Financial Statement Analysis: Solutions To Questions

Chapter 15
Financial Statement Analysis
Solutions to Questions
15-1 Horizontal analysis examines how a 15-6 Financial leverage results from
particular item on a financial statement such as borrowing funds at an interest rate that differs
sales or cost of goods sold behaves over time. from the rate of return on assets acquired using
Vertical analysis involves analysis of items on an those funds. If the rate of return on the assets is
income statement or balance sheet for a single higher than the interest rate at which the funds
period. In vertical analysis of the income were borrowed, financial leverage is positive and
statement, all items are typically stated as a stockholders gain. If the return on the assets is
percentage of sales. In vertical analysis of the lower than the interest rate, financial leverage is
balance sheet, all items are typically stated as a negative and the stockholders lose.
percentage of total assets.
15-7 If the company experiences big
15-2 By looking at trends, an analyst hopes variations in net cash flows from operations,
to get some idea of whether a situation is stockholders might be pleased that the company
improving, remaining the same, or deteriorating. has no debt. In hard times, interest payments
Such analyses can provide insight into what is might be very difficult to meet.
likely to happen in the future. Rather than On the other hand, if investments within
looking at trends, an analyst may compare one the company can earn a rate of return that
company to another or to industry averages exceeds the interest rate on debt, stockholders
using common-size financial statements. would get the benefits of positive leverage if the
company took on debt.
15-3 Price-earnings ratios reflect investors’
expectations concerning future earnings. The 15-8 The market value of a share of common
higher the price-earnings ratio, the greater the stock often exceeds the book value per share.
growth in earnings investors expect. For this Book value represents the cumulative effects on
reason, two companies might have the same the balance sheet of past activities, evaluated
current earnings and yet have quite different using historical prices. The market value of the
price-earnings ratios. By definition, a stock with stock reflects investors’ expectations about the
current earnings of $4 and a price-earnings ratio company’s future earnings. For most companies,
of 20 would be selling for $80 per share. market value exceeds book value because
investors anticipate future earnings growth.
15-4 A rapidly growing tech company would
probably have many opportunities to make 15-9 A 2 to 1 current ratio might not be
investments at a rate of return higher than adequate for several reasons. First, the
stockholders could earn in other investments. It composition of the current assets may be
would be better for the company to invest in heavily weighted toward slow-turning and
such opportunities than to pay out dividends difficult-to-liquidate inventory, or the inventory
and thus one would expect the company to have may contain large amounts of obsolete goods.
a low dividend payout ratio. Second, the receivables may be low quality,
including large amounts of accounts that may be
15-5 The dividend yield is the dividend per difficult to collect.
share divided by the market price per share. The
other source of return on an investment in stock
is increases in market value.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2015. All rights reserved.

Solutions Manual, Chapter 15 1
The Foundational 15
1. The earnings per share is computed as follows:

Net income
Earnings per share =
Average number of common
shares outstanding
$92,400
= = $0.77 per share
120,000 shares
2. The price-earnings ratio is computed as follows:

Market price per share
Price-earnings ratio =
Earnings per share
$2.75
= = 3.57 (rounded)
$0.77
3. The dividend payout ratio is computed as follows:

Dividends per share
Dividend payout ratio =
Earnings per share
$0.55
= = 71% (rounded)
$0.77
The dividend yield ratio is computed as follows:

Dividends per share
Dividend yield ratio =
$0.55
= = 20%
$2.75

2 Managerial Accounting, 15th Edition
The Foundational 15 (continued)
4. The return on total assets is computed as follows:

Net income +
[Interest expense × (1 - Tax rate)]
Return on total assets =
Average total assets
$92,400 + [$8,000 × (1 - 0.30)]
= =21.5%
($450,000 + $460,000) /2
5. The return on equity is computed as follows:

Return on = Net income
equity Average stockholders' equity
$92,400
= = 28%
($320,000 + $340,000)/2
6. The book value per share is computed as follows:

Total stockholders' equity
Book value per share =
Number of common shares outstanding
$320,000
= = $2.67 per share (rounded)
120,000 shares
7. The working capital and current ratio are computed as follows:

Working capital = Current assets - Current liabilities
= $150,000 - $60,000 = $90,000
Current assets
Current ratio =
Current liabilities
$150,000
= = 2.50
$60,000

8. The acid-test ratio is computed as follows:

Cash + Marketable securities
+ Accounts receivable + Short-term notes
Acid-test ratio =
Current liabilities
$35,000 + $0 + $60,000 + $0
= = 1.58 (rounded)
$60,000
9. The accounts receivable turnover is calculated as follows:

Accounts receivable = Sales on account
turnover Average accounts receivable balance
$700,000
= = 12.73 (rounded)
($60,000 + $50,000)/2
The average collection period is computed as follows:

365 days
Average collection period =
Accounts receivable turnover
365 days
= = 28.67 days (rounded)
12.73
10. The inventory turnover is computed as follows:

Cost of goods sold
Inventory turnover =
Average inventory balance
$400,000
= = 6.96 (rounded)
($55,000 + $60,000)/2
The average sale period is computed as follows:

365 days
Average sale period =
Inventory turnover
365 days
6.96

11. The operating cycle is computed as follows:

Operating cycle = Average sale period + Average collection period
= 52.44 days + 28.67 days = 81.11 days
12. The total asset turnover is computed as follows:

Sales
Total asset turnover =
$700,000
= = 1.54 (rounded)
($450,000 + $460,000)/2
13. The times interest earned ratio is computed as follows:

Earnings before interest
Times interest = expense and income taxes
earned ratio Interest expense
$140,000
= = 17.5
$8,000
14. The debt-to-equity ratio is computed as follows:

Total liabilities
Debt-to-equity ratio =
Stockholders' equity
$130,000
= = 0.41 (rounded)
$320,000
15. The equity multiplier is computed as follows:

