Wireless Multimedia System

Professor Hsiao-kuang Wu ([email protected])

Homework 3: (Due April 27, 2005)
1. In the last decades, progress in microelectronics and VLSI technology has fostered the widespread
use of computing and communication applications in portable electronic devices. A new universal radio
interface called Bluetooth has been developed enabling electronic devices to connect and communicate
via short range radio connections. What particular group of companies proposed the Bluetooth
technology? How does Bluetooth radio system coexist with cellular system and Wireless LAN system?
Why dynamic slot allocation scheme could reach better performance? What is the slot time for
Bluetooth system? What is the maximum user rate for Bluetooth? Does CDMA scheme be applied in
one particular piconet? Does CDMA scheme be applied in one scatternet?

(1) Ericsson, Nokia, IBM, Toshiba, and Intel publish the Version
1.0of the specification in July 1999. Over 1000 companies have
signed as adopters of the technology.
(2) Bluetooth and the 802.11 standards can peacefully coexist because
each was designed for a distinct purpose. The 802.11 standards are
specifically designed for running WLANs that create a network of
computers and connect users to the Internet. Bluetooth, on the
other hand, is designed to allow portable devices to communicate
with each other. However, many agree that Bluetooth can be used in
an office or classroom to connect mobile devices in the same space
that a WLAN is running to create a computer network.
Both WLAN and bluetooth technologies are popular wireless
connections for voice and data communications. the two
technologies use the same frequency spectrum, which must be shared
effectively for both technologies to be used at the same time. An
advanced Packet Traffic Arbitration (PTA) algorithm with voice
packet prioritization ensures seamless collaboration between
Bluetooth and WLAN and excellent voice/audio quality. Adaptive
Frequency Hopping (AFH) capability to actively avoid WLAN
frequency channels that are in use.
(3) DSA maximizes the bandwidth utilization and minimizes latency
within a piconet. DSA scheme enables for not only slave-to-slave
communication but also serves as multi-device communication (MDC),
hence emulating a multicast-like communication within the piconet.
(4) A single time slot in the Bluetooth system lasts 625us. It can be
 though of as the time it takes to send one packet from one
Bluetooth device to another.
(5) The communication channel can support both data (asynchronous)
and voice (synchronous) communications with a total bandwidth of 1
Mb/sec. The supported channel configurations are as follows:
Configuration Max. Data Rate Upstream Max. Data Rate Downstream
3 Simultaneous Voice 64 kb/sec X 3 channels 64 kb/sec X 3 channels
Channels
Symmetric Data 433.9 kb/sec 433.9 kb/sec
Asymmetric Data 723.2 kb/sec or 57.6 57.6 kb/sec or 723.2
kb/sec kb/sec
(6) Bluetooth radios communicate using a time division duplex discipline (TDD).
Because more than two devices share the piconet medium, the access technique is
TDMA. Thus, piconet access can be characterized as FH-TDD-TDMA.
(7) Occasionally, two piconets will use the same physical channel during the
same time slot, causing a collision and lost data. However, because this will
happen infrequently, it is readily accommodated with forward error correction and
error detection/ARQ techniques. Thus, a form of CDMA is achieved between devices on
different piconets in the same scatternet; this is referred to as FH-CDMA.

2. (A) If a total of 33 MHz of bandwidth is allocated total particular FDD cellular telephone system
which uses two 25 kHz simplex channels to provide full duplex voice and control channels, compute
the number of channels available per cell if a system uses (1) 3-cell reuse (2) 7-cell reuse. (3) 12-cell
reuse. (B) If a signal to interference ratio of 15 dB is required for satisfactory forward channel
performance of a cellular system, what is the frequency reuse factor (D/R) and cluster size (N) that
should be used for maximum capacity if the path loss exponent is (a) n = 4, (b) n = 3 ? Assume that
there are 6 co-channels cells in the first tier, and all of them are at the same distance from the mobile.
Use suitable approximations. (Candidate Cluster sizes could be 3, 7, 12, 13).

33MHz 1
(A)(1)   220 (channels)
25kHz  2 3
33MHz 1
(2)   94.29 (channels)
25kHz  2 7
33MHz 1
(3)   55 (channels)
25kHz  2 12
 R 4 1 D
15dB  10 log( 4
)  10 log[  ( ) 4 ]
6 D 6 R
D
 3.71
(B)(a) R
D (3.71) 2
 3N , N   4.59
R 3
N  7
R 3 1 D
15dB  10 log( 3
)  10 log[  ( ) 3 ]
6 D 6 R
D
 5.7
(b) R
D (5.7) 2
 3N , N   10.83
R 3
 N  12

3. (A) A given radio spectrum (or bandwidth) can be divided into a set of disjoint or non-interfering
radio channel. All such channels can be used simultaneously while maintaining an acceptable received
radio signal. Channel allocation schemes can be divided into a number of different categories
depending on the comparison basis. Describe FCA (Fixed Channel Allocation), DCA (Dynamic
Channel Allocation) and HCA (Hybrid Channel Allocation). (B) Describe what is the meaning of
Handoffs, intra-cell handoff, inter-cell handoff? In order to determine handoff initiations, several
strategies have been proposed: Relative signal strength, Relative signal strength with threshold,
Relative signal strength with hysteresis (plus optionally dwell timer). Explain the approaches.

