A300 Part 1-Pruning Draft 3 Version 1

BSR A300 (Part 1)-201x

A revision draft of ANSI A300 (Part 1)-2008 (R2014)

for Tree Care Operations –

Tree, Shrub, and Other Woody Plant Management –
Standard Practices (Pruning)

Secretariat
Tree Care Industry Association, Inc.

Published by
Tree Care Industry Association, Inc.
136 Harvey Road – Ste 101
Londonderry, NH 03053
800-733-2622
603-314-5380
Fax: 603-314-5386
E-mail: [email protected]
Web: www.tcia.org

Copyright © 2016 by the Tree Care Industry Association, Inc.

All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or
otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher.

Draft – This draft is not intended for trial use or any other use.
 A300 Part 1-201x Pruning Draft 3 Version 1

Contents

Foreword
1 ANSI A300 Standards – Scope, purpose, and application
2 Part 1 – Pruning standards
3 Normative references
4 Pruning specifications
5 Pruning objectives
6 Pruning systems
7 Pruning cuts
8 Pruning practices
9 Palms and similar plants
10 Definitions

Annex A – Pruning cut guideline

Annex B – Specification writing guideline
Annex C – Applicable ANSI A300 interpretations
Annex D – Additional exlpanation of objectives, evolving concepts, explanation of material
removed from 2008
Annex E – Urban forest products

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Foreword This foreword will not be considered part of the revised American National Standard
(ANSI) A300 (Part 1)-201x.

ANSI A300 standards are intended to guide work practices for the care of trees, palms, shrubs,
and other woody landscape plants. They apply to arborists, horticulturists, landscape architects,
and other professionals who provide for or supervise the management of these plants for property
owners, property managers, businesses, government agencies, utilities, and others who use
these services. The standard does not apply to agriculture, horticultural production, or
silviculture, except where explicitly noted otherwise.

These standards should be used to develop specifications for work assignments; however, they
are not intended to be used as work specifications in and of themselves. Effective specifications
must include measurable criteria, and must account for the variable characteristics of landscape
plants and the individual management objectives of their owners.

The Tree Care Industry Association (TCIA) oversees the Accredited Standards Committee (ASC)
on Tree, Shrub, and Other Woody Plant Management Operations – Standard Practices, A300
(ASC A300), which writes the ANSI A300 Standards. TCIA is an ANSI-accredited Standards
Developing Organization (SDO), and is secretariat of the ANSI A300 standards. ANSI requires
that approved standards be developed according to accepted principles, and that they be
reviewed and, if necessary, revised every five years.

Prior to 1991, various industry associations and practitioners developed their own standards and
recommendations for tree care practices. Recognizing the need for a standardized, scientific
approach, green industry associations, government agencies and tree care companies agreed to
develop consensus for an official American National Standard.

Since 1991, ASC A300 has met regularly to write new, and review and revise existing ANSI A300
standards. The committee includes industry representatives with broad knowledge and technical
expertise from residential and commercial tree care, utility, municipal and federal sectors,
landscape and nursery industries, and other interested organizations.

ANSI A300 Standards are divided into multiple parts, each focusing on a specific aspect of woody
plant management (e.g. Pruning, Soil Management, Supplemental Support Systems, etc.). The
ANSI A300 standards unify and take authoritative precedence over all previously existing tree
care industry standards.

The 45-day public review period for this draft runs from August 19, 2016 to October 3, 2016. This
document is not approved as a draft for trial use. Official public comments or information
requests regarding this document must be forwarded to: [email protected], A300 Secretary, c/o
Tree Care Industry Association, Inc., 136 Harvey Road - Suite 101, Londonderry, NH, 03053.
Responses will be provided. Comments may be forwarded to ASC A300 members, however
comments that are forwarded only to ASC A300 members may not be recorded as official
comments and a response may not be provided. After the public review period, the Part 1
Pruning draft may be submitted for approval to ANSI by TCIA and the ANSI-accredited Standards
Committee A300 (ASC A300). Committee approval of the standard will not necessarily imply that
all committee members voted for its approval.

The ASC A300 has the following members as of August 19, 2016:

Dane Buell, Chair

(BrightView)

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Bob Rouse, Secretary

(Tree Care Industry Association, Inc.)

Organizations Represented Name of Representative

Alliance for Community Trees tbd
AmericanHort (formerly ANLA) Craig J. Regelbrugge
American Society of Consulting Arborists Torrey Young
Rick Gessner (Alt.)
American Society of Landscape Architects Susan Cahill
Asplundh Tree Expert Company Geoff Kempter
tbd (Alt.)
Bartlett Tree Expert Company Wayne Dubin
Dr. Thomas Smiley (Alt.)
Davey Tree Expert Company Chris Klimas
Dr. Richard Rathjens (Alt.)
International Society of Arboriculture Dr. Richard Hauer
Wes Kocher (Alt.)
Professional Grounds Management Society Gene Pouly
Michael Bova (Alt.)
National Association of Landscape Professionals
(formerly PLANET) tbd
Sabeena Hickman (Alt.)
Society of Municipal Arborists Nolan Rundquist
Gordon Mann (Alt.)
Tree Care Industry Association Tom Mugridge
Steve Mays Jr. (Alt.)
Tree Care Industry Association – Associate Members (Vendors) Tim Bushnell
tbd (Alt)
USDA Forest Service Dana Coehlo
Jill Johnson (Alt)
Utility Arborist Association William Rees
Neil Fischer (Alt.)

