Concrete ACI
Concrete ACI
Concrete ACI
Concrete
Design
Manual
In Accordance with ACI 318-11
SP-17M(11) Vol. 2
ACI SP-17M(11)
Volume 2
Anchoring to concrete
Publication:
SP-17M(11)2
Editors:
Ronald Janowiak
Michael Kreger
Antonio Nanni
First Printing
January 2014
Copyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may not be
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ISBN: 978-0-87031-847-4
FOREWORD
The Reinforced Concrete Design Manual [SP-17M(11)] is intended to provide guidance and assistance to
professionals engaged in the design of cast-in-place reinforced concrete structures.
The first Reinforced Concrete Design Manual (formerly titled ACI Design Handbook) was developed in
accordance with the design provisions of 1963 ACI 318 Building Code by ACI Committee 340, Design
Aids for Building Codes, whose mission was to develop handbook editions in accordance with the ACI
318 Building Code. That committee published revised editions of the handbook in accordance with the
1971, 1977, 1983, and 1995 ACI 318 Building Codes. Many individuals and members of ACI Committee
340 contributed to the earlier editions of the handbook, which remains the basis for the current Reinforced
Concrete Design Manual. Their contributions, as well as the administrative and technical assistance from
ACI staff, are acknowledged. This earlier handbook format was a collection of design aids and illustrative
examples, generated in the pre-calculator era. Many of these earlier design aids intended to carry out rela-
tively simple design calculations were eliminated in the SP-17M(09) edition. Explanatory text was added
to each chapter, while maintaining relevant design aids and illustrative examples.
The 2012 edition of the Reinforced Concrete Design Manual [SP-17M(11)] was developed in accordance
with the design provisions of ACI 318M-11, and is consistent with the format of SP-17M(09). Chapters 1
through 6 were developed by individual authors, as indicated on the first page of those chapters, and updated
to the content of ACI 318M-11 as needed. Those authors were members of the former ACI Committee 340.
SP-17M(09) was reviewed and approved by ACI’s Technical Activities Committee (TAC).
Three new chapters were developed by ACI staff engineers under the auspices of TAC for SP-17M(11):
Chapter 7 (Deflection); Chapter 8 (Strut-and-Tie Model); and Chapter 9 (Anchoring to Concrete). To
provide immediate oversight and guidance for this project, TAC appointed three content editors: Ronald
Janowiak, Michael Kreger, and Antonio Nanni. Their reviews and suggestions improved this publication
and are appreciated. TAC also appreciates the comments provided by Ronald Cook, Catherine French,
Gary Klein, and John Silva for Chapters 8 and 9.
SP-17M(11) is published in two volumes: Chapters 1 through 8 are published in Volume 1 and Chapter 9
is published in Volume 2.
Khaled Nahlawi
Managing Editor
On the cover:
Photo courtesy of University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
ACI SP-17M(11)2
CONTENTS
Chapter 9—Anchoring to concrete ........................................................................................................................ 3
9.1—Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................................... 3
9.2—Materials .............................................................................................................................................................................. 3
9.3—Design assumptions ............................................................................................................................................................. 3
9.4—Loads on anchors ................................................................................................................................................................. 4
9.4.1—Tension ....................................................................................................................................................................... 4
9.4.2—Shear........................................................................................................................................................................... 5
9.4.3—Interaction .................................................................................................................................................................. 5
9.5—Discussion on anchors resisting tension .............................................................................................................................. 5
9.5.1—Steel strength .............................................................................................................................................................. 5
9.5.2—Concrete breakout strength ........................................................................................................................................ 6
9.5.3—Pullout strength .......................................................................................................................................................... 6
9.5.4—Concrete side-face blowout strength .......................................................................................................................... 6
9.5.5—Bond strength of adhesive anchor .............................................................................................................................. 6
9.6—Discussion on anchors resisting shear ................................................................................................................................. 6
9.6.1—Steel strength .............................................................................................................................................................. 6
9.6.2—Concrete breakout strength ........................................................................................................................................ 6
9.6.3—Concrete pryout strength ............................................................................................................................................ 6
9.6.4—Shear parallel to the edge ........................................................................................................................................... 6
9.6.5—Shear strength at a corner ........................................................................................................................................... 6
9.7—Limitations on installation geometry ................................................................................................................................... 7
References..................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
9.8—Anchorage examples............................................................................................................................................................ 8
Anchorage Example 1: Baseplate anchors not subjected to shear force or tension ............................................................... 8
Anchorage Example 2: Cast-in headed anchor in Seismic Design Category D, subjected to tension only......................... 10
1
2 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN MANUAL IN ACCORDANCE WITH ACI 318M-11—SP-17M(11)2
Anchorage Example 3: Post-installed expansion anchor in Seismic Design Category B, subjected to tension force only...... 16
