Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 157 views

    Foil (Fluid Mechanics)

    Uploaded by

    bogdan
    A foil is a solid object that generates more lift than drag when placed in a moving fluid at a suitable angle. Foils work by deflecting the fluid, creating lower pressure on one side and higher pressure on the other, resulting in lift. Key considerations in foil design include minimizing drag while maintaining sufficient lift.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Foil (Fluid Mechanics)

    Uploaded by

    bogdan
    157 views3 pages
    A foil is a solid object that generates more lift than drag when placed in a moving fluid at a suitable angle. Foils work by deflecting the fluid, creating lower pressure on one side and higher pressure on the other, resulting in lift. Key considerations in foil design include minimizing drag while maintaining sufficient lift.

    Original Description:

    Document about foiling in sailing

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    A foil is a solid object that generates more lift than drag when placed in a moving fluid at a suitable angle. Foils work by deflecting the fluid, creating lower pressure on one side and higher pressure on the other, resulting in lift. Key considerations in foil design include minimizing drag while maintaining sufficient lift.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    157 views3 pages

    Foil (Fluid Mechanics)

    Uploaded by

    bogdan
    A foil is a solid object that generates more lift than drag when placed in a moving fluid at a suitable angle. Foils work by deflecting the fluid, creating lower pressure on one side and higher pressure on the other, resulting in lift. Key considerations in foil design include minimizing drag while maintaining sufficient lift.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    Foil (fluid mechanics)

    A foil is a solid object with a shape such that when placed in a moving fluid at a suitable angle of attack the lift (force generated
    perpendicular to the fluid flow) is substantially larger than the drag (force generated parallel the fluid flow). If the fluid is a gas, the
    foil is called an airfoil or aerofoil, and if the fluid iswater the foil is called a hydrofoil.

    Contents
    Physics of foils
    Basic design considerations
    Lifted Weight
    See also
    References
    External links

    Physics of foils
    A foil generates lift primarily as a result of its shape and angle of
    attack. When oriented at a suitable angle, the foil deflects the
    oncoming fluid, resulting in a force on the foil in the direction
    opposite to the deflection. This force can be resolved into two
    components: lift and drag. This "turning" of the fluid in the vicinity
    of the foil creates curved streamlines which results in lower pressure
    on one side and higher pressure on the other. This pressure
    difference is accompanied by a velocity difference, via Bernoulli's
    principle, so the resulting flowfield about the foil has a higher
    Streamlines around a NACA 0012 airfoil at
    average velocity on the upper surface than on the lower
    moderate angle of attack
    surface.[1][2][3][4]

    A more detailed description of the flowfield is given by the


    simplified Navier-Stokes equations, applicable when the fluid is incompressible. However, since the effects of the compressibility of
    air at low speeds is negligible, these simplified equations can be used for both airfoils and hydrofoils as long as the fluid flow is
    substantially less than the speed of sound (up to aboutMach 0.3).[5][6]

    Basic design considerations


    The degenerate case of a foil is a simple flat plate. When set at an angle (theangle of attack) to the flow the plate will deflect the fluid
    passing over and under it, and this deflection will result in a lift force on the plate. However, while it does generate lift, it also
    generates a large amount of drag.[7]

    Since even a simple flat plate can generate lift, a significant factor in foil design is the minimization of drag. An example of this is the
    rudder of a boat or aircraft. When designing a rudder a key design factor is the minimization of drag in its neutral position, which is
    balanced with the need to produce sufficient lift with which to turn the craft at a reasonable rate.[8]
    Other types of foils, both natural and man-made, seen both in air and water, have features that delay or control the onset of lift-
    induced drag, flow separation, and stall (see Bird flight, Fin, Airfoil, Placoid scale, Tubercle, Vortex generator, Canard (close-
    coupled), Blown flap, Leading edge slot, Leading edge slats), as well as Wingtip vortices (see Winglet).