Additional organizations and individuals:

Tim Johnson (Observer)
Myron Laible (Observer)
Beth Palys (Observer)
Richard Roux (NFPA-780 Liaison)

A300 Part 1 Subgroup Chair:

Geoffrey Kempter

Mission: To develop consensus performance standards for the professional management of

trees, shrubs and other woody plants.

Vision: ANSI A300 standards will be the foundation for work specifications, training materials,
quality protocols, and regulations for the management of trees, shrubs, palms, and other woody
landscape plants.

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1 ANSI A300 standards

1.1 Scope

ANSI A300 performance standards cover the care and management of trees, shrubs, palms and
other woody landcsape plants.

1.2 Purpose

ANSI A300 standards are intended for the development of work practices, written specifications,
best practices, regulations and other measures of performance.

1.2.1 These standards may be excerpted or incorporated by reference; however, they are not
intended to be adopted in their entirety into laws and regulations or as work specifications (see
Annex B – Specification writing guideline).

1.3 Application

ANSI A300 standards shall apply to any person or entity engaged in the management of trees,
shrubs, palms, or other woody plants, including federal, state or local agencies, utilities, arborists,
consultants, arboricultural or landscape firms, and managers or owners of property.

1.3.1 ANSI A300 standards shall not apply to commercial agricultural, horticultural production,
or silviculture unless this standard, or a portion thereof, is expressly referenced in other standards
or specifications.

2 Part 1 – Pruning standards

2.1 Purpose

The purpose of Part 1, Pruning, is to provide performance standards for the pruning of trees,
shrubs, palms and other woody plants, and to guide the development of written specifications,
best practices, training materials, regulations, and other performance measures.

For root pruning standards, refer to the most recent version of ANSI A300 Part 8, Root
Management.

2.2 Reasons

Reasons for pruning include reducing risk, improving or maintaining health, developing desired
structure and appearance, preventing interference with infrastructure, and other specific
objectives.

2.3 Implementation

2.3.1 Specifications for pruning should be written and administered by an arborist or other
qualified professional (see clause 4).

2.3.2 Following pruning operations, monitoring and follow-up recommendations should be

made based on the pruning objective, plant condition, site/location, species, and growth rate.

2.3.3 Pruning shall be performed only by arborists or other qualified professionals who, through
related training and on-the-job experience, are familiar with the standards, practices, and hazards
of arboriculture related to pruning and the equipment used in such operations.

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2.3.4 The location and type of utilities and other obstructions shall be considered prior to
pruning operations.

2.4 Safety

2.4.1 This performance standard shall not take precedence over applicable industry safe work
practices.

2.4.2 Performance, including pruning in proximity to energized conductors, shall comply with
applicable Federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards, ANSI
Z133, 29 CFR 1910.331 – 335, 29 CFR 1910.269, and state and local laws and regulations as
they apply.

3 Normative references

The following standards contain provisions, which, through reference in the text, constitute
provisions of this American National Standard. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to
agreements based on this American National Standard shall apply the most recent edition of the
standards indicated below.
ANSI A300 for Tree Care Operations – Tree, Shrub, and Other Woody Plant Management –
Standard Practices, all Parts1
ANSI Z60 Nursery stock2
ANSI Z133 for Arboricultural Operations – Safety Requirements3
29 CFR 1910, Occupational Safety and Health Standards (General Industry)4
16 U.S.C. §§703-711, Migratory Bird Treaty Act) 5
16 U.S.C. 1531-1544, Endangered Species Act) 5
1)
Available from the Tree Care Industry Association, www.tcia.org
2)
Available from AmericanHort, www.americanhort.org
3)
Available from the International Society of Arboriculture, www.isa-arbor.org
4)
Available from U.S. Department of Labor, www.osha.gov
5)
Available from U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, www.fws.gov

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Fig. 2 Pruning process flowchart.

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4 Pruning specifications (see Fig. tbd and Annex B – Specification writing guideline)

4.1 Pruning specificiations should include:

Physical location of the plants to be pruned;
Pruning objectives;
Pruning system;
Type of parts to be removed (e.g. living or dead branches, fruit, mistletoe);
Pruning amount (e.g. percent of foliage or crown, or number of branches to be
removed);
Location in crown of parts to be removed;
Pruning cut types (e.g. removal, reduction, heading, shearing);
Size (diameter) range of parts to be removed;
Plan for disposal/repurposing of debris;
Time frame for completion; and,
Other information as necessary (e.g. topiary shape, clearance distances, view
lines of sight).

4.2 Pruning operations should remove no more living material than what is necessary to
achieve specified objectives.

4.3 Plant species, size, age, condition, and site shall be considered when specifying the
location and amount of live branches to be removed.