Equity multiplier =
Average stockholders' equity
($450,000 + $460,000)/2
= = 1.38 (rounded)
($320,000 + $340,000)/2

Exercise 15-1 (15 minutes)
1. This Year Last Year

Sales..................................................... 100.0 % 100.0%
Cost of goods sold ................................. 62.3 58.6
Gross margin ......................................... 37.7 41.4
Selling and administrative expenses:
Selling expenses ................................. 18.5 18.2
Administrative expenses ...................... 8.9 10.3
Total selling and administrative expenses 27.4 28.5
Net operating income............................. 10.3 12.9
Interest expense ................................... 1.2 1.4
Net income before taxes ........................ 9.1 % 11.5%
2. The company’s major problem seems to be the increase in cost of goods

sold, which increased from 58.6% of sales last year to 62.3% of sales
this year. This suggests that the company is not passing the increases in
costs of its products on to its customers. As a result, cost of goods sold
as a percentage of sales has increased and gross margin has decreased.
This change has been offset somewhat by reduction in administrative
expenses as a percentage of sales. Note that administrative expenses
decreased from 10.3% to only 8.9% of sales over the two years.
However, this decrease was not enough to completely offset the
increased cost of goods sold, so the company’s net income decreased as
a percentage of sales this year.

1. Calculation of working capital:
Current assets ................. $25,080
Current liabilities ............. 10,400
Working capital ............... $14,680
2. Calculation of the current ratio:

Current assets
Current ratio =
Current liabilities
$25,080
= = 2.41 (rounded)
$10,400
3. Calculation of the acid-test ratio:

Cash + Marketable securities
+ Accounts receivable
Acid-test ratio =
Current liabilities
$1,280 + $0 + $12,300
= = 1.31 (rounded)
$10,400

1. Calculation of accounts receivable turnover:
Accounts receivable = Sales on account

$79,000
= = 7.38 (rounded)
($12,300 + $9,100)/2
2. Calculation of the average collection period:
365 days
365 days
7.38
3. Calculation of inventory turnover:
Cost of goods sold

Average inventory balance
$52,000
= = 5.81 (rounded)
($9,700 + $8,200)/2
4. Calculation of the average sale period:
365 days
Average sale period =
Inventory turnover
365 days
5.81

Exercise 15-3 (continued)

= 62.82 days + 49.46 days = 112.28 days
6. The total asset turnover is computed as follows:

Sales
Total asset turnover =
$79,000
= = 1.64 (rounded)
($50,280 + $45,960)/2

1. Calculation of the times interest earned ratio:
Times interest = expense and income taxes
earned ratio Interest expense
$6,500
= = 10.8
$600
2. Calculation of the debt-to-equity ratio:
Total liabilities
$15,400
= = 0.44
$34,880
3. Calculation of the equity multiplier:

Equity multiplier =
Average stockholders' equity
($50,280 + $45,960)/2
= = 1.45 (rounded)
($34,880 + $31,660)/2

1. Calculation of the gross margin percentage:
Gross margin
Gross margin percentage =
Sales
$27,000
= = 34.2%
$79,000
2. Calculation of the net profit margin percentage:

Net income
Net profit margin percentage =
Sales
$3,540
= = 4.5% (rounded)
$79,000
3. Calculation of the return on total assets:
Net income +
[Interest expense × (1 - Tax rate)]
Return on total assets =
$3,540 + [$600 × (1 - 0.40)]
= = 8.1%
($50,280 + $45,960)/2
4. Calculation of the return on equity:
Net income
Return on equity =
Average total stockholders' equity
$3,540
= = 10.64%
($34,880 + $31,660)/2

1. Calculation of the earnings per share:
Net income
Average number of common
shares outstanding
$3,540
800 shares
2. Calculation of the price-earnings ratio:
Price-earnings ratio =
Earnings per share
$18
= = 4.06 (rounded)
$4.43
3. Calculation of the dividend payout ratio:
Dividends per share
Dividend payout ratio =
Earnings per share
$0.40
= = 9.03%
$4.43
4. Calculation of the dividend yield ratio:
Dividends per share

Dividend yield ratio =
$0.40
= = 2.22% (rounded)
$18.00
5. Calculation of the book value per share:
$34,880
= = $43.60 per share
800 shares

1. The trend percentages are:
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
Sales ................................ 100.0 110.0 115.0 120.0 125.0
Current assets:
Cash .............................. 100.0 130.0 96.0 80.0 60.0
Accounts receivable ........ 100.0 115.0 135.0 170.0 190.0
Inventory ....................... 100.0 110.0 115.0 120.0 125.0
Total current assets ........... 100.0 112.6 120.3 133.7 142.1
Current liabilities ............... 100.0 110.0 130.0 145.0 160.0
2. Sales: The sales are increasing at a steady and consistent rate.

Assets: The most noticeable thing about the assets is that the
accounts receivable have been increasing at a rapid
rate—far outstripping the increase in sales. This
disproportionate increase in receivables is probably the
chief cause of the decrease in cash over the five-year
period. The inventory seems to be growing at a well-
balanced rate in comparison with sales.
Liabilities: The current liabilities are growing more rapidly than the
total current assets. The reason is probably traceable to
the rapid buildup in receivables in that the company
doesn’t have the cash needed to pay bills as they come
due.

