Improved Oil Recovery: Unit 11 - Waterflooding II

1
IMPROVED OIL RECOVERY

Unit 11 -Waterflooding II
Review
2
 Use the Welge Construction to determine

 water saturation at the producing end of the system at
water breakthrough
 average water saturation in the reservoir at breakthrough
 the producing water cut at breakthrough
A
Saturation at Irreducible
flood front water saturation
Water cut at
water
breakthrough Average water
saturation at
breakthrough
3
at flood front
Swirr
Avg. Sw at water breakthrough
4
Welge Construction
Exam Practise Question
PENG 6010-April/May 2010
Question 4 b)i, b) ii, b) iii and b) iv
5
Exam Practise Question
6 PENG 6010-April/May 2010
Question 4 b)i, b) ii, b) iii and b) iv

Given:
7
Unit 11- Learning Outcomes cont’d
8
 Define areal, vertical and volumetric sweep efficiencies
 List factors affecting areal sweep efficiency
 List factors affecting vertical sweep efficiency
 Identify the well-pattern configurations used in waterflooding
 Use Dykstra-Parsons method for to predict oil recovery in a
linear waterflood
9 Volumetric Displacement Efficiency
See handout
Chapter 4
pg 73-74
EOR, Green and Willhite
Areal Sweep Efficiency, EA
Idealized reservoir
Factors affecting EA
• reservoir permeability heterogeneity
•injection/production well pattern
• mobility ratio
• relative importance of gravity and viscous forces
10
Permeability variation,V
11
 V
 permeability variation
 Dykstra-Parsons coefficient of permeability variation
 V 0 for a homogeneous reservoir

 V 1 for an extremely heterogeneous reservoir
 most reservoirs V~ 0.7
Flooding patterns (from Craig, 1971)
12
Pilot Projects
TWO-SPOT
THREE-SPOT
Pattern Boundary
Producer
Injector
Idealized reservoir
• mobility ratio
13
The Reservoir Engineering Aspects of
14
Waterflooding, Craig
See handout/text
Page 48-55
AREAL SWEEP EFFICIENCY
15
Areal Sweep at Water
Breakthrough
16
 See figures 5.2-5.6

 Note:
 which factors affect sweep?
 there is agreement among most
investigators when M ≤1.0
 useful range of sweep efficiency can
be obtained for M ≥ 1.0
 X-ray shadowgraph technique more
reliable for M ≥ 1.0
Vd ,displaceable volume
= cumulative injected fluid /(pattern pore

volume x displacement efficiency of the
flood)
17
Idealized reservoir
• mobility ratio
18
Areal Sweep at Water Breakthrough
19
 Figures 5.10, 5.11 and 5.12

 Areal sweep efficiency a function of d/a for
 Staggered drives
 Direct line drives
 Five spot (staggered line drive with d/a =0.5)

AREAL SWEEP EFFICIENCY
20
Areal Sweep after Water Breakthrough
21
 Areal sweep efficiency continues to increase until it

reaches 100%
 Four-spot
 Five-spot
 Seven-spot
 Nine-spot
 Line drives
Injectivities in various waterflood patterns
22
 See Table 5.12 (page 55)

 Assuming steady state conditions
 No initial gas saturation
 Mobility ratio of 1
 Agreement between researchers
 At M <1.0, fluid injectivity declines as areal
sweep increases
 At M > 1.0. fluid injectivity increases as
complete coverage is approached
Vertical Sweep Efficiency, EI
EI is controlled primarily by four factors: gravity

segregation caused by differences in
1. density
2. mobility ratio
3. vertical to horizontal permeability variation
4. capillary forces
23
24
25
Welge Construction
26
Step 4
Draw tangent from Swirr to intersect with fw vs Sw curve
i. Water saturation at the producing end of the system at water

breakthrough
At intersection with tangent and curve- Read Sw (x-axis)
ii. The producing water cut at breakthrough
At intersection with tangent and curve - Read fw (y-axis)
iii. Average water saturation in the reservoir at breakthrough
At intersection with tangent and fw =1.0 – Read Sw
iii. Oil -water mobility ratio

Use krw at average Sw behind the front
Use kro ahead of flood front
Given mo and mw
Welge Construction continued
27
 Use the frontal advance theory to predict waterflood

performance
 plot oil recovery vs. time
 determine rate of oil production
 Determine water cut

28 Waterflooding by G. Paul Willhite
Section 3.5
Displacement performance for a linear
29
waterflood
Determine
 Volume of oil displaced at any time
 Rate of oil production
 Producing water cut after water breakthrough
Assumptions
 Interstitial water assumed to be immobile
 Phases are incompressible
 Constant Injection rate
 Until water arrives at the end of a system, oil will be produced
at the same rate as water is injected.
 When water breakthrough occurs, a water saturation gradient
exists from the inlet to the end of the system.
Equation 3.80
30
The volume of water in the system between x=x1 and

x=x2 can be obtained by integrating
whereVw is the volume of water in the porous medium

between x1 and x2. The volume of oil displaced is
expressed as
Equation 3.81
31
 The volume of oil displaced in the region
Where Vo is the volume of oil displaced from the

interval x1≤x≥x2
Which assumptions are being used in the development

of these two equations?
Equation 3.93 & 3.94
32
 When x1= 0 and sufficient time has passed for water

to have arrived at the end of the core/system/
producer (x2 =L), the average water saturation in the
system is
 fw1 = 1.0 at x =0
Equations 3.95 ,3.96 and 3.97
33
 qtt represents the total volume of water injected