(A) FCA: assign a number of channels to each cell permanently

according to some reuse pattern.
DCA: all channels are placed in a pool and dynamically assigned to
a new call to satisfy minimum CIR.
HCA: a combination of fixed and dynamic channel allocation
schemes, with the channels divided into fixed and dynamic sets.
This means that each cell is given a fixed number of channels that
is exclusively used by the cell. Request for a channel from the
dynamic set is initiated only when a cell has exhausted using all
its channels in the fixed set.
(B) Handoff: change the radio channel due to the radio link
degradation or channel reorder.
Intra-cell handoff: change channel in the same cell.
Inter-cell handoff: user moves to a new cell, so the channel must
be reallocated.
Relative signal strength: always choose the channel with the
 strongest signal.
Relative signal strength with threshold: when current signal is
below the receiver threshold and signal from another station is
higher than handoff threshold, handoff.
Relative signal strength with hysteresis: handoff when the signal
is lower than a near station for a period of time.

4. .(a) What are the difference between Active Mode and Power Saving Mode?
(b) How does Power Saving Mode Station know when to wait up to get the TIM (Traffic Indication
Map)?
(c) What is the purpose of TIM (Traffic Indication Map)?
(d) How does Power Saving Mode Station to inform AP that he is ready to accept the buffered data?
(e) For BSS multicast services, how does AP transmit multicast or broadcast to all of the Stations if at
least one of the stations are in power saving mode? (hint DTIM)

(a) active mode : STA 可以在任何時間接收 frame。在 active mode 中，STA

必須隨時在 awake state。
power save mode: STA 每隔一段時間去聽 selected beacons，若 beacon 中
的 TIM element 指示有 MSDU 要傳來，則必須回 PS-Poll frame，在 PS mode
中，STA 大部分時間是在 Doze state, 而在接收 selected beacons、
broadcast or multicast transmission 與傳送時，進入 awake state。
(b) 在 PS mode 的 STA 應該依據 STA 的 ListenInterval 與 ReceiveDTIMs
parameters periodically 去聽 beacon(TIM 包含在 beacon 中)。
(c) TIM 可以告訴 STA，AP 是否有要傳給它的 buffered data。若有，STA 就必須
保持在 awake state，否則它可以回到 dozen state 進入 power save mode
節省 power，直到下一次聽 beacon 的時間再 wake up。
(d) power saving mode station 由 beacon 中知道 AP 有自己的 buffered
data，則由 response AP 一個 PS-Poll frame 告知 AP 他已準備好要接收
buffered data。
(e) 若有任何一 STA 在 PS mode, AP 會 buffer 所有 broadcast 與 multicast
MSDUs, 直到下一個包含 delivery TIM(DTIM)的 beacon 發送時，緊接著
beacon 把這些 MSDUs 發送給所有的 STA.

5. (A) Direct Sequence Cellular system adopts universal frequency reuse policy. Explain what is
universal frequency reuse policy? What is the advantage and disadvantage of this policy? (B) If
 W=1.25 MHz, R=9600 bps, and a minimum acceptable E/N is found to be 10 dB, determine the
maximum number of users that can be supported in a single-cell CDMA system using omni-
directional base station antennas and voice activity factor α = 3/8, K = 1/2, suppose the
background noise is approximately neglected, where W/R is called the processing gain, (C)
Explain why reverse link is vulnerable to the “near far” problem, and what is solution to maximize
the system capacity? (d) Explain soft handoff and softer handoff?