1. Calculation of working capital:
Current assets ................. $115,000
Current liabilities ............. 50,000
Working capital ............... $65,000
2. Current ratio:
Current assets $115,000
= = 2.3
Current liabilities $50,000
3. Acid-test ratio:
Quick assets $41,500
= = 0.83
4. Debt-to-equity ratio:
Total liabilities $130,000
= = 0.76 (rounded)
Total stockholders' equity $170,000
5. Times interest earned:

and income taxes
Times interest earned =
Interest expense
$38,000
= = 4.75
$8,000

6. Average collection period:
Sales on account
Accounts receivable turnover =
Average accounts receivable
$420,000
= = 14
($25,000 + $35,000)/2
365 days
365 days
14
7. Average sale period:

Cost of goods sold
Average inventory
$292,500
= = 4.5
($60,000 + $70,000)/2
365 days
Average sale period = = 81.1 days (rounded)
4.5

= 81.1 days + 26.1 days = 107.2 days

1. Calculation of the gross margin percentage:
Gross margin
Gross margin percentage =
Sales
$127,500
= = 30.36%
$420,000
2. Calculation of the net profit margin percentage:

Net income
Net profit margin percentage =
Sales
$21,000
= = 5.0%
$420,000
3. Return on total assets:

é ù
Return on = Net Income + êëInterest expense × (1 - Tax rate)ú
û
total assets Average total assets
$21,000 + éêë$8,000 × (1 - 0.30)ù

ú
û
=
($280,000 + $300,000) / 2
$26,600
= = 9.2% (rounded)
$290,000
4. Return on equity:
Net income
Return on equity =
Average common stockholders' equity
$21,000
=
($161,600+$170,000) / 2
$21,000
= = 12.7% (rounded)
$165,800

5. Financial leverage was positive because the return on equity (12.7%)
was greater than the return on total assets (9.2%). This positive
leverage is traceable in part to the company’s current liabilities, which
may have no interest cost, and in part, to the bonds payable, which
have an after-tax interest cost of only 7%.
10% interest rate × (1 – 0.30) = 7%

1. Earnings per share:
Net income $21,000
= = $3.50 per share
Average number of common 6,000 shares
shares outstanding
2. Dividend payout ratio:

Dividends paid per share $2.10
= = 60%
Earnings per share $3.50
3. Dividend yield ratio:

Dividends paid per share $2.10
= = 5%
Market price per share $42.00
4. Price-earnings ratio:
Market price per share $42.00
= = 12
Earnings per share $3.50
5. Book value per share:

$170,000
6,000 shares

1. Return on total assets:
Return on = Net income + [Interest expense × (1 - Tax rate)]
$280,000 + [$60,000 × (1 - 0.30)]

=
($3,000,000 + $3,600,000) / 2
$322,000
= = 9.8% (rounded)
$3,300,000
2. Return on equity:
Return on = Net income

equity Average total stockholders' equity
$280,000
= =12.2% (rounded)
($2,200,000 + $2, 400,000) / 2
3. Leverage is positive because the return on equity (12.2%) is greater

than the return on total assets (9.8%). This positive leverage arises
from the long-term debt, which has an after-tax interest cost of only
8.4% [12% interest rate × (1 – 0.30)]. Since 8.4% is lower than the
return on assets of 9.8%, the difference goes to the common
stockholders.

1. Current assets
($90,000 + $260,000 + $490,000 + $10,000) ............ $850,000
Current liabilities ($850,000 ÷ 2.5) ............................... 340,000
Working capital............................................................ $510,000
2. Acid-test Cash + Marketable securities + Accounts receivable

=
ratio Current liabilities
$90,000 + $0 + $260,000
= = 1.03 (rounded)
$340,000
3. a. Working capital would not be affected by a $40,000 payment on

accounts payable:
Current assets ($850,000 – $40,000) ............. $810,000
Current liabilities ($340,000 – $40,000) ......... 300,000
Working capital............................................. $510,000
b. The current ratio would increase if the company makes a $40,000

payment on accounts payable:
Current assets
Current ratio =
Current liabilities
$810,000
= = 2.7
$300,000

Problem 15-13 (45 minutes)
Effect on
Ratio Reason for Increase, Decrease, or No Effect
1. Decrease Declaring a cash dividend will increase current liabilities,

but have no effect on current assets. Therefore, the
current ratio will decrease.
2. Increase A sale of inventory on account will increase the quick

assets (cash, accounts receivable, marketable securities)
but have no effect on the current liabilities. For this
reason, the acid-test ratio will increase. The same effect
would result regardless of whether the inventory was sold
at cost, at a profit, or at a loss. That is, the acid-test ratio
would increase in all cases; the only difference would be
the amount of the increase.
3. Increase The interest rate on the bonds is only 8%. Since the
company’s assets earn at a rate of return of 10%, positive
leverage would come into effect, increasing the return to
the common stockholders.
4. Decrease A decrease in net income would mean less income

available to cover interest payments. Therefore, the
times-interest-earned ratio would decrease.
5. Increase Payment of a previously declared cash dividend will

reduce both current assets and current liabilities by the
same amount. An equal reduction in both current assets
and current liabilities will always result in an increase in
the current ratio, so long as the current assets exceed the
current liabilities.
6. No Effect The dividend payout ratio is a function of the dividends

paid per share in relation to the earnings per share.
Changes in the market price of a stock have no effect on
this ratio.

Problem 15-13 (continued)
Effect on
7. Increase A write-off of inventory will reduce the inventory balance,

thereby increasing the turnover in relation to a given level
of sales.
8. Decrease Sale of inventory at a profit will increase the assets of a

company. The increase in assets will be reflected in an
increase in retained earnings, which is part of stockholders’
equity. An increase in stockholders’ equity will result in a
decrease in the ratio of assets provided by creditors as
compared to assets provided by owners.
9. Decrease Extended credit terms for customers means that customers

on the average will be taking longer to pay their bills. As a
result, the accounts receivable will “turn over,” or be
collected, less frequently during a given year.
10. Decrease A common stock dividend will result in a greater number of

shares outstanding, with no change in the underlying
assets. The result will be a decrease in the book value per
share.
11. No Effect Book value per share is dependent on historical costs of

already completed transactions as reflected on a company’s
balance sheet. It is not affected by current market prices
for the company’s stock.
12. No Effect Payments on account reduce cash and accounts payable by

equal amounts; thus, the net amount of working capital is
not affected.
13. Decrease The stock dividend will increase the number of common
shares outstanding, thereby reducing the earnings per
share.

