Animation

2-D Animation
Two types:
Cel animation
Path animation
Cel Animation:
 Made famous by Disney

 24 frames per second therefore a minute
 may require as many as 1,440 separate frames.
 Cel animation is based on changes that occur from one frame to
the next.
 Cel stands for celluloid which is a clear sheet with images drawn
on them.
 The celluloid images are place on a background that is usually
stationary.
Path Animation:
 Moves an object along a predetermined path on the screen.

 The path can be a straight line or have a number of Curves.
 The series of frames in between the key frames are drawn in a
process called tweening.
3-D Animation
3-D Animation involves three steps: modeling, animation, and

rendering
Modeling – the process of creating objects and scenes

Animation – the process of defining the object’s motion
Rendering – the final step in creating 3-D animation.
Ques: Describe morphing

• Morphing can be defined as
- Transition from one object to another.

- Process of transforming one image into another.
Explanation: An animation technique that allows you to blend two still

images, creating a sequence of in – between pictures that when played
in Quick Time, metamorphoses the first image into the second.
HOW IS MORPHING DONE:
As the metamorphosis proceeds

- The first image is gradually distorted and is faded out.
- The second image starts out totally distorted
toward the first and is faded in.
Steps Involved:
• The morph process consists of :-

1) Warping two images so that they have the same
“shape’’.
2) Cross dissolving the resulting images .
Warping:
• A warp is a 2-D geometric transformation and generates a
distorted image when it is applied to an image.
• Warping an image means : apply a given deformation to it.
• Two ways to warp an image:-

 Forward mapping.
 Reverse mapping.
Animation Techniques:
Key Frames :
• In this technique a storyboard is laid out and then the artists draw the
major frames of the
• animation. These major frames are in which a lot of changes take
place. They are the key
• points of animation. Later a bunch of artists draw in the frames in
between.
• This technique is, of course, very time and effort intensive to animate.
Rotascoping:
• Rotascoping is a technique where images are copied from a moving

video into an animation.
• The animator draws the motion and shape of the object by referring
to the video as opposed to imagining in his head.
• With the help of the rotascoping one can animate some complex
scenes that would be hard to visualize otherwise.
• The disadvantage is that one will have to hunt for the exact video that
one wants to animate.
Motion Capture:
• Another technique is Motion Capture, in which magnetic or vision-

based sensors record the actions of a human or animal object in three
dimensions.
• A computer then uses these data to animate the object.
• This technology has enabled a number of famous athletes to supply

the actions for characters in sports video games.
• Motion capture is pretty popular with the animators mainly because

some of the commonplace human actions can be captured with relative
ease.
• However, there can be serious discrepancies between the shapes or

dimensions of the subject and the graphical character and this may lead
to problems of exact execution.
Simulation:
• Unlike key framing and motion picture, simulation uses the laws of
physics to generate motion of figures and other objects.
• Virtual humans are usually represented as a collection of rigid body

parts.
11 Fundamental principles of traditional animation techniques

1. Squash and Stretch
• Teaches basic mechanics of animation.
• Defines rigidity of material.
• Important in facial animation.
• Can relieve the disturbing effect of strobing
2. Timing and Motion
• Gives meaning to movement.

• Proper timing is critical to making ideas readable.
3. Anticipation
Preparation for an action
4. Staging:
A clear presentation of an idea.
5. Follow Through and Overlapping Action
Follow Through: Termination part of an action.
Overlapping Action: Starting a second action before the first has

completed
6. Straight Ahead Action and Pose-to-Pose Action

Straight Ahead
Animator start from first drawing in the scene and

draw all subsequent frames until the end of scene.
Pose-to-Pose
Animator plans actions, draws a sequence of poses, in

between frames etc.
7. Slow in and Out
Spacing of inbetween frames to achieve subtlety of timing and
movement
8. Arcs
• Visual path of action for natural movement.
• Makes animation much smoother and less stiff than a straight
line.
9. Exaggeration
• Making it noticeable the essence of an idea via the design and
the action.
• Needs to be used carefully.
10.Secondary Action
• Action that results directly from another action.
• Used to increase the complexity and interest of a scene.
11.Appeal
• Refers to what an audience would like to see.
• Character cannot be too simple (boring) or too complex.

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2-D Animation

 Made famous by Disney

 Moves an object along a predetermined path on the screen.

3-D Animation involves three steps: modeling, animation, and

Modeling – the process of creating objects and scenes

Rendering – the final step in creating 3-D animation.

Ques: Describe morphing

- Transition from one object to another.

Explanation: An animation technique that allows you to blend two still

HOW IS MORPHING DONE:

As the metamorphosis proceeds

• The morph process consists of :-

• Two ways to warp an image:-

major frames of the

• animation. These major frames are in which a lot of changes take

place. They are the key

• points of animation. Later a bunch of artists draw in the frames in

• Rotascoping is a technique where images are copied from a moving

• Another technique is Motion Capture, in which magnetic or vision-

• A computer then uses these data to animate the object.

• This technology has enabled a number of famous athletes to supply

• Motion capture is pretty popular with the animators mainly because

• However, there can be serious discrepancies between the shapes or

• Virtual humans are usually represented as a collection of rigid body

11 Fundamental principles of traditional animation techniques

2. Timing and Motion

• Gives meaning to movement.

Follow Through: Termination part of an action.

Overlapping Action: Starting a second action before the first has

6. Straight Ahead Action and Pose-to-Pose Action

Animator start from first drawing in the scene and

Animator plans actions, draws a sequence of poses, in

• Action that results directly from another action.

• Used to increase the complexity and interest of a scene.

• Refers to what an audience would like to see.

• Character cannot be too simple (boring) or too complex.

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