(Wi)
(3.95)
 AL is the PV of the porous rock, Vp
For constant injection rate (3.96)
(3.97)
Equation 3.98
34
 Because the displaced hydrocarbon saturation is , the oil

displaced , Np, is given by
where FVF is assumed to be 1.0

Saturation Profile
35
 At the end of system (x= L) the water saturation is

Sw2 after water arrives.
 From the development of the Frontal Advance

Equation
(3.76)
(3.99)
Equation 3.100
36
 Substituting Equation 3.99 into equation 3.97

(3.100)
 Change in y / change in x in Fig 3.11

(3.102)
 Rearrange 3.100 and compare to 3.102

Production rates- Equations 3.104-3.106
37
 The fractional flow of water is determined from the

frontal advance solution for every value of Sw2.
Water oil ratio (WOR)
38
 WOR is a measure of the efficiency of the

displacement at a point in the process. In production
operations it represents the volume of water that
must be handled to produce a unit volume of oil.
(3.107)
Time required for displacement
39
 Because injection rate does not vary with time

40 Review Worked Example
page 67-69
Predicting waterflood performance
41
Step 1 Given:
Plot relative permeability data • Reservoir dimensions
• Angle of dip
Step 2 • Porosity
Calculate the fractional flow of water • Initial water saturation
• Water injection rate
Step 3 • Viscosity of oil and water
Plot fw vs Sw • Relative permeability
• Residual Oil Saturation
• Bo
• Bw
42
Step 4
Draw tangent from Swirr to intersect with fw vs Sw curve
i. Water saturation at the producing end of the system at

water breakthrough
At intersection with tangent and curve
Read Sw (x-axis)
ii. The producing water cut at breakthrough
At intersection with tangent and curve
Read fw (y-axis)
iii. Average water saturation in the reservoir at breakthrough
At intersection with tangent and fw =1.0
Read Sw
If tangent intersection cannot be determined
Use workflow for on page 68 (1st column) to apply material balance
43
After  Choose several values of Sw2 and

breakthrough
determine fw2 and f’Sw2 by drawing
tangents to the curve
 See Figure 3.13
 Sw2 = intersection with fw =1

See Table 3.3  Read off fw2
 Qi = Sw2 -Swirr
44
Cumulative oil
production
Oil production
rate See Table 3.3
Water oil Ratio

In context
45
 Waterflood performance –Figure 3.14

 Calculate total water injected at constant rate for
2,529 days
 Calculate OOIP
 Calculate ultimate waterflood recovery

*Ultimate waterflood recovery
46
 Given cut off fw =0.95

 Draw tangent to curve at fw=0.95
 Read off average Sw at fw =1.0
Initial Stock tank oil in place in one barrel

of total pore volume, STB
* Craig, Appendix E.1 to E.3

* Ultimate waterflood recovery
47
 One barrel of total pore volume in the swept

portion of the reservoir, STB
 Oil remaining in unswept portion per barrel of pore

volume, STB

*Ultimate waterflood recovery
48
If say, there is primary recovery before waterflooding
Recovery due to waterflood = Total recovery – primary recovery

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1

IMPROVED OIL RECOVERY

 Use the Welge Construction to determine

Avg. Sw at water breakthrough

Question 4 b)i, b) ii, b) iii and b) iv

 Define areal, vertical and volumetric sweep efficiencies

 List factors affecting areal sweep efficiency

 List factors affecting vertical sweep efficiency

 Identify the well-pattern configurations used in waterflooding

 Use Dykstra-Parsons method for to predict oil recovery in a

 V 0 for a homogeneous reservoir

 See figures 5.2-5.6

= cumulative injected fluid /(pattern pore

 Figures 5.10, 5.11 and 5.12

 Five spot (staggered line drive with d/a =0.5)

 Areal sweep efficiency continues to increase until it

 See Table 5.12 (page 55)

EI is controlled primarily by four factors: gravity

i. Water saturation at the producing end of the system at water

iii. Oil -water mobility ratio

 Use the frontal advance theory to predict waterflood

 determine rate of oil production

 Determine water cut

The volume of water in the system between x=x1 and

whereVw is the volume of water in the porous medium

 The volume of oil displaced in the region

Where Vo is the volume of oil displaced from the

Which assumptions are being used in the development

 When x1= 0 and sufficient time has passed for water

 qtt represents the total volume of water injected

 AL is the PV of the porous rock, Vp

For constant injection rate (3.96)

 Because the displaced hydrocarbon saturation is , the oil

where FVF is assumed to be 1.0

 At the end of system (x= L) the water saturation is

 From the development of the Frontal Advance

 Substituting Equation 3.99 into equation 3.97

 Change in y / change in x in Fig 3.11

 Rearrange 3.100 and compare to 3.102

 The fractional flow of water is determined from the

 WOR is a measure of the efficiency of the

 Because injection rate does not vary with time

i. Water saturation at the producing end of the system at

After  Choose several values of Sw2 and

 Sw2 = intersection with fw =1

Water oil Ratio

 Waterflood performance –Figure 3.14

 Calculate ultimate waterflood recovery

 Given cut off fw =0.95

Initial Stock tank oil in place in one barrel

* Craig, Appendix E.1 to E.3

 One barrel of total pore volume in the swept

 Oil remaining in unswept portion per barrel of pore

* Craig, Appendix E.1 to E.3

If say, there is primary recovery before waterflooding

Recovery due to waterflood = Total recovery – primary recovery

* Craig, Appendix E.1 to E.3

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