Effect on
14. Decrease Payments to creditors will reduce the total liabilities of a

company, thereby decreasing the ratio of total debt to total
equity.
15. Decrease A purchase of inventory on account will increase current

liabilities, but will not increase the quick assets (cash,
accounts receivable, marketable securities). Therefore, the
ratio of quick assets to current liabilities will decrease.
16. No Effect Write-off of an uncollectible account against the Allowance

for Bad Debts will have no effect on total current assets.
For this reason, the current ratio will remain unchanged.
17. Increase The price-earnings ratio is obtained by dividing the market

price per share by the earnings per share. If the earnings
per share remains unchanged, and the market price goes
up, then the price-earnings ratio will increase.
18. Decrease The dividend yield ratio is obtained by dividing the dividend
per share by the market price per share. If the dividend per
share remains unchanged and the market price goes up,
then the yield will decrease.

1. a. Computation of working capital:
Current assets:
Cash ....................................... $ 50,000
Marketable securities ................ 30,000
Accounts receivable, net ........... 200,000
Inventory ................................ 210,000
Prepaid expenses ..................... 10,000
Total current assets (a) ............... 500,000
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable ..................... 150,000
Notes due in one year .............. 30,000
Accrued liabilities ..................... 20,000
Total current liabilities (b)............ 200,000
Working capital (a) – (b) ............. $300,000
b. Computation of the current ratio:

Current assets $500,000
= = 2.5
c. Computation of the acid-test ratio:
Cash + Marketable securities +
Accounts receivable $280,000
= = 1.4

2. The Effect on
Working Current Acid-Test
Transaction Capital Ratio Ratio
(a) Issued capital stock for cash ......... Increase Increase Increase
(b) Sold inventory at a gain ................ Increase Increase Increase
(c) Wrote off uncollectible accounts .... None None None
(d) Declared a cash dividend .............. Decrease Decrease Decrease
(e) Paid accounts payable .................. None Increase Increase
(f) Borrowed on a short-term note ..... None Decrease Decrease
(g) Sold inventory at a loss ................. Decrease Decrease Increase
(h) Purchased inventory on account .... None Decrease Decrease
(i) Paid short-term notes ................... None Increase Increase
(j) Purchased equipment for cash ...... Decrease Decrease Decrease
(k) Sold marketable securities at a loss Decrease Decrease Decrease
(l) Collected accounts receivable ........ None None None

This Year Last Year

Earnings before interest and income
1. a. taxes (a) .....................................................................
$1,560,000 $1,020,000
Interest expense (b) ......................................................
$360,000 $300,000
Times interest earned (a) ÷ (b) ......................................4.3 3.4
b. Total liabilities (a) ..........................................................

$7,500,000 $5,760,000
Stockholders’ equity (b)..................................................
$9,600,000 $9,120,000
Debt-to-equity ratio (a) ÷ (b) .........................................
0.78 0.63
c. Gross margin (a) .................................... $3,150,000 $2,580,000

Sales (b) ............................................... $15,750,000 $12,480,000
Gross margin percentage (a) ÷ (b) ......... 20.0% 20.7%
d. Net income .......................................... $ 840,000 $ 504,000

Add after-tax cost of interest:
$360,000 × (1 – 0.30) ....................... 252,000
$300,000 × (1 – 0.30) ....................... 210,000
Total (a) .............................................. $ 1,092,000 $ 714,000
Average total assets (b) ....................... $15,990,000 $13,920,000
Return on total assets (a) ÷ (b) ............ 6.8% 5.1%
e. Net income (a) .................................... $ 840,000 $ 504,000

Average total stockholders’ equity (b) ... $ 9,360,000 $ 9,084,000
Return on equity (a) ÷ (b) .................... 9.0% 5.6%
f. Leverage is positive for this year because the return on equity

(9.0%) is greater than the return on total assets (6.8%). For last
year, leverage is also positive because the return on equity (5.6%) is
greater than the return on total assets (5.1%).

This Year Last Year

2. a. Net income (a)....................................... $840,000 $504,000
Average number of common shares
outstanding (b) ................................... 100,000 100,000
Earnings per share (a) ÷ (b) ................... $8.40 $5.04
b. Dividends per share (a) .......................... $3.60 $2.52

Market price per share (b) ...................... $72.00 $40.00
Dividend yield ratio (a) ÷ (b) .................. 5.0% 6.3%
c. Dividends per share (a) .......................... $3.60 $2.52

Earnings per share (b)............................ $8.40 $5.04
Dividend payout ratio (a) ÷ (b) ............... 42.9% 50.0%
d. Market price per share (a) ....................... $72.00 $40.00

Earnings per share (b)............................. $8.40 $5.04
Price-earnings ratio (a) ÷ (b) ................... 8.57 7.94
Notice from the data given in the problem that the typical P/E ratio
for companies in Lydex Company’s industry is 10. Since Lydex
Company presently has a P/E ratio of only 8.57, investors appear to
regard its potential for earnings growth unfavorably relative to other
companies in the industry. That is, investors are willing to pay only
8.57 times current earnings for a share of Lydex Company’s stock, as
compared to 10 times current earnings for a share of stock for the
typical company in the industry.
e. Stockholders’ equity (a) .......................... $9,600,000 $9,120,000

(b)...................................................... 100,000 100,000
Book value per share (a) ÷ (b) ............... $96.00 $91.20

Notice that the market value of common stock is below its book value
for both years. This does not necessarily indicate that the stock is
selling at a bargain price. Market value reflects investors’ expectations
concerning future earnings, whereas book value is a result of already
completed transactions and is geared to the past.
This Year Last Year

3. a. Current assets ........................................ $7,800,000 $5,940,000
Current liabilities ..................................... 3,900,000 2,760,000
Working capital ....................................... $3,900,000 $3,180,000
b. Current assets (a) ................................... $7,800,000 $5,940,000

Current liabilities (b) ................................ $3,900,000 $2,760,000
Current ratio (a) ÷ (b) ............................. 2.0 2.15
c. Quick assets (a) ...................................... $3,660,000 $3,360,000

Current liabilities (b) ................................ $3,900,000 $2,760,000
Acid-test ratio (a) ÷ (b) ........................... 0.94 1.22
d. Sales on account (a) ............................... $15,750,000 $12,480,000

Average receivables (b) ........................... $2,250,000 $1,680,000
Accounts receivable turnover (a) ÷ (b) ..... 7.0 7.4
Average collection period,
365 days ÷ turnover ............................. 52.1 days 49.3 days
e. Cost of goods sold (a) ....................................................