Anchorage Example 4: Post-installed adhesive anchor in Seismic Design Category B, subjected to tension force only ........ 21
Anchorage Example 5: Cast-in headed anchor in Seismic Design Category A, subjected to shear.....................................28
Anchorage Example 6: Post-installed expansion anchor in Seismic Design Category A, subjected to shear......................34
Anchorage Example 7: Post-installed adhesive anchor in Seismic Design Category A, subjected to shear........................40
Anchorage Example 8: Cast-in hex-headed anchor in Seismic Design Category A, resisting tension and shear forces .....47
Anchorage Example 9: Cast-in hooked anchor in Seismic Design Category A, resisting tension and shear forces ............56
Anchorage Example 10: Post-installed expansion anchor in Seismic Design Category A, resisting tension
and shear forces ....................................................................................................................................................................66
Anchorage Example 11: Post-installed adhesive anchor in Seismic Design Category A, resisting tension
and shear forces.....................................................................................................................................................................75
Anchorage Example 12: Group of cast-in studs in Seismic Design Category A, resisting a concentric tensile force .........86
Anchorage Example 13: Group of post-installed adhesive anchors in Seismic Design Category A, resisting
a concentric tensile force.......................................................................................................................................................92
Anchorage Example 14: Cast-in group of studs subjected to shear force and moment........................................................99
Anchorage Example 15: Post-installed adhesive group of anchors subjected to shear and moment .................................110
Anchorage Example 16: Cast-in studs resisting tension force applied eccentrically to the two axes of symmetry ...........122
Anchorage Example 17: Post-installed adhesive anchors resisting tension force having double eccentricity ...................131
Anchorage Example 18: Cast-in column anchors resisting tension and shear forces.........................................................140
Anchorage Example 19: Post-installed adhesive column anchors resisting tension and shear forces................................161
Tables ........................................................................................................................................................................................175
ANCHORING
9.1—Introduction Table 9(a)—Depth limits for post-installed
Steel anchors, either cast in concrete or post-installed in adhesive anchors, mm
hardened concrete, are used to transfer shear and tension da 6 10 12 16 22 24
forces to a concrete member. Cast-in anchors are usually Min 4da 25 40 50 65 90 100
headed studs, headed bolts, hooked bolts, or threaded rods
Max 20da 125 190 250 315 440 500
with nuts. Post-installed anchors include undercut, expansion,
and adhesive anchors. Appendix D of ACI 318M is used for
the design of anchors in concrete for two main applications:
(a) connections between structural members; and (b) attach- such as A307 bolts and A615 reinforcing bars, are deemed to
ments of nonstructural, safety-related elements to a structural meet this requirement without testing. A restriction on the
member. maximum ratio of tensile strength to yield strength is
Cast-in anchors are placed into the formwork before imposed to prevent yielding of anchors at service load levels
concrete placement. (see D.5.1.2). If the anchor resists significant seismic forces,
Advantages are: other restrictions—for example, on the ratio of tensile
• Anchors may be accurately placed with respect to ultimate to yield strength—may apply (see D.3.3.4.3).
reinforcing bars Cast-in anchors do not have embedment depth limits, but
• Many anchor sizes, configurations, and lengths are post-installed adhesive anchor embedment depths are
possible limited to 4da ≤ hef ≤ 20da (see Table 9(a)).
Disadvantages are: For anchor diameters larger than 100 mm, testing is required.
• Anchors that are not adequately held in place may shift Post-installed mechanical anchors and post-installed
from their intended location during the placement of adhesive anchors are qualified by testing in accordance with
concrete ACI 355.21 and ACI 355.42, respectively.
• Anchors may be affected by poor concrete consolidation For calculation purposes, the concrete strength fc′ cannot
• Anchors cannot be moved after concrete is placed exceed 70 MPa for cast-in anchors or 55 MPa for post-
• Anchors in walls and the bottom of slabs require installed anchors. For concrete compressive strengths
penetrations in the formwork. beyond these limits, testing is required. There is a reduction
Post-installed anchors are installed into drilled holes after factor λa for lightweight concrete.
concrete has hardened. Post-installed anchors transmit loads
to the concrete by friction, bearing, bond, or a combination 9.3—Design assumptions
of these mechanisms. ACI 318M Appendix D assumptions to calculate anchor
Advantages are: forces include:
• Anchors may be accurately placed with respect to 1. Loads are applied through a base plate to individual
attached components anchors
• Avoids formwork penetrations 2. Anchor reactions are usually calculated by either (a) or (b):
Disadvantages are: (a)elastic analysis by varying the anchor reactions
• Anchor location with respect to reinforcing bars is linearly with distance from axis of rotation
usually uncertain, and drilling anchor holes may (b)inelastic analysis by force redistribution among
damage reinforcement ductile anchors
• Post-installed anchors generally have lesser design 3. Friction between the base plate and the concrete is
strength than cast-in anchors with equal embedment ignored
depth and diameter 4. Anchor tension strength is unaffected by the presence of
• Inspection requirements for post-installed anchors may an adjacent compression field
be greater than for cast-in anchors. ACI 318M Appendix D design assumptions include:
5. Cracked concrete members have sufficient reinforcement
9.2—Materials to restrain cracking to acceptable widths under design
Anchor design strength is influenced by both the steel loads
anchor characteristics (yield strength, ductility, diameter, 6. Anchors in a group are of a similar type, size, and depth
embedment length) and the member’s specified concrete 7. In buildings subject to earthquake forces, anchors are
strength. not located in plastic hinge zones
All types of steels are allowed, but there is approximately To evaluate a preliminary design, consider:
10 to 15% design strength reduction for using less ductile 1. The location of anchors relative to each other, to the base
steel. Anchor steel is considered ductile if the tensile elonga- plate edges, and to the edge of concrete
tion as measured in accordance with ASTM F606 is at least 2. The anchor type (cast-in, mechanical post-installed,
14% with a reduction in area of at least 30%. Some steels, adhesive)
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