SAP Global Trade Services 10.1 Operational Guide
SAP Global Trade Services 10.1 Operational Guide
SAP Global Trade Services 10.1 Operational Guide
Target Audience
äÖðƒT€ Technical Consultants
äÖðƒT€ System Administrators
äÖðƒT€ Solution Consultants
äÖðƒT€ Business Process Owners
äÖðƒT€ Support Specialists
PUBLIC
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CAUTION
Before you start the implementation, make sure you have the latest version of this document.
You can find the latest version on SAP Service Marketplace at http://service.sap.com/swdc
SAP Software Download Installations and Upgrades Installations and Upgrade Guides - Entry by Application
Group Analytics Governance, Risk and Compliance Global Trade Services <Release> Operations
Guide .
The following table provides an overview of the most important document changes.
Version Date Description
1.0 2012-06-15 Initial Version
Chapter 7 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
7.1 Problem Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Chapter A Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
A.1 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
A.1.1 Related Guides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
A.1.2 Related Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Chapter B Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
B.1 The Main SAP Documentation Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1 Getting Started
CAUTION
This guide does not replace the daily operations handbook that we recommend customers create
for their specific production operations.
Designing, implementing, and running your SAP applications at peak performance 24 hours a day has
never been more vital for your business success than now.
This guide provides a starting point for managing your SAP applications and maintaining and running
them optimally. It contains specific information for various tasks and lists the tools that you can use
to implement them. This guide also provides references to the documentation required for these tasks,
so you need other guides such as the Master Guide, Technical Infrastructure Guide, Technical
Operations Guide for SAP NetWeaver and SAP Library.
An SAP application is an SAP software solution that serves a specific business area like ERP, CRM, PLM,
SRM, SCM, or Global Trade Services. The delivery of an application contains SAP components, which
are essential for implementing all application-related business scenarios, processes, and functions.
Business Scenario:
From a microeconomic perspective, a business scenario is a cycle, which consists of several different
interconnected logical processes in time. Typically, a business scenario includes several company
departments and involves other business partners. From a technical point of view, a business scenario
needs at least one SAP application for each cycle and possibly other third-party systems. A business
scenario is a unit, which can be implemented separately and reflects the customer’s prospective course
of business.
Component:
A component is the smallest individual unit considered within the Solution Development Lifecycle;
components are separately produced, delivered, installed, and maintained.
Business Scenarios
X = mandatory; (X) = optional; – = not part of the business scenario
Electronic
Software Compliance Customs Preference Letter of Restitution Compliance
Component Management Management Processing Credit Handling Reporting
Business (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x)
package
GRC_POR
1000 as
prerequisite
for using the
application
user roles in
SAP
NetWeaver
Portal
Adobe Acrobat (X) (X) (X) (X) (X) -
Reader
Within the management of SAP Technology, monitoring is an essential task. A section has therefore
been devoted solely to this subject.
The aim of this section is to provide information and documentation to monitor SAP Global Trade
Services 10.1, for example by utilizing the Computing Center Management System (CCMS) and create
a user-defined monitor set reflecting a customer-specific system landscape for SAP Global Trade
Services. For more information about the underlying technology, see the SAP NetWeaver
Administrator’s Guide - Technical Operations Guide, particularly the section on Monitoring, in SAP
Library at http://help.sap.com/nw703 System Administration and Maintenance Information Technical
Operations Guide .
As SAP Global Trade Services 10.1 is powered by SAP enhancement package 3 for SAP NetWeaver 7.0,
we recommend that you set up the monitoring infrastructure as described in the Monitoring Setup
Guide for SAP NetWeaver at http://service.sap.com/operationsnw70 Monitoring .
The monitoring setup described in the Monitoring Setup Guide (MSG) for SAP NetWeaver is the
foundation for the following sections and contains all the information relevant to monitor the SAP
NetWeaver components used in SAP Global Trade Services 10.1. Proficient knowledge in system
monitoring and basic knowledge in SAP NetWeaver is required to set up and manage user-defined
monitors recommended within this guide.