$12,600,000 $9,900,000
Average inventory balance (b) ........................................
$3,150,000 $2,160,000
Inventory turnover ratio (a) ÷ (b) ...................................
4.0 4.6
Average sale period,
365 days ÷ Inventory turnover ratio .............................
91.3 days 79.3 days
f. Average sale period ........................................................

91.3 days 79.3 days
Average sale period ........................................................
52.1 days 49.3 days
Operating cycle ..............................................................
143.4 days 128.6 days

This Year Last Year

g. Sales (a) ........................................................................
$15,750,000 $12,480,000
Average total assets (b) ..................................................
$15,990,000 $14,690,000
Total asset turnover (a) ÷ (b) ......................................... 0.99 0.85
4. With respect to profitability, the return on total assets has improved

from 5.1% to 6.8%; however, 6.8% is well below the industry average
of 9.5%. Regarding debt management, the times interest earned ratio
has increased from 3.4 to 4.3; however, 4.3 is below the industry
average of 5.7.
From a market performance perspective, the earnings per share

increased from $5.04 to $8.40. However, Lydex’s price earnings ratio of
8.57 is below the industry average of 10. In terms of asset
management, Lydex’s average sale period and average collection period
are well above industry averages. Overall, Lydex’s performance is
improving in some areas, but it is not doing very well relative to its
competitors

1. Lydex Company
Comparative Balance Sheets
This Year Last Year
Current assets:
Cash ................................................... 5.6 % 8.5 %
Marketable securities............................ 0.0 2.0
Accounts receivable, net ....................... 15.8 12.1
Inventory ............................................ 22.8 16.1
Prepaid expenses ................................. 1.4 1.2
Total current assets ................................ 45.6 39.9
Plant and equipment, net ........................ 54.4 60.1
Total assets ............................................ 100.0 % 100.0 %
Current liabilities .................................... 22.8 % 18.5 %
Note payable, 10% ................................. 21.1 20.2
Total liabilities ........................................ 43.9 38.7
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, $78 par value............... 45.6 52.4
Retained earnings ................................ 10.5 8.9
Total stockholders’ equity ........................ 56.1 61.3
Total liabilities and equity ........................ 100.0 % 100.0 %

2. Lydex Company
Comparative Income Statements
This Year Last Year
Sales ..................................................... 100.0 % 100.0 %
Cost of goods sold ................................... 80.0 79.3
Gross margin ........................................... 20.0 20.7
Selling and administrative expenses .......... 10.1 12.5
Net operating income............................... 9.9 8.2
Interest expense...................................... 2.3 2.4
Net income before taxes .......................... 7.6 5.8
Income taxes (30%) ................................ 2.3 1.7
Net income.............................................. 5.3% 4.0 %*
*Due to rounding, figures may not fully reconcile down a column.
3. The company’s current position has declined substantially between the

two years. Cash this year represents only 5.6% of total assets, whereas
it represented 10.5% last year (cash + marketable securities). In
addition, both accounts receivable and inventory are up from last year,
which helps to explain the decrease in the cash account. The company
is building inventories, but not collecting from customers. (See Problem
15-15 for a ratio analysis of the current assets.) Apparently a part of the
financing required to build inventories was supplied by short-term
creditors, as evidenced by the increase in current liabilities.
Looking at the income statement, as noted in the solution to the
preceding problem there has been a slight deterioration in the gross
margin percentage. Ordinarily, the increase in sales (and in inventories)
should have resulted in an increase in the gross margin percentage
because fixed manufacturing costs would be spread across more units.
Note that the selling and administrative expenses are down as a
percentage of sales—possibly because many of them are likely to be
fixed.

a. It is becoming more difficult for the company to pay its bills as they
come due. Although the current ratio has improved over the three years,
the acid-test ratio is down. Also notice that the accounts receivable and
inventory are both turning more slowly, indicating that an increasing
portion of the current assets is being made up of these items, from
which bills cannot be paid.
b. Customers are paying their bills more slowly in Year 3 than in Year 1.
This is evidenced by the decline in accounts receivable turnover.
c. The total of accounts receivable is increasing. This is evidenced both by
a slowdown in turnover and in an increase in total sales.
d. The level of inventory undoubtedly is increasing. Notice that the
inventory turnover is decreasing. Even if sales (and cost of goods sold)
just remained constant, this would be evidence of a larger average
inventory on hand. However, sales are not constant, but rather are
increasing. With sales increasing (and undoubtedly cost of goods sold
also increasing), the average level of inventory must be increasing as
well to service the larger volume of sales.
e. The market price is going down. The dividends paid per share over the
three-year period are unchanged, but the dividend yield is going up.
Therefore, the market price per share of stock must be decreasing.
f. The amount of earnings per share is increasing. Again, the dividends
paid per share have remained constant. However, the dividend payout
ratio is decreasing. In order for the dividend payout ratio to be
decreasing, the earnings per share must be increasing.
g. The price-earnings ratio is going down. If the market price of the stock
is going down [see Part (e) above], and the earnings per share are
going up [see Part (f) above], then the price-earnings ratio must be
decreasing.
h. In Year 1 and in Year 2 there was negative leverage because in both
years the return on total assets exceeded the return on common equity.
In Year 3 there was positive leverage because in that year the return on
common equity exceeded the return on total assets employed.