(A) universal frequency reuse policy: 一個 cell 內所使用的 frequency，

在隔壁 cell 就可以馬上被 reuse，不需要區格多個 cell 之後才再利用。
advantage:
 If traffic at the location increases, the introduction of
new cell will be less restricted compared with FDMA or TDMA.
 Universal frequency reuse turns out to be beneficially
affects or improves the capacity of the system.
 Avoids the complicated issue of frequency-management
planning when additional cells are introduced.
 Applies to all users in the assigned spectrum or channel, to
all cell sites, and to all media, terrestrial and satellite-
both geostationary and low earth orbit.
 With CDMA, seamless handover between media becomes possible.
 enables the new function soft handover
disadvantage:
 Creates additional interference when increase in the
effective receiving angle enlarges overlapping region and
causes more interference to the user.
 Near-far problem.
(B)
(C)(i) The goal in CDMA systems is to assure that all mobiles achieve
the same received power levels at the Base Station. The reverse
link is vulnerable to the near-far problem because of the
strongest (nearby) reverse link can capture the intended
receiver but weaker (far away) reverse link get ignored by the
receiver. In order to minimize the Reverse Link Near-Far
problem, mobiles that are closer to the Base Station must
transmit less power than mobiles that are further away from the
Base Station. For Example, DS-CDMA is mitigating the problem by
 using a combination of open-loop and closed-loop power control.
(ii) CDMA is interference limited. Therefore reducing interference
is also most important in increasing the capacity. The power
control reduced the average mobile transmitted powers as well.
(D) Soft handoff: A Mobile Station is communicating simultaneously
with the prior Base Station as well as the new BS. Such a scheme,
just for some short duration of time, is called soft handoff or
make before break.
Softer handoff: Similar to soft handoff, softer handoff is the
soft handoff between two sectors of the same cell. For a perfect
sectorized antenna pattern, softer handoff cannot be applied. In
practice, the antenna patterns do not fit the sector area
perfectly, and there is an overlapping of the two antenna patterns
between the sectors. The overlapping of the sector antenna
patterns generates additional interference on both the reverse and
forward links.

Trunking and Grade of Service:

Example: a radio channel is occupied for thirty minutes during an hour carries 0.5 Erlangs of traffic.
Capacity of an Erlang B System

AC
C!
Pr[blocking]= c =GOS (Grade of Service)
Ak

k  0 k!

Number of Capacity (Erlangs) for GOS

Channels C = 0.01 = 0.005 = 0.002 = 0.001
2 0.153 0.105 0.065 0.046
4 0.869 0.701 0.535 0.439
5 1.36 1.13 0.900 0.762
10 4.46 3.96 3.43 3.09
20 12.0 11.1 10.1 9.41
24 15.3 14.2 13.0 12.2
40 29.0 27.3 25.7 24.5
70 56.1 53.7 51.0 49.2
 100 84.1 80.9 77.4 75.2
Problem 6
How many users can be supported for 0.5% blocking probability for the following number of trunked
channels in a blocked calls cleared system? (A) 2, (b) 5, (c) 10, (d) 20, (e) 100. Assume each user
generate 0.1 Erlangs of traffic.

ANS:
(A) 0.105/0.1=1.05 也就是 1 個 user
(b)1.13/0.1=11.3 也就是 11 個 user
(c)3.96/0.1=39.6 也就是 39 個 user
(d)11.1/0.1=111 也就是 111 個 user
(e)80.9/0.1=809 也就是 809 個 user

Problem 7
An urban area has a population of two million residents. Three competing trunked mobile networks
(systems A, B, and C) provide cellular service in this area. System A has 394 cells with 19 channels
each, system B has 98 cells with 57 channels each, and system C has 49 cells, each with 100 channels.
Find the number of users that can be supported at 2% blocking if each user averages two calls per hour
at an average call duration of three minutes. Assuming that all three trunked systems are operated at
maximum capacity, compute the percentage market penetration of each cellular provider.
ANS:
System A

Traffic intensity per user, Au = H = 2 (3/60) = 0.1 Erlangs

from the Erlang B chart, the total carried traffic, A, is obtained as 12 Erlangs.

Therefore, the number of users that can be supported per cell is

U = A/ Au = 12/0.1 = 120
total number of subscribers that can be supported by System A = 120 394 = 47280

System B
Given:

Traffic intensity per user, Au = H = 2 (3/60) = 0.1 Erlangs

from the Erlang B chart, the total carried traffic, A, is obtained as 45 Erlangs.

Therefore, the number of users that can be supported per cell is U = A/ Au = 45/0.1 =

450

total number of subscribers that can be supported by System B = 450 98 = 44100

System C
Traffic intensity per user, Au = H = 2 (3/60) = 0.1 Erlangs

from the Erlang B chart, the total carried traffic, A, is obtained as 88 Erlangs.

Therefore, the number of users that can be supported per cell is U = A/ Au = 88/0.1 =

880

total number of subscribers that can be supported by System C is equal to 880 49 =

43120

Therefore, total number of cellular subscribers that can be supported by these three

systems are 47280+ 44100+43120 =134500 users.

Percentage market penetration:

System A: 47,280/2,000,000 = 2.36%

System B: 44,100/2,000,000 = 2.205%

System C: 43,120/2,000,000 = 2.156%