Since SAP Global Trade Services 10.1 utilizes the complete stack of SAP enhancement package 3 for SAP
NetWeaver 7.0, you have to apply the Monitoring Setup Guide for SAP NetWeaver to the component
of SAP Global Trade Services, first. In addition to this, you can define special monitors for SAP Global
Trade Services in the CEN System’s CCMS. You can access the Monitoring templates for SAP Global
Trade Services, called SAP Global Trade Services using transaction RZ20 (see section Alert Monitoring for
SAP Global Trade Services in this guide for full details).
In addition to this, you can define special monitors in the CEN system’s CCMS for your own needs.
There are also some additional monitoring objects designed to monitor cross-component
communication and other scenario-specific critical situations.
For more information about CCMS monitoring installation and setup, see the Monitoring Setup Guide
for SAP NetWeaver 7.0 on SAP Service Marketplace at http://service.sap.com/swdc Installations
and Upgrades Installation and Upgrade Guides NetWeaver SAP NetWeaver 7.0 (2004s) Operations Monitoring
and Configuration :
‹ú¦Ôˆ Monitoring ABAP
‹ú¦Ôˆ Instances Monitoring
‹ú¦Ôˆ TREX Monitoring the Adobe Document Services Portal
In order to enable the auto-alert mechanism of CCMS, see SAP Note 617547.
This monitoring set for SAP Global Trade Services includes component-related monitors such as
for the application component SLL-LEG 901 of SAP Global Trade Services as well as for the logistics
processes in the feeder system that are channeled through the plug-in for further processing in
SAP Global Trade Services. These monitors are not delivered by SAP but can be created in the CEN
system. All Monitoring Tree Elements (MTE) used for these monitors are based on the default
monitoring templates delivered by SAP.
For information about editing or creating monitors and monitor sets, see the Monitoring Setup
Guide for SAP NetWeaver on SAP Service Marketplace at http://service.sap.com/
operationsnw70 Monitoring .
SAP enhancement package 3 for SAP NetWeaver 7.0 is the integration and application platform for SAP
Global Trade Services 10.1, therefore we recommend that you integrate the following SAP NetWeaver
components into the monitoring infrastructure:
†¡Â#¨ SAP NetWeaver Application Server (ABAP) [for SAP Global Trade Services 10.1 and its component
SLL-LEG 901
†¡Â#¨ SAP NetWeaver Application Server (Java) [for the use of Adobe Document Server (ADS) for printing
in SAP Global Trade Services 10.1 or for running SAP NetWeaver Portal to use the application user
roles]
†¡Â#¨ SAP NetWeaver Search and Classification (TREX)
†¡Â#¨ SAP NetWeaver Usage Type Process Integration (PI)
†¡Â#¨ SAP NetWeaver Business Intelligence (BI)
For more information and detailed procedures, see the Monitoring Setup Guide and the Technical
Operations Guide for SAP NetWeaver.
The component SLL-LEG 901 for SAP Global Trade Services 10.1 is based on SAP NetWeaver Application
Server for ABAP. You can find information about monitoring the SAP NetWeaver AS for ABAP in the
Monitoring Setup Guide for SAP NetWeaver on SAP Service Marketplace at http://
service.sap.com/operationsnw70 Monitoring and the Technical Operations Manual in SAP Library
at http://help.sap.com/nw703 System Administration and Maintenance Information .
What to Monitor
The primary failure points of SAP Global Trade Services 10.1 are within the technical infrastructure.
Application-specific alert monitoring is available for component SLL-LEG 901 as well as the dependent
plug-in component of SAP Global Trade Services in the feeder system SAP ERP, SLL_PI 900_<SAP ERP
Release>.
You can set up additional monitors for specific processes in SAP Global Trade Services according to
your needs, for example, IDoc monitoring in the communication processes.
Prerequisites
†¡Â#¨ Your SAP Global Trade Services 10.1 is connected to the CEN and registered as a remote system.
†¡Â#¨ The SAPCCM4X agent is registered and running for the instance of SAP Global Trade Services.