This Year Last Year

1. a. Current assets ......................................... $1,520,000 $1,090,000
Current liabilities...................................... 800,000 430,000
Working capital........................................ $ 720,000 $ 660,000
b. Current assets (a) .................................... $1,520,000 $1,090,000

Current liabilities (b) ................................ $800,000 $430,000
Current ratio (a) ÷ (b) ............................. 1.90 2.53
c. Quick assets (a) ...................................... $550,000 $468,000

Current liabilities (b) ................................ $800,000 $430,000
Acid-test ratio (a) ÷ (b) ........................... 0.69 1.09
d. Sales on account (a) ................................ $5,000,000 $4,350,000

Average receivables (b) ............................ $390,000 $275,000
Accounts receivable turnover (a) ÷ (b) ..... 12.8 15.8
Average collection period: 365 days ÷
Accounts receivable turnover ................. 28.5 days 23.1 days
e. Cost of goods sold (a) .............................. $3,875,000 $3,450,000

Average inventory (b) .............................. $775,000 $550,000
Inventory turnover ratio(a) ÷ (b) .............. 5.0 6.3
Average sales period:
365 days ÷ Inventory turnover ratio ....... 73.0 days 57.9 days
f. Average sale period ................................. 73.0 days 57.9 days

Average collection period ......................... 28.5 days 23.1 days
Operating cycle ....................................... 101.5 days 81.0 days
g. Sales (a) ................................................. $5,000,000 $4,350,000

Average total assets (b) ........................... $2,730,000 $2,440,000
Total asset turnover (a) ÷ (b) ................... 1.83 1.78

This Year Last Year

h. Total liabilities (a) .................................... $1,400,000 $1,030,000
Stockholders’ equity (b) ........................... $1,600,000 $1,430,000
Debt-to-equity ratio (a) ÷ (b) ................... 0.875 0.720
i. Net income before interest and taxes (a) .. $472,000 $352,000

Interest expense (b) ................................ $72,000 $72,000
Times interest earned (a) ÷ (b) ................ 6.6 4.9
j. Average total assets (a) ........................... $2,730,000 $2,440,000

Average stockholders’ equity (b) ............... $1,515,000 $1,425,000
Equity multiplier (a) ÷ (b) ........................ 1.80 1.71

2. a. Sabin Electronics
Common-Size Balance Sheets
This Year Last Year
Current assets:
Cash ...................................................... 2.3 % 6.1 %
Marketable securities .............................. 0.0 0.7
Accounts receivable, net ......................... 16.0 12.2
Inventory ............................................... 31.7 24.4
Prepaid expenses ................................... 0.7 0.9
Total current assets ................................... 50.7 44.3
Plant and equipment, net .......................... 49.3 55.7
Total assets .............................................. 100.0 % 100.0 %
Current liabilities ....................................... 26.7 % 17.5 %

Bonds payable, 12% ................................. 20.0 24.4
Total liabilities ........................................ 46.7 41.9
Common stock, $10 par .......................... 25.0 30.5
Retained earnings .................................. 28.3 27.6
Total stockholders’ equity .......................... 53.3 58.1
Total liabilities and equity .......................... 100.0 % 100.0 %

b. Sabin Electronics
Common-Size Income Statements
This Year Last Year
Sales ..................................................... 100.0 % 100.0 %
Cost of goods sold .................................. 77.5 79.3
Gross margin ......................................... 22.5 20.7
Selling and administrative expenses ........ 13.1 12.6
Net operating income ............................. 9.4 8.1
Interest expense .................................... 1.4 1.7
Net income before taxes ......................... 8.0 6.4
Income taxes ......................................... 2.4 1.9
Net income ............................................ 5.6 % 4.5 %
3. The following points can be made from the analytical work in parts (1)
and (2) above:
a. The company’s current position has deteriorated significantly since
last year. Both the current ratio and the acid-test ratio are well below
the industry average and are trending downward. At the present rate,
it will soon be impossible for the company to pay its bills as they
come due.
b. The drain on the cash account seems to be a result mostly of a large
buildup in accounts receivable and inventory. Notice that the average
age of the receivables has increased by five days since last year, and
now is 10 days over the industry average. Many of the company’s
customers are not taking their discounts because the average
collection period is 28 days and collections terms are 2/10, n/30. This
suggests financial weakness on the part of these customers, or sales
to customers who are poor credit risks.

c. The inventory turned only five times this year as compared to over six
times last year. It takes nearly two weeks longer for the company to
turn its inventory than the average for the industry (73 days as
compared to 60 days for the industry). This suggests that inventory
stocks are higher than they need to be.
d. The debt-to-equity ratio is aligned with the industry average and the
times interest earned ratio slightly exceeds the industry benchmark.
e. In the authors’ opinion, the loan should be approved only if the
company gets its accounts receivable and inventory back under
control. If the accounts receivable collection period is reduced to
about 20 days, and if the inventory is pared down enough to reduce
the turnover time to about 60 days, enough funds could be released
to substantially improve the company’s cash position. Then a loan
might not even be needed.

