relating to OSH, rights and
responsibilities of trade union regarding safe and healthy workplace and arrange
orientation to the workers (Clause. 4.c.1), and g) to motivate the workers by the trade
union to obey the laws on OSH (Clause. 4.c.2).
The National Health Policy urges for awareness building on capacity
development and behavioral change, aware the people about their rights, opportunities,
responsibilities, duties and prohibitions regarding health services. The awareness-
building program on "Health for All" is focused on prevention of diseases and to control
non-infectious diseases.
The National Child Labour Elimination Policy advises to crate social awareness on
elimination of child labour; motivating people against child labour and changing attitude
and behavioral pattern towards child labour. The targeted activities are to create social
awareness amongst mass people including children and their parents or guardians,
employers' or owners' associations, trade union, professional associations, and media
about the harmful consequences of child labour (Clause 12).
The Children Policy as well calls upon awareness raising programs to be taken for
rising awareness among the parents on negative impact of child labour (Clause 9.9)
The Labour Amendment Act of 2013 states that if there is any provision to
provide accommodation to the workers in any industrial establishment, while allotting
the houses the disabled workers will be given preference (Section 94A).

15
 The Bangladesh Workers Welfare Foundation Act 2006 established a workers
welfare foundation which is devoted to provide financial help to severely injured and
disabled workers for their rehabilitation and necessary medical treatment to the sick
workers due to any workplace hazard (Section 5).

Safety Equipment/Tools and Facilities

The safety equipment/tools and facilities include firefighting apparatus and the
emergency fire exit, protective kits and the safety of buildings and machineries.

Fire Fighting Apparatus and emergency fire exit

The Bangladesh Labour Act necessitates all institutions/factories to arrange alternative
stairs and necessary equipment to fight fire (Section 62). Annual drill should be arranged
in factories where more than 50 workers are working. The law has also made mock fire-
fighting drill mandatory for the industries where fifty or more workers are employed
[Section 62, BLA].
Section 62 of BLA (Amended 2013) has also described some precaution in case of
fire. These are:
 In every establishment during work the doors affording exit from any room shall not
be locked or fastened and the exit way cannot be obstructed or blocked.
 All doors shall be made in such a way that they can easily and immediately be opened
from inside.
 Where the door is between two rooms, the doors shall be made in such a way so that
they can be opened in the direction of the nearest exit of the building and no such
door shall be locked or obstructed while work is being carried on in the room.

The Factory Rule, 1979 has brief indication about the provisions of using fire-
fighting apparatus in the workplace. The provisions discussed at Section 52 are as
follows:
(1) In every factory there shall be provided and maintained two fire buckets of not less
than two gallon capacity each for every 1,000 sq. ft. of floor area subject to a minimum
of four such buckets on each floor and every bucket shall(a) conform to appropriate
Bangladesh standard specification;(b) be kept in a position approved by the Inspector
and shall be used for no other purpose than for extinguishing fire; and(c) at all times
be kept full of water, except where the principal fire risk arises from inflammable liquid
or other substances where water cannot be used:
(2) In factories having more than 1,000 sq. ft. floor area and where fire may occur due to
combustible materials other than inflammable liquids, electrical equipment and
ignitable metals, soda acid or equivalent type of portable extinguishers at the rate of
one for every 5,000 sq. ft. of area spaced at not more than 100 ft. apart subject to a
minimum of one extinguisher shall be provided in addition to fire buckets required
under sub-rule (1).
(3) In factories where fire may occur due to inflammable liquids or grease or paint, the
extinguishers to be provided at the scale laid down in sub-rule (2) shall consist of foam,
carbon tetrachloride, dry powder, carbon dioxide, chloro-bromomethene or other
equivalent type.
(4) In factories where fire may occur due to electrical equipment, the extinguisher to be
provided at the scale laid down in sub-rule (2) shall consist or carbon dioxide, dry
powder, carbon tetrachloride or equivalent types.

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 (5) In factories where fire may occur due to magnesium, aluminum or zinc dust or shavings
or other ignitable metals, the use of liquids, carbon dioxide or foam type extinguishers
shall be prohibited and an ample supply of clean, fine, dry sand, stone dust or other
inert material shall be kept ready for extinguishing such fires.
(6) Every type of portable fire extinguisher shall be kept mounted in a position approved
by the Inspector, and shall (a) conform to the appropriate standard specification;(b)
be kept charged ready for use, properly mounted in a position approved by the
Inspector and accompanied by the maker's printed instructions for its use; and(c) be
examined, tested or discharged periodically in accordance with the maker's
recommendation.
(7) Every factory shall keep and maintain sufficient number of spare charges for each type of
extinguisher provided in the factory with a maximum of 12 spare charges always in stock
and readily available.
(8) Every worker of the factory should, as far as possible, be trained in the use of portable
fire extinguishers subject to a minimum of at least one-fourth of the numbers engaged
separately in each section of the factory.
(9) Each factory shall have a trained officer who shall be responsible for the proper
maintenance and upkeep of all fire-fighting equipment.
(10) The Manager of the factory shall prepare a detailed 'Fire Safety Plan' for proper
enforcement of fire safety rules and for actions to be taken, in proper sequence, in the
case of a fire in the factory.

Section 51 of the Factory Rule 1979 provides briefly the means of escape in case
of fire. They are as follows:
(1) Each room of a factory building shall be provided with not less than two exits for use in
case of fire, so positioned that each person will have a reasonably free and unobstructed
passage from his work place to an exit.
(2) No such exit shall be less than 32-0" in width and less than 6-6" in height.
(3) In the case of a factory building or part of a factory building has more than one floor and
in which not less than 20 persons work at any one time, there shall be provided at least
with one substantial stairway permanently constructed either inside or outside the
building and which affords direct and unimpeded access to ground - level.
(4) In the case of a factory building or part of a factory building in which 20 or more persons
work at any one time above the level of the ground floor wherein explosive or highly
inflammable materials are used or stored, or which is situated below ground level, the
means of escape shall include at least two separate and substantial stairways
permanently constructed either inside or outside the building and which afford direct
and unimpeded access to ground level.
(5) Every stairway in a factory which affords means of escape in case of fire shall be
provided with a substantial handrail which, if the stairway has open an side shall be on
that side, and if the stairway has two open sides, such handrail shall be provided on both
sides.
(6) In the case of a building constructed or converted for use as a factory, the requirements
are:(a) at least one of the stairways shall be of fire resisting materials;(b) every hoist-way
or lift-way inside a factory building shall be completely enclosed with fire-resisting
materials and all means of access to the hoist or lift shall be fitted with doors of fire-
resisting materials;(c) no fire escape stair shall be constructed at an angle greater than
45 degrees from the horizontal;(d) no part of a factory building shall be at a distance
(along the line of travel) of 150 or more from any fire escape stair; and(e) no stairway
shall be less than 45" in width.

17
 The National Building Code 2006 also has detailed provisions about the means of
exit. All exits shall be easily discernable and accessible from any part of the buildings and
all exits shall be so located and arranged that they provide continuous and unobstructed
means of escape to the exterior of the building leading to a street or to other designated
areas of refuge (Section 3.4). The Code also discusses about the fire extinguishing
system to be used in different industrial establishment. Manually operated fire alarm
system along with portable fire extinguishing system has to be installed in the low
hazard industry. For the moderate hazard industries, area up to 750 m2 shall be installed
with automated fire alarm system with portable fire extinguisher and area above 750 m2
shall be fitted with automatic sprinkler or automated fire alarm system with portable fire
extinguishing system (Section 5.8).
The Bangladesh Ship Breaking and Ship Recycling Rules 2011 indicates that adequate
open space on the yard for safe passage and easy movement of firefighting units and
equipment, maintenance of passage ways so as they have unobstructed access for fire-
fighting units and equipment (Section 17.3). The Rule also obligates to provide facilities
of water storage and pumping facility and firefighting device such as portable fire
extinguisher, fire-fighting suites, liquid foam, oxygen mask, sand boxes/buckets, fire
hose with complete attachment in accordance with the national firefighting
requirements (Section 17.8)

Personal Protective kits

The National OSH Policy obligates to provide training, guideline on safety, Personal
Protective Equipment-PPE to the workers and ensure their use in the workplace (Clause.
4.d.7). It suggests to obey and maintain OSH related guidelines provided by the
authorities/employers and use Personal Protective Equipment-PPE given by the
authorities/employers by the workers (Clause 4.e.1). It also ensures in taking care of
protection of self and colleagues' health and safety by the workers (Clause 4.e.2).
The BLA 2006 states that suitable goggles should be provided for the workers
where eyes are at risk by reasons of exposure to excessive light or heat [section 75].
Inspector may prohibit the use of any building, machinery or plant of any establishment
if it appears to him dangerous to human life or safety [section 61(2),]. The management
shall provide proper protective clothing etc. to employees, who work on machines,
handle toxic chemicals or perform specialized jobs [section. 39, BEPZA instruction No. 1].
The BLA (Amendment 2013) Section 78A sets obligation for using safety
appliances for personal safety: (1) Where applicable, the employer shall supply safety
appliances, and shall not employ any person before ensuring the use thereof, and on this
matter a record book shall be maintained by the employer in prescribed manner. (2) The
workers concerned shall be held responsible if they do not use the safety equipment
after those are being supplied to the workers. (3) To ensure occupational health safety
and protection, all workers shall be made aware of the risks of the work through
trainings.
The Factory Rule 1979 indicates that effective screens or suitable goggles shall be
provided for the protection of persons employed in or in the immediate vicinity of the
following processes:
 dry grindings of metal or metal articles applied by hand to a revolving wheel, or disc
driven by mechanical power; turning (external or internal) of non-ferrous metals or
of cast iron, or articles of such metals or such iron, where the work is done dry, other

18
 than precision turning where the use of goggles or screen would seriously interfere
with the work, or turning by means of hand tools;
 welding or cutting of metals by means of electric, oxyacetylene or similar processes;
 fettling, cutting out cold rivets or bolts, chipping or scaling, and breaking or dressing
for stone, concrete slag and the like by hand tools or other portable tools (Rule 49).

The Bangladesh Ship Breaking and Ship Recycling Rule 2011 necessitates that all
workers in the ship yard has to provide with personal protection equipment including
head protection, face and eye protection, hand and foot protection, respiratory
protective equipment, hearing protections, protections against radioactive
contamination, protection from falls and appropriate clothing. All protective equipment
has to be Bangladesh Standard Testing Institute (BSTI) certified (Section 17.2).

Safety of Buildings and Machineries

BLA 2006 illustrates that inspector may prohibit the use of any building, machinery or
plant of any establishment if it appears to him dangerous to human life or safety
[Section 61(2)]. Section 72 (BLA Amended 2013) includes that in every establishment
during work the doors affording exit from any room shall not be locked or fastened and
the exit way cannot be obstructed or blocked. All floors, stairs, passages and gangways
shall be of sound construction and properly maintained and to ensure safety steps,
stairs, passages and gangways shall be provided with substantial handrails and the
passage and stairs shall be kept open during working hours. There shall, so far as is
reasonably practicable, be provided and maintained safe means of access to every place
at which any person is, at any time, required to work; and ways and stairways shall be
clean, wide and clear of all obstructions. To ensure security of the factory and the
workers, all ways, stairways, gate, store and common utility area can be brought under
close circuit camera. All doors shall be made in such a way that they can easily and
immediately be opened from inside. Where the door is between two rooms, the doors
shall be made in such a way so that they can be opened in the direction of the nearest
exit of the building and no such door shall be locked or obstructed while work is being
carried on in the room.
The Fire Safety Act 2003 forbids building any multi-storied industry or commercial
space without the certification of the Director-General of the Fire Service and Civil
Defense (FSCD) about the fire prevention, fire extinguishing and other fire safety related
issue (Section 7).
The Bangladesh National Building Code 2006 has detailed provision on the safety
of buildings. Minimum ceiling heights of every floor of an industrial establishment will be
3.5m for non-air-conditioned and 3.0 m for air-conditioned buildings (Section 1.12.2). The
minimum width of staircases of an industrial establishment has to be at least 2.0 m and
handrails will have a minimum height of 0.9 m (Section 1.12.5). The exterior walls of
industrial buildings shall have a fire resistance of at least 2-3 hours (Section 2.4.1)

Workplace Environment
The Rules and Regulation regarding health and safety issues at the workplace
environment highlights in this section in terms of cleanliness, temperature, ventilation,
lighting, working space, dust and fume, pure drinking water, dustbin and spittoon,

19
gender segregated toilets, washroom, restroom and canteen, ergonomics2, workplace
safety and health services and medical care. It is however noticeable that except on the
issue of health service and medical care, no issue relating to workplace environment is
available in any policy.
The Labour Act 2006 obligates that every establishment should be kept clean
and free from effluvia arising out of any drain, privy or other nuisance (Section 51).
Bangladesh Factory Rule, 1979 states that in every factory, all inside walls and partitions,
all ceilings or tops of rooms and all walls, sides and tops of passages and staircases, if
painted or varnished and have smooth impervious surfaces, shall be washed with water
once every fourteen months and, if necessary, by soap and brush (Rule 11) and the
factory have to keep up-to-date record of the cleanliness Rule 12).
The BLA 2006 indicates that the temperature of the workroom would be such,
which secure to workers the reasonable conditions of comfort and prevent injury to
health [Section 52 (2)]. The Bangladesh Factory Rule 1979 obligates that there shall be
no artificial humidification i.e. the introduction of moisture into the air of a room by any
artificial means whatsoever, except the unavoidable escape of steam or water vapor
into the atmosphere directly due to a manufacturing process in any room of a cotton
spinning or weaving factory (Rule 15).
According to the BLA, every employer is required to make effective and suitable
provisions for securing and maintaining adequate ventilation in every workroom by the
circulation of fresh air [Section 52 (1)]. The Bangladesh National Building Code 2006
indicates that all rooms and interior spaces designed for human occupancy shall be
provided with natural or mechanical ventilation. Ventilation of toilets is also necessary
through ventilation shafts (Section 1.17). The quality of mechanical ventilation has to be
approved by the concerned authorities (Section 2.11.4).
The BLA 2006 necessitates the arrangement of sufficient and suitable lighting,
natural or artificial or both and for that glazed windows or skylights always should be
kept clean (Section 57). The Factory Rule 1979 states that the lighting of, and the light
fittings in, the interior parts of a factory where persons are regularly employed and in
other parts shall be of such specification or, as the case may be, of such manner, as the
Chief Inspector may specify in this behalf (Rule 24). The Bangladesh National Building
Code 2006 indicates that all rooms and interior spaces designed for human occupancy
shall be provided with natural or artificial lighting (Section 1.17).
Bangladesh Labour Act indicates that effective measures should be taken by the
employers to prevent gathering of dust and fumes in the workroom and its inhalation by
the workers (Section 53). The Factory Rule 1979 necessitates that every chamber, tank,
vat, pipe, flue or other confined space in which persons may have to enter and which
may contain dangerous fumes to such extent as to involve risk of the persons being
overcome thereby, shall, unless there is other effective means of egress, be provided
with a manhole which may be rectangular, oval or circular in shape, and which shall in
the case of (a) rectangular or oval shape, be not less than 16" long and 12" wide; and (b)
circular shape, be not less than 16 " in diameter (Rule 50).
The BLA obligates that the work room of an establishment should not be such
overcrowded that is injurious to the health of workers and for that nine and half cubic

2
Ergonomics is about designing for people, wherever they interact with products, systems or
processes. It is also known as comfort design, functional design, and user-friendly systems. Essentially
it is the practice of designing products, systems or processes to take proper account of the
interaction between them and the people that use them.