    Lifted Weight
    Lifted weight is proportional to lift coefficient, density of fluid, wing area and true
    speed by square. A comparison of lifted weight as a function of altitude and depth
    reveals big differences by a factor of about 3’000in total from 11 km above sea level
    to 10 km below sea level, divided into factors of: ~ 4 between summit and sea level,
    ~ 400 between flying close to the ground and planing on water, ~ 2 between planing
    on water and in a fully submerged state. The most dramatic changes are due to
    different fluids and levels of altitude. The most interesting sector to discuss lift is
    close to sea level: aircraft approaching the ground, plates planing on water and
    hydrofoils only barely submerged in water. There is one basic similarity across of
    these: Almost any shape, as long as it is not too thick, will work as an (air)foil and Lifted Weight as a Function of
    produce lift when the angle of attack is in the right [9]
    range. Altitude and Depth from 20 km above
    to 10 km below sea level: by a wing
    of 100 m by square (aspect ratio
    See also 10:1) at speed of 10 m/s.

    Aircraft Drag coefficient Propeller


    Bilgeboard Flipper (anatomy) Sail
    Boomerang Fluid dynamics (aerodynamics)
    Centerboard Formula One car Skeg
    Chord (aircraft) Keel Spoiler
    (hydrodynamic) (automotive)
    Coanda effect
    Lift coefficient Surfboard fin
    Diving plane
    NACA airfoil Wing

    References Lifted Weight as a Function of


    1. "...the effect of the wing is to give the air stream a downward velocity Altitude and Depth from 10 m above
    component. The reaction force of the deflected air mass must then act to 5 m below sea level: by a wing of
    on the wing to give it an equal and opposite upward component." In: 100 m by square (aspect ratio 10:1)
    Halliday, David; Resnick, Robert,Fundamentals of Physics 3rd Edition, at speed of 10 m/s.
    John Wiley & Sons, p. 378
    2. "If the body is shaped, moved, or inclined in such a way as to produce a
    net deflection or turning of the flow, the local velocity is changed in
    magnitude, direction, or both. Changing the velocity creates a net force
    on the body" "Lift from Flow Turning" (http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-
    12/airplane/right2.html). NASA Glenn Research Center. Retrieved
    2011-06-29.
    3. "The cause of the aerodynamic lifting force is the downward
    acceleration of air by the airfoil..."Weltner, Klaus; Ingelman-Sundberg,
    Martin, Physics of Flight - reviewed(https://web.archive.org/web/201107
    19102847/http://user.uni-frankfurt.de/~weltner/Flight/PHYSIC4.htm),
    archived from the original (http://user.uni-frankfurt.de/~weltner/Flight/PH
    YSIC4.htm) on 2011-07-19
    4. "...if a streamline is curved, there must be a pressure gradient across
    the streamline..."Babinsky, Holger (November 2003),"How do wings
    work?" (http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0031-9120/38/6/001/pe3_6_001.pd
    f) (PDF), Physics Education
    5. "...the motion of objects in air and in water obeys identical laws until
    their speed approaches the speed of sound."(page 41) "... air too can be
    regarded as incompressible as long as flow speeds remain reasonably
    low. This assumption is roughly valid as longas airplanes fly slower
    than... about one-third of the speed of sound."(page 61)What Makes
    Airplanes Fly? Wegener, Peter P. Springer-Verlag 1991 ISBN 0-387-
    97513-6
    6. "...the low-speed flow of air, where V < 100 m/s (or V < 225 mi/hr) can
    also be assumed to be incompressible to a close approximation." in
    Anderson, John D. Jr. Introduction to Flight 4th ed McGraw-Hill 2000
    ISBN 0-07-109282-X pg 114
    7. "A flat plate held at the proper angle of attack does generate lift, but also
    generates a lot of drag. Sir George Cayley and Otto Lilienthal during the
    1800s showed that curved surfaces generate more lift and less drag
    than flat surfaces."
    http://quest.nasa.gov/aero/planetary/atmospheric/aerodynamiclift.html
    8. NASA. "What is lift?" (http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/lift1.
    html). What is lift?. Retrieved 7-5-2011. Check date values in:
    |access-date= (help)
    9. „Lifted_Weight_as_a_Function_of_Altitude_and_Depth_by_Rolf_Steinegger“
    https://doi.org/10.21256/zhaw-4058

    External links
    http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/right2.html
    http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/lift1.html
    http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/bernnew.html
    http://wright.nasa.gov/airplane/shape.html
    http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/wrong2.html
    https://www.flickr.com/photos/trektrack/2388729621/
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o81WIfjrt5I
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A06L-npXvDM
    http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/554notes3.html

    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foil_(fluid_mechanics)&oldid=816608400


    "

    This page was last edited on 22 December 2017, at 13:11.

    Text is available under theCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this
    site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of theWikimedia
    Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

    You might also like