This Year Last Year

1. a. Net income .......................................... $280,000 $196,000
Average number of common shares (b) . 50,000 50,000
Earnings per share (a) ÷ (b) ................. $5.60 $3.92
b. Dividends per share (a) ........................ $2.20 $1.90

Market price per share (b) .................... $40.00 $36.00
Dividend yield ratio (a) ÷ (b)................. 5.5% 5.3%
c. Dividends per share (a) ........................ $2.20 $1.90

Earnings per share (b) .......................... $5.60 $3.92
Dividend payout ratio (a) ÷ (b) ............. 39.3% 48.5%
d. Market price per share (a)..................... $40.00 $36.00

Earnings per share (b) .......................... $5.60 $3.92
Price-earnings ratio (a) ÷ (b) ................ 7.14 9.18
Investors regard Sabin Electronics less favorably than other
companies in the industry. This is evidenced by the fact that they are
willing to pay only 7.14 times current earnings for a share of Sabin’s
stock, as compared to 12 times current earnings for other companies
in the industry. If investors were willing to pay 12 times current
earnings for Sabin’s stock, it would be selling for about $67.20 per
share (12 × $5.60), rather than for only $40 per share.

This Year Last Year

e. Total stockholders’ equity (a) .................... $1,600,000 $1,430,000
(b) ........................................................ 50,000 50,000
Book value per share (a) ÷ (b) .................. $32.00 $28.60
The market value is above book value for both years. However, this
does not necessarily indicate that the stock is overpriced. Market
value reflects investors’ perceptions of future earnings, whereas book
value is a result of already completed transactions.
This Year Last Year

2. a. Gross margin (a) ................................... $1,125,000 $900,000
Sales (b) ............................................... $5,000,000 $4,350,000
Gross margin percentage (a) ÷ (b) ......... 22.5% 20.7%
b. Net income (a) ...................................... $280,000 $196,000

Sales (b) ............................................... $5,000,000 $4,350,000
Net profit margin percentage (a) ÷ (b) ... 5.6% 4.5%
c. Net income ........................................... $ 280,000 $ 196,000

Add after-tax cost of interest paid:
[$72,000 × (1 – 0.30)] ........................ 50,400 50,400
Total (a) ................................................ $ 330,400 $ 246,400
Average total assets (b) ......................... $2,730,000 $2,380,000
Return on total assets (a) ÷ (b) .............. 12.1% 10.4%
d. Net income ........................................... $ 280,000 $ 196,000

Average total stockholders’ equity........... $1,515,000 $1,379,500
Return on equity (a) ÷ (b) ..................... 18.5% 14.2%

e. Financial leverage is positive in both years because the return on
equity is greater than the return on total assets. This positive financial
leverage is due to two factors: the bonds, which have an after-tax
interest cost of only 8.4% [12% interest rate × (1 – 0.30) = 8.4%];
and the accounts payable, which may bear no interest cost.
3. All profitability measures and the earnings per share are trending
upwards, which is a good sign. However, the price-earnings ratio has
dropped from 9.18 to 7.14. This decline indicates investor concerns
about Sabin’s potential for earnings growth. Perhaps investors are
concerned about Sabin’s accounts receivable and inventory management
problems. Conceivably, this problem could worsen, leading to an
eventual reduction in profits through an inability to operate, a
suspension of dividends, and a precipitous drop in the market price of
the company’s stock. That said, if Sabin can get its current assets under
control the stock price may very well have the potential for further
growth.

1. The loan officer stipulated that the current ratio prior to obtaining the
loan must be higher than 2.0, the acid-test ratio must be higher than
1.0, and the interest on the loan must be less than four times net
operating income. These ratios are computed below:
Current assets
Current ratio =
Current liabilities
$290,000
= = 1.8 (rounded)
$164,000
Cash + Marketable securities + Current receivables
Acid-test ratio =
Current liabilities
$70,000 + $0 + $50,000
= = 0.7 (rounded)
$164,000
Net operating income $20,000
= = 5.0
Interest on the loan $80,000 × 0.10 × (6/12)
The company would fail to qualify for the loan because both its current
ratio and its acid-test ratio are too low.

2. By reclassifying the $45 thousand net book value of the old machine as
inventory, the current ratio would improve, but the acid-test ratio would
be unaffected. Inventory is considered a current asset for purposes of
computing the current ratio, but is not included in the numerator when
computing the acid-test ratio.
Current assets
Current ratio =
Current liabilities
$290,000 + $45,000
= = 2.0 (rounded)
$164,000
Acid-test ratio =
Current liabilities
$70,000 + $0 + $50,000
= = 0.7 (rounded)
$164,000
Even if this tactic had succeeded in qualifying the company for the loan,
we strongly advise against it. Inventories are assets the company has
acquired to sell to customers in the normal course of business. Used
production equipment is not inventory—even if there is a clear intention
to sell it in the near future. The loan officer would not expect used
equipment to be included in inventories; doing so would be intentionally
misleading.

Nevertheless, the old machine is an asset that could be turned into
cash. If this were done, the company would immediately qualify for the
loan because the $45 thousand in cash would be included in the
numerator in both the current ratio and in the acid-test ratio.
Current assets
Current ratio =
Current liabilities
$290,000 + $45,000
= = 2.0 (rounded)
$164,000
Acid-test ratio =
Current liabilities
$70,000 + $0 + $50,000 + $45,000
= = 1.0 (rounded)
$164,000
However, other options may be available. The old machine is being used
to relieve bottlenecks in the plastic injection molding process and it
would be desirable to keep this standby capacity. We would advise Russ
to fully and honestly explain the situation to the loan officer. The loan
officer might insist that the machine be sold before any loan is
approved, but she might instead grant a waiver of the current ratio and
acid-test ratio requirements on the basis that they could be satisfied by
selling the old machine. Or she may approve the loan on the condition
that the machine is pledged as collateral. In that case, Russ would only
have to sell the machine if he would otherwise be unable to pay back
the loan.

