Environmental Management

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ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION AND REGULATIONS
Environmental legislation is the collection of laws and regulations relating to air

quality, water quality, the wildlife and other environmental factors. The
environmental legislation covers many laws and regulations; however they all work
together toward a common goal, which is regulating the interaction between man and
the environment to reduce threats to the environment and increase public health.
Some of the major regulations applied by various states are:
1. OCEAN DUMPING ACT (ODA)

It focuses on the regulation of disposal of materials into ocean waters and allows
related research. The ODA control the dumping of materials into ocean waters and
the transportation of materials for the purpose of dumping. The purpose of the act is
to strictly limit ocean disposal of any material that would negatively affect human
health, the marine environment and ecological systems.
2. SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL ACT

It authorizes to manage the disposal of hazardous solid waste into open environment
and dumping into soil. Its main goal is to reduce waste and protect human and
environmental health by decreasing pollution and promoting better municipal was
disposal technology. It also defines solid waste as local responsibility and announces
waste management standards.
3. OIL POLLUTION ACT

It primarily covers the cleanup of petroleum products. Main goals in this act are:
 Developing and updating the oil spill emergency response plans

 Maintaining required records/documentation
 Testing emergency response equipment
 Notifying federal, state and local agencies in case of an incident
 Mitigating all spills and discharges
 Ensuring employees have required training
4. POLLUTION PREVENTION ACT (PPA)

The Pollution Prevention Act focused industry, government and public attention on
reducing the amount of pollution through changes in production, operation and
usage of raw materials. The main objectives of this act include:
 pollution should be prevented or reduced at the source

 pollution that cannot be prevented should be recycled in an environmentally
safe manner
 pollution that cannot be prevented or recycled should be treated in an
environmentally safe manner
 disposal or other release into the environment should be utilize only as last
alternative and should be conducted in an environmentally safe manner
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5. CLEAN AIR ACT 1970

The Clean Air Act seeks to protect human health and environment from emissions
that pollute air. It requires the EPA to establish minimum national standards for air
quality and assigns responsibility to assure fulfillment with the standards. It also
addresses the prevention of pollution in areas with clean air and protection of the
stratospheric ozone layer.
6. CLEAN WATER ACT 1972

The 1972 legislation launches motivated programs for water quality improvement
that are still being implemented. The Clean Water Act (CWA) today consists of two
major parts; one is the provisions for municipal sewage treatment plant construction.
The other is regulatory requirements, which apply to industrial and municipal
discharges. Industries were given to install "Best Practicable Control Technology"
(BPT) to clean up waste discharges. The primary focus of BPT was on controlling
discharges of conventional pollutants, such as suspended solids, biochemical oxygen
demanding material, coli form and bacteria and pH.
7. SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT 1974

The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is the law for protecting public water supplies
from harmful contaminants. First pass in 1974 and make improvements in 1986 and
1996. Act is administered through programs that establish standards and treatment
requirements for public water supplies, control underground injection of wastes,
finance infrastructure projects and protect sources of drinking water.
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ENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS
With approval, the Nixon Administration established the Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA) in 1970 under a plan, which combines numerous pollution control
responsibilities that had been divided among several agencies. EPA's primary
responsibilities include the regulation of air quality, water quality and chemicals in
commerce, the development of regulatory criteria for the management and disposal of
solid and hazardous wastes and the cleanup of environmental contamination.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
EPA also provides financial support to state and local governments to help them in
administrating pollution control program and fulfill some certain federal
environmental requirements. EPA assigns some laws and regulations to ensure the
protection of environment. Some of the important laws and regulations are discussed
below:
CLEAN AIR ACT 1970

The Clean Air Act seeks to protect human health and environment from emissions
that pollute air. It requires the EPA to establish minimum national standards for air
quality and assigns responsibility to assure fulfillment with the standards. It also
addresses the prevention of pollution in areas with clean air and protection of the
stratospheric ozone layer.
Key Elements
 Reducing outdoor or ambient concentrations of air pollutants that cause smog,

haze, acid rain and other problems
 Reducing emissions of toxic air pollutants that are causing cancer or other
serious health effects
 Phasing out production and use of chemicals that destroy stratospheric ozone
CLEAN WATER ACT 1972

The 1972 legislation launches motivated programs for water quality improvement
that are still being implemented. The Clean Water Act (CWA) today consists of two
major parts; one is the provisions for municipal sewage treatment plant construction.
The other is regulatory requirements, which apply to industrial and municipal
discharges. Industries were given to install "Best Practicable Control Technology"
(BPT) to clean up waste discharges. The primary focus of BPT was on controlling
discharges of conventional pollutants, such as suspended solids, biochemical oxygen
demanding material, coli form and bacteria and pH.
Key Elements
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 Establish water quality standards for all bodies of water especially where
additional pollutant controls are needed.
 Set total maximum daily load (TMDL) of pollutants that ensures water quality
standards can be attained and maintained. TMDL is process for attaining water
quality standards and quantitative assessment of pollution problems.
 Implement control strategies for waters expected to remain polluted by toxic
chemicals even after industrial discharges have installed the best available
cleanup technologies.
SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT 1974

The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is the law for protecting public water supplies
from harmful contaminants. First pass in 1974 and make improvements in 1986 and
1996. Act is administered through programs that establish standards and treatment
requirements for public water supplies, control underground injection of wastes,
finance infrastructure projects and protect sources of drinking water.
Key Elements
 Protect sources of drinking water
 Protect public health through treatment techniques
 MCL's: Maximum Contaminant Level
 Well Head protection areas
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION
Environmental contamination or Environmental pollution is the introduction

of contaminants into the environment that cause harm or discomfort to humans or
other living organisms and damage the environment. These contaminants can come
in the form of chemical substances, or energy such as noise, heat or light. Pollution
control is a term used in environmental management, which means the control
of emissions and effluents in the environment.
PHASES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION
1. WATER CONTAMINATION
Water contamination happens when chemicals or dangerous substances are
introduced to water, including chemicals, sewage, pesticides and fertilizers from
agricultural runoff, or metals like lead or mercury. Water contamination is the
constant addition of pollutants to the water bodies resulting in contamination of
water.
i. Causes of Water Contamination
 Industrial waste:
Industries produce huge amount of waste which contains toxic chemicals and
pollutants which can cause water contaminated. They contain pollutants such as
lead, mercury, sulphur, asbestos, nitrates.
 Oil leakage:
Oil Spills are caused when oil rigs which are present in the oceans are damaged by
either natural or human errors cause a long-time damage to the ocean as oil is
lighter than water and floats on water forming a layer blocking sunlight which can
cause varying damage to species in the ocean.
 Agricultural activities:
Chemical fertilizers and pesticides are used by farmers to protect crops from insects
and bacteria. However, when these chemicals are mixed up with water can be
harmful.
ii. Effects Of Water Contamination
 Loss of aquatic animals:

The main problem caused by water pollution is that it kills life that depends on these
water bodies.
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 Disruption of food-chains:
Pollution disrupts the natural food chain as well. Pollutants such as lead and
cadmium are eaten by tiny animals. Later, these animals are consumed by fish and
the food chain continues to be disrupted at all higher levels.
 Diseases:
Eventually, humans are affected by this process as well. People can get diseases by
eating seafood that has been poisoned.
iii. Control Measures

Water pollution can be reduced with some efforts, such as:
 By a regular qualitative and quantitative monitoring of fresh water resources

 Domestic and industrial wastes should be stored for some days. Due to sun-
light and organic nutrients present in waste there will result in growth of those
bacteria which will digest the harmful waste matter.
 Polluted water can be reclaimed by proper sewage treatment plants
 Suitable strict legislation should perform to make it obligatory for the
industries to treat the waste water
2. AIR CONTAMINATION
The air naturally comprises of 78% of nitrogen, 21% of oxygen, 0.9% of oxide gases
and 0.1% of inert gases. Air contamination is the mixing of such natural air with
different particles. Such particles are known as pollutants like smoke emitted from
the vehicles.
i. Causes Of Air Contamination
 Household and Farming Chemicals:

Crop dusting, fumigating homes, household cleaning products or painting supplies,
over the counter insect/pest killers, fertilizer dust emit harmful chemicals into the air
and cause pollution.
 Agricultural activities:
Ammonia is very common byproduct from agriculture related activities and is one of
the most hazardous gases in the atmosphere. Use of insecticides, pesticides and
fertilizers in agricultural activities has grown quite a lot. They emit harmful chemicals
into the air and can cause air pollution.
 Mining operations:
Mining is a process in which minerals below the earth are extracted using large
equipments. During the process dust and chemicals are released in the air causing
massive air pollution.
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ii. Effects Of Air Contamination
 Acidification:
Harmful gases like nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides are released into the
atmosphere during the burning of fossil fuels. When it rains, the water droplets
combines with these air pollutants, becomes acidic and then falls on the ground in
the form of acid rain.
 Eutrophication:
Eutrophication is a condition where high amount of nitrogen present in some
pollutants gets developed on the surface of sea, which can result in algae growth in
lakes and water bodies and adversely affects fish, plants and animal species.
 Respiratory and heart problems:

It is known to create several respiratory and heart conditions along with Cancer,
among other threats to the body. People in areas exposed to air pollutants are said to
commonly suffer from pneumonia and asthma.

 Use of equipments/process for control of dust in various industries like
Mechanical dust collectors, electrostatic precipitators, water sprayer at dust
generation points, proper ventilation system etc.
 Many fertilizers are a source of nitrous oxide which is a greenhouse gas that
contributes to global warming. Try organic products instead of that gas.
 Trees absorb and store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and filter out air
pollution.
3. NOISE CONTAMINATION
The sounds which are not pleasant to hear are called Noises. So an excess of noise in
the outdoors leads to Noise contamination. It is the generation of sounds that are
irritating and have a high pitch as compared to the hearing capabilities of humans.
i. Causes Of Noise Contamination
 Transport Vehicles:
Automobile revolution in urban centers has proved to be a big source of noise
pollution. Increasing traffic has given rise to traffic jams contributes to the noise
pollution.
 Construction Activities:
Under construction activities like mining, construction of bridges, dams, buildings,
stations, roads, flyovers take place in almost every part of the world. These
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construction activities take place every day as we need more buildings, bridges to
accommodate more people and to reduce traffic congestion.
 Industrialization:
Most of the industries use big machines which are capable of producing large amount
of noise. Apart from that, various equipments like compressors, generators, exhaust
fans, grinding mills also participate in producing big noise.
ii. Effects Of Noise Contamination
 Hearing:
The immediate and acute effect of noise pollution to a person, over a period of time, is
harm to hearing. Constant exposure to loud levels of noise can easily result in the
damage of our ear drums and loss of hearing.
 Health Issues:
Excessive noise pollution in working areas can influence psychological health.
Studies show that the occurrence of aggressive behavior, constant stress, fatigue can
be linked to excessive noise levels.
 Sleeping Disorders:
Loud noise can certainly slow down sleeping pattern and may lead to irritation and
uncomfortable situations.

 Protective equipment should be made mandatory when noise levels exceed 85
dB in industry.
 It has been observed that noise level reduces by 10 decibels per every 10m wide
green belt development. Creation of green cover adjacent to municipal roads
and in mines is the way to mitigate noise pollution.
 Creation of greenbelt in the space between the residences and highways also
reduces the noise nuisance.
4. LAND CONTAMINATION
Enhancing the nature of land fertility by using artificial chemicals like pesticides,
insecticides, ripening agents etc. is known as land contamination. Land can become
polluted by household garbage and by industrial waste. Industries generate
hazardous waste from mining, petroleum refining and pesticide manufacturing and
other chemical production.
i. Causes Of Land Contamination
 Garbage or waste:
These include household or municipal waste such as glass, metal, cloth, plastic,
wood, paper, and so on. They are usually collected and sent to landfills, they can
damage the environment by polluting the land.
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 Deforestation:
Trees absorb and reflect about 20% of the intense heat from the sun, protecting and
preserving soils. Cutting down trees mean that land is exposed to direct sunlight and
rain, resulting in soil erosions, desertification and land degradation.
 Industrial Activities:
Industrial activities are also contributing factor to land pollution. Industrial wastes
are the effluents discharged from chemical industries, paper and textile mills, steel
industries, cement industries, thermal and nuclear power plants etc.
ii. Effects Of Land Contamination

There can be tragic factors of land contamination in relation to humans, animals,
water and soils. Contaminated lands can:
 Soil pollution:
Soil pollution is a form of land pollution, where the upper layer of soil is damaged.
This is caused by the overuse of chemical fertilizers, soil erosion caused by running
water and other pest control measures which leads to the loss of fertile land.
 Environmental Impact:
When land is polluted, it directly or indirectly affects the climate patterns. Like when
deforestation is committed it leads to a steep imbalance in the rain cycle. A disturbed
rain cycle affects a lot like Global warming.
 Effect on human health:

The toxic chemicals can reach our body through foods and vegetables that we eat as
they are grown in polluted soil, leading to problem of skin cancer and human
respiratory system.
 Effect on wildlife:
The constant human activity on land is leaving it polluted; forcing animal species to
move further away and adapt to new regions or die trying to adjust.

 Make people aware about the concept of Reduce, Recycle and Reuse
 Reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizers in agricultural activities
 Create dumping ground away from residential areas
 Encourage organic farming
 Efficient utilization of resources and reducing wastage
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PROJECT MANAGEMENT CONCEPT
A project is unique in the sense that it is not a routine operation, but a specific set of
activities designed to accomplish a singular goal.
Project Management is a set of principles, methods and techniques for effective

planning of objective-oriented work, to establish a basis for effective scheduling,
controlling and planning in management of various steps of the projects.
Project management emerged because of the growing demand for complex,

complicated, customized goods and services and expansion of human knowledge. It
depends on combination of production/distribution and finally allows a number of
disciplines to contribute in the development of goods and services.
In other words, it provides an organization with powerful tools that improve the
organization's ability to plan, organize, implement and control its activities and the
ways it uses its people and resources.
FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT
1. Planning
Planning is deciding what to do, when to do & how to do. Planning is necessary to
ensure proper utilization of human & non-human resources. Planning involves
defining a goal and determining the most effective course of action needed to reach
that goal.
2. Organizing
An organization can only function well if it is well-organized. Organizing involves
assigning tasks and responsibilities to employees with the specific skill sets needed to
complete the tasks. It is the process of bringing together physical, financial and
human resources and developing productive relationship amongst them for
achievement of organizational goals.
3. Leadership
It motivates organizational methods to work efficiently for achievement of
organizational goals. It requires the use of authority to achieve those ends as well as
the ability to communicate effectively. It is an aspect of management which deals
directly with influencing, guiding, supervising and motivating the sub-ordinates.
4. Controlling
The controlling function of management is useful for ensuring all other functions of
the organization are in place and are operating effectively. Controlling involves
establishing performance standards and monitoring the output of employees to
ensure each employee’s performance meets those standards.
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MANAGERIAL SKILLS
1. Communication skills
One of the single most important characteristics of a first-rate project manager is
excellent communication skills. Written and oral communications are the backbone
of all successful projects. Project managers should communicate clearly, quickly and
frequently.
2. Organizing and planning skills

Organizational and planning skills are closely related and the most important after
communication skills. Project documentation, information, memos, project reports,
personnel records, vendor quotes, contracts and much more will be available to the
project manager to track and he should be able to make a quick response. Time
management and planning skills are also closely related to organizational skills.
Combining these two with excellent communication skills helps in success of project
management.
3. Budgeting skills
Project manager establish and manage budgets and therefore need some knowledge
of finance and accounting principles. Especially important in this skill area is the
ability to perform cost estimates for project. Different methods are available to
determine the project costs. They range from estimating individual activities to
estimating the project’s cost in one portion.
4. Conflict management skills

It involves solving problems. For these problems grip the scope and objectives of
projects, identify the roles and responsibilities of others, use project management
tools to stay on track and become an effective member of project team.
5. Negotiation and Influencing skills

Effective problem solving requires negotiation and influencing skills. Negotiation on
project is necessary in almost every area of the project. This might involve one-on-one
negotiation or with team.
Influencing requires an understanding of the formal and informal structure of all the
organizations involved in the project.
6. Leadership skills
Leaders and managers are not the same, but project manager must exhibit the
characteristics of both during different times on the project. It includes set priorities,
delegate, motivate and develop project team and coach them to get high level of
performance. Successful project managers know how to motivate team and keep
teams working effectively.
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7. Team Building and Motivating skills

Teams are often formed with workers from different parts of the organization. So
some components of team-building might involve the project manager. While
motivation is another important role the project manager fulfills during the course of
project. The project manager will motivate the team members through various stages
of team development to fully functional.
SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT
Operation management may be defined as a systematic approach to address all the

issues related to the transformation process that converts some inputs into output
that are useful and could obtain profits to the organizations. There are five functions
of OM:
1. Planning
2. Organizing
3. Controlling
4. Behavior
5. Models
A systematic approach involves understanding the nature of issues and problems to

be studied, establishing measures of performance, collecting relevant data, using
scientific tools and techniques and solution methodologies to analyze and developing
effective as well as efficient solutions to the problem at hand. Some of the functions
of systematic approach are:
 join and focus on the interaction between activities

 studies the effects of interactions
 highlight overall opinion
 adjust groups at the same time
 combines duration of time
 confirm facts through comparison of the behavior with reality
 has an efficient approach when interactions are strong
 leads to corrective education
 leads to action through objectives
 have knowledge of goals and unclear details
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MANAGEMENT
Management is the process of reaching organizational goals by working with
organizational resources. Management processes include planning, organizing,
directing and controlling. An important aspect of management's function is the
allocation of limited resources. Resources can be human, financial, technological or
natural.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT MANAGEMENT
The key elements of an integrated approach to environmental project management

require expertise in scientific, engineering, legal, public policy and project
management disciplines. Environmental project management includes:
 Developing an environmental project plan

 Develop time management approaches
 Define management functions
 Determine project effectiveness
 Establish cost control
 Establish project organization and staffing
 Resolve project conflicts
 Perform pricing and cost estimating
RESOURCES OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT

In project management terminology, resources are required to carry out the project
tasks. They can be people, equipment, facilities, funding or anything else required for
the completion of a project activity. Six primary resources available for the project
manager are:
PERSONNEL
People are the most important resource for a project. Managing the people means having the right
people, with the right skills, at the right time. It also means ensuring that the project staff knows what
needs to be done, when, and how, and motivating them to take ownership in the project. It includes
consulting services; consist of the right people with the expertise and skills needed to complete the
activities on the project schedule. People may come from the organization, or hired for the duration of
the project.
EQUIPMENT
The project management for equipment is much like for people resources. You have to make sure you
have the right equipment in the right place at the right time and that it has the supplies it needs to
operate properly. Equipment includes all the tools needed by project, from water pumps
to electrical generators that will be used by project. It also includes the need for
vehicles and office equipment such as computers and printers.
TIME
Time is a critical resource for any project. Project managers who succeed in meeting
their project schedule have a good chance of staying within their project budget. To
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enable time management, the different project activities need to be detailed and
prioritized.
BUDGET
Each project comes with costs and a budget to match these costs. On the income
side, the main sources of funding are subsidies, grants, donations, and own
contributions. On the costs side, the types of expenditure vary according to the
nature of the project, but the most common cost factors are staff costs, equipment,
travel and subsistence, subcontracting and overheads. The financial management of
a project requires that all expenditure must be allocated to a detailed budget, which
means that the budget must be carefully planned.
MATERIAL
Materials include a wider category of requirements such as utility services such as
electricity, telephone lines, and access to the internet, office material, office space etc.
Material may also include building material that will be used to build facilities or food
and medicines that will be delivered to the personnel.
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FUNCTIONS OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT
There are nine project management functions which include five core functions and
four facilitating functions.
1. FIVE CORE FUNCTIONS
i. Project cost management

Project cost management is keeping your project within its defined budget. Cost
estimating, cost budgeting, and cost control are three cost related processes that
interact with each other and with other areas of project management. All of these
processes require effort and working knowledge of costs of different equipments,
workers and machineries.
ii. Project quality management

Good project quality management techniques are important to ensure that project
delivers and end results meet the customer's expectations. Project quality
management begins by defining the quality standards to be used for the project. This
area includes Quality planning, perform quality assurance and perform quality
control.
iii. Project Scope management

It defines the boundaries of the project and what is outside those boundaries. The
boundaries are typically defined in terms of objectives, deliverables and resources.
Project scope management is concerned with the work of the project and only the
work that is required to complete the project. Its process includes scope planning,
Scope definition, scope verification and scope control.
iv. Project Time management

It is concerned with estimating the duration of project plan activities; develop a
project schedule and monitoring and controlling difference from the schedule. Its
processes include activity definition, activity sequencing, activity resource estimating,
activity duration estimating, schedule development and schedule control.
v. Project integration management

Project integration management involves coordinating all aspects of the project and
includes Develop project charter, preliminary project scope statement, develop project
management plan, direct and manage project execution, monitor and control work,
integrated change control and close project.
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2. FOUR FACILITATING FUNCTIONS
i. Risk Management
Steps to identify and mitigate potential risks are known as risk management. Project
risk management is concerned with identifying and planning for potential risks that
may impact the project. Its process includes Risk management planning, Risk
Identification, Qualitative risk analysis, Risk response planning and risk monitoring
and control.
ii. Project Human resources management

The number of workers/personnel and their types of skill vary during the course of
project. Project human resources management ensures effective use of such human
resources and includes Human resources planning, get project team and develop
project team and management of project team.
iii. Project Communication management

Project communication management ensures proper and timely communication.
Managing stakeholders, communication of the plan, collecting information regarding
its execution, obtaining feedback from the personnel involved and communicating
status of project all drop under communications management.
iv. Procurement Management

It concerns procurement and contract supervision. The processes included in this
knowledge area are plan purchases and acquisition, Plan contracting, request seller
responses, select sellers, contract administration and contract closure.
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PROPOSAL
IMPORTNCE OF HIGH QUALITY PROPOSAL
A proposal is the major tool by which company secures new business; therefore the
importance of a proposal cannot be defined. The ability to attract and successfully
respond to request for proposal is a strong indicator of the long-term potential of any
company.
It helps to define question and enables to express how to go about answering that
question. Secondly, the proposal is able to give an overview of the research project so
that other people understand the scope of the project, the significance of the
research, as well as proposed methodology.
RECOMMENDED PROPOSAL FORMAT
The recommended proposal format is as follows:
1. Introduction
Request for Proposal (RFP) conditions are summarized and general approach to the
work by the contractor is indicated.
2. Background information
It provides:
 Protocol title and date

 Name and address of the sponsor/funder
 Name and title of the investigator(s) including responsibilities of each
 Name(s) and address (s) of the clinical laboratory (s) and other medical and/or
technical department(s) and/or institutions involved in the project
3. Objectives
This section is used to relate the objectives as identified by the customer and to state
the short and long term objectives for the project.
4. Technical approach
It presents the basic strategy that has been developed in order to meet the objectives.
5. Scope of work
This section details the services the owner will provide. It includes the services
that will be performed and the documents that will be produced. All services should
be well defined. All of the documents that are provided should be listed in detail.
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6. Project Management
This section should describe the role and responsibility of each member of team. It
introduces related personnel and their experience on related projects.
7. Methodology
The methodology section is the most important part of the proposal. It should include
detailed information on the involvements to be made, procedures to be used,
measurements, observations, laboratory investigations etc.
8. Duration of the Project

The protocol should specify the time that each phase of the project is likely to take,
along with a detailed month by month timeline for each activity to be undertaken.
9. Costs
It explains cost requirements for each step in methodology, based on calculations.
Cost estimates will include salaries of all technical and non technical personnel,
as well as indirect costs like travel, communication, computer use and production.
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WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE
WBS is a particularly important project tool for dividing complex projects to simpler
and manageable tasks. In WBS, much larger tasks are broken down to manageable
elements of work in graphical display known as tree diagram format for providing
common framework for project planning, monitoring and communication. These
elements can be easily supervised and estimated. WBS is not restricted to a specific
field but it can be used for any type of project management.
PURPOSE OF WBS
 WBS in a project is needed for:

 Accurate and readable project organization
 Accurate assignment of responsibilities to the project team
 Indicates the project target
 Helps to estimate the cost, time and risk
 Illustrate the project scope
BENEFITS OF WBS
All the work within the WBS can be:
Definable
Can be described and easily understood by project participants
Manageable
Specific responsibility and authority can be assigned to a responsible individual
Estimate-able
Cost in resource can be estimated required to complete the project
Integrate-able
Integrates an activity with other project elements
Measurable
Can be used to measure progress i.e. has start and completion dates and measurable
target
Adaptable
Sufficiently flexible so the addition/of work can be easily accommodated in the WBS
framework
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TREE DIAGRAM FORMAT
WBS can be presented in tree diagram format. Most project management software
programs allow developing and printing the WBS in tree format. Tree diagram format
present the project broken down into stages, tasks, subtasks and finally work
packages or activities.
In Tree diagram format, the project is graphically expressed. Usually the diagram
starts with a box at top, which represents the entire project. Then, there are sub-
components under the box.
These boxes represent the deliverables of the project. Under each deliverable, there
are sub-elements. These sub-elements are the activities that should be performed in
order to achieve the objectives. WBS tree diagram format is input for Gantt chart
which is used for tracking the progression of the tasks derived by WBS.
The first two levels of tree define set of planned outcomes that collectively represent
100% of project. Each element contains following four items:
1. The scope of work

2. The beginning and end dates for the scope of work
3. The budget for the scope of work
4. The name of the person responsible for the scope of work
BENEFITS
 The main benefit of the tree diagram format is that it graphically displays the
order of project in sequence.
 It is very easy to see how the work packages add up to form subtasks, subtasks
form tasks and so on.
 The tree diagram represents not only order of tasks, but objectives as well.
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DRAWBACKS
 The problem with a WBS presented in tree diagram format is that it can
become too large to be useful.
 Presenting an entire project in tree diagram format could require many sheets
of large size drawing paper.
TECHNIQUES FOR WBS DEVELOPMENT
1. GENERAL PROCESS FOR DEVELOPING WBS

The general process for developing the WBS is described in the following steps:
Identify the major elements (tasks and deliverables) of the project.

For each major element, decide if adequate cost and duration estimates can be
developed at this level. Also determine if responsibility can easily be assigned to a
single person or functional group at this same level.
For those elements for which adequate durations and cost estimates cannot be made
or responsibilities cannot be easily assigned, proceed to step 4.Otherwise proceed to
step 5.
Further subdivide each element into its constituent elements. Repeat steps 2 and 3
for each constituent element.
Review the WBS by comparing it to the WBS specifications and rules of thumb.
RULES OF THUMB FOR WBS DEVELOPMENT
 The following rules of thumb can help in the development of the WBS:
 The names assigned to WBS elements should be easy to understand.
 Include a task called project management. This will provide the project
manager, and the project team for project coordination, monitoring and status
reporting.
 Include a sub-task entitled task management for each task that will be
managed by a task manager.
 Think deeply about the cost and duration of the lowest level elements during
the development of the WBS.
 The lowest level elements should account for from 5 to 10% of the total project
budget.
 The lowest level elements should not have duration beyond two weeks.
 Do not use the same task performed by two separately responsible groups.
 Include a task in the WBS for the development of the project health and safety
plan.
 Include tasks in the WBS that will be performed by outside of the project
(customer and regulatory review).
 Include target in the WBS to signify the beginning or end of a project stage.
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2. TEAM DEVELOPMENT OF WBS

A team approach is essential for creating successful WBS for more complex projects.
It provides methodology for developing the WBS in team management. Ideas tools for
team development of WBS include the use of e-mail, voice mail system and other
communication tools.
Under ideal conditions all projects would be planned by the project team. While
under actual working conditions, this method should be kept for projects with budget
in excess of $250,000 and duration greater than six months.
3. WALL PLANNING METHOD OF WBS DEVELOPMENT

The recommended method for developing the WBS in group involves using number of
large self-adhesive notes and very large blank wall. The group will utilize the notes to
jointly construct the WBS on the planning wall.
Developing the WBS using the wall method has proven to be highly effective in
planning large projects performed by a major environmental service company. The
wall method allows team members to:
 See the complete WBS

 Voice suggestions and comments
 Quickly add, remove, and rearrange tasks as necessary
This method of collaboration is superior to gathering everyone around a computer

screen. Once the WBS has been completed on the wall, entering it into a computer is
a simple task that can be completed by any member of the project planning team.
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CRITICAL PATH METHOD (CPM)
Critical path is the longest path in the network diagram. It is the shortest time
possible to complete the project. This method was first introduced in 1950s as a joint
venture between Remington Rand Corporation and DuPont Corporation.
Critical path Method is arrangement of activities from start to the end of a project.
The initial critical path method was used for managing plant maintenance projects,
while the original method was developed for construction work. In the critical path
method, the critical activities of program or project are identified. These are the
activities that have direct impact on the completion date of the project.
ADVANTAGES
 The activities and their outcomes can be shown as a network
 Presents time to complete the tasks and overall project
 Tracking of critical activities
 Most flexible and powerful management planning technique
 Can be used for both large and small projects
DISADVANTAGES
 It can be complicated for larger projects
 Does not handle the scheduling of personnel or the allocation of resources
 The critical path is not always clear and needs to be calculated carefully
 Estimating activity completion times can be difficult
CPM TECHNIQUE
 CPM follows the following steps for accomplishing a project planning:
 Break down the project into various activities systematically
 Label all activities
 Arrange all the activities in logical sequence
 Construct the arrow diagram
 Number all the activities
 Find the time for each activity
 Mark the activity times on the arrow diagram
 Calculate early and late, start and finishing times
 Tabulate various times i.e. Earliest start time (ES), earliest finish time (EF),
latest start time (LS), latest finish time (LF)
 Calculate the total project duration
 Optimize the cost
 Update the network
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PROGRAM EVALUATION AND REVIEW TECHNIQUE (PERT)

PERT was developed during the 1950s by the efforts of the U.S. Navy and some of its
contractors working on the Polaris missile project. It is commonly used to conduct
the initial review of project.
PERT is adopted by organizations to analyze and represent the activity in a project
and to show the flow of events in project. It evaluates and estimate the time required
to complete task within deadlines. It breaks down project into events and activities in
proper sequence in the form of network.
In PERT network, each activity is represented by a line and the completion of each
activity is represented by a node. The main goal of PERT is to reduce the cost and
time needed to complete project. The different times shown for each project activity
when creating the network diagram can be defined as:
The optimistic time

The minimum time required to complete a task
The pessimistic time

The maximum time required to complete a task
The most likely time

An estimate of how long the task will actually take
Information included on network diagram for each activity may include:
 Activity name
 Expected duration
 Earliest start (ES)
 Earliest finish (EF)
 Latest start (LS)
 Latest finish (LF)
 Slack
ADVANTAGES
 PERT is useful because it provides the following information:
 Expected project completion time
 Probability of completion before specified date
 The critical path activities that directly impact the completion time
 The activities that have slack time and that can be provide resources to critical
path activities
 Activity start and end date
DISADVANTAGES
 There can be hundreds or thousands of activities and dependency
 When the charts become unwieldy, they are no longer used to manage the
project
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 PERT is not useful when no reasonable estimates of time schedule can be made
 It gives importance on time only but not on costs
PERT TECHNIQUE
 Identify activities and target
 The tasks and their beginning and end are listed in table.
 Determine the proper sequence of the activities
 In this step, activities are put in sequence
 Construct a network diagram
 Network diagram is drawn which shows activities. Software are available that
can automatically produce network diagram from tabular information.
 Estimate the time required for each activity
 Any unit of time can be used, while days and weeks are common.
 Determine the critical path
 The critical path is determined by adding the activity times for each sequence
and determining the longest path in the project as in CPM.
 Update the PERT chart
 As the project progresses, estimated times can be replaced with actual times.
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PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT
Project cost management is concerned with the cost of the resources needed to
complete project activities. It should consider the effect of project decisions on the
cost of product and should also consider the information about the needs of project
stakeholders.
Project Cost Management includes the processes required to ensure that the project
is completed within the approved budget. The Project Cost Management processes
include the following:
1. Resource Planning
Resource planning involves determining physical resources (people, equipment,
materials) and their quantities to perform project activities. Inputs needed for
resource planning includes:
2. Work Breakdown Structure

The work breakdown structure identifies the project elements that will need
resources and thus is the primary input to resource planning.
3. Historical Information
Historical information regarding types of resources required for similar work on
previous projects should be used if available.
4. Scope Statement
The scope statement contains the project justification and the project objectives, both
of which should be considered during resource planning.
5. Resource Pool Description

Knowledge of resources is necessary for resource planning. The detail and the level of
resource pool description will vary with time. For example, during the early phases of
an engineering design project, the pool may include junior and senior engineers while
in later phases it may be limited to those individuals as a result of having worked on
the earlier phases.
6. Organizational Policies
The policies of the performing organization regarding staffing and the rental or
purchase of supplies and equipment must be considered during resource planning.
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CONTINGENCY ESTIMATION ON LUMP SUM CONTRACTS
Contingency estimates are usually associated with lump sum contracts. They refer to
the amount of money added to cost estimate for the purpose of absorbing project
risks. This amount is typically not revealed to the customer. If the project is executed
with little or no risk impact, the contingency amount is taken as increased profit.
There are number of methods for estimating contingency amounts for lump sum
contracts ranging from small to large scale projects. The three primary methods are:
1. PERCENTAGE ESTIMATE
The percentage estimate is the easiest and most common method of estimating
contingency. To apply this method, the project planning team will develop cost
estimates of different activities of the project. Cost of these activities will then
combine to arrive at the project cost. This project cost will then be increased by some
percentage amount of the total project cost.
2. RISK MANAGEMENT APPROACH

In this case, project planning team identifies all the various risk factors like fire,
accidents, earthquake etc. After identifying all the risks, the project planning team
calculates risk event status for each like high class or low class risk. At the end, the
total contingency estimate is derived by adding all the risk event statuses.
This risk management approach can be performed on each activity or on whole

project. Using this approach on each activity will result in higher contingency
estimate than using it on a whole project. This method also results in higher
contingency amount than percentage estimate.
3. COMPUTER MODELING
Computer modeling involves different techniques such as Monte Carlo simulation,
Decision tree analysis, Range estimating etc to arrive at a contingency estimate.
These techniques are the part of advanced project management. Comparing with
other methods of contingence estimate, this method depends upon the skills of
person designing the model. Computer modeling approach has become common in
large construction companies.
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PAST PAPERS
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CPM AND PERT
PHYSICAL TECHNIQUES FOR CLEANING AND PURIFICATION OF WATER
SEDIMENTATION
Sedimentation has been practiced since ancient times using small water storage
vessels or larger settling basins, reservoirs and storage tanks. Storing water for few
hours will allow the large and dense particles such as inorganic sands and silts to
settle down. However, clay particles and smaller microorganisms will not settle under
these conditions. Most viruses and bacteria and fine clay particles are too small to be
settled out by simple gravity sedimentation.
Sedimentation of particles improves the qualities of the water and thereby increases
its acceptance by consumers. Pre-treatment of turbid water by sedimentation is
recommended because it is easy to perform and requires a minimum of materials or
skill. For turbid waters containing non-settable solids, sedimentation will be
ineffective and alternative methods of particle removal, such a filtration, are needed.
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FILTRATION
Filtration is another ancient and widely used technology that removes particles and
at least some microorganisms from water. A variety of filter media and filtration
processes are available for treatment of water. The practicality, ease of use,
availability, accessibility and affordability of these filtration media and methods vary
and often depend on local factors.
Filtration through porous granular media, typically sand is the most widely used
physical method for water treatment at the community level and it has been used
extensively for on-site treatment of both community and household water since
ancient times.
ADSORPTION
Adsorption is a process where a solid is used for removing a soluble substance from
the water. In this process active carbon is the solid. Activated carbon is produced
specifically to achieve internal surface. This internal surface makes active carbon
ideal for adsorption. The activity of an active carbon depends on the temperature and
the nature of the substances. Active carbon comes in two variations:
Powder Activated Carbon (PAC)

Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)
The GAC version is mostly used in water treatment.
CHEMICAL TECHNIQUES FOR CLEANING AND PURIFICATION OF WATER
CHLORINATION
Chlorination is the most widely accepted and adopted method of purification of water.
Basically this method is the addition of chlorine in water. Chlorine gas can be added
at different points in the water treatment process and each step has different effects.
Adding the chlorine at the beginning of the process to the raw water would give the
most contact time which would guarantee purification. Another choice is to post
chlorinate, which means adding the chlorine after the water has been coagulated,
settled, and filtered. Factors influencing purification by chlorination are:
concentration of the chlorine
contact time
temperature of the water
pH of the water
ION EXCHANGE TECHNIQUE

Ion exchange processes are used to remove inorganic contaminants if they cannot be
removed adequately by filtration or sedimentation. It is a rapid and reversible process
in which impurity ions present in the water are replaced by ions released by an ion-
exchange resin. They can be used to remove arsenic, chromium, excess fluoride,
nitrates, radium and uranium. There are two basic types of resin:
Cation-exchange resins
Anion-exchange resins
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Cation exchange resins will release Hydrogen (H+) ions or other positively charged
ions in exchange for impurity cations present in the water. Anion exchange resins
will release hydroxyl (OH-) ions or other negatively charged ions in exchange for
impurity anions present in the water.
DISTILLATION
Distillation is the oldest method of water purification. Water is first heated to boiling.
Then the water vapor rises to condenser, where cooling water lowers the temperature
so the vapor is condensed, collected and stored. With boiling points lower than
100°C, organics such as herbicides and pesticides cannot be removed efficiently and
can actually become concentrated in the product water. Distillation requires large
amounts of energy and water and is very slow to produce clean water. Distilled water
can also be very acidic (low pH).
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is process of evaluating the environmental
impacts of a proposed project or development, taking into account organized socio-
economic, cultural and human-health impacts, both beneficial and adverse.
Environmental assessment (EA) is the term used for the assessment of the
environmental consequences (positive and negative) of a plan, policy, program or
project. The purpose of the assessment is to ensure that decision makers consider
the environmental impacts when deciding whether or not to proceed with a project.
The fundamental components of EIA would necessarily involve the following stages:
 Screening to determine which projects or developments require full or partial

impact assessment study
 Scoping to identify which impacts are relevant to evaluate, identify alternative
solutions, mitigate or compensate adverse impacts and finally to get terms of
reference
 Assessment and evaluation of impacts and development of alternatives to
predict and identify the environmental impacts of proposed project
 Reporting the EIA including an environmental management plan (EMP) and a
non-technical summary for the general audience
 Review of the EIA based on the terms of reference and public participation
 Decision-making on whether to approve the project or not and under what
conditions
 Monitoring, fulfillment, enforcement and environmental inspection
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DISOLVED OXYGEN (DO)

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is the amount of oxygen that is present in the water consumed
by oxidation of organic matter/reducing agent etc. It is measured in milligrams per
liter (mg/L). The optimum value of DO in good quality water is 4-8mg/L. Water
having DO value less than 4 mg/L is termed as polluted and is unfit for human or
aquatic animals.
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)

The Biological Oxygen Demand or BOD is the amount of oxygen consumed by
bacteria in the decomposition of organic matter. It is determined experimentally by
determining the dissolved oxygen (DO) at the beginning and at the end of 5-day
period in a sealed sample.
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD)

The COD value indicates the amount of oxygen which is needed for the oxidation of
all organic substances in water. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is measure of
capacity of water to consume oxygen during the decomposition of organic matter and
the oxidation of inorganic chemicals such as ammonia and nitrite. The COD of water
sample is determined by the chemical oxidation of the organic matter by K2Cr207 in
50% H2SO4.
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IMPORTANCE OF PLANNING
Provides Direction
Under the process of planning the objectives of the project are defined in simple and
clear words. All the employees get a direction and all their efforts are focused towards
a particular end. In this way, planning has an important role in the achievement of
the objectives of the organization.
Reduces Risks of Uncertainty

Planning is always done for future and future is uncertain. With the help of planning
possible changes in future are projected and various activities are planned in the best
possible way. In this way, the risk of future uncertainties can be minimized.
Reduces Overlapping and Wasteful Activities

Under planning, future activities are planned in order to achieve objectives. As a
result, the problems of when, where, what and why are almost decided.
Consequently, wastages moves towards nil, efficiency increases and costs get to the
lowest level.
Facilitates Decision Making:

Decision making means the process of taking decisions. Under it, a variety of
alternatives are discovered and the best alternative is chosen. The planning sets the
target for decision making. It also lays down the criteria for evaluating courses of
action.
Establishes Standards for Controlling

By determining the objectives of the project through planning all the people working
and all the departments are informed about when, what and how to do things.
IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIZING
Benefits of Specialization
Under organizing, all the activities are subdivided into various works or jobs. For all
the sub works, capable people are appointed who become experts by doing a
particular job time and again. In this way, maximum work is accomplished in the
minimum span of time.
Clarity in Working Relationship

Organizing clarifies the working relations among employees. It specifies who is to
report to whom. Therefore, communication becomes effective and helps in fixing
responsibility.
Utilization of Resources
Under the process of organizing, the entire work is divided into various small
activities. There is optimum utilization of all the available resources for each activity.
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Effective Administration
It has generally been observed that there is always a condition of doubt about the
authority of the managers among themselves. The process of organizing makes clear
for each and every activity of every manager and also of their level of authority.
Expansion and Growth

The process of organizing allows the employees the freedom to take decisions which
helps them to grow. They are always ready to face new challenges.
IMPORTANCE OF LEADERSHIP
The following points justify the importance of leadership in project management:
Initiates action
Leadership starts the work by communicating the policies and plans to the
subordinates from where the work actually starts.
Motivation
Leadership proves to be playing a motivation role in project management. It motivates
the employees with economic and non-economic rewards and thereby gets the work
from the subordinates.
Providing guidance
A leader has to not only supervise but also play a guiding role for the subordinates.
Guidance here means instructing the subordinates the way they have to perform
their work effectively and efficiently.
Creating confidence
Confidence is an important factor which can be achieved through expressing the
work efforts to the subordinates, explaining them clearly their role and giving them
guidelines to achieve the goals effectively which can be achieved by leadership.
Coordination
Coordination can be achieved through merging personal interests with organizational
goals. This can be achieved through proper and effective co-ordination.
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IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT MANAGEMENT

The following points will justify the importance of environmental project
management:
 Environmental Project Management ensures that development project; program

and legislation requirements are met during project implementation under
planning conditions to implement environmental assurance and requirements.
 It also support and form part of project funding for biodiversity and landscape
conservation and legal agreements with local authorities or other parties
regarding to environment.
 It involves the mobilization of resources and the use of government to

administer the use of both natural and economic goods and services.
 It is based on the principles of ecology. It uses systems analysis to distribute

the costs and benefits of development activities and seeks to protect the
activities from natural hazards.
 Conflict identification is one of the more important tasks in environmental

project management.
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MAJOR TYPES OF POLLUTANTS
CARBON MONOXIDE
Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, poisonous and tasteless gas. CO is slightly
less dense than air.
Sources
Carbon monoxide is a temporary atmospheric pollutant in some urban areas, chiefly
from the exhaust of internal combustion engines including vehicles, portable and
back-up generators etc. But also from incomplete combustion of various other fuels
including wood, coal, charcoal, oil, propane, natural gas and trash.
Effects
The initial symptoms of low to moderate CO include:
Headache
Fatigue
Shortness of breath
Nausea
NITROGEN DIOXIDE
Nitrogen dioxide is an important reddish-brown toxic gas air pollutant because it
contributes to the formation of smog and is a large scale pollutant.
Sources
NO2 mostly comes from power plants. Nitrogen dioxide is formed in two ways:
when nitrogen in the fuel is burned
when nitrogen in the air reacts with oxygen at very high temperatures
Nitrogen dioxide can also react in the atmosphere to form ozone, acid rain and
particles.
Effects
High level of nitrogen dioxide can give people coughs and can make them feel short of
breath.
People who are exposed to nitrogen dioxide for long time have higher chance of
getting respiratory infections.
Nitrogen dioxide reacts in the atmosphere to form acid rain, which can harm plants
and animals.
SULFUR DIOXIDE
Sulfur dioxide is a colorless common air pollutant and corrosive gas that cannot be
seen or smelled at low levels but can have a rotten egg smell at high levels. It is found
on Earth and exists in very small concentrations.
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Sources
Sulfur dioxide mostly comes from the burning of coal or oil in power plants. It also
comes from factories that make chemicals, paper or fuel. Like nitrogen dioxide, sulfur
dioxide reacts in the atmosphere to form acid rain and particles.
Effects
Sulfur dioxide exposure can affect people who have asthma by making it more
difficult for them to breathe.
It can also irritate eyes, noses and throats.
Sulfur dioxide can harm trees and crops, damage buildings and make it harder for
people to see long distances.
GROSS ORGANIC CONTENTS IN FRESH WATER

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
Total organic carbon (TOC)
DIFFERENT ACTS FOR SAFE DRINKING WATER
The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974

The Safe Drinking Water Act was proposed by President Nixon and signed into law by
President Ford in 1974 and is the basis for safe drinking water act. If drinking water
exceeds EPA's standards than water utilities are required to treat the problem. States
are given authority to implement the Act and to monitor systems that are unable to
comply with federal standards.
The 1986 Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments

Under these Amendments, EPA was required to set new drinking water standards for
83 named contaminants. EPA was also required to establish requirements for
unregulated contaminants, specify the best available treatment technologies,
disinfection standards, implement limitations on lead-based material public water
systems and develop programs to protect ground water.
The Lead Contamination Control Act

In 1988 Congress passed new provision to SDWA, requiring EPA to maintain
accounting of water coolers with lead-based components and develop guidance for
controlling lead contamination in drinking water supplies.
The 1996 Safe drinking water acts amendments

On July 6, 1996 the House Health and Environment Subcommittee approved this
legislation. The Act created a State Revolving loan Fund (SRF) program to help states
for funding them for drinking water systems. SRF funds are to be used for providing
loans to the health protection objectives of the SDWA.
Reduction of Lead in Drinking Water Act 2013

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This act effect from January 4, 2014 for all water systems that provide water for
human consumption must use materials, device and components that meet the new
lead-free requirement. The law changes to lead content of 8 percent or less to
weighted average of less than or equal to 0.25 percent for surfaces in contact with
potable water. It also establishes a formula to calculate the weighted average lead
content.

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ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION AND REGULATIONS

Environmental legislation is the collection of laws and regulations relating to air

1. OCEAN DUMPING ACT (ODA)

2. SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL ACT

3. OIL POLLUTION ACT

 Developing and updating the oil spill emergency response plans

4. POLLUTION PREVENTION ACT (PPA)

 pollution should be prevented or reduced at the source

5. CLEAN AIR ACT 1970

6. CLEAN WATER ACT 1972

7. SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT 1974

With approval, the Nixon Administration established the Environmental Protection

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

CLEAN AIR ACT 1970

 Reducing outdoor or ambient concentrations of air pollutants that cause smog,

CLEAN WATER ACT 1972

SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT 1974

Environmental contamination or Environmental pollution is the introduction

PHASES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION

i. Causes of Water Contamination

ii. Effects Of Water Contamination

 Loss of aquatic animals:

iii. Control Measures

 By a regular qualitative and quantitative monitoring of fresh water resources

i. Causes Of Air Contamination

 Household and Farming Chemicals:

ii. Effects Of Air Contamination

 Respiratory and heart problems:

iii. Control Measures

i. Causes Of Noise Contamination

ii. Effects Of Noise Contamination

iii. Control Measures

i. Causes Of Land Contamination

ii. Effects Of Land Contamination

 Effect on human health:

iii. Control Measures

PROJECT MANAGEMENT CONCEPT

Project Management is a set of principles, methods and techniques for effective

Project management emerged because of the growing demand for complex,

2. Organizing and planning skills

4. Conflict management skills

5. Negotiation and Influencing skills

7. Team Building and Motivating skills

SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT

Operation management may be defined as a systematic approach to address all the

A systematic approach involves understanding the nature of issues and problems to

 join and focus on the interaction between activities

ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT MANAGEMENT

The key elements of an integrated approach to environmental project management

 Developing an environmental project plan

RESOURCES OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT

FUNCTIONS OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT

1. FIVE CORE FUNCTIONS

i. Project cost management

ii. Project quality management

iii. Project Scope management

iv. Project Time management

v. Project integration management