Procedure
1. Go to transaction RZ20 and select the monitor SAP Global Trade Services.
2. On the top level, you can choose between the following monitoring areas:
˘®õé¤ë Availability
The availability monitor allows you to monitor RFC connections between connected systems
in a system landscape. This monitor uses the standard SAP NetWeaver monitor for checking
the RFC connection. You must have set up the RFC destination to the connected system
before you can use the monitor. You can use this monitor in both components, SLL-LEG 901
for SAP Global Trade Services as well as the corresponding plug-in in the feeder system SLL-
PI_900_<release>.
˘®õé¤ë Logging
The logging monitor collection that you can use for SLL-LEG 901 comprises virtual monitors
the following log objects that you can use. Note that the logging subtree in this monitor only
contains information if the system has logged error messages. With successful operations in
the system, only the logging summary node is shown in the monitor.
CCMS Monitor Log Object Sub-Object Description Minimum Severity*
Communication with Feeder /SAPSLL/ BOM /SAPSLL/ BOM_R3 Bill of Material Transfer Error
Systems from Feeder System (SAP
ERP)
/SAPSLL/ BP /SAPSLL/ BP_DISTR Business Partner Distribution Error
/SAPSLL/ ECC /SAPSLL/ MAT_R3 Product from Feeder System Error
(SAP ERP)
Communication with /SAPSLL/ ECC /SAPSLL/ ECC_IN ECC: Inbound Processing Error
Authorities /SAPSLL/ ECC_OUT ECC: Outbound Processing Error
Operational Error /SAPSLL/ TREX /SAPSLL/ TREX_LOAD SAPGTS: Generating Error
Comparison Index for SAP
TREX
/SAPSLL/ TSPL_STERMS SLL: Legal Control: SPL: SPL -
Index
An addition to the component alert monitoring for all scenarios of SAP Global Trade Services 10.1
monitoring of remote function calls (RFCs) is required.
The scenarios of SAP Global Trade Services 10.1 use standard monitoring functions provided by SAP
NetWeaver to perform alert monitoring on RFCs. For more information, see Monitoring qRFC and
tRFC Calls in SAP NetWeaver documentation in SAP Library at http://help.sap.com/nw703
Function-Oriented View SAP NetWeaver by Key Capability Solution Life Cycle Management Solution Monitoring
Monitoring in the CCMS The Alert Monitor Special Monitoring Functions of the Alert Monitor .
The communication process for importing and exporting goods with Customs Management of SAP
Global Trade Services 10.1 also requires IDoc alert monitoring for which it uses standard alert
monitoring of SAP NetWeaver. For more information, see Central Monitoring Using ALE CCMS Monitor in
SAP NetWeaver documentation in SAP Library at http://help.sap.com/nw703 Function-Oriented
View SAP NetWeaver by Key Capability Application Platform by Key Capability Platform-Wide Services
Connectivity Components of SAP Communication Technology Classical SAP Technologies (ABAP) IDoc
Interface/ALE Administration Administering ALE Functions Monitoring Message Exchange
For more information about the process-integrated application log, see the relevant process and
functional documentation for SAP Global Trade Services scenarios in SAP Library at http://
help.sap.com/grc Global Trade Services <Release> Application Help <Language> .
SAP Global Trade Services uses standard SAP NetWeaver technology for its system logs and traces. For
more information, see section Tools in the Technical Operations Guide for SAP NetWeaver in SAP Library
at http://help.sap.com/nw703 System Administration and Maintenance Information Technical Operations
Guide Administration of SAP NetWeaver Systems AS ABAP (Application Server for ABAP) Monitoring .
Maintenance Information Technical Operations Guide Administration of SAP NetWeaver Systems AS ABAP
(Application Server for ABAP) Administration Connectivity .
The following table lists the fastest growing tables for SAP Global Trade Services 10.1. If you integrated
your processes into the logistics processes of SAP ERP as your feeder system, you should also refer to
the feeder system tables listed below.
Component Table
SLL-LEG 901 CDPOS
CDHDR
BALHDR
/SAPSLL/CORREF
/SAPSLL/CUIT
/SAPSLL/CUPEDRI
/SAPSLL/CUSWLD
/SAPSLL/CUSWLF
/SAPSLL/CUSWLQ
/SAPSLL/PRPREF
/SAPSLL/SSF
For more information about archiving objects, see the following documentation in SAP Library at
http://help.sap.com/grc Global Trade Services <Release> Application Help <Language> System
Administration Archiving Data .
For information about periodic tasks required to contain data growth (that is, to reorganize temporary
data), see Periodic Tasks in this guide.
IDoc Monitoring
For communicating with the feeder system or the converter software, you can monitor transactional
remote function calls (tRFC) using transaction sm58. There, you can display the tRFCs that were sent
asynchronously and determine whether any errors occurred. Then choose System Administration
System Communication IDoc Monitoring to monitor the following:
f+;sZÍ IDoc List Display
You can display all the inbound and outbound IDocs
f+;sZÍ IDoc Search
You can search for specific IDocs
f+;sZÍ IDoc Statistics
You can call inbound and outbound IDocs that were sent and received during a specific time frame.
You can also see which errors occurred in the IDoc processing.
f+;sZÍ IDoc Status Monitoring
You can display the status of IDocs that still have to be processed.
For more information about the communication process with the authorities, see the documentation
in SAP Library at http://help.sap.com/grc Global Trade Services <Release> Application Help
<Language> System Administration System Monitoring Communication between SAP GTS, EDI Converter, and
Customs Authorities .
For communicating with the feeder system or the converter software, you can monitor transactional
remote function calls (tRFC) using transaction sm58. There, you can display the tRFCs that were sent
asynchronously and determine whether any errors occurred.
You can use the monitoring for SOA services. To do so, call transaction SXMB_MONI and choose Monitor
for Processed XML Messages (transaction SXI_MONITOR).
For more information about the motivation behind distributed statistical records and how to define
and use them, see section Technology in the Monitoring Setup Guide for SAP NetWeaver on SAP
Service Marketplace at http://service.sap.com/operationsnw70 Monitoring Monitoring Setup
Guide (CEN 7.0 EHP<#> SP Stack <#>) .
SAP provides you with an infrastructure to help your technical support consultants and system
administrators effectively manage all SAP components and complete all tasks related to technical
administration and operation. This infrastructure provides the following:
US−…æO A central interface for managing administrative middleware tasks
US−…æO Improved problem resolution processes for the entire solution
US−…æO Standardized administration of user profiles
For more information about the underlying technology, see the Technical Operations Guide of SAP
enhancement package 3 for SAP NetWeaver 7.0.
Note that SAP Global Trade Services only requires the configuration of the business scenarios and
processes. With SAP Global Trade Services being an add-on to SAP NetWeaver, no technical
configuration is required that is specific to SAP Global Trade Services. It only uses basis parameters for
database, operating system, and Application Server ABAP provided by SAP NetWeaver.
For more information about configuration and its concept, see SAP Library at http://
help.sap.com/nw703 Function-Oriented View SAP NetWeaver by Key Capability Solution Lifecycle
Management by Key Capability Customizing .
Categories of
System Category
Components Properties Suggested Methods for Backup and Restore Examples
I Only software, œ¿ôÅ“ No backup, new installation in case of a BDOC modeler
no recovery or
configuration œ¿ôÅ“ Initial software backup after installation and
or application upgrade
data œ¿ôÅ“ Backup of log files
II Only software œ¿ôÅ“ Backup after changes have been applied or SAP Gateway
and œ¿ôÅ“ No backup, new installation and Comm. Station
configuration configuration in case of a recovery SAP Business Connector
information, œ¿ôÅ“ Backup of log files SAP IPC (2.0C)
no application
data
IX Original Data -
application œ¿ôÅ“ Application specific file system backup, data
data, data consistency with other systems must be
exchange with considered
other systems, œ¿ôÅ“ Backup of software, configuration, log files
data not
managed by a
DBMS
XI Original Data œ¿ôÅ“ SAP ERP
application œ¿ôÅ“ Database and log backup, application log œ¿ôÅ“ SAP Customer
data, data backup (such as job logs in file system), data Relationship
exchange with consistency with other systems must be Management (SAP
other systems, considered CRM)
based on SAP œ¿ôÅ“ Backup of software, configuration, log files œ¿ôÅ“ SAP NetWeaver
NetWeaver Business Intelligence
Application (SAP NetWeaver BI)
Server
)N.\h Distribute Product Data to Feeder System for Special Customs Procedures – relevant for
imports and exports with Customs Management of the application
http://help.sap.com/grc Global Trade Services <Release> Application Help <Language>
Customs Management Master Data .
)N.\h Further functions can also be scheduled for background processing but do not require
periodical execution. The relevant functional descriptions contain references if execution of
the programs using background jobs is possible.
For more information, see the documentation in SAP Library at http://help.sap.com/grc
Global Trade Services <Release> Application Help <Language> System Administration System
Monitoring .
4.9 Printing
SAP Global Trade Services uses the SAP NetWeaver technology for printing. For more information
about printing, see SAP Library at http://help.sap.com/nw703 Function-Oriented View SAP
NetWeaver by Key Capability Solution Lifecycle Management by Key Capability System Management SAP Printing
Guide (BC-CCM-PRN) .
5 High Availability
The processes of SAP Global Trade Services are based on master and transaction data from one or more
feeder systems. If a failure on SAP Global Trade Services’ component SLL-LEG occurs, all business
processes in the feeder system based on action in SAP Global Trade Services cannot be performed.
NOTE
Software Change Management standardizes and automates software distribution, maintenance, and
testing procedures for complex software landscapes and multiple software development platforms.
These functions support your project teams, development teams, and application support teams.
The goal of Software Change Management is to establish consistent, solution-wide change management
that allows for specific maintenance procedures, global rollouts (including localizations), and open
integration with third-party products.
SAP Global Trade Services 10.1 and its component SLL-LEG 901 are based on SAP NetWeaver Application
Server ABAP of SAP enhancement package 3 for SAP NetWeaver 7.0. You can find information about
the Software Change Management in the according document section of the Technical Operations
Guide for SAP NetWeaver in SAP Library at http://help.sap.com/nw703 System Administration and
Maintenance Information Technical Operations Guide Administration of SAP NetWeaver Systems AS ABAP
(Application Server for ABAP) Software Logistics.
The following topics are covered in the SAP NetWeaver document:
Èéë³ô Transport and Change Management - Enables and secures the distribution of software changes
from the development environment to the quality assurance and production environment.
Èéë³ô Development Request and Development Release Management - Enables customer-specific
maintenance procedures and open integration with third-party products.
Èéë³ô Support Packages and SAP Notes Implementation - Provide standardized software distribution and
maintenance procedures.
Èéë³ô Release and Upgrade Management - Reduces time, cost, and risk associated with upgrades.
Èéë³ô Quality Management and Test Management - Reduce the time, cost, and risk associated with
software changes.
Èéë³ô Template Management - Enables and secures the rollout of global templates, including
localizations.
Administration of SAP NetWeaver Systems AS ABAP (Application Server for ABAP) Software Logistics. Change
and Transport System .
7 Troubleshooting
In case of problems, refer to the troubleshooting guide for SAP NetWeaver Application Server. For more
information, see SAP Library at http://help.sap.com/nw703 System Administration and Maintenance
Information Technical Operations Guide General Administration Tasks Troubleshooting for SAP Web Application
Server .
see SAP Library at http://help.sap.com/grc Global Trade Services <Release> Application Help
<Language> System Administration System Monitoring .
Support Desk Management enables you to set up an efficient internal support desk for your support
organization that seamlessly integrates your end users, internal support employees, partners, and SAP
Active Global Support specialists with an efficient problem resolution procedure.
For support desk management, you need the methodology, management procedures, and tools
infrastructure to run your internal support organization efficiently.
A Appendix
A.1 Appendix
A.1.1 Related Guides
For more information about installation and configuration, see the Master Guide.
The following table contains links to information relating to the Operation Guide:
Content Quick Link to the SAP Service Marketplace at http://service.sap.com
Master Guide /swdc Installations and Upgrades Installation and Upgrade Guides Analytics Governance, Risk
and Compliance SAP Global Trade Services <Release>
Relates SAP Notes /notes
B Reference
Cross-Phase Documentation
Implementation
The master guide is the starting point for implementing an SAP solution. It lists the required installable
units for each business or IT scenario. It provides scenario-specific descriptions of preparation,
execution, and follow-up of an implementation. It also provides references to other documents, such
as installation guides, the technical infrastructure guide and SAP Notes.
Uıł”è Target group:
Uıł”èj Technology consultants
Uıł”èj Project teams for implementations
Uıł”è Current version:
Uıł”èj On SAP Service Marketplace at http://service.sap.com/instguides
The installation guide describes the technical implementation of an installable unit, taking into
account the combinations of operating systems and databases. It does not describe any business-related
configuration.
Uıł”è Target group:
Uıł”èj Technology consultants
Uıł”èj Project teams for implementations
Uıł”è Current version:
Uıł”èj On SAP Service Marketplace at http://service.sap.com/instguides
Configuration Documentation in SAP Solution Manager – SAP Solution Manager is a life-cycle
platform. One of its main functions is the configuration of business scenarios, business processes, and
implementable steps. It contains Customizing activities, transactions, and so on, as well as
documentation.
Uıł”è Target group:
Uıł”èj Technology consultants
Uıł”èj Solution consultants
Uıł”èj Project teams for implementations
Uıł”è Current version:
Uıł”èj In SAP Solution Manager
The Implementation Guide (IMG) is a tool for configuring (Customizing) a single SAP system. The
Customizing activities and their documentation are structured from a functional perspective. (In order
to configure a whole system landscape from a process-oriented perspective, SAP Solution Manager,
which refers to the relevant Customizing activities in the individual SAP systems, is used.)
Uıł”è Target group:
Uıł”èj Solution consultants
Uıł”èj Project teams for implementations or upgrades
Uıł”è Current version:
Uıł”èj In the SAP menu of the SAP system under Tools Customizing IMG
Production Operation
The technical operations manual is the starting point for operating a system that runs on SAP
NetWeaver, and precedes the application operations guides of SAP Business Suite. The manual refers
users to the tools and documentation that are needed to carry out various tasks, such as monitoring,
backup/restore, master data maintenance, transports, and tests.
XK⁄âî– Target group:
XK⁄âîê System administrators
XK⁄âî– Current version:
XK⁄âîê On SAP Service Marketplace at http://service.sap.com/instguides
The application operations guide is used for operating an SAP application once all tasks in the
technical operations manual have been completed. It refers users to the tools and documentation that
are needed to carry out the various operations-related tasks.
XK⁄âî– Target group:
XK⁄âîê System administrators
XK⁄âîê Technology consultants
XK⁄âîê Solution consultants
XK⁄âî– Current version:
XK⁄âîê On SAP Service Marketplace at http://service.sap.com/instguides
Upgrade
The upgrade master guide is the starting point for upgrading the business scenarios and processes of
an SAP solution. It provides scenario-specific descriptions of preparation, execution, and follow-up of
an upgrade. It also refers to other documents, such as upgrade guides and SAP Notes.
XK⁄âî– Target group:
XK⁄âîê Technology consultants
XK⁄âîê Project teams for upgrades
XK⁄âî– Current version:
XK⁄âîê On SAP Service Marketplace at http://service.sap.com/instguides
The upgrade guide describes the technical upgrade of an installable unit, taking into account the
combinations of operating systems and databases. It does not describe any business-related
configuration.
XK⁄âî– Target group:
XK⁄âîê Technology consultants
XK⁄âîê Project teams for upgrades
XK⁄âî– Current version:
XK⁄âîê On SAP Service Marketplace at http://service.sap.com/instguides
Release notes are documents that contain short descriptions of new features in a particular release or
changes to existing features since the previous release. Release notes about ABAP developments are the
technical prerequisite for generating delta and upgrade Customizing in the Implementation Guide
(IMG).
XK⁄âî– Target group:
‰÷7¶ ø Consultants
‰÷7¶ ø Project teams for upgrades
‰÷7¶ Š Current version:
‰÷7¶ ø On SAP Service Marketplace at http://service.sap.com/releasenotes
‰÷7¶ ø In the SAP menu of the SAP system under Help Release Notes (only ABAP developments)