20
meter of space should be provided for every single worker in a factory (Section 56).
Bangladesh Ship Breaking and Ship Recycling Rule 2011 suggest that the yard should
have sufficient area for processing of cut pieces of the ships (Section 17.5).
The Factory Rule 1979 indicates that no building, wall, chimney, bridge, tunnel,
road, gallery, stairway, ramp, floor, platform, staging or other structure, whether a
permanent or temporary character, shall be constructed, situated or maintained in any
factory in such a manner as to cause risk of bodily injury (Rule 38). No railway or other
electrical or mechanical means of transport within the precincts of a factory shall be
constructed, situated, operated or maintained in such a manner as to cause risk of bodily
injury (Rule 39). No machinery, plant or equipment shall be constructed, situated,
operated or maintained in any factory in such a manner as to cause risk of bodily injury
(Rule 40).
The Bangladesh Acts 2006 mandates that factories shall arrange pure drinking
water for workers at suitable places [BLA Section 58(1)] and during summer period, cold-
water shall be provided for the workers of factories where more than 250 workers are
working [Section 58(3)].
Labor laws of Bangladesh has made it mandatory that the Employer shall
establish rest-room for the workers (in the case of more than 50 workers) with facilities
of water supply so that they can eat meals brought with them and take rest [section
93(1), BLA]. Separate rest rooms for male and female workers shall be established if the
number of female workers is more than 25 [section 93(3), BLA]. It has also been
provided under the Instructions of BEPZA that every enterprise shall provide and
maintain a reasonable number of toilets, and washing facilities for their employee
[section 36, BEPZA Instruction No. 1]. In every company in EPZ, there shall be a suitable
rest room where employees can take rest or can eat their meals brought by them
[section 38, BEPZA Instruction No.1].
The BLA (Amendment 2013) also indicates to set up hygienic latrines and urinals
of prescribed types and they should be conveniently situated and accessible to workers
at all times while they are in the establishment (Section 59).

Health services and Medical Care

The National OSH Policy obligates to ensure treatment, compensation for the injured
worker (Clause 4.a.12,). It also suggests Periodic Medical Examination to identify
workplace related diseases/occupational health problems (Clause 4.b.12), provide
support to the Occupational Health Surveillance programs (Clause 4.b.13). It established
the worker’s rights to inform the authorities about health problems and go to doctor
(Clause 4.e.5).
The National Health Policy obligates primary health and emergency medical
facilities for all and ensures treatment elements and equipment to all. It suggests quality
and easy accessible medical service to poor people, Establish Community Clinic (one for
every six thousand people). It gives priority to emergency medical service. It ensures
healthy life of workers engaged with industries and agriculture.
The National Labour Policy indicates that physical and mental health of the
workers is very essential for the enhancement of national production. This is why
Government should take measures to establish Health Centers in the labour prone
industrial area through government, non-government, private or joint initiatives. The
government should also introduce Health Insurance Scheme and ensure availability of
Health Workers and deliver necessary treatment equipment (Clause 10).

21
 The National Child Labour Elimination Policy has clear provisions regarding the
health services and medical care of the working children. It has stated that if a child falls
sick or faces any accident while working, the employer or owner should bear all
expenses of his or her medical treatment and rehabilitation required; and the family
member should have the opportunity to meet the child during his or her illness (Clause
10).
In Bangladesh’s legal framework the Labour Act 2006, its Amendment 2013, the
Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Act (BEPZA) and the Factory Rule have regulations
about the issue. The National OSH Policy, Health Policy, Labour Policy and the Child
Labour Elimination Policy are the national policy frame that has suggested ensuring
health services and medical care for the workers.
BLA 2006 and Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Act have made it mandatory
for every institution to arrange a first –aid box or an almery equipped with first-aid
application for every 150 workers [section 89(1) & (2), BLA and section 37, BEPZA
Instruction No. 1]. In Bangladesh, it has been made mandatory that the employer must
provide an equipped dispensary with a patient- room, doctor and nursing staff should be
arranged where more than 300 workers are working[s 89(5) BLA] Each company shall
contribute a sum of money to Medical Centre Trustee Board, per month for the
maintenance of Medical Centre established for First Aid to the employees [section 40,
BEPZA Instruction No.1].
The BLA (Amendment 2013) also has made mandatory for the employers to
establish a permanent Workplace Health Center where more than 5000 workers work
recruitment of Welfare Officer where more than 500 workers work (Section 28).
Employers also have to establish a Safety Committee comprise with 50% worker
representatives where more than 500 workers work (Section 30). If a worker has given
notice of an accident, the employer, at his own costs, has to be the worker examined by
a registered medical practitioner within three days and if the nature of the disease/injury
is serious in nature the employer will provide necessary treatment immediately at the
workplace (Section 160). The employers also have to provide adequate number of
workers necessary training on first aid for at least six months so that they can give some
emergency treatment to the injured workers (Section 35A).
The factory Rule 1979 has provisions about fixing the first-aid boxes in the
workplaces. Rule 55 indicates that the first-aid boxes or cupboards shall be distinctively
marked with a red cross on a white ground. The section also deals with the quantities of
equipment in the first-aid boxes according to the number of workers.

Workplace Safety
The National OSH Policy suggests building up Safety specialist (C. 3.a.9, and 4.a.10). It
necessitates ensuring maximum safety standards during factory construction and
implementing all standards and regulations on internal safety environment (Clause
4.d.1). It obligates to identify all of the risks regarding OHS and orients all persons of the
workplace on possible accidents and OHS risks (Clause 4.d.2). It also suggests
developing a safe work plan and ensuring its effective practice (Clause 4.d.8).
Regarding the provision for the working children the Children Policy states that
safe working environment in relation to physical and mental health of the adolescents
has to be ensured and the adolescents will not be involved with any type of hazardous
works (Clause 9.1).

22
 In terms of legal framework, the BLA states that if any Labour Inspector finds
that any building or any part of the building of an establishment, it’s machineries and
plants poses serious threats to the workers then he can issue written notice to the
owner of the establishment for necessary remediation and the owner have to follow the
notice according to its deadline (Sec. 61).
Section 39 and 44 of BLA (Amendment 2013) restricted the employment of
adolescent in certain work; the government, from time to time by gazette notification
shall publish the list of the risky works. No adolescent shall be employed in any work
declared as risky by the government. No adolescent shall be allowed in any
establishment to clean, lubricate of adjust any part of machinery while that part is in
motion or to work between moving parts or between fixed and moving parts, of any
machinery which is in motion. No disabled shall be allowed to work on dangerous
machines or in risky works.
According to the Fire Safety Act 2003, in order to use a building or certain places
of a building or establishment as warehouse or workshop, certain person/group have to
issue a license under the Act from the Director-General of the Fire Service and Civil
Defense Department (Section 3).
The National Building Code 2006 necessitates that elevator shafts, vent shafts
and other vertical openings shall be enclosed with a construction of at least 4 hour fire
resistance and all exit requirements have to comply with the existing national acts
(2.11.5).
Bangladesh Ship Building and Ship Recycling Rule 2011 suggests maintaining
safety distance for storage of petroleum products or any combustible materials on the
dismantling ship or in the yard (Section 17.7). There should be constructed facility for
removal and handling of asbestos on the yard and necessary provision of showering of
the asbestos or other available asbestos handling system (Section 17.9).
BLA Amendment 2013 Section 90A necessitates the constitution of a Safety
Committee in every factory where fifty or more workers are employed and the safety
committee will be constituted and effective in the prescribed manner (Section 30)
Amendment of Section 99 mandates Compulsory Group Insurance: (1) in any
establishment, where minimum 100 permanent workers are employed and the employer
will introduce group insurance in accordance with the prevailing insurance law. (2) The
insurance money will be in addition to the other entitlements mentioned in the Act.
Provided that in case of death of a worker, it shall be the responsibility of the employer
of the establishment to realize/collect the claimed amount and the employer shall
disburse the insured amount to the dependents directly. Provided further that
notwithstanding anything contained in any other law, if an insurance claim is
raised/made the same shall be resolved within 120 days by the insurance company and
the employer jointly (Section 32).

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 3 OSH Institutions and Collaborative Mechanisms

In Bangladesh, numerous national and international institutions and initiatives promote

occupational safety and health issues. The existing systems include structures and
bodies initiated by the government, non-government organizations, civil society, trade
unions and international organizations. This chapter sketches the existing national and
international institutions and initiatives currently functioning on occupational safety and
health issues of Bangladesh. The coordination, cooperation and collaboration amongst
the different stakeholders are presented below along with the structure and activities of
the existing statutory bodies and initiatives in order to explore the current strengths and
weaknesses of the existing mechanisms related with OSH.

Labor Administration and Departments with OSH Functions

The quality of work and workplace governance is determined partially by the efficiency
of labor administration system promoted for policy setting, formulation, and
implementation. At the centre of Bangladesh’s labor policy formulation and
implementation is the Ministry of Labor and Employment (MoLE). Department of Labor
(DoL) as one of its implementing agencies is responsible for overall administration and
implementation of policies and programs. The DoL too acts as conciliation machinery
that deals with labor disputes including strikes and lockouts. The inspection of factories,
and prosecution against violations of labor laws in courts are prerogatives of the
Department of Inspection for Factories and Establishments (DIFE). All factories/
establishments except those in the EPZs are under the purview of DIFE’s monitoring and
enforcement, whereas for factories in the EPZs, the Department of Industrial Relations
(DIR) acts as a substitute.

Department of Labour
The DoL is mainly responsible for facilitation of effective labour management relations,
collective bargaining and negotiations and ensures prompt and efficient settlement of
labour disputes in the industrial sectors of Bangladesh. The DOL has one head office and
four divisional offices under which there are 16 regional offices, 4 training institutes
(Industrial Relations Institutes), and 30 Labour Welfare Centers indifferent industrial
areas. Its function include (a) registering trade unions and maintain trade union register;
(b) lodging complaints with the Labour Courts for action against any offence or any
unfair labour practice or violation of any provisions; (c) determining the CBA in relation
to establishment/ group of establishment; (d) supervising the election of trade unions
executives; (e) acting as conciliator in any industrial dispute; and (f) supervising the
functioning of participation committees.

Department of Inspection for Factories and Establishments

Ensuring workplace safety including fire safety, structural integrity and welfare of
workers is core responsibility of DIFE. In order to establish the workplace safety and
health standards, it inspects factories, shops, industries and commercial establishments,
tea gardens, railway, internal water transport and road transport under the Bangladesh
Labour Law along with the other existing regulations. Its activities also includes the
monitoring of factories with high hazardous risks, approving the industrial lay-outs,

24
modification and expansion plan of a factory, assisting international organizations in
making survey report on labour inspection, wage administration, condition of work and
occupational health and safety.

Labour Courts
The labor courts deal with both industrial disputes and individual grievances. A dispute
may be referred to labor courts by the employers, the workers, or by the government.
Currently, there are seven Labor Courts—three in Dhaka, and one in each of the four
divisional headquarters. The maiden appellate tribunal with only one Bench is in Dhaka.
The jurisdiction of the High Court Division can be invoked on the grounds of violation of
fundamental rights or any procedural error by the Labor Courts. Any party aggrieved by
an award, decision, sentence or judgment given by a Labor Court may proceed with an
appeal to the Tribunal within sixty days of the judgment, and the decision of the Tribunal
is final. Besides access to the Court and Tribunal, the law allows workers’ access to the
criminal court for offence of criminal nature.

Department of Disaster Management

DDM is responsible to execute the directions, recommendations by the Government in
connection with disaster management as well as the national disaster management
principles and planning. The department has the mandate to implement the objectives
of Disaster Management Act by reducing the overall vulnerability from different impacts
of disaster by undertaking risk reduction activities; conducting humanitarian assistance
programs efficiently to enhance the capacity of poor and disadvantaged as well as
strengthening and coordinating programs undertaken by various government and NGOs
related to disaster risk reduction and emergency response.

Department of Public Health Engineering

The DPHE is the national lead agency responsible exclusively for water supply and
sanitation facilities along with advisory service to GoB in framing policy and action plans.
The department facilitates the washing and sanitation facilities for the workers
especially for the informal workers. Social mobilization for awareness raising towards
proper management of water supply and sanitation infrastructure and promotion of
personal hygiene practices, capacity building of the community, LGIs, private
entrepreneurs and NGOs with technical know-how, information, training etc. in terms of
water supply and sanitation are the notable functions of this department. Underlying
this functional mandate it can train the, employers, workers and trade union in terms of
water supply, sanitation and personal hygiene. 3

Fire Service and Civil Defense

The department under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA) performs the roles in the
Fire Prevention and Fire Fighting Law 2003. It is the responder of disasters and accidents
particularly first responder for firefighting, fire prevention, search and rescue, to render
first aid, to send the serious casualties to hospital and to provide fire safety. It provides
training on fire safety and rescue mechanism. Especially it has targeted to train 62000
volunteers whereas 16000 volunteers have already completed their training and 600
volunteers trained for slum areas. It provides training and inspection of government and
non-government office, educational institutes and industrial unit. The government of
3
http://www.dphe.gov.bd

25
Bangladesh is committed to establish fire station in every Upazilla. Currently it has 273
fire stations across the country with 6874 manpower and numerous equipment
including 264 water tender cars, 191 pump tender cars, 54 rescue cars, 518 pumps, 54
ambulances, and 9 fire floats.

Government Committees
An eleven member Cabinet Committee on Garments Sector’ has been formed to uphold
stable environment in garment sector through regular discussion and giving necessary
instruction. The cabinet committee includes 8 ministries headed by the Minister, MoLE.
The other members of the committee are Ministers, Ministry of Textile and Jute,
Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Co-operatives, Ministry of Home
Affairs, Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Commerce, Ministry of Disaster Management
and Relief and Honorable State Ministers, Ministry of Labour and Employment and
Ministry of Housing and Public Works. Two Task Forces has formed under the direction
of cabinet committee.
The Task Force in Building and fire safety in Ready Made Garments Industry is
headed by Joint Secretary, MoLE. Task force involves the Cabinet Committee for the
RMG Sector, MoLE, MoRDM, MoLGRD, FSCD, Power Cell of Power Division, Energy and
Mineral Resource Division, BEF, BGMEA, BKMEA, NCCWE, IBC.
Task Force on Expansion and Simplification of Ready Made Garments Industry’
headed by and one Additional Secretary of Ministry of Commerce respectively. It
involves the Cabinet Committee for the RMG Sector, MoLE, FSCD, Department of
Environment, Department of Explosives, and DIFE. The scope of work under this task
force includes Review of factory licensing and certification procedures and consideration
of the establishment of a one-stop service for fire safety licensing and certification.

National Tripartite Committee for fire and Building safety in RMG Sector
The National Tripartite Committee has been formed in May 2013 to monitor
implementation of the National Tripartite Plan of Action in Bangladesh Garments
Industries. A sixteen-member Tripartite Committee headed by secretary, MoLE has been
formed to implement the National plan of Action. A working group headed by the Joint
Secretary (Labour), MoLE has been formed to assist the committee. ILO is providing
overall support including technical assistance. The committee has approved a common
operating manual developed by BUET.

Compliance Forum
The Forum, established in June 2005 for safety and welfare of RMG workers, is headed
by the Minister of Commerce, and the State Minister for Labour acts as Co-chairman. The
forum includes the participation of Board of Investment (BOI), Secretaries of Commerce,
Home, Labour, Textile, Industries, Works and Women and Child Affairs, Bangladesh
Export Processing Zone Area (BEPZA), Export Promotion Bureau (EPB), Prime Minister's
Office (PMO), Fire Service and Civil Defense, Department of Labour, Bangladesh
Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association, Bangladesh Knitwear
Manufacturers and Exporters Association, Bangladesh Terry Towel and Linen
Manufacturers and Exporters, Bangladesh Independent Garments Workers Union
Federation, Representatives from Workers, Business Social Compliance Initiative, Nari
Uddog Kendra (NUK), Karmajibi Nari, UNDP, GTZ, ILO, LCG.4
4
http://www.epb.gov.bd/details.php?page=12

26
International Initiatives on OSH
The international labour rights organizations, human rights organizations, brands,
buyers, retailers and trade unions work to improve the OSH situation of Bangladesh.
Many of these initiatives relate to the RMG Sector. Two of the prominent ones are
Alliance for Bangladesh Worker Safety and Accord on Fire and Building Safety in
Bangladesh.

International Labour Organization

The ILO is devoted to create decent working environment for the workers of
Bangladesh. Underlying the principle of decent work ILO has taken wide ranges of
activities to ensure a safe workplace removing the workplace hazards and accidents. The
ILO Country Office for Bangladesh in cooperation with the Ministry of Labour and
Employment, Bangladesh Employers’ Federation (BEF), National Coordination
Committee for Workers Education (NCCWE), and social partners such as the
Occupational Safety and Health and Environment (OSHE) Foundation and the
Bangladesh Institute of Labour Studies (BILS) work to foster a preventative safety and
health culture by strengthening national Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) systems.
The ILO directly facilitates the better works program, Bangladesh that aims to
improve compliance with labour standards and promote competitiveness in global
supply chains, in particular in labour intensive industries. With support from the ILO,
European Union and governments of Bangladesh and USA launched a Sustainability
Compact to promote continuous improvements in labour rights and factory safety in the
Ready Made Garment and Knitwear Industry in Bangladesh.

Alliance for Bangladesh Worker Safety

Alliance is a worker safety initiative founded on December 2013. A group of North
American apparel companies and retailers and brands jointly launched the Bangladesh
Worker Safety Initiative to help improve worker safety in Bangladeshi ready-made
garment factories. The Alliance is focused on systemic and sustainable improvements in
fire, structural and electrical safety within Bangladesh’s garment factories.

Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh

The Accord is an initiative over 190 apparel corporations, two global trade unions—
IndustriALL and UNI, and numerous Bangladeshi unions to create a safe and sound
workplace for the RMG workers. It is an independent and legally binding agreement
targeted the all garment factories in Bangladesh to make as safe workplaces. The
building standards that the Accord uses are largely based on the Bangladesh National
Building Code and are the product of discussions between the Accord, the National
Tripartite Plan of Action, and the Alliance for Bangladesh Worker Safety (Alliance)
initiated and facilitated by the International Labour Organization. It includes
independent safety inspections at factories and public reporting of the results of these
inspections.5

GIZ
The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) is working to improve
the workplace safety. Improvement of health and safety in shipyard and readymade
garment sector is the priority working area of this organization. Notable activities
5
http://bangladeshaccord.org

27
include the collaboration with one of Bangladesh’s leading shipyards, Western Marine
Shipyard Limited and the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, to improve the health
and safety of shipyard workers and community members alike.

Solidarity Center
The Solidarity Center is a non-profit international worker rights organization that assists
workers to achieve safe and healthy workplaces, family-supporting wages, social
protections and a voice on the job. In Bangladesh, the Solidarity Center working in the
RMG sector and seafood processing sector. It aims to protect worker rights and
strengthen unions to protect worker rights to ensure safe and productive workplaces
and constructive labor-management relations.6

Civil Society and Trade Union Initiatives

As a part of Occupational Safety and Health activities the Trade Union and Civil Society
are considered to be a key partner of national and international initiatives on OSH.

Sramik Nirapotta Forum

The Sramik Nirapotta Forum is a coalition of civil society, labour, women’s, human and
environmental rights organizations that have come together in a forum to provide
assistance and to seek justice for the victims of workplace disasters. SNF was
established after the collapse of the building of the Spectrum Sweaters Industries at
Palashbari, Savar, Dhaka on April, 2005. SNF aims at advocacy towards workers’ rights
and safe workplace.

Chatal Sohaiota Committee

Chatal Sohaiota Committee—Chasok (Rice Processing Workers Support Committee) was
formed in 2007 for advocacy on minimum wage, livelihoods, workplace safety and
betterment of rice processing sector workers with the initiatives of Bangladesh Institute
of Labour Studies-BILS. Regional bodies of NTUC associated with BILS formed 2 separate
committees in member Mymenshing and Dinajpur, the rice processing dominating area
of Bangladesh. The committee is working to organize and establish the rights of workers
in rice processing sector and ensuring workplace safety.

Ship Breaking Workers’ Trade Union Forum

Ship Breaking Workers’ Trade Union Forum comprises of major national trade union
federations to organize workers and continue advocacy in case of accidents and injuries,
workers death, exploitation and deprivation. With the support of BILS it has successfully
conducted numerous surveys, studies, FGDs, training programs on occupational health
and safety issues, on labour law and labour rights, organizers training, workshop,
seminars, round-table, lobby meeting with labour Inspection department officials, run
legal aid and advocacy related activities, health-camps which were participated by
thousands of ship breaking and metal sector workers, local and senior TU leaders, public
representatives, civil society members, government officials and other stakeholders.

Domestic Workers' Rights Network

Trade unions, human rights organization and NGOs are working for the rights of
domestic workers under the network titled “Domestic Workers' Rights Network
6
http://www.solidaritycenter.org/content.asp?contentid=448

28
(DWRN)” which was formed in December 2006. A total of 32 organizations comprising
trade unions, human rights organizations and NGOs are member of the Network. The
network is concerned to establish the legal recognition of domestic workers and
regularly protect and protest the workplace violence and victimization to ensure decent
work for the domestic workers of Bangladesh.

Training, Research and Education on OSH

In Bangladesh both the national and international institutions conducts training and
research on OSH.
Fire Service and Civil Defense provide training and awareness services. It
conducts training on Fire Fighting, Evacuation, Rescue and First Aid Course (Staff),
Training Course on Risk of Chemical Fire, Building code, fire safety manager’s course etc.
It publishes safety tips to create mass awareness and primary caution against fire
accidents.
The Industrial Relations Institute (IRI) is a training institute under the
Department of Labour that conducts mainly two types of courses training on industrial
relations (4 weeks) and workers education course (1 week). The training course mainly
includes the labour law, Industrial relations, labour administration, labour conventions,
workplace safety and health issues as covered under law. The IRI also provides training
under the Labour Welfare Center on occupational safety and health, workplace
environment (Citizen Charter, DoL, MoLE, GoB). At present, 4 IRIs are running to provide
training services, which is located at Gazipur, Chittagong, Khulna and Rajshahi.
The Alliance Basic Fire Safety Training is implemented through a Train-the-Trainer
approach. 43 trainers from local worker NGOs and 3rd party organizations have been
selected and approved by the Alliance to train factory representatives (management and
workers), who are responsible for creating training action plans, delivering the training
to their entire workforce and integrating it into their training and orientation programs.7
Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA) runs a
Social compliance improvement project to improve the compliance standard. It
organizes training for the member factories on social and environmental standards. It
has job placement program for the people-with-disabilities. It also conducts fire drills
and fire safety training program in member factories as CSR activities. BGMEA has
undertaken an initiative for RMG sector of Bangladesh to conduct TOT program with Fire
Service and Civil Defense (FSCD) to Prevent Fire in RMG sector.
Bangladesh Institute of Labour Studies-BILS, established regularly conducts
occupational Safety and Health related studies both in house and with collaboration
with the other partners. Organizing training and awareness program for the Trade
Unions is the regular activities of BILS to educate the workers on safety and health
issues. Participation in the policy formulation process at the national level and advocacy
with DIFE is also working mandate of BILS. BILS runs support health center for the
workers to provide medical services and OSH information in Dhaka and Chittagong.
Bangladesh Institute of Management (BIM) is regularly conducts both long and
short-term training on labour law, its amendment and human resource management
training. The frequent training on Bangladesh Labor Act, and Labour Law for Manager
and executives mainly focuses the health, safety and Hygiene, welfare and working
conditions of workers.

7
Training: The Alliance's Commitment (http://www.bangladeshworkersafety.org/programs/training

29
 Bangladesh Occupational Safety, Health and Environment Foundation (OSHE)
facilitates debate and discussion in labour market and society on policy issue related to
workers’ rights, occupational safety, workers health and environmental issues and
working to develop participation of workers in public health policy dialogues from
workers health perspective and develop positive actions by workers initiative. OSHE is
the national collaborating center of International Safety and Health Information Center
of the International Labour Organization (CIS-ILO).
The BUET-Japan Institute of Disaster Prevention and Urban Safety (BUET-
JIDPUS) undertakes collaborative and linkage programs in the field of disaster reduction
and urban safety. Research, Training, testing, investigation and consultancy services in
the field of Disaster Prevention and Urban Safety are the main mandate of is institution.8
Institute of Engineers, Bangladesh also work on OSH including Training and
Awareness, Formulation of Safety Rules, Regulations and Policy, Safety Audit Program
and Implementation, Pollution Control and Environment Management, Occupational
Health Service Management, Compiling Safety Codes and Manuals for individual
industries ,Conducting Research, Universities Linkage Programs for introducing syllabus
on Safety.
Training Institute for Chemical Industries is an institute of Bangladesh Chemical
Industries Corporation (BCIC) which provides occupational safety and health related
training mainly cover the issues of Industrial Safety, Accident Prevention, Electrical
Maintenance Techniques, Electrical Safe Work Practices for Process Industries, Safe
Handling of Chemicals in Laboratories, Industrial Safety in Mechanical Maintenance,
Industrial Safety and Disaster Management. 9
NIPSOM is the only national level public health institute produces post-graduates
capable of satisfying the needs of the community in promoting and restoring health.
NIPSOM has a specific OSH related department and it has 40 faculty members. It
conducts regular Research, Training and Education Program on Occupational health and
safety issues. It conducts Master of Public Health course on Occupational and
Environmental Health (OEH) that is a one-year duration full time course. It also conducts
short course on Occupational Safety and Health. The laboratory for Occupational and
Environmental Health includes a unit for the detection of arsenic in different samples
leading to the diagnosis and treatment of arsenicosis and supports the researchers in
their research activity.10

Laboratories and Testing Service

There are no specialized occupational hazards and risk assessment and its control and
prevention testing laboratories in Bangladesh. The government scientific institution and
laboratories like Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR),
Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI), the laboratories under the
academic institutions and professional training institutions like BUET JIDPUS
Laboratories, Safety laboratories of Training Institute for Chemical Industries, DNA
Laboratory are the notable laboratories which provide testing facilities about chemical,
biological and physical hazards.
BCSIR Laboratories have developed processes for the production of fire
extinguishing powder. Encouraging results have been achieved for the preparation of

8
http://www.buet.ac.bd/jidpus/
9
http://tici-bcic.org/
10
www.nipsom.org/

30
refractory, iron pigments, arsenic test kit, inorganic pigments based on cadmium and
castebles etc. It provides testing facilities related to acid, alcohol, arsenic, toxicity,
poison, and chemical composition.
BSTI is entrusted with the responsibility of formulation of national standards of
industrial, food and chemical products keeping in view the regional and international
standards. The function includes to provide or arrange facilities for examination, testing
and inspection of commodities, processes and practices for any investigation, research
or promotion of export that may be necessary and to issue test reports.
The Laboratory of Training Institute for Chemical Industries is furnished with
demonstration models and equipment to demonstrate and carry out experiments on
safety aspects such as fire hazards, explosion hazards, static electricity hazards, personal
protection, firefighting, properties of materials, toxic hazards, and hazards in confined
space. The lab also houses equipment for demonstration of flash point, explosion limit,
and simulation of fire and explosion hazards, detection and measuring of toxic gases,
ionizing radiation and noise level.11
The BUET though its four laboratories—Earthquake Engineering Laboratory,
Geotechnical and Geophysical Testing Laboratory, Computational and Simulation
Laboratory, and Non-Destructive Testing Laboratory—provides testing facilities on
geotechnical and geophysical investigation, structural health monitoring and
earthquake loading facility. These laboratories and testing facilities can be used to
measure the sustainability and risk of industrial infrastructure as a precautious
measure.12
The National Forensic DNA Profiling Laboratory (NFDPL) at Dhaka Medical
College is equipped to provide all kinds of DNA testing service related to criminal
investigation. DNA analysis can also help solving disputes arising over issues like,
paternity, maternity, immigration or inheritance and determining the identity of missing
children, disaster victims or mutilated bodies. Identification of dead body is one of the
major functions of the laboratory that is highly essential for workplace accident.
The Department of Public Health and Engineering laboratories provide testing
facilities related to chemical materials.

Occupational Health and Safety Services

The workers of Bangladesh enjoy some direct health service from the government, non-
government and employers organizations. The MolE operates Labour Welfare Centre
under the DoL. The Centre provides direct health services like treatment and free
medicine for the workers and their family. There is a practice of providing health service
for the government employees through separate departmental service, the government
hospital have also specialized unit for the facilitation of workers rehabilitation. The
nongovernment and labour rights organization, Like BILS, provides health service
through establishing separate health support service center and organizing health
camps. The employers association, like BGMEA, also organizes the health service for its
workers as a CSR activity. The legal support for compensation in case of workplace
accidents is provided by the legal aid support organizations like BLAST.
Labour Welfare Center provides free medical treatment and free medicine,
pathological test, family planning materials/contraceptives and counseling services for

11
ci-bcic.org/index.php/training-information/training-departments.html
12
http://www.buet.ac.bd/jidpus

31
workers and their family members.13 Currently, 30 Labour Welfare Centers are in
operation with Medical Officer, Family and Welfare Officer and Labour Welfare
Organizer (Residential and Non-residential) to provide welfare support to the workers.
The establishment based health services is available in Bangladesh mainly for the
employees of government establishment. Such the jute mills under the Bangladesh Jute
Mills Corporation have hospitals and primary medical treatment centers to provide
health facilities to their officers, employees and workers. It has 4 Hospitals and 20
primary medical treatment centers. The railway department has also medical facilities
for its employee. The public universities of Bangladesh have also their own medical
centres where the employees have access to health services.
CRP's innovative Work Rehabilitation Program is conducted by the Occupational
Therapy Department to help people with a spinal cord injury to return to their previous
work. Each month, 2 patients are chosen to be involved. The physical skills necessary for
their work are identified and therapy is targeted to these skills. A follow up visit is
conducted in their workplace to assess the progress of these interventions.
BGMEA runs 12 Health Centres for the garment workers and their families. These
centres provide pre–medical services and medicines at free of cost. Besides, it run
awareness program on HIV/ AIDS, tuberculosis, reproductive health and the use of
contraceptives. The BGMEA also runs hospitals at Chittagong and Dhaka with outdoor
and indoor healthcare facilities including surgery, burn unit, and modern laboratory and
all diagnostic facilities.14
BILS provides rehabilitation and physiotherapy services to the injured workers.
BILS Kaje Fera (Rana Plaza Victim Support Center) at Savar and BILS Information and
Training Center (Support the Ship Breaking Workers) at Batiari, Chittagong provide
medical treatment, physiotherapy services, and free medicine. Legal support is also
provided to the workers by the support center. It also organizes health camp to provide
treatment and free medicine.
BLAST provides legal aid, advice and representation across a range of areas,
including civil, criminal, family, labour and land law, as well as on constitutional rights
and remedies. Rights to workers safety are one of the priority areas of its operation. It
deals with many cases of compensation following workplace death and injury.