Problem 15-21 (60 minutes or longer)
Pepper Industries
Income Statement
For the Year Ended March 31
Key to
Computation
Sales ................................................ $4,200,000
Cost of goods sold ............................ 2,730,000 (h)
Gross margin .................................... 1,470,000 (i)
Selling and administrative expenses ... 930,000 (j)
Net operating income ........................ 540,000 (a)
Interest expense ............................... 80,000
Net income before taxes ................... 460,000 (b)
Income taxes (30%) ......................... 138,000 (c)
Net income ....................................... $ 322,000 (d)
Pepper Industries
Balance Sheet
March 31
Current assets:
Cash.............................................. $ 70,000 (f)
Accounts receivable, net ................. 330,000 (e)
Inventory....................................... 480,000 (g)
Total current assets........................... 880,000 (g)
Plant and equipment ......................... 1,520,000 (q)
Total assets ...................................... $2,400,000 (p)
Current liabilities ............................... $ 320,000
Bonds payable, 10% ......................... 800,000 (k)
Total liabilities ................................... 1,120,000 (l)
Common stock, $5 par value ........... 700,000 (m)
Retained earnings .......................... 580,000 (o)
Total stockholders’ equity .................. 1,280,000 (n)
Total liabilities and equity .................. $2,400,000 (p)

Computation of missing amounts:
a. Earnings before interest and taxes

Times interest earned =
Interest expense
Earnings before interest and taxes
=
$80,000
= 6.75
Therefore, the earnings before interest and taxes for the year must be
$540,000.
b. Net income before taxes = $540,000 – $80,000 = $460,000
c. Income taxes = $460,000 × 30% tax rate = $138,000
d. Net income = $460,000 – $138,000 = $322,000
e. Accounts receivable = Sales on account

$4,200,000
=
Average accounts receivable balance
= 14.0
Therefore, the average accounts receivable balance for the year must
have been $300,000. Since the beginning balance was $270,000, the
ending balance must have been $330,000.
f. Cash + Marketable securities + Current receivables

Acid-test ratio=
Current liabilities

=
$320,000
= 1.25

Therefore, the total quick assets must be $400,000. Because there are
no marketable securities and the accounts receivable are $330,000, the
cash must be $70,000.
g. Current assets
Current ratio =
Current liabilities
Current assets
=
$320,000
= 2.75
Therefore, the current assets must total $880,000. Because the quick
assets (cash and accounts receivable) total $400,000 of this amount, the
inventory must be $480,000.
h. Cost of goods sold

Average inventory
Cost of goods sold
=
($360,000 + $480,000)/2
Cost of goods sold
=
$420,000
= 6.5
Therefore, the cost of goods sold for the year must be $2,730,000.
i. Gross margin = $4,200,000 – $2,730,000 = $1,470,000.
j. Net operating income = Gross margin - Operating expenses
Operating expenses = Gross margin - Net operating income

= $1,470,000 - $540,000
= $930,000

k. The interest expense for the year was $80,000 and the interest rate was
10%, the bonds payable must total $800,000.
l. Total liabilities = $320,000 + $800,000 = $1,120,000
m. Net income - Preferred dividends

Average number of common shares outstanding
$322,000
=
Average number of common shares outstanding
= $2.30
The stock is $5 par value per share, so the total common stock must be
$700,000 ($5 × 140,000 shares).
n. Total liabilities
$1,120,000
=
= 0.875
Therefore, the total stockholders’ equity must be $1,280,000.
o. Total stockholders' equity = Common stock + Retained earnings

Retained earnings = Total stockholders' equity - Common Stock
= $1,280,000 - $700,000 = $580,000

p. Total assets = Liabilities + Stockholders' equity
= $1,120,000 + $1,280,000 = $2,400,000
This answer can also be obtained using the return on total assets:
Return on = Net income + [Interest expense × (1 - Tax rate)]

$322,000 + [$80,000 × (1 - 0.30)]
=
$378,000
=
= 18.0%
Therefore the average total assets must be $2,100,000. Since the total
assets at the beginning of the year were $1,800,000, the total assets at
the end of the year must have been $2,400,000 (which would also equal
the total of the liabilities and the stockholders’ equity).
q. Total assets = Current assets + Plant and equipment
$2,400,000 = $880,000 + Plant and equipment

Plant and equipment = $2,400,000 - $880,000
= $1,520,000


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Chapter 15

Financial Statement Analysis

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2015. All rights reserved.

1. The earnings per share is computed as follows:

2. The price-earnings ratio is computed as follows:

3. The dividend payout ratio is computed as follows:

The dividend yield ratio is computed as follows:

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2015. All rights reserved.

4. The return on total assets is computed as follows:

5. The return on equity is computed as follows:

6. The book value per share is computed as follows:

7. The working capital and current ratio are computed as follows:

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2015. All rights reserved.

8. The acid-test ratio is computed as follows:

9. The accounts receivable turnover is calculated as follows:

The average collection period is computed as follows:

10. The inventory turnover is computed as follows:

The average sale period is computed as follows:

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2015. All rights reserved.

11. The operating cycle is computed as follows:

12. The total asset turnover is computed as follows:

13. The times interest earned ratio is computed as follows:

14. The debt-to-equity ratio is computed as follows:

15. The equity multiplier is computed as follows:

Average total assets

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1. This Year Last Year

2. The company’s major problem seems to be the increase in cost of goods

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2015. All rights reserved.

2. Calculation of the current ratio:

3. Calculation of the acid-test ratio:

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2015. All rights reserved.

1. Calculation of accounts receivable turnover:

Accounts receivable = Sales on account

2. Calculation of the average collection period:

3. Calculation of inventory turnover:

Cost of goods sold

4. Calculation of the average sale period:

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2015. All rights reserved.

5. The operating cycle is computed as follows:

6. The total asset turnover is computed as follows:

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3. Calculation of the equity multiplier:

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2. Calculation of the net profit margin percentage:

3. Calculation of the return on total assets:

4. Calculation of the return on equity:

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Dividends per share

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2. Sales: The sales are increasing at a steady and consistent rate.

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5. Times interest earned:

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7. Average sale period:

8. The operating cycle is computed as follows:

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2. Calculation of the net profit margin percentage: