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    Water Hammer

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    saishankarl
    Water hammer is a pressure surge or wave that occurs when water flowing through a pipe is forced to stop or change velocity suddenly, such as with the rapid closure of a valve. This can cause very high pressure spikes that can damage pipes and equipment. Proper design and use of devices like slow closing valves, surge tanks, and water hammer arrestors can help control water hammer pressures and prevent damage to water systems. While water hammer can be destructive, it is also useful in some applications like hydraulic rams and mine clearing operations where the pressure wave is controlled.

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    Water Hammer

    Uploaded by

    saishankarl
    264 views18 pages
    Water hammer is a pressure surge or wave that occurs when water flowing through a pipe is forced to stop or change velocity suddenly, such as with the rapid closure of a valve. This can cause very high pressure spikes that can damage pipes and equipment. Proper design and use of devices like slow closing valves, surge tanks, and water hammer arrestors can help control water hammer pressures and prevent damage to water systems. While water hammer can be destructive, it is also useful in some applications like hydraulic rams and mine clearing operations where the pressure wave is controlled.

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    Water hammer

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    Water hammer is a pressure surge or wave that occurs when water flowing through a pipe is forced to stop or change velocity suddenly, such as with the rapid closure of a valve. This can cause very high pressure spikes that can damage pipes and equipment. Proper design and use of devices like slow closing valves, surge tanks, and water hammer arrestors can help control water hammer pressures and prevent damage to water systems. While water hammer can be destructive, it is also useful in some applications like hydraulic rams and mine clearing operations where the pressure wave is controlled.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    264 views18 pages

    Water Hammer

    Uploaded by

    saishankarl
    Water hammer is a pressure surge or wave that occurs when water flowing through a pipe is forced to stop or change velocity suddenly, such as with the rapid closure of a valve. This can cause very high pressure spikes that can damage pipes and equipment. Proper design and use of devices like slow closing valves, surge tanks, and water hammer arrestors can help control water hammer pressures and prevent damage to water systems. While water hammer can be destructive, it is also useful in some applications like hydraulic rams and mine clearing operations where the pressure wave is controlled.

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    of 18

    WATER HAMMER

    NAVEEN SUDHARSAN
    MT14WRE010
    What is Water Hammer?

     Water hammer is a pressure surge or wave resulting when a fluid in motion


    is forced to stop or change the velocity
     A water hammer commonly occurs when a valve closes suddenly at an
    end of a pipeline system, and a pressure wave propagates in the pipe. It is
    also called hydraulic shock.
    Immature
    operation
    of valve

    Reasons

    Sudden
    Power
    stoppage
    outage
    of pump
    Sudden Closure Of A Valve
    Mechanism

    Fluid Mechanics with


    Engineering
    applications by
    Joseph B Franzini &
    E.John Finnemore
    Mechanism
    At the Reservoir Sudden Closure of
    the valve
    •Unbalanced condition
    •Due to Negative •Fluid lamina near to the
    pressure in the pipe valve compressed
    •Flow towards pipe •This compression
    starts(4L/a) reaches upstream end
    of the pipe(t=L/a)

    At the Reservoir
    Low pressure
    •Unbalanced condition
    moves upstream as at the reservoir pressure
    waves •Flow from pipe to
    •Makes the velocity of reservoir starts as the
    wave moves Fluid Mechanics by
    flow zero again
    downstream Victor L Streeter, E
    •But the fluid in the pipe Benjamin Wylie & Keith W
    will be expanded(3L/a) •Reservoir pressure Bedford
    unchanged(2L/a)
    Water Hammer Equations

    Joukowsky (1898) eqn


    ∆𝑃 = 𝜌𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑉
     Where ∆𝑃 is change in pressure
     𝜌 density
     𝐶𝑝 is the velocity of wave (1496 m/s at 25°C in water)

     ∆𝑉 is change in velocity
     This equation can be used only for rapid closure( t < 2L/𝐶𝑝 )
    Water hammer equations for all conditions:
     Equation of motion
    𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝐻 𝑓𝑉 𝑉
     +𝑔 + =0
    𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 2𝐷

     Equation of continuity
    𝜕𝐻 𝑎2 𝜕𝑉
     + =0
    𝜕𝑡 𝑔 𝜕𝑥

    These two pde are solved using method of


    characteristics.
     Consider a 500mm dia pipeline, L = 8000 m, 𝐶𝑝 =1000m/s
    & v = 2 m/s, a gate valve is closed in 5 seconds.
    Calculate the pressure surge. Calculate the force
    exerted on the gate.
    2𝐿
     𝑇𝑟 = = 16 𝑠 > 5 𝑠
    𝐶𝑝

     Joukowsky’s equation may be applied.


     ∆𝑃 = 𝜌𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑉
    𝑁
     ∆𝑃 = 20 𝑋 105
    𝑚2

     Area = .196 𝑚2 ≈ 0.2 𝑚2


     𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐹 = 𝑃. 𝐴 = 20 𝑋 105 𝑋 0.2 = 400000 𝑁
     F = 400 𝐾𝑁
    Applications

    Hydraulic Ram
    works with the
    principal of Water
    hammer

    The US Navy is
    conducting Leaks can
    field trials for sometimes be
    mine clearing detected using
    using water water hammer
    hammer.
    Effects of Water Hammer

    Damage to pipes, fittings, and valves, or any connected


    equipment causing leaks and shortening the life of the system

    Bursting of pipes can occur if the pressure is high enough

    Water hammer can have devastating effects on pump system


    Devices for Protection from Water
    Hammer
     Soft Starters

     Slow closing valves


     Variable Frequency Devices

     Water Hammer Arrestors


     Surge Tanks

     Pressure Release Valves


    Conclusions

    Water hammer can cause severe problems in the system if


    not designed properly. So at the time of designing of the
    system potential water hammer problems should be
    considered for thorough analysis. And proper methods or
    devices are to be used so as to assure the proper
    functioning of the system and to lessen the effect of water
    hammer
    Water hammer is useful in certain cases as hydraulic ram,
    mine clearing etc.
    References

     Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications by Joseph B Franzini & E


    John Finnemore, The McGraw Hill Companies, 1997
     Fluid Mechanics by Victor L Streeter, E Benjamin Wylie and Keith W Bedford,
    The McGraw Hill Companies, 2010 reprint
     KSB Know how, Vol 1 Water hammer, KSB Aktiengesellschaft, Johann-Klein-
    Straße 9,67227 Frankenthal
     en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_hammer

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