Child Adolescent Development Notes and Anki

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Chapter 1
=1-1: Methods of Scientific Research in Child Development=
There are several theories (pgs 3-4) regarding the role of environment, nature, and
genetics . Each emphasizes differing roles of these factors in the development of
children's behavior, personality. Children may be more active or passive
contributors in their own developement, depending on the theory.
Learning by imitating an expert - one of my personal theories.
Experimental Designs; you change something in the learner's environment and measure
the results. <br>e.g. A teacher could try a different phonics approach to see if
students learn to read more easily. (Intervention Group, Control Group)
experiment; a controlled study comparing outcomes between people randomly assigned

to a treatment group and a control group.
random assignment; means each learner has an equal cahnce of being put in the
intervention group or the control group. This accounts for different skill
attributes. (e.g. a person may be better with a phonics program due to their
skills, rather than the program itself being good.)
Correlation Designs; we measure variables as they naturally occur, without

intervention. https://i.imgur.com/NXadWaD.png
Qualitative Research; nonquantitative, involves interviews, observations of natural

behavior, and other forms of data reported in words rather than numbers. <br>ex. In
one study researchers investigated the emotions that students felt - especially
pride - as they developed understanding of science concepts.
Longitudinal Research Design; data is collected from the SAME individuals two or
more times, separated by some period of time (e.g., months or years)
cross-sectional research; data are collected at one point in time from two or more
age groups to investigate age trends.
bidirectional; variable A influences B, while B also influences A. This is not

guaranteed in most studies. Most studies are merely correlational.
validity; does it really measure what it claims to measure? - refers to the

accuracy of a test or measurement
reliability; consistency of a test or measurement
cohort effect; a group of children born about the same time who experience unique
politicla, economic, and social trends. An outcome caused by the particular era in
which the cohort grows up. ex. Baby Boomers and Millenials.
Effect size; a measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables,
or how much more effective one intervention is than another.
https://i.imgur.com/iLF1MKj.png
Effect size values; Effect sizes of 0.10 to 0.20 are commonly considered as
small, 0.25 to 0.40 as medium, 0.50 to 0.80 or greater as large, and anything over
1.0 as quite large, but this is only a fuzzy standard. Still, the value depends on
different fields, different situations, number of people. ex. 0.07 might be a 3-4%
difference in preventing heart attacks for the WHOLE POPULATION.
=1-2: How Genes and the Environment Interact to Influence Development=
Behaviorial genetics; the study of how genes and the environment contribute to
differences among people
Heritability; a statistical estimate of the amount of variation of a trait in a

population that is due to genes. This is NOT an estimate of the percent of genetic
influence on the trait. <br>It tells you how much variation of an attribute within
a population is linked to genes - not how much that trait is actually under genetic
control. "hereditability does not imply genetic determinism"
Is the family a Shared or Nonshared Environment?; It's mostly a nonshared

environment - families do not influence all children in the same way, and families
change (social class, divorce, deaths, etc.).
genotype; the set of genes in every cell that is directly inheritable by you and
transmitted to your descendents.
phenotype; your observable characteristics
segregating genes; the small % of genes (0.1%) that are free to vary and that
dictate individual difference. Full siblings share an average of 50% of their
segregating genes, meaning they're only 0.05% different genetically.
culture; pattern of values, beliefs, institutions and behaviors shared by a group

of people
cultural capital; knowledge and social relationships that allow people to reap
benefits within their culture
risk factor; a variable associated with negative child outcomes. ex. low birth
weight (biological), low social or emotional intelligence (cognitive), alcoholic
parent (part of the family), neighborhood violence (part of the community).
resilience; positive development despite adversity or risk.
protective factors; a factor that decreases the likelihood of poor outcomes in the
children at risk. ex. high-quality parenting, social competence, religious
involvement, strong relationship with a father figure
canalization;genetically based restriction or channeling of development to a

limited range of outcomes despite differences in environment. Canalization often
leads children to “self-right” in spite of early deprivation. <br> We experienced
an example when one of our sons developed a medical problem at 2 weeks old. After
surgery, he became to "self-right" to a normal weight.
socioeconomic status; categorization based on parental education, income, and

occupational status; often simplified as low, middle, and upper class.
Chapter 2 - Physical Development and Health
myelin; a fatty substance substance that forms an insulating sheath around axons
that allows them to function efficiently.
synapses; a junction where neurons communicate with each other, or with other kinds
of cells. It has 3 parts - the sending end of one neuron, the receiving end of
another, and the space between them
neurotransmitter; a chemical that allows neurons to communicate across synapses.

ex. dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline, norepinephrine
self-actualization; the process of fulfilling one's potential in a way that shows

concern for society
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (old/common version); https://i.imgur.com/pyMxQ4v.png
synaptogenesis; an extreme overproduction of synapses that occurs from 3 months

before birth until about age 2. A spurt in synaptic connections
myelination; the development of myelin
glucose rate; the rate of consumption of glucose, an indicator of energy use in the
brain. This decreases as the brain becomes more efficient druing adolescence (13 to
19 years).
cortisol; a hormone that the body generates as a response to stress.
brain plasticity; the brain's ability to change as a result of experience
Stimulating environments promote human brain development
Amount of sleep needed for adolescents; 8-10 hours
apnea; a sleep disturbance that consists of repeated periods without breathing, and
snoring or gasping for breath
teratogen; an agent that harms the developing fetus. drugs, stress, pollutants,
illness

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What are some of the research designs discussed in the text?

What are some of the research designs discussed in the text?

What are some factors that influence child development according to the text?

What are some factors that influence child development according to the text?

delete;me

Learning by imitating an expert - one of my personal theories.

experiment; a controlled study comparing outcomes between people randomly assigned

Correlation Designs; we measure variables as they naturally occur, without

Qualitative Research; nonquantitative, involves interviews, observations of natural

bidirectional; variable A influences B, while B also influences A. This is not

validity; does it really measure what it claims to measure? - refers to the

reliability; consistency of a test or measurement

Heritability; a statistical estimate of the amount of variation of a trait in a

Is the family a Shared or Nonshared Environment?; It's mostly a nonshared

phenotype; your observable characteristics

culture; pattern of values, beliefs, institutions and behaviors shared by a group

resilience; positive development despite adversity or risk.

canalization;genetically based restriction or channeling of development to a

socioeconomic status; categorization based on parental education, income, and

Chapter 2 - Physical Development and Health

neurotransmitter; a chemical that allows neurons to communicate across synapses.

self-actualization; the process of fulfilling one's potential in a way that shows

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (old/common version); https://i.imgur.com/pyMxQ4v.png

synaptogenesis; an extreme overproduction of synapses that occurs from 3 months

myelination; the development of myelin

cortisol; a hormone that the body generates as a response to stress.

brain plasticity; the brain's ability to change as a result of experience

Stimulating environments promote human brain development

Amount of sleep needed for adolescents; 8-10 hours

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