Collaborative Arrangements
The OSH is multi-sectorial and multidisciplinary in nature. It involves a wide range of
stakeholders including several government jurisdiction and numerous other actors. The
MoLE deals the overall activities related to the OSH. It collaborates and coordinates
among the other ministries and organizations at the national level activities relating to
policy formulation and labour welfare. DIFE maintains collaboration with different
government and non-government organizations, agencies as well as with international
organizations especially with the ILO to facilitate policy, planning, measures and
directions to enhance occupational safety and health for all workers by appropriate
working conditions and environment (DIFE, 2014).
The collaboration among the ministries, government departments, and
international and national social partners is a common practice to ensure workers safety
by constituting forum. The Cabinet Committee on Garments Sector and Compliance

13
http://dol.gov.bd/citizen-charter/
14
BGMEA Hospital, Dhaka, Emdad Haq on 1 June 2014

32
forum are the best example of inter-ministerial collaboration regarding the occupational
safety and health issues of Bangladesh.
The government, employers and workers participation have been committed in
the labour welfare initiatives of the country based on the principle of tripartite
collaboration. Most of the key policies related to labour are negotiated collectively
between the three partners—government, employers and workers representatives.
Based on the principles of tripartite collaboration, a 22 members National Council for
Industrial Health and Safety has been formed. National Tripartite Plan of Action on Fire
Safety for the Ready-Made Garment Sector in Bangladesh is one of the best examples of
practicing the principle of tripartite collaboration. The high level tripartite committee
reports to the Cabinet Committee that is chaired by the Secretary of Labour.
The collaboration among the international organization to equip and develop the
capacity of the relevant institution is another mechanism to work on the workplace
safety and compliance. The ILO and GIZ cooperate with the MoLE to ensure the
adequate capacities of the inspection department. The capacity building program
provides basic inspector training through the local Industrial Relations Institutes under
the MoLE. The GIZ donated vehicle as a means of cooperation with the government
bodies to support factory inspections.
The collaboration and involvement of international community has recently gain
much attention, especially on RMG Sector after the two crushing tragedy of the nation’s
history—the Rana Plaza building collapse and the Tazreen Fire Accident. The Accord and
Alliance is the two notable international initiatives for workers safety currently
functioning in the country.
The High Court Division of the country has also provides direction time to time to
ensure the safety and compensation of the workers. The High Court ordered the DIFE to
provide list of vulnerable RMG industries. It also issued an order on April 30 to form a
committee, headed by general officer commanding (GOC) of Nine Infantry Division, be
formed to find ways to compensate the Rana Plaza victims adequately and to
rehabilitate them.
The human rights organizations of the country have been working to ensure the
workplace safety with intensive collaboration. The Sramik Nirapotta Forum (SNF) is a
coalition of civil society, labour, women’s, human and environmental rights
organizations that have come together in a forum to provide assistance and to seek
justice for the victims of workplace disasters.
The multi-stakeholder collaborative mechanism in OSH expands to include
supportive stakeholder like the civil defense department, local government, scientific
laboratories, research centers, academic and training institutions, and specialized
hospitals. The Rana Plaza Coordination Committee is an example of multi-stakeholder
approach for OSH. It involves Government (MolE), Industry (BGMEA and BEF), Trade
unions (IndustriALL Bangladesh Council (IBC), National Coordination Committee for
Workers’ Education (NCCWE), IndustriALL Global Union, Brands ( El Corte Ingles,
Loblaw and Primark) and NGOs (BILS, Clean Clothes Campaign).

33
 4 OSH Inspection Modalities

The inspection of factories and establishments, and prosecution against violations of

labour laws in courts are prerogatives of its Department for Inspection of Factories and
Establishment (DIFE). Currently, the department conduct following functions: (a)
inspection of factories and establishments, prosecution against the violations of labour
laws in different courts; (b) approval of lay-out plans, construction and extension of
factories; (c) issue of registration and licenses; (d) grant of exemption from operation of
different provisions of labour laws (e) liaison with ILO, government departments,
employer’s organizations and trade unions on enforcement of labour laws; and (f)
assistance to the government in formulation of policies and labour laws. All factories
except those in the EPZs are under the purview of the DIFE monitoring and
enforcement. For factories in the EPZs, the Department of Industrial Relations (DIR)
operates as a substitute.

Organizational setup
The DIFE with its three wings—(i) safety; (ii) health; and (iii) general—monitor the
enforcement of legal provisions regulating work and workplace. The safety wing
oversees accident prevention and compensation, the health wing looks after health and
safety, maternity and welfare benefits, and the general wing is entrusted with issues
related to working hours, leave and rest, wage and employment contract.
In 2010 total manpower strength of the department was increased to 314 where
numbers of inspectors from three wings were 184. Among them number of OSH
Inspectors were 59. The current total manpower strength of 314 has been increased to
993 with 679 new posts in the expansion scheme. In the latest set up, number of
Inspectors are 575 out of which number of OSH Inspectors are 373.
The Inspector General (IG) being the head of the department with supreme
authority under the relevant chapters of BLA 2006 is assisted by an Additional Inspector
General (AIG), four Joint Inspector General (JIG), four Deputy Inspector General (DIG)
and some other officers and staffs comprising of 84 posts at Head Quarter and he is also
supported by 23 district offices situated in six divisions of the country (See Annex Figure
4.1). Each district office is headed by a Deputy Inspector General with its own set up
comprised of Assistant Inspector General (AIG) and Labour Inspector (LI) form all wings
and other office staffs (see Annex Figure 4.2). In the district offices the inspection of
shops and establishment section is now treated like a separate wing. Out of 993
sanctioned posts number of class I stuff are 215, class II 365, class III 206 and class IV are
207.

Authorities and Powers

Legal authorities and powers of the Inspectors have been enacted in the BLA-2006.
These are:
 An Inspector possesses the power to enter, inspect and examine any place or
promises functioning as factories and establishments under law.
 Require relevant records of production, registration and other documents in
pursuance of the law and order and may examine, copy, or seize any of it.

34
  Make much examination and enquiring as deemed fit to ascertain the compliance of
the provisions of laws, regulations, orders or schemes.
 May examine or interrogate any person in respect of matters pertaining to laws,
orders or schemes.
 May require the persons examined to sign the records of versions.
 May require explanation from the employer for any deviation as identified in records
or documents.
 May exercise such other powers and functions as are prescribed under the law.
 Shall have the power to call for or to seize any record, register or document relevant
to the enforcement of the Act, Regulations, or schemes.

Human and Logistical Resources

The new organogram of the DIFE reveals a total official set-up of 993 persons with 31
categories of post. The DIFE’s human resource strength is weak too despite labour law
obligation to the Government to appoint a Chief Inspector and requisite number of
Deputy Chief Inspectors, Assistant Chief Inspectors or Inspectors for investigating
workplace activities (BLA Art. 318). ILO convention (Con. 81), to which Bangladesh is
signatory, also obliges the government to ensure that the status and conditions of
service of inspection staff are such that they are assured of stability of employment and
are independent of changes of government and of improper external influences (Art 6).
Nonetheless, the department currently has only 993 allocated personnel of which 418
are filled. Only 575 inspectors are responsible for carrying out inspections around all
factories estimated around 25000 registered ones. Amongst which only 202 inspectors
are responsible for OSH issues (Figure 4.1).

Figure 4.1: Area-wise DIFE Inspectors

423

450 Sanctioned Man Power OSH Inspector

400 Non- OSH Inspectors Total Inspectors
350
267

Other Staffs
300
250
171
156

124

200
114

150
96

93

84
74

72

66
62

62
54

52
48

48

100
40

39
36

36

36
31
26

26

26
24

24

24
18

18

18
13
12

12

12

10

50
8
6

0
Dhaka Chittagong Khulna Rajshahi Sylhet Barisal Rangpur Head Office

Source: Department for Inspection of Factories and Establishment

The gender segregation of the OSH inspectors could not be made available. But
the latest budget of DIFE shows that amongst the 354 current manpower of the
department only around 5 percent of the employees are female (Annex Table 4.1). The
post-wise distribution (also Annex Table 4.2) shows that the organization’s human
resources are concentrated in 3rd and 4thclass employee who together constitute around
84 percent of the total human resources.
There are 23 teams made up of two members per team that currently conduct
random inspections in all factories, 20 of which devoted for Dhaka, Gazipur and
Narayanganj and 3 tems are deployed in Chittagong. Having considered the number of
inspectors and the team formation, If all the inspectors were deployed for the garment

35
sector alone (with around over 5000 operating factories), the inspections would not be
well knitted.
Similarly, till date only 60 Councilors have been assigned to ensure the proper
implementation of the EPZ labour law through the DIR. The shortage of human and
material resources while left the factories mostly uninspected, the factories in the EPZs
more or less rely on foreign buyers’ visits for compliance with regulatory provisions.
Moreover, the DIFE lacks transportation vehicles and inspection equipment for
inspectors. The availability equipment for inspecting i.e, sound level meter,
anemometer, and lax meter hardly exists (Figure 4.2).

Lax Meter 16 Figure 4.2: DIFE Logistical

200 Supports
Anemometer 0 200
Sound Label Meter 16 200
Photocopy 6 30 Current
Fax 2 24
Movie camera 4 23
Projector 03
Laptop 16
Printers 30 198
Computer 35 300
Motorcycle 335 365
Microbus 2 28
Car 04
Jeep 12

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Source: Department for Inspection of Factories and Establishment

The poor state of planned increase of the inspection equipment is too evident in
the department’s budget allocation. Although the yearly budget of the DIFE for 2014-15
fiscal year BDT 233.01 million is almost three times bigger than the revised budget of the
2013-14 fiscal year, the budget allocation for resource allocation is termed as
‘unproductive capital cost’ and includes any an allocation of 10.50 thousand BDT for
purchase of instruments and other accessories. The dominant share of the resource
collection is planned to be for motor traffic—purchase of 8 microbuses and 2 SUVs
(Figure 4.3).
Figure 4.3 DIFE Resource Allocations and Distribution of Resource Allocation Budget
Telecommun Decorations; Fire
ication 3500; 7% extinguishin
Maintenan accessories; g
Resource Computer &
ce, conserv 400; 1% instruments;
collection accessories;
ation & 1900; 4% 50; 0%
rehabilitati 52000 Electronics
on 22% Instruments accessories;
2000 & other 100; 0%
1% Salary and accessories;
Supply and 1050; 2% Motor
Services allowances
traffic;
50350 128660
45000; 86%
22% 55%
0 Distribution of Resource Collection Budget
DIFE Budget Allocation 2014-15 0% 2014-15
Source: Department for Inspection of Factories and Establishment

36
Training and Capacity Development
With a view to strengthen the capacity building activities of the labour inspection service
different training are orientation courses are often arranged by different national and
international bodies or organizations. Some programs run as projects by the providers,
and ILO always plays leading role in this respect. Sometimes ILO’s collaborating
countries, international organizations, foreign Institutes etc. provide different short
term and long term training programs in order to promote overall capacity relating to
effective labour inspection and to promote national framework for OSH program.
Trainings both in home and abroad also facilitate the partners to build up a healthy
industrial relation between the workers and the employers (see Annex Table 4.3 for the
details of training for DIFE)
Basic induction training is provided to the newly recruited Inspectors by the DIFE
and the tripartite training courses provided institutionally by the Industrial Relations
Institute (IRI) under the DOL may be treated as regular training course on labour
inspection and administration system in the country. Some international training courses
are being regularly held in different countries through some development cooperation
organization. Most of the foreign training courses are of short-term that extends up to
one or two weeks and held once in a year. Some of them are extended even up to 9
months. Unfortunately DIFE sometimes drops out from availing such international
courses for unknown reasons.
Other than regular courses some sorts of occasional training are also provided
time to time, by different international bodies like ILO, GIZ and also by some local
authorities like Ministry of health, authority of FS & CD. However, frequency and
effectiveness of this type of occasional training programs are comparatively better and
befitting in the context of immediate requirements.
Most of the ILO’s training courses are projectized for different sectors and
generally continues for 2 or 3 years. At present such a comprehensive training program
named ‘Institutional Capacity Building for DIFE’ under the project of ‘Improving Working
Condition in RMG (2014-2016)’ has been running in the country and also in abroad.
It is reported that in OSH related foreign training courses, sometimes the
representation is poor, even sometimes it is participated by the officers having no OSH
background. In some high profile foreign training courses sponsored by the government
authorities of UK, Netherland, Japan, the sponsoring authorities have discontinued
Bangladesh’s participation. Moreover, how far the knowledge accrued through training
are being applied by the trained up officers after coming back home is not monitored or
evaluated by the authorities concerned. Even the summary reports that are submitted
after returning from foreign training are neither evaluated formally.

Process of inspection and Inspection Activities

Generally inspection is of two categories. One is ordinary or routine inspection and
another is special visit. Special visit depends on the following factors: (a) follow up visit;
(b) complaints; (c) accident or occupational diseases; (d) labour crisis; (d) surprise visit
for checking overtime, night work, and child employment; (e) collection of social data;
and (f) special assignment.
A factory or establishment is mainly inspected in four areas—building security,
fire security, electrical security and general security. A factory building is assessed with
100 marks in total where building security has ten issues with 20 marks, fire security has
eight issues with 16 marks, electricity security has twelve issues with 24 marks and

37
general security has twenty issues with 40 marks. Each issue is marked with satisfactory
(2), somewhat satisfactory (1) and not satisfactory (0). Each sector has individual letter
grading with A (Satisfactory), B (Somewhat Satisfactory) and C (Not Satisfactory).
Overall state of inspection done by the DIFE in the last nine years indicates that
the number of cases filled by the Department reached its peak in 2010 with 65778
inspections but slowed down in following years. Remarkably, the year 2013 in which the
country’s poor state of occupational safety records in the RMG sector came to light
more profoundly, evidenced a much low inspection activities. In 2013, a total of 43993
less inspections were carried out than in 2010, which is around 67 percent lower than
that of the 2010 (Figure 4.4).

80000 Figure 4.4: DIFE Inspection

Total Inspection Total law violation
70000 70308 69539
Primary Case Case in processing 65895
60000 Total cases Dismised case 65778
Pending case 55816 61184
50000 48291 57259
46006 46136
40000
37033
26479 39123
30000 23896
16639
20000 13315
10901 9215
6237 21785
10000 5637 5095

0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Source: Department for Inspection of Factories and Establishment

The percentage of the dismissed cases is similar on an average. Almost two third
of the cases remained pending. Total revenue earned through fine, issue of new license
and license renewal is much higher in the latter years though the number of dismissed
cases is smaller than the previous years. In 2014, till July, the DIFE team has inspected
9061 factories in 23 districts. The numbers of total executed cases were 399 where 64
cases were filled in the RMG sector (See Annex Table 4.4).
The processes of inspection are further hampered by the low administrative
status of the inspectors in Bangladesh’s overall administration hierarchy. This has to a
large extent left the decisions of the inspectors unimplemented at the workplaces.
Again, the legal provision pertaining to penalties for labour law violations have made the
existing enforcement institutions ineffective.

Action Procedure and Penalty System

In case of non-compliance or violation of provisions of law the owners are always
advised verbally for rectification that is followed by a written notice asking the owner to
rectify the infringements of law within a prescribed time limit. A copy of the inspection
report simultaneously sent to the Head Office. If the owner responds positively and
takes necessary measures towards compliance it is followed up for verification.
If during inspection it is found that there is an imminent threat to the safety on
account of any building, machinery or process, the inspector serves a written order to
stop the work totally or in part. Where there is no compliance report from the owner
within the prescribed time and where the violations are of serious nature, or where the

38
violations, though minor, are found to have been repeated by the owner, legal
proceedings is instituted against the owner.
Bangladesh’s labour law provides numerous provisions on penalties—both
financial and imprisonment—for the violation of labour law. Some of these penalties
(Section -289, 290, 291, and 294) are: (a) imprisonment for a term which may extend to
one year or fine which may extend to five thousand taka, or both for the payment of
wage at a rate below than the rate of minimum wage; (b) fine up to three thousand taka
and imprisonment up to six months, or both, based on the severity of accidents, for
failure to give notice of accidents; (d) maximum fine ten thousand taka and
imprisonment up to two years for unfair labour practices; and (e) one year imprisonment
and fine up to five thousand taka, or both for illegal strike or lock-out. These penalties
are truly not at all severe; trade union leaders and civil society actors in Bangladesh have
for long been demanding for more strong punishment system.
Yet, for numerous types of law violations, in an effort to change the provision of
punishment for the labour law violating employers, the penalty has been reduced to a
financial meager (BDT 5000) waiving imprisonment provision. In the recent move,
change has been brought in Article 307 of the BLA 2006 related to penalty for offences
for which no specific penalty has been imposed in other articles of the law. According to
this change, employers are now required to pay only Tk. 5000 as fine instead of previous
punishment – ‘imprisonment up to three months, or fine up to Tk.1000, or both’.
Accordingly, the current penalty system does not take into account the need for striking
a balance between savings accrued by violating labour law provisions and cost of
compliance.

39
 5 Occupational Diseases, Hazards and Risks for Workers

Work related diseases, hazards and accidents cause not only death and injury to
workers, also include enormous emotional and financial costs to family as well as to the
society. The main aim of this chapter is to ascertain the prevalent occupational diseases,
hazard and risk or accidents faced by workers of different sectors. We also tried to find
out the causes of these incidence, probability or likelihood of occurrence and severity of
consequence. An attempt made in this chapter is to know the status of precautionary
efforts and monitoring of exposure at workplace, as well as actions taken by authority
after detection of diseases/hazards and risk.
Understanding the probability or likelihood of occurrence and severity of
consequence, we ranked the likelihood of occurrence (probability) in (a) low—less
prevalence or low chances to occur; (b) medium—occasional occurrence, will occur in
time if no preventive action taken; and (c) high—likely to occur immediately and regular
phenomenon. For ranking consequence (severity), the scale used is (a) low—may cause
minor injury/illness with little or no lost working time; (c) medium—causes lost time due
and medium risks due to injury/illness; and (c) high—may cause serious or fatal
injury/illness. The analysis for nine sectors below is presented in three broad areas of
occupational safety and health related issue: 1) occupational accidents, hazards and
diseases; 2) safety equipment, tools and facilities, and 3) workplace environment.

Agriculture
The most common diseases in the agriculture sector reported by the FGD participants
are fever, asthma, diarrhea, skin diseases and malnutrition. Women agriculture workers
also mentioned about gynecological complicacies. The FGD participants stated that they
have to work in the field under hot sun, rains or early cold mornings. Due to work for day
long under the hot sun, often they suffer from dehydration, heat stroke, sunburn, skin
diseases. Suffering from fever and cold allergy is also frequent among them.
Most of the FGD participants also claimed about their suffering from respiratory
diseases like asthma, bronchitis, and allergies. According to them, in agriculture related
works all-time they have to work with dust, particles and pesticides. Allergies from these
elements contribute significantly to increase asthma-related illness, specifically
bronchitis and asthma. According to FGD participants, the occurrence of suffering from
diarrhea is also high among the agriculture workers. It is due to lack of safe drinking
water, lack of sanitation facilities and use of unsafe water.
The female participants from FGD however mentioned about frequency of
suffering from gynecological complicacy like excessive white discharge, uterus is coming
out, pain and burning during urination, itching and irritation in the vagina. They further
claimed that since they work long time by sitting on foot without any support, it is the
cause of their uterus problem (uterus coming out). Back pain, lower abdomen pain is
also occurred often due to carry over weight.
People employed within the agriculture sector are exposed to a wide variety of
occupational hazards. Physical hazard like, hearing losses caused by exposure to noise
from stationary or mobile machinery, heat stroke occurred due to Long time exposure
to sun, skin and eye irritation or blister, and chronic poisoning occurred by handling
pesticides. Severe respiratory tract, eye and skin injuries and chronic poisoning may

40
cause due to extensive use of chemical and biological products like; anhydrous ammonia
(NH3), and silage, additives (formic acid). Injuries are known to occur resulting from
rusted agricultural tools and machinery. Anthrax, Brucellosis caused In contact with
infected cattle musculoskeletal disorder like ergonomic type. Musculoskeletal disorders
arise as a result of lifting heavy loads and, use of poor manual handling techniques,
exposure to vibration while driving agricultural vehicles and using equipment, awkward
postures while harvesting etc. The FGD participants reported the common health
hazards due to agriculture work as; fever, cough cold allergy, asthma, skin disease, back
pain, and injury.
The agriculture workers are always at the risk of accidents (which include work
related injury and fatality), and suffering from occupational diseases like— respiratory
tract infection, skin diseases, zoonotic diseases and even risk of particular cancer.
Exposure to pesticides and other agrochemicals also constitutes the occupational risks,
which could lead to illness or death. The workers mentioned in the FGD that the most
common risks in the agriculture work are cut hand and leg by sharp tools, suffering from
illness and chronic infection by use of pesticides and working long time under the toxic
water.

Readymade Garments
The workers of garments industry mainly suffer from the diseases in respiratory tract
such as flue, cough, bronchitis, asthma and tuberculosis caused by dust, working
environment and person-to-person contact. In GIT tract, occupational diseases are
peptic ulcer, diarrhea and dysentery that are occurred due to irregular food habit and
unhygienic sanitation. Urinary tract infections occurred due to lack of toilet facility and
prolong work time without taking water. Another illness e.g. headache, musculoskeletal
pain, eyestrain and malnutrition are more common among the garments workers
(Nahar, 2009). These are causes due to tension, workload, discomfort working
environment, concentration on stitching for long working periods same monotonous
job, and less food intake. However, fungal infections like dermatitis also produce by
person to person. Most of the FGD participants reported about occupational diseases by
which they suffer frequently are; headache, chest pain, physical weakness, vomiting
tendency, fever, cough, jaundice diarrhea, dysentery and urine infection. One of them
also reported about reproductive health problem.
Physical hazards in theses sector include hear impairment causes by high pitch
sound, eye strain for long time work in the low light, heat stroke due to humidity,
breathing problem due to excessive dust and particle dust. Chemical hazard occur when
liquid agent come into contact with skin or long time using it. If chemical vaporize and
worker inhaled it produce difficulty in breathing to chest pain. Biological hazard mainly
caused by parasite, helminthes, fungus etc. It creates abdominal discomfort, flue,
dermatitis etc. Ergonomic hazard occur due to manual handling with repetitive work.
Workers in garments sector are working under various types of occupational
risks or accident. According to participants of FGD and discussion meetings, the most
common risk in garments sector is the “pricking of finger by needle” followed by cutting
hand’. Some other common risks as mentioned by them of this sector are sewed hand
by machine, burning of hand by hot machineries, nail damage and risk of fire.

41
Construction Sector
In general, construction workers mainly suffer from health hazards and diseases like
hearing loss, skin diseases/ allergies, asthma, lung cancer, headache, back pain, jaundice,
silicosis, asbestosis, bronchitis, white finger disease, and neurological disorder (Ahmed
and Akter, 2011). These diseases are closely associated with the nature and types of work
they are engaged in. The workers who work in noisy condition for a long period of time
usually suffer from hearing loss. Skin disease/allergy is common to the masons and
others who work with cement and lime. Exposure to dust, fumes, gases, mists, vapours
generally lead the workers to asthma, lung cancer, headache, bronchitis etc. The
workers who are engaged in asbestos insulation, pipe filtering and building demolition
suffer from asbestosis. White finger disease appears among the workers who use
vibrating drill.
Back pain is mainly caused by work in extreme postures (e.g. working overhead)
often in confined spaces. Another cause is the manual handling of heavy loads. Even the
handling of smaller loads, such as bricks, can cause such disorders and injuries. Other
musculoskeletal disorders, injuries to muscles, nerves, tendons and joints, may be
caused also by physically demanding work.
Workers in a construction site may be exposed to various hazardous substances
and physical agents, e.g. asbestos, lead, silica dust, organic solvents, sewer gases,
welding fumes, radiation, noise and vibration. Excessive exposures to these
substances/agents may result in acute injury, chronic illness, permanent disability or
even death. Loss of concentration at work and fatigue arising from poor health
conditions may increase the risk of accidents. Construction work is featured by high
labour turnover; constantly changing work environment and conditions on site, as well
as different types of work increase the health hazards of workers.
Accidents and injuries, minor to major or severe, occur frequently in the
construction sector. Among the occupational accidents, falling down from the heights is
the most common one. Besides, injuries in hand and leg from sharp objects/tools, struck
by objects, electrocution, hurt in eyes and head (especially for brick and stone-breakers)
etc. are some other accidents occurring most recurrently at the construction sites.
The nature and types of accidents and injuries occurring in this sector are mainly
subject to the types of construction work. In soil cutting/digging and road construction
workers frequently face injuries in hand and leg. Brick and stonebreakers commonly face
eye, hand and leg damages, and the incidences of falling down from high places are
generally observed more in case of civil works and painting than any other type of
construction work (Ahmed and Akter; 2011: 17-18).

Tannery
Tannery industry is the place where skin of animal is processed to lather. The tannery
workers particularly who involve in soaking, limning, delimiting, bating pickling, chrome
tanning and re-chroming activities suffers from different types of skin diseases, gastric,
asthma, rheumatic fever, coughing, liver, lung and stomach problem, weakness, and
chest pain. A study found that about 35% of the tannery workers are suffering from
gastrointestinal disease, 25% from dermatological disease, and 10% from Headache,
Hypertension and Lethargy (Mohanta et al, 2012). The study however reveals that skin
related diseases are predominant among the tannery workers. Azmol, working for 17
years in tannery industry said in the focus group discussion, “We suffer mainly skin
diseases at our work place. Our skin starts etching continuously within very short time

42
after joining the work.” Another worker named Helal said, “We have different problem
like headache, gastric, chest pain, stomach problem, but skin diseases are our main
problem. Our skin etches due to handling of many chemical used in our factory”.
The FGD findings however shows that workers of this industries are expose to
hazardous cocktail of chemicals when measuring and mixing them, adding them to hides
in drums, or manipulating hides saturated in them this causes them several skin diseases
like, skin burn, contact dermatitis, scabies and fungal infection.
It is found that gastrointestinal disease is also common among the tannery
workers. The local doctors opined that this was due to irregular eating habits and the
length of time between meals. Table-1 shows occupational diseases of tannery worker
with causes, likelihood of occurrence and consequences.
Tannery industries use almost 40 different chemicals. Many of these chemicals
are hazardous for human health. Tanning chemicals used for processing the hides are
consists of sulphuric acid, sodium sulphate, chromium sulphate etc. Exposure to these
chemicals can cause dermatitis in human body. Presence of chromium which has
carcinogenic potential is available in tannery waste. Acids are used in pits water while
processing the hides which causes burn on skin of workers.
The dry lather polishing process makes huge dust that can cause respiratory
problem such as asthma. Due to unhygienic working site biological hazards e.g. fungal
infection is also persistent among tannery worker. Acidic effluents can cause severe
respiratory problems. Gaseous emissions from the tanneries contain sulfur dioxide that
is converted into sulfuric acid on contact with moisture and can damage lungs (SEHD,
1998).
A worker, who is working 4 years in this sector said, “I was suffering from severe
back pain from lifting heavy hides. I had to visit doctor, but do not recover properly.
Now back pain is regular phenomena to me and due to this often I cannot work.”
The risk of occupational accident in the tannery industries is significant due to lack of
proper guiding facilities in various dangerous parts of the machines. Hide processing is
mainly a manual method of processing lather in Bangladesh. Worker lifts heavy weight
of hides while working. This causes backache among the worker. Hot plates are used to
press the hides. Many times this plate falls on operator hand and causes skin burn. Razor
blade used in cutting hides and shaping causes cutting of fingers or limbs of the labour.

Shrimp
Working environment of shrimp sector is mainly cool, moist and damp. Even though
owners of shrimp processing industries take some precautionary measures, the effect of
adverse environment is high among the workers of shrimp sector. Workers, of this
sector are mostly affected by frozen section. In the shrimp factory, shrimp is processed
in several steps. These are receiving, de-heading, production, packing, freezing, supply.
Full processes are done under a cool, moist and damp weather. Therefore, Skin diseases
are frequently occurring due to damp and moist working condition. Many shrimp farm
workers spend hours in the water of shrimp ponds. This can lead to skin disease/rashes,
respiratory illnesses, fever, urinary tract infections, and diarrhea. Musculoskeletal stress
also occurs while working in quick frozen section.
The participants of the FDG said that sneezing, cough, breathing problem are the
common diseases for them. They wear a thin woolen sweater provided by owner, but it
is not capable to making their body warm and it is not water proofed. However, this
sweater is not provided to temporary workers. According to them, they wear factory

43
provided surgical gloves that does not work properly to protect their hand from
freezing. These gloves are provided mainly to ensure the safety for shrimp not for the
workers. As a result hands skins get swelling up with pain. They also reported about the
suffering from diarrhea and abdominal discomfort.
It is also found that most of the workers of shrimp industries are female. Their
working duration is 8 hours. They work in two shifts. First shift is from 6 am to 2 pm then
next shift from 2 pm to 10 pm. The whole time they work in standing position and get
only 20 minutes break. Even they are hardly allowed to go toilet. This is why most of the
female workers suffer from UTI (urinary tract infection) with low-grade fever,
complained the female participants of FGD.
There are many type of hazard present in shrimp industry. Physical and chemical
hazard are more commonly seen. Physical hazard like deafness occur due to loud sound
from compressors, automatic packing machinery, condensers, ventilation units, and
pressurized air. Fish processing activities may lead to lifting, carrying, repetitive work,
which posture injuries. Repetitive strain injuries may result from manual filleting,
beheading, deveining and trimming operations (Mostofa, 2014). Frequently use of harsh
chemical and ammonia gas causes skin burn and respiratory illness. The FGD participants
reported the common health hazards due to working in shrimp factory like breathing
problem, headache, skins of hand shrinkage, leg numbness, back pain and burn.

Re-rolling
Most of the re-rolling workers suffer from occupationally induced long term and short
term hearing loss (Palmer et al., 2002). Along with they often suffer from heat stroke
and eye problem. In steel re-rolling mills, heat is generated and used on high levels. Hot
rolling furnace has a temperature of 1000-1300oC, which is quite a high temperature.
Area surround in the furnace contains very high temperature. No insulating material
exists around the furnace and in the working shed to reduce heat. The Workers who
work near the furnace and on rolling machines can suffer from heat stroke and eye
problem i.e. inflammation of conjunctiva, itching of the eye, corneal inflammation,
opacity of the cornea, and hazy cornea.
The FGD participants also complained about coughing, breathing difficulty. It is
due to smoky environment. The working environment is so hot that their body gets
dehydrated while they work. Body temperature and pressure get raised. They got no
defined break time. Their sanitation system is very poor. Most of the participants
reported that they have suffered from jaundice more than a time.
Heavy lifting, prolonged standing, and repetitive motions are considered to
be the main cause of work-related health hazards like musculoskeletal disorders in re-
rolling sectors (WMSDs). These musculoskeletal disorders may affect both upper and
lower limbs. Along with low back -pain, shoulder and neck pain, tendonitis, bursitis
and carpel tunnel syndrome are also include in this category (Moreau and Neis, 2009).
Heating furnace creates high degrees of heat. The temperature of heating
furnace is ranges from 1000-1300oC which causes extreme heat hazards. One of the FGD
participants says “Work in the re-rolling mill is so painful. No air available in workplace.
High temperature is everywhere. As a result my body becomes dehydrated. I get fever in
almost every night.”
Common risk/accident face by re-rolling workers is slip, trips and fall. Potential
sources of slip trip and fall in steel industry include greasy and slippery surfaces
and in some cases messy walkways are also become a source of fall. Different machinery

44
like overhead cranes, rotating machine are used in rerolling mills. Many accidents are
associated with their use. Electrical and fire risk is available in this sector but a few
factors are still that can boost the hazards regarding electrical and fire appliances.

Jute
The occupational health and safety situation of private jute sector is not different from
others sector. Various occupational diseases are persistent in this sector due to
unhealthy environment, lack of awareness and reluctance in improving the OHS
standard. Flying dust, fiber and very low humidity are common phenomenon of many of
the jute mills of Bangladesh. As a result various type of disease like cough, allergic
rhinitis, asthma, chronic bronchitis in the respiratory tract are prevalent in this industry
(Singh SB et al,2012).
FDG participants narrated that they do not have specific break time. As a result
their food habit becomes irregular. This Irregular food habit that is associated with long
working time causes gastric problem and constipation to majority of the workers.
It came out from the FGD discussion that sanitation facility in the factory for worker is
very poor and inadequate. This poor sanitation causes diarrhea, dysentery and some
other problem among workers.
Generally weaknesses, fever, pain in the shoulder, hand and leg joints are very
common diseases among the worker as it appeared from the FGD. One of the FGD
participants further mentioned that, 3 to 4 workers die each year due to stroke in jute
mills.
Accidents in the jute mills are limited but if it happens make great hazards to
worker. Most common accidents in this sector reported by FGD participants include
stuck by falling materials and entanglement of body parts in rotating heavy machinery.
These cause loss or breaking of body parts.
Small Chemical Industry
The risk of burning, cutting hand and leg, respiratory diseases and skin diseases
prevails in the small chemical industry. Burn accident, respiratory diseases and skin
disease occurs from unsafe use of acid gas and phosphorus. Incidence of cutting hand
or leg happens due to breakage of glass tools, and carrying, lifting, grinding materials.
Table 5.27 reveals the occupational risk at small chemical industry.

Ship Breaking
In Bangladesh, ship dismantling is a matter of environmental, health and safety concern.
Workers break the obsolete vessels with no protection from explosions, infiltration of
asbestos, heavy metals, oil residues, TBT, PCBs, or a cocktail of toxic chemicals contained
in the ship. Most of the workers are not aware of the ship borne poisons and their
impacts on health. Therefore they continue work without any protective measures. As a
result most of the workers of these sectors suffer from multiple diseases and health
hazards.
As a heat insulator asbestos has been used in old ships. Though it is called that no
asbestos is used in disposal procedure, but during the scarping workers are surrounded
by asbestos fibers. Exposure of this fiber is very harmful and even it may causes death
through cancer. It is true that asbestos fly around the ship breaking beaches and
workers take out this chemical with bare hands. In addition, it has proven to be one of
the large amounts lethal, as inhaling asbestos fibers can guide to a wide variety of

45
pulmonary troubles such as asthma and asbestosis and can also be the straight cause of
mesothelioma (Jobaid et al, 2014).
Ship breaking workers mainly suffer from physical and mechanical hazards.
Workers of ship breaking industry are generally unskilled and even they do not have
proper training to handling the equipment used in ship recycling which lead to
mechanical hazard like accident. Noncompliance of the safety issues during cutting
operation is also causes various accidents. Plates are carried away by group of workers
without knowing the weight of the plate. Sometime heavy plate weight as well as very
sloppy and muddy ground makes the plate-carrying job very risky.
The risks or accidents in ship breaking sectors include cutting, burning, explosion,
and falling from high place, staffs/goods falling from the vessels. The workers of this
sectors are also always under risk of suffering from different types of diseases such as
lung problem, asphyxiation, mesothelioma asbestosis (Jobaid et al, 2014).

Small Chemical Industry

Chemical are used and produced in a way that leads to the significant adverse effects on
human health and environment. Some chemicals are inherently dangerous and that
easily contract to human body may appear harmless. It can cause illness almost
immediately upon contract.
Workers in the chemical industry who are exposed to substances like ammonia
and develop symptoms of asthma as the result of an irritant effect, not an allergic
reaction. Indications of occupational asthma include general symptoms such as
coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulty. Eye
irritation, nasal congestion, and/or running nose may also be present. This can be allergy-
related or an irritant reaction from exposure to in the workplace. Dermatitis like skin
disease, hepatic impairment, nephritis and anemia can be caused by intensive hazardous
gas exposure. Lung cancer, thyroid cancer, bladder cancer etc. may occur due to
exposure to carcinogenic chemical agent (Nulhakeim H,2010).
Physical hazards like cut or fracture of different part of body occur frequently in
the small chemical industries. It happens mainly due to use of unsafe equipment (sharp
and rotating tools) and slippery floor. Burn or fatal Injury results from fire and explosions
due to flammable gas or pressurized gas. Asphyxia may occur due to extreme cold
temperature or equipment’s in chemical plants operate at high temperature. Mechanical
hazard like cut or laceration occurs due to use of old equipment’s. Toxic gas leak causes
poisoning to workers’ health. Presence of radioactive materials in the chemical industry
also causes Carcinogenic effect on the workers (Nulhakeim, 2010).

Precautionary Efforts and Monitoring of Exposure

Taking precautions is necessary to avoid injury and accident at workplace. The
precautionary efforts include— a) providing personal protective equipment (PPE) such
as, protective cloths, gloves, mask, working environment friendly footwear, and helmet
to workers; b) realizing the hazardous substances form workplace; c) providing training
to workers and management personal about use of PPE and machinery, as well as about
their roles and responsibilities at workplace; and d) giving information about
occupational risks and hazards. Monitoring as well as workplace investigation is also
significant to ensure the maintenance of the plant and eliminate work related hazards or
accident. If necessary precautions are not taken, the possible accidents may have

46
irremediable consequences. It is found that the maximum of the precautionary
mechanisms are also almost absent in most of the sectors.
Employers of agriculture sector do not take any initiative to prevent risk and
hazards at workplace. They neither provide any personal protective equipment nor any
information about workplace risk and hazards to the workers. Workers of FGD claimed
that they never receive any personal protective equipment like, gloves, boot, and mask
from any of their employers. Employers do not provide them safe drinking water and
sanitation facility.
Authorities of the garments workers usually do not provide information on
occupational risks to the workers, but sometimes they aware workers orally about the
risks and accidents, said by the FGD participants. In a study about 43 percent garments
workers told that the authority never provides information on occupational risks and 27
percent workers told the authorities seldom provide these information to the workers.
Information on occupational risks is provided always claimed only in about 9 percent
cases (Hossain, Ahmed and Akter, 2010). About safety equipment and facilities at
workplace it is found that availability of safety related facilities e.g. firefighting
instrument, spacious entrance and exits, emergency stairs, first aid and accident
protection kits varied across factories. While the provisions of firefighting instruments,
spacious entrance and emergency exits are widely (around 96 percent) available, the
availability and effectiveness of the accident protection kits are perceived to be low
(Hossain, 2012).
Training regarding risk and hazards at workplace, and use of PPE and machineries
only includes fire mock training. All the FGD participant reported that they are provided
fire training after every two or three months at workplace, but hardly provided training
about use of PPE and machineries. The monitoring and inspection is sometimes
observed at workplace (Hossain, Ahmed and akter 2010, and from FGD of present study)
It is a grim reality that in spite of various provisions, severe negligence has always
been seen in the field of safety of the construction workers. Effectiveness of the
provisions is not satisfactory and application of these provisions is rarely observed at the
construction sites. The finding of a study showed that in 12 construction sites out of 15,
no workers were wearing helmet, one in four sites, all of the drilling workers were using
goggles, in five sites welders were found working without wearing gloves, safety boot
or apron, and in only two sites they were observed using hand shield with filter glass and
goggles. In the four sites, workers were found involving in removing formwork where
none was found wearing gloves or heavy soled safety shoes (OSHE, 2009). Another
study presents a more miserable picture in this regard – only 2.8 percent workers seldom
use safety tools or personal protective equipment during construction work (Hossain,
Ahmed and Akter, 2010). Workers of FGD also claimed that they never use any PPE and
even they do not know who is responsible to provide it.
About 40 heavy metals and acids are used for processing raw hides in tannery
industry. It has adverse effect on not only the workers but also on the society and
environment (Sarker, 2014). But the authority of this industry hardly takes any
precautionary effort for workers wellbeing though it is their both moral and legal duties
to look after worker’s well-being. It is found from the FGD that few industries supply
personal protective equipment to the worker. It is not enough to prevent the hazards.
Quality of PPE is very poor and also very uncomfortable to worker. As a result workers
are reluctant to use PPE.

47
 Monitoring mechanism is also absent in tannery industry. Workers of FGD
mentioned that some of them are working long time in this industry, still did not meet
any government inspector in the factory site. Industries also do not maintain any record
of exposure of the worker to hazardous environment. None of the industries have
health care representative in the factory site.
The authorities of shrimp industry have taken a few initiatives to protect workers
from the hostile working environment. They provide some PPE like sweater, hand gloves
and boots. The quality of the equipment is also poor to serve the purpose. For example;
the sweater is very thin which could not make the body warm. The Hand gloves, they are
provided with are mainly the surgical gloves. It does not able to protect their hand from
cold. This is basically for the safety of shrimp, not for the worker. Like Tannery workers,
workers of shrimp industry also mentioned about the absent of monitoring mechanism.
A few workers reported having namely medical facilities inside the factory.
Most of the workers of re-rolling industries do not use any PPE. Some industries
supply PPE, but it is not enough to prevent exposure to the hazards. They don’t know
how toxic gas entering into the respiratory system. Some workers in FGD mentioned
that they are working long time in this industry but still they did not meet any inspector
in the factory site. They do not receive any health services in the industry. Even they are
not provided any formal training for operating machinery.
Workers of this sector do not receive any training on machinery use and PPE.
Even they do not know about this. Management also does not provide any PPE to them.
No worker were found using mask to prevent dust and small fiber. They don’t wear
apron or gloves. FGD participants mentioned that they are working for long time in this
industry, still did not meet any government inspector in the factory site. Industries are
maintaining record in the register book. None of the industries have health care
representative in the factory site. There is a doctor only for prescription.
Employers of ship breaking sectors take namely precautions for ensuring
workplace safety. Only about 6 percent workers said in a study that they receive medical
facilities at their workplace and only 4 percent reported that they got medical facilities,
but in a nominal way (only first aid treatment), while 86 percent workers stated that
they do not receive any type of health care services from the ship yard owners. The
arrangement of pure drinking water, healthy food and hygienic toilets are also absent in
most of the site. In case of accident the workers are deprived of proper compensation
due to lack of a valid contract (YPSA).
In the year 2011-2012 Bangladesh Ship breakers Association (BSBA) conducted
some professional training programs with the help of government for shipyard workers
in Chittagong City and Sitakunda area. Currently, no orientation or training program is
run by any organization. Some employers or contractors provide short-term orientation
training that is of irregular basis. Inspection too is carried out on an irregular basis
(Bhattacharya, 2014).

Action after detection of Diseases/Hazards/ Risks

Necessary steps after detection of risk, hazards and disease at workplace helps to
reduce occupational accident and hazards. The FGD findings reveal that employers
hardly take any initiative to prevent them from further accident or hazards. Only in case
of severe accident and disease they, receive a little amount of money from their
employers for treatment.

48
 Concerning the action of authority after detection of diseases and risk, in a study
around 62 percent respondents stated that the authority does not take any steps to
prevent further accident or hazards. In the FGD of current study, some participants
reported that the authority increased safety tools and provided workers with some sorts
of training particularly after Rana Plaza disaster, but these are not sufficient. The
workers of FGD again informed that many times accident prevention measures are
subject to buyers’ presence. “Whether the inspector took any steps after detection risk
or hazard at workplace, we do not know,” also claimed FGD participants.
The role of construction employer in case of taking initiatives after detection of
risk and hazard in the construction site is not remarkable. Though few employers take
some steps after accidents, these are generally limited to sending the worker to the
nearest doctor/medicine-shops/hospital and giving only some money that meets a very
small portion of the total medical cost, said a FGD participant. It is observed in a study
that in 12 percent cases the authority provides medicine, in 5 percent cases injured
workers are sent to the doctor or nearest medicine shop, and in 16 percent cases a little
amount of money is given to by the authority/employer. Only 16 percent workers report
that authority provides money to the workers as compensation (Hossain, Ahmed and
Akter, 2010).
According to worker (from FGD), accident or health hazard is common in this
industry, but they do not find any change made in the factory after the occurrence of
accident. In few cases the authority bears the expenditure of minor injuries if it occurs
at work place. If the injuries are major in nature or required long time treatment,
workers get little help from the authority. Some of them complained that in maximum
cases worker do not get compensation for accident.
Like Tannery workers, workers of shrimp sector also receive little help from the
authority in case of major injury and it require long time treatment. But, if the injury is
minor in nature they receive nothing. In this case, they receive only advice “shabdhane
kaj koro” (work carefully). The authority does not take any step to improve the
workplace safety after detection of disease, risk or hazards.
The workers of re-rolling sectors claimed in FGD that if the injuries are major in
nature or required long time treatment, workers get little help from the authority. They
however complain that they do not get compensation for diseases like skin disease, eye
disease, asthma, back pain, fever, jaundice, hypertension etc.
According to worker participated in FGD, authorities bear a little amount of the
expenditure such as, 1000 or 2000 taka in case of major injuries and if it occurs at work
place. Presence of management is hardly seen when any accident occur at workplace
and no change has made at workplace to prevent future accident and hazard.

49
Conclusion

This chapter draws specific loopholes and challenges and articulate recommendations in
promoting occupational health and safety in Bangladesh. This is presented in four core
sections—(a) OSH related policy landscape and regulatory frames; (b) OSH related
institutions, and collaborative mechanisms; (c) state of OSH inspection; and (d)
occupational diseases, hazards and risks for workers. A general recommendation is
drwan at the end of this section.

OSH related policy landscape and regulatory frames

The discussion in Chapter 2 has created a scope to analyze the major loopholes in
different acts and policies. The loopholes and the required changes are too presented in
three consecutive sections—occupational accidents, hazards and diseases; safety
equipment, tools and facilities; and workplace environment. The following are the
loopholes in view of the policy and legal framework related to OSH.
All the acts and provisions related to the preventions of workplace hazards deal
with physical hazards and chemical hazards to a great extent. No instruments have any
specific provisions regarding biological hazards and psychosocial hazards. There is also
lacking provisions regarding harmful noise and vibrations at the workplace in any
national acts, rules and policies. Also lacking is the provision to design an up to date
planning to keep records of the OSH related accidents, diseases and injuries and of
public reporting. Furthermore, the rehabilitation process of the severely injured and
disabled workers have not made mandatory through any act/rule for the employers.

OSH related Institutions, and Collaborative Mechanisms

The institutional and collaborative initiatives on OSH in Bangladesh are generally
concentrated in the formal Sector. There is no systematic documentation and databases
of the concerned and potential department and institutions that can act jointly toward
the development of OSH situation of the country. The research, training, education,
disesteem management, civil defense, medical institutes, rehabilitation centers,
laboratories and testing institutes are scattered and act individually. These is also
evidence of organizations not working pro-actively, rather the approach had been
curative as follow up after accidents/ incidents.
Research, training and educational conducts by the capacity building institutions
are not sufficient. Only few academic institutions that offer full phased higher education
on OSH. The training facilities are also not adequate and accessible for all due to limited
scope and opportunities. There is no specialized training institute on OSH and the
existing IRIs covers a very few issues of OSH.The number of research conducted on OSH
issues is also not sufficient. Bangladesh has no separate laboratories and testing
institutions for the occupational hazards and risk. It is associated with various
institutions that in general conducts test on chemical, biological and physical elements.
It is important that the capacity building scope and opportunities must be
increased and made available to develop skilled manpower and sufficient intellectual
resources. The public universities may consider introducing separate OSH faculty. The
Private University must have considered the quality of OSH education and availability
with affordability.

50
 The safety committee for the industrial establishment is a major contribution of
the labour law amendment 2013 that is still not constituted due to lack of guidelines
according to labour rules.
The government and non-government organizations both suffer with limitation
of resources and supports. The government institutions, DIFE the only government body
responsible for inspection and monitoring of workplace are not adequately equipped
with human resources and logistic supports. The strength of concerned bodies is not at
pace with the rapidly growing size of labour market.

OSH Inspection
ILO’s Labour Convention,1947 (Con. 81) urges the need of a strong and credible labour
inspection service in order to ensure an effective application of OSH and other labour
related provisions for workers’ overall protection and decent works. Article 9 of the said
convention urges for a technically sound, efficient and qualified inspection machinery
having academic background either on medical, engineering, electrical or chemical
discipline. But recent disaster and tragic accidents especially in the RMG sector indicate a
great lacking remaining in the labour inspection system since long, which needs to be
addressed urgently. Indeed, Also, the effectiveness of labour law enforcement is
hampered the lack of resources to adequately inspect and carry out labour law
enforcement. In this respect the figure of technical or OSH Inspectors seems not
reasonable to mitigate the needs of time.
Only inspection or enforcement seems not enough to address the substantial
challenges remaining in the labour inspection system. But both inspection and research
activities on different identified & non identified issues arising from OSH related matters
are also essential to find out the causes & potentialities of the problems and at the same
time to indicate the remedies. So an OSH research Institute or a Research Cell may
urgently be considered in the National Labour Inspection Policy.
Achieved knowledge of the training programmes must be applied by the
Inspectors in their daily inspection activities. Proper monitoring & evaluation system
regarding its practical application should be in DIFE’s agenda. Moreover findings and
recommendations that are given by the Inspectors after training should also be
examined carefully.
In the DIFE’s system there are multifarious statistical gaps. But a credible data
base on different issues, like information on the figure of inspection, detection of
infringements & discrepancies, progress or rectification, court cases & its disposal
report, figure of accidents & occupational diseases, complaints and enquiries are very
much essential for an effective evaluation on total achievement of the inspection
service. So the statistical cell of the DIFE deserves more attention to overcome the
shortfall.
The other core reason of weak enforcement is that the labour administration has
ample of scope of discretion in carrying out the departmental work. There is lack of
accountability of the inspectors entrusted to monitor compliance of labour laws and
resolute disputes. Investigation into any complaint and action against it largely depends
upon the discretion of the Chief Inspector or the concerned inspector due to lacking
detailed rules on what and how to inspect factories and to resolute disputes. Thus, an
elaborated rules need to be established.

51
 Furthermore, the effectiveness of the department has been weakened due to
lacking mechanisms to take stakeholders interests into account. There is no mechanism
in built to listen to voices of the workers in cases of work and workplace labour law
violations. Workers hardly have seen the inspectors carrying out inspection activities.
Hossain, Ahmed and Akter (2010) reveal that almost over two thirds of the respondents
in their sample survey never found any government officials to come and inspect their
workplaces. Many of focus group participants allege that the officers on duty for
inspection of factories after incidences often go back without talking to workers; they
take information from the employers only. The current inspection process has been
termed as “fire brigade approach”. This is because there is widespread allegation that
inspectors only inspect factories/ workplaces only after some sort of accidents/
occurrences happen. Reacting to complaints rather than pro-active investigation driven
enforcement is the norm for our labour department. This needs to be changed towards
pro-active inspection activities, and partnering with the trade unions along with
enhancement of resources, power and coverage of inspections could be good vehicle
for increasing the reach and effectiveness of enforcement.

Occupational Diseases, Hazards and Risks for Workers

The overall discussion on the occupational diseases, hazards and risks for workers
reveals that the occupational diseases like headache, fever, asthma, diarrhea, allergy,
gastric, back pain, skin diseases, malnutrition is common among the workers of different
sectors. The causes of these diseases are mainly exposure to dust, long working hour,
poor quality food consumption and adverse work environment. Though the likelihood
occurrence of these diseases is high among the workers, the severity of consequence is
almost low. The workers of tannery, rerolling and ship breaking sectors mainly suffer
from skin diseases such as skin burn, dermatitis, scabies and fungal infection.
Asthma, allergy, and bronchitis caused by high dust and use of hazardous
chemical/pesticide is available among the workers employed in agriculture and ship
breaking and small chemical industry. Bothe the probability of occurrence and severity
of consequence is high in this regard. Female workers of agriculture and construction
sectors also frequently suffer from gynecological complexity due to lack of sanitary
facilities, control of urine pass and use of unsafe water, though the severity of
consequence is low of such diseases. Cold problem is high among the shrimp workers
due to work in damp and moist working condition and severity of consequence is also
high in this case. The diseases like mesothelioma, lung cancer, asbestosis is available
among the ship breaking workers. The main reason of these diseases is inhalation and
retention of asbestos fiber.
Occupational hazards include risk of accident and diseases influenced by
chemicals biological, physical, environmental and adverse ergonomic conditions.
Physical hazards like hearing loss frequently occur among the garments, construction,
rerolling ship breaking and jute sector workers, though the severity of consequence is
low in this regard. The main reason of suffering from this disease is exposure to noise
from machinery. Musculoskeletal disorders caused by heavy lifting and prolong standing
is high among the workers of small chemical, rerolling, agriculture and ship breaking
sectors. The workers of agriculture, small chemical, jute, re-rolling and shrimp sectors
highly suffer from chemical hazards e.g. respiratory tract infection, skin diseases,
asthma, and asphyxia. The severity of this hazard is high or medium. The environment
hazards include sunburn, cold allergy, and respiratory tract infection. The probability of

52
occurrence of these diseases is high among the workers of agriculture, construction, and
shrimp workers, while the severity of consequence is low in these cases. Workers of
selected sectors also suffer from various mechanical hazards that mainly caused by
unsafe use of tools/machinery and lack of awareness. The workers of ship breaking,
rerolling and agriculture sometime suffered from such hazard. The severity of
consequence is medium or high in this regard.
Workers of different sectors do their job under the risk of different accidents and
occupational diseases. The risk is associated with mainly three causes such as; a) human
nature which refers to individual behavior in performing work, b) technical nature like
working environment, equipment, tools, machines and materials, and c) causes outside
the workplace such as; adverse weather conditions or others caused by third parties. It is
found that the risk of cutting hand or leg caused by spade, plough is high among the
agriculture workers, though the severity of consequence is low in this regard. The risk of
falling down from high places is observed more in case of construction work and ship
breaking work. Though likelihood of occurrence is low and medium respectively in
construction and ship breaking sectors, the severity of consequence is respectively high
and low in the construction and ship-breaking sector. The risk of burn is high in the
tannery, rerolling, and small chemical industry is high, while severity of consequence is
high or medium in these sectors. The risk of diseases like respiratory infection, skin
disease, hearing loss is high almost all the sectors, but the severity of consequence is low
in these case.

The Needed Change and Recommendations

Mechanisms should be developed in each sector for providing information about health
and safety hazards to workers. Initiative should be taken to identify risk /hazards at
workplace and if there is a possibility of workers being affected by it, must be assessed
and controlled. Necessary steps after detection of risk, hazards and disease at workplace
helps to reduce occupational accident and hazards.
Wherever there is health risk and that cannot be adequately controlled in other
ways, Personal Protective Equipment should be provided to the workers.
Instruction/training should be provided to workers on safe handling procedures of
chemicals and proper personal hygiene techniques to minimize contact with chemical or
biological hazards.Ensuring training for workers and management about use of PPE and
safe handling procedure of tools and machinery used at work is important.
Health and Safety committees should be formed in accordance with Bangladesh
Labour Law 2006. For ensuring proper inspection the factory inspectorate to be
equipped with the necessary testing equipment to conduct regular inspections for
adherence to workplace safety and labour legislation, including Bangladesh Labour Law
2006, and Bangladesh’s National Building Code and Factory Act. Regular inspection by
government inspection department should be ensured in all sectors to review the safety
situation at workplaces, and if any risk or safety issue identified at workplace, should be
remedied timely.
Accepting that workers have full rights to their life and livelihoods, pro-active
advocacy for changes in workers’ occupational safety and health situation should be
brought about through promotion of decent work and ensuring workers’ protection.
The following are the pointers of recommendations.

53
 Bangladesh is obliged to align labour law with internationally recognized
workers’ rights. Ratification of the OSH related ILO conventions are required.

 Bringing all workers within the purview of Bangladesh’s regulatory framework is

important. OSH for all workers can not be ensured keeping large numbers of
workers (both formal and informal) unprotected from the coverage of the labour
law.
 Strengthen Enforcement of Labour Law is important in its own right. Risk
assessment needs to be integral part of approval of factory and establishments.
Pro-active “investigation driven” enforcement rather than reacting to complaints
should be introduced. Enhancement of resource, power and coverage is also
necessary for effective enforcement.
 Ensuring common understanding of occupational safety standards through a
national standard is necessary. Ensuring diagnosis of occupational diseases, and
ensuring treatment through establishment of trained pool of OSH professionals
needs to be done. A regularly updated database of the inspection activities
needs to be ensured.
 There are no notable initiatives for the development of workplace safety for a
large workforce involved in informal sector. The informal sector’s need to be
considered as an important target field of OSH initiatives.
 The challenges of promoting OSH rights are too hinge on the accessibility to legal
process. The number of labour court is highly insufficient considering the size of
the labour forces of the country. Initiatives can be taken to include the provision
of speedy trial for the case regarding the workplace accidents and
compensation.
 There is a need to strengthen penalties for OSH violations. It is necessary to
establish balance between savings accrued by violating labour law provisions and
cost of compliance.
 It is important to install collaboration amongst the stakeholders. The inspection
and monitoring scope might be broadened with participation of trade unions,
employers’ representatives and civil society organizations.

54
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Solidarity Center. (2014). what we do. Retrieved from
http://www.solidaritycenter.org/content.asp? (Accessed on 12 December 2014)
TICI (2014), Central Training Institute of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation; Training
Information. Retrieved from http://www.tici-bcic.org/index.php/training-
information/training-departments.html (Accessed on 12 December 2014)
The Daily Star, Retrieved from http://www.thedailystar.net/print_post/reflections-on-gdp-
growth-trend-and-investment-rate-20754 (Accessed on 08/10/2014)
Ulandssekretariatet (2014), ‘Bangladesh Lbaour Market Profile 2013’, Retrieved from
http://www.ulandssekretariatet.dk/sites/default/files/uploads/public/PDF/LMP/banglad
esh_2013_final_web.pdf (Accessed on 9/10/2014)
UNHR, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1976, Retrieved from
http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CESCR.aspx (Accessed On
14/10/2014)
Usha (1989), “Impact of Industries in Sanganer”. P.G. Diploma Field Study Report, Indira
Gandhi Centre for HEEPS, India: University of Rajstan.

57
ANNEXES

Annex 1: Study Design

Study Sector (9) RMG, Construction, ship-breaking, tannery, chemical, agriculture, re-rolling,
Shrimp
Sector Area
RMG Dhaka,
Construction Dhaka
Ship-Breaking Chittagong
Study Area Tannery Dhaka
Small Chemical Dhaka
Agriculture Rajshahi
Re-rolling Dhaka (Naraynganj)
Shrimp Khulna
Jute Jessore
Type of Study Qualitative and Quantitative
Data Source Primary and Secondary
Data Collection Content Analysis Secondary Literature review and Analysis
methods and KIIs 22 in 9 sectors
Techniques FGD 9 FGDs in nine sectors
Multi-stakeholder Participants: Policy-makers, Government
consultation/workshop (1) officials, trade unions leaders, employers,
worker, development partners.

Annex Table 1.1: State of Bangladesh’s Labour Rights Conventions Ratification

Subject/Rights Conventions Status
Fundamental Conventions
Collective bargaining and C87: Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right Ratified 1972
freedom of association to Organize, 1948
C98 - Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining Ratified 1972
Convention, 1949
Elimination of all forms C29: Forced Labour Convention, 1930 Ratified 1972
of Forced Labour C105: Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 Ratified 1972
Effective abolition of C138: Minimum Age Convention, 1973 Not ratified
child labour C182: Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 Ratified 2001
Elimination of C100: Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 Ratified 1998
discrimination of C111: Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Ratified 1972
employment Convention, 1958
Governance Conventions
Labour inspection C081: Labour Inspection Convention, 1947 Ratified 1972
C129: Labour Inspection (Agriculture) Convention, 1969 Not ratified
Employment Policy C122: Employment Policy Convention, 1964 Not ratified
Tripartism C144: Tripartite Consultation (International Labour Ratified 1979
Standards) Convention, 1976
Up-to-date Conventions
Working time C014: Weekly Rest (Industry) Convention, 1921 Ratified 1972
C106: Weekly Rest (Commerce and Offices)
Convention, 1957 Ratified 1972
Social security C118: Equality of Treatment (Social Security) Ratified 1972
Convention, 1962
Specific workers’ categories C149: Nursing Personnel Convention, 1977 Ratified 1972
Source: ILO

58
 Annex Figure 4.1: Human Resources at Head Office
IG

Additional IG

JIG (H) JIG (S) JIG (G) JIG (Admin)

DIG (H) DIG (S) DIG (G) DIG (Admin)

AIG (H) AIG (S) AIG (G) AIG (Admin)

DIG (G)
Annex Figure 4.2: Human Resources at District Offices
AIG (H) AIG (S) AIG (G) AIG (S&E)

LI (H) LI (S) LI (G) LI (S&E)

Annex Table 2: DIFE Human Resources and OSH Inspectors

Distribution of Man Power
Name of Sanctioned
Name of Districts OSH Non-OSH Total No of
Divisions Man Power
Inspector Inspector Inspector Staffs
1. Dhaka District Office 99 20 51 71 28
2. Narayangonj District Office 69 20 24 44 25
3. Gazipur District Office 69 20 24 44 25
4. Mymensingh District Office 31 6 12 18 13
5. Tangail District Office 31 6 12 18 13
Dhaka 6. Manikgonj District Office 31 6 12 18 13
7. Munshigonj District Office 31 6 12 18 13
8. Narsingdhi District Office 31 6 12 18 13
9. Kishorgonj District Office 31 6 12 18 13
Total 423 96 171 267 156
1. Chittagong District Office 83 20 36 56 27
Chittagong 2. Comilla District office 31 6 12 18 13
Total 114 26 48 74 40
1. Khulna District Office 31 6 12 18 13
2. Jessor District Office 31 6 12 18 13
Khulna
3. Kushtia District Office 31 6 12 18 13
Total 93 18 36 54 39
1. Rajshahi District Office 31 6 12 18 13
2. Sirajgonj District Office 31 6 12 18 13
Rajshahi 3. Bogra District Office 31 6 12 18 13
4. Pabna District Office 31 6 12 18 13
Total 124 24 48 72 52
1. Sylhet District Office 31 6 12 18 13
Sylhet 2. Moulavi Bazar District Office 31 6 12 18 13
Total 62 12 24 36 26
1. Barisal District Office 31 6 12 18 13
Barisal
Total 31 6 12 18 13
1. Rangpur District Office 31 6 12 18 13
Rangpur 2. Dinajpur District Office 31 6 12 18 13
Total 62 12 24 36 26
Total Divisional Offices 909 194 363 557 352
Head Office 84 8 10 18 66
Total 993 202 373 575 418
Source: DIFE

59
Annex Table 3: Budget: Department of Inspection for Factories and Establishments (Thousand BDT)
Code Description Budget 2014-15 Revised 2013-14 Budget 2013-14
Unproductive Revenue Cost
4501 Total Salary of Officers 5,19,00 1,73,00 1,18,00
4600 Salary of Institutional employees
4601 Salary of Institutional employees 1,85,00 1,44,00 1,30,00
Total Salary 1,85,00 1,44,00 1,30,00
4700 Allowances
4701 Dearness allowances 1,25,00 46,00 0
4705 House rent 3,12,00 1,52,00 1,25,00
4709 Entertainment allowances 6,00 6,50 5,00
4713 Festival Bonus 60,00 40,00 42,00
4717 Medical treatment 58,00 25,00 21,00
4725 Laundry allowances 60 60 60
4755 Tiffin allowances 7,00 3,60 3,60
4765 Transportation allowances 5,00 2,50 2,50
4773 Education allowances 4,00 4,50 3,50
4795 Others 5,00 2,50 1,70
Total 5,82,60 2,83,20 2,04,90
4800 Supply and Services
4801 Travel Cost 60,00 30,00 22,00
4805 Overtime 30,00 5,00 5,00
4806 Office rent 1,37,00 37,60 22,00
4815 Post 5,00 2,00 1,50
4816 Telephone/Telegram/Tele printer 20,00 4,00 4,00
4819 Water 5,00 1,80 1,50
4821 Electricity 20,00 4,40 4,00
4823 Petrol & lubricant 70,00 12,00 12,00
4824 Bank/Bank charges 1,50 20 20
4831 Books & magazines 10,00 1,50 1,50
*4833 Advertisement 15,00 2,00 1,00
4836 Uniforms 6,00 2,50 2,50
4840 Training cost 15,00 2,00 1,00
4845 Entertainment cost 4,00 2,00 1,00
4882 Law related cost 2,00 1,00 1,00
4883 Honorary/Fee/Remuneration 3,00 50 50
4884 Exam related fee 15,00 3,50 3,00
4899 Other costs 70,00 21,00 11,00
Total 5,03,50 1,39,25 94,70
4900 Maintenance & conservation
4901 Motor traffics 15,00 5,00 5,00
4911 Computer & office accessories 5,00 3,00 3,00
Maintenance, consv. & rehabilitation 20,00 8,00 8,00
Total- Underdeveloped Revenue Cost 18,10,10 7,47,45 5,55,60
Unproductive Capital Cost
6800 Resource collection/ buy
6807 Motor traffic 4,50,00 0 65,00
**6813 Instruments & other accessories 10,50 0 0
*6815 Computer & accessories 19,00 3,00 3,00
*6821 Decorations 35,00 45,70 5,77
*6823 Telecommunication accessories 4,00 0 0
*6827 Electronics accessories 1,00 0 0
6853 Fire extinguishing instruments 50 0 0
Subtotal- Resource collection/buy 5,20,00 48,70 73,77
Subtotal- unproductive capital cost 5,20,00 48,70 73,77
Total- DIFE 23,30,10 7,96,15 6,29,37

60
Table 4.1: DIFE Human Resources Distribution against Approved Posts
Distribution of manpower Administrators Employees Total
st nd rd
1 Class 2 class 3 Class 4th Class
Approved 215 281 290 207 993
Current 36 20 239 59 354
Male 35 18 229 54 336
Female 1 2 10 5 18
Source: Department for Inspection of Factories and Establishment

Table 4.2 DIFE Post wise Human Resources

Head office Dhaka Districts other than Dhaka
Sanctioned

Sanctioned

Sanctioned
Names of
Present Present Present
the posts

M F T M F T M F T
IG 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Add. IG 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
JIG (H) 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
JIG(S) 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
JIG(G) 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
JIG(Ad.&D) 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
DIG(H) 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
DIG((S) 1 0 0 0 0
DIG(G) 1 1 1 1 1 1 22 22 0 22
DIC(Add.&D
) 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
AIG(H) 2 1 1 5 1 1 34 1 0 1
AIG(S) 2 5 1 1 34 1 1 2
AIG(G) 4 1 2 3 5 1 1 34 7 0 7
AIG(S&E) 5 48 0 0 0
L0 1 0 0 0 0
SRO 1 0 0 0 0
IPO 1 0 0 0 0
Libr 1 0 0 0 0
A.O 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
LIG(H) 5 53 3 1 4
LI(S) 5 1 1 53 1 0 1
LI(G) 5 24 3 27 53 55 6 61
LI(S&E) 35 24 3 27 155 55 6 61
Staff.Cl(III) 37 14 6 20 15 2 2 154 22 1 23
StaffCl (iv) 24 7 3 10 13 4 1 5 170 25 1 26
Total 84 31 13 44 99 33 6 39 810 137 11 148
Source: Department for Inspection of Factories and Establishment

61
 Annex Table 4.3: Training for DIFE

Provider Duration Participants

Name of the Training and Subjects
Basic Training
About MOLE & DIFE, Relevant labour One Exclusively for the new
DIFE
laws, inspection method, office Week recruited Inspector
Administration, court procedure
Tripartite Training course 4 Weeks Mid level management,
Regular

lLbour laws, industrial relation, Trade trade unions, inspectors

IRI/ DOL
union activities, formation of CBA
general & OSH provision of labour laws
Institutional capacity building for DIFE ILO/ RMG One week 136 Inspector
Mode of Inspection, Knowledge sharing program
& Facilitation Market (TOT), OSH (2014-2016)
Training for Trainers, Labour Inspection
management…. workshop
OSH & inspection techniques GIZ and ILO 2/3 days Inspectors
Occasional

Bangladesh Labour laws and inspection

techniques for Labour inspectors

Fire safety Fire Service & 3 days Inspector of DIFE &

FSCD Training Agenda Civil Defense officers of FSCD
Authority
Occupational Health & Safety NIPSOM/ 3 days DIFE Inspectors&
DG- Health Thana Family Planning
Officers & Civil surgeons

Annex Table 4.3: Training for DIFEAbroad

Provider Duration Participant

Name, Subject and Status of Training
National Framework for OSH OSH
programme ILO/ Korea Fellowship One week/ Inspectors
Training KOSHA, Korea year of Asian
Countries
Regular

OSH in SMEs (discontinued) JICA and Govt. of Philippine 4 weeks OSH

Inspector
Labour Employment Relation in a Indian Government/ V.V.Giri 3 weeks Inspector
global economy, Gender Equity, and National Labour Institute
Comparative Labour Law
(Discontinued)
Road map on Labour Inspection One Week Selected
ILO/ITC Turin/ RMG project)
Inspector of
2014-2016
TOT
OSH Training (Discontinued) Japan 6 week 1 Inspector
Occasional

OSH Matters (Discontinued) Netherland Govt. 3 month 1 Inspector

OSH Issues (Discontinued) UK 9 Month 1 Inspector

British Council

Source: Department for Inspection of Factories and Establishment

62
 Annex Table 4: Summary of the activities of DIFE from January, 2005 to December,2013
Year Total Inspection Total law Primary Case in Total Dismissed Pending case
violation Case processin cases case
events g
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2005 42,930 46,006 16,426 10,053 26,479 8,267 18,212
2006 35,950 37,033 18,212 5,684 23,896 7,685 16,211
2007 39,002 48,291 16,211 428 16,639 4,234 12,405

2008 39,123 52,423 12,405 910 13,315 3,191 10,124

2009 51,337 55,816 10,124 777 10,901 3,111 7,790
2010 65,778 70,308 7,790 1,425 9,215 4,074 5,141
2011 61,184 69,539 5,141 1,096 6,237 2,205 4,032
2012 57,259 65,895 4,032 1,605 5,637 1,502 4,135
2013 21,785 46,136 4,135 960 5,095 898 4,197

Year Fine Complaints New License Number License Total of Total revenue
license fee of renew fee license issue (9+12+14)
approved gained License and renewal
renew fee (12+14)
1 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
2005 21,09,822 110 987 3,68,155 4,763 74,120 11,08,275 32,18,097
2006 20,21,700 89 783 3,93,030 5,586 11,29,297 15,22,317 35,44,017
2007 9,74,825 58 1,007 50,45,78 5,071 10,88,534 15,93,314 25,68,139
0
2008 12,14,704 130 640 15,17,789 4,882 13,20,145 18,37,934 30,52,638
2009 10,39,590 230 758 6,84,250 6,289 27,16,976 34,11,226 44,50,816
2010 13,11,300 336 632 8,33,300 4,657 21,59,666 29,92,966 46,04,266
2011 15,58,200 910 1,257 12,13,580 10,299 33,69,323 54,82,903 61,41,123
2012 17,72,673 380 1,633 15,69,083 6,351 30,79,308 46,38,391 64,11,064
2013 1,99,430 381 1,084 21,55,120 6,715 1,38,17,670 1,59,72,844 1,79,72,274
Source: Department of Inspections for Factories and Establishments

63
FGD participant List

Sector: Re-Rolling
Date: 20 December 2014
Place: Shyampur, Dhaka

SL Name of Participant Position/Grade/ Name of Industry

1. Nurunnabi Hook man Rahima Ispat Mill
2. Badal No. 1 Standing osition Do
3. Mohammad Ali No.1 Standing Position Kamal Steel Mill
4. Md. Ali Akbar Foreman Rahima Ispat Mill
5. Kaji Md. Alam Foreman A K Re-rolling Mill
6. Md. Momtaj No. 5 Standing A K Re-rolling Mill
7. Md. Sohag No. 3 Standing Rahman Re-rolling Mill
8. Md. Babul Hossain No. 3 Standing A K re-rolling Mill
9. Md. Swapan No. 1 Standing Do
10. Md. Rasel No.3 Standing Do
11. Ohidul Islam No.5 Standing Akbar Re-rolling Mill
12. Anwar Hossain No. 3 Standing Rahman Re-rolling
13. Md. Mainuddin Platman Shahjalal Re-rolling Mill
14. Md. Ismail No. 1 Standing (upper) Nekles Re-rolling Mill
15. Md. Jakir No. 1 Standing (Upper) Do
16. Md. Tajimul No. 1 Standing (Upper) Kadamtoli Re-rolling
17. Omar Faruk Pusher Man N. Islam Re-rolling Mill
18. Md. Abdul Kadir No. 3 Standing Rahman Re-rolling
19. Md. Ranju No. 5 Standing N. Islam Re-rolling Mill
20. Marfat Ali Foreman Diamond Steel Mill
21. Nure Alam Tota Do
22. Akter Ali Tanner Do

Sector: Agriculture Sector

Date: 4 December 2014
Place: Poba, Rajshahi Dhaka
SL Name of Participant Village Upazilla Position/Grade/Types
of Work
1. Md. Abu Bakar Belpara, Haripur
2. Akbar Ali Gopalpur Adarsha
Gram
Agriculture Day Labour

3. Rezaul Karim Do
4. Rahima Begum Kasba
5. Morsheda Khatun Moddha Belpara
6. Anjara Begum Do Poba, Rajshahi
7. Kajal Rekha Do
8. Jakia Begum Do
9. Anwara Begum Do
10. Tumajjina AB Do
11. Momena Begum Purba Belpara
12. Aklima Moddha Belpara
13. Rekha Begum Center Para

64
 Sector: Jute
Date: 13 December 2014
Place: Demra, Dhaka

Name of Participant Address /Name of Industry

Sl
1. Belayet Hossain
2. Asad Mia
3. Abdul Latif
4. Osman Gani
5. Nur Nabi
6. Abul Kashem
7. Abul Kalam
8. Suja Mia
9. Gazi Mia
10. Motaleb Hossain
11. Hanif
12. Niamat Ali
13. Md. Abul Kalam
14. Md. Suman
Latif Bawani Jute Mill
15. Jashim Uddin
16. Bakul Mia
17. Hazera Begum
18. Nur Jahan Begum
19. Latifa Begum
20. Sahabuddin Mia
21. Moinuddin Mia
22. Mojibur Rahman
23. Ratan Ali
24. Abdul Ajij

Sector: Shrimp
Date: 9 December 2014
Place: RupshaGhat, Khulna

SL Name of Participant Address/ Factory

1. Babul Hawlader Apollo Seaport
2. Md. Moazzem Do
3. Kamrul Islam Do
4. Arif Islam Do
5. Hira Begum Modern
6. Khadiza Begum Do
7. Monira Sultana Rozemco
8. Runa Begum Do
9. Anwara Begum Do
10. Farid Mia Atlas
11. Ainul Do

65
 Sector: Ternary
Date: 13 November 2014 Place: Tannery Workers Union Office

SL Name of Participant Address/ Factory

1. Mamtaj Begum Apex Ternary Ltd.
2. Selina Begum Do
3. Ajmal Do
4. Abdur Rahim Do
5. Nab Islam Do
6. Morjina Karim Lethers ltd.
7. Aleya Ruma Lether Ltd.
8. Mosharaf Do
9. Abdur Rahim Finix Lether Complex Ltd.
10. Jahangir Alam Do
11. Kamal Uddin Lexco Ltd
12. Helal Uddin Karim Lether

Sector: RMG
Date: 23 October 2014 Place: Rowfabad, Baijid Rajshai
SL Name of Participant Factory Adress
1. Nazma Begum Shirina Garment ,
2. Salma Begum Do
3. Nasima Begum Adila Garment,
4. Monwara Do
5. Rahima Gilani Garment Rowfabad, Baizid,
6. Kali Do Rajshahi
7. Moni Begum Tika Fasshion
8. Monwara Begum Shirina Garments
9. Ruma Begum Ipsita Garments
10. Parvin Begum Shiraina garments

Sector: Construction
Date: 27 September 2014 Place: Shyampur, Dhaka
Sl Name Types of Work /Sector Address
1. Shafiqul Islam Electric
2. Md. Rezaul Rod Binding
3. Md. Shahin Miya Rod Binding
4. Md.Ohab Ali Excavate Base Shyampur, Kadamtoli, Dhaka ,
5. Babul Miya Excavate Base
6. Md. Hanif Mollik Excavate Base
7. Md. Hasan Miya Sanitary
8. Abdur Razzak Sarkar Excavate Base
9. Jafor Mason
10. Abdul Alim Hawladar Excavate Base
11. Monir Miya Excavate Base
12. Md.Kalu Miya Mason
13. Md. Hadis Miya Mason
14. Md. Jafor Mason and Rod binding
15. Md. Faruq Mason
16. Md. Yunus Midi Mason

66
Participants List of Validation Workshop
Date 17 May, 2015 at Bangladesh Institute of Labour Studies

1. MD. ZafrulHasan BILS

2. KaziSaifuddin Ahmed BEF
3. Dr. Wajedul Islam Khan BTUC/BILS
4. WG CDR M Z Hayder (Rtd) BGMEA
5. Dr. Farhana Islam BGMEA
6. Dr. MustafizurRahman DIFE
7. Dr. SalamatKhandker DIU
8. Dr. Mamunur Rashid BIM/AUST
9. Dr. SarwarMorshed AUST/IPE
10. AKM Nasim Solidarity Centre
11. Farida Yeasmin LRDC
12. Shamal Chandra Barman BILS
13. Dr. FaijunNahar BILS
14. UmmaHasanJhalmal BILS
15. AKM Masum-Ul-Azam ILO
16. Tauvik Muhammad ILO
17 Sultan Uddin Ahmed BILS
18 Nazma Yasmin BILS
19 Jakir Hossain OSH Research Team
20 Afroza Akter OSH Research Team

67