5 Pruning objectives

5.1 One or more pruning objectives shall be specified (See Annex D – Additional exlpanation
of objectives, evolving concepts, explanation of material removed from 2008).

5.1.1 The pruning system (see subclause 6), plant health, growth habit, structure, species
characteristics, expected response, and the ability of a plant to sustain amount of pruning
proposed shall be considered when establishing pruning objectives.

5.2 Objectives should include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following:
Manage risk (see the most recent version of ANSI A300 Part 9, Tree Risk Assessment).
Manage health (see the most recent version of ANSI A300 Part 10, Integrated Pest
Management and ANSI A300 Part 2, Soil Management).
Develop structure, such as to:
Improve branch and trunk architecture;
Promote or subordinate certain leaders, stems or branches;
Promote desirable branch spacing;
Promote or discourage growth in a particular direction (directional pruning);
Minimize future conflict with traffic or infrastructure;
Restore plants following damage, and/or;
Rejuvenate shrubs (see Annex D – Additional exlpanation of objectives, evolving
concepts, explanation of material removed from 2008).
Provide clearance, such as to:
Ensure safe and reliable utility services;
Minimize current interference with infrastructure, buildings or other plants;
Raise crown(s) for movement of traffic or light penetration;
Ensure lines-of-sight or desired views;
Provide access to sites, buildings or other structures; and/or,
Comply with regulations.
Manage size or shape.
Improve aesthetics.
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Manage production of fruit, flowers, or other products.

Manage wildlife habitat.

6 Pruning Systems

6.1 A pruning system should be specified to achieve the desired long-term form of the plant.

6.1.2 Consideration shall be given to the ability of the plant to respond to the selected pruning
system.

6.2 Natural (see Annex D– Additional exlpanation of objectives, evolving concepts,

explanation of material removed from 2008)

A natural system should be prefered.

6.2.1 A natural system should allow for changes in appearance resulting from pruning when
achieving certain specified objectives, such as:
Crown or branch reduction;
Raising crowns;
Developing or improving structure;
Providing clearance;
Risk reduction; and,
Enhancing views.

6.3 Pollarding

A pollarding system should be considered when appropriate to achieve management objectives.

6.3.1 Trees selected for a pollarding system should be of an appropriate size, species, and
age.

6.3.1.1 Pollarding should not be initiated on mature trees.

6.3.1.2 A plan shall be made for the periodic removal of shoots.

6.3.2 To initiate pollarding, heading cuts should be made at specified heights or locations in the
crown, after which no additional heading cuts should be made.

6.3.3 Existing pollard heads should not be damaged or removed. Shoots growing from the
pollard heads should be removed during the dormant season

6.3.3.1 Shoots should be removed at intervals of three years or less. The recommended shoot
removal interval should be determined by species, plant health, climate, and design intent.

6.3.4 Existing pollarded trees should be maintained as pollards.

6.4 Topiary

A topiary system should be used when the objective is a specified form or shape, such as a
hedge.

6.4.1 Plants selected for a topiary system should be of an appropriate size, species, and age.

6.4.2 The shape of the topiary should be determined prior to the start of pruning.

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6.4.3 Selective pruning and shearing should be performed as needed to develop and/or
maintain the desired shape.

6.5 Espalier

An espalier system should be used when the objective is to grow plants in a planary form.

6.5.1 Plants selected for an espalier system should be of an appropriate size, species, and
age.

6.5.2 Branches that extend outside the desired plane of growth shall be pruned and/or tied
back.

6.5.3 Ties shall be replaced or adjusted as needed to prevent girdling.

6.6 Pleaching

A pleaching system should be used to train plants to achieve a desired form through pruning,
interweaving and tying branches to one another, or to a frame.

6.6.1 Plants selected for a pleaching system should be of an appropriate size, species, and
age.

6.6.2 When pleaching is initiated, branches that are not included within the desired form should
be reduced, removed or tied to other branches or a frame.

6.6.3 New shoots that are not growing within the desired form should be periodically pruned, or
tied or woven into the desired form.

6.6.4 Ties shall be replaced or adjusted as needed to prevent girdling.

7 Pruning cuts

7.1 General

7.1.1 The smallest diameter cut that meets the objective should be preferred.

7.1.1.1 Cuts that expose heartwood should be avoided.

7.1.2 Branches likely to split wood or tear bark beyond the pruning cut shall be precut to avoid
this type of damage (see Fig. tbd and Annex A).

7.1.3 When removing a branch with a narrow angle of attachment, the cut should be made
from the outside of the branch to prevent damage to the parent branch (see Fig. tdb).

7.1.4 When removing a branch with included bark, the cut should be made as close as
possible to the point where the wood of both stems joins without damaging the remaining stem
(see Fig. tbd).

7.1.5 When removing a dead branch or stem, the final cut shall be made just outside the collar
of living tissue, without leaving a dead stub (see Fig. tbd).

7.1.6 The final pruning cut should leave adjacent bark firmly attached.

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7.1.7 Interior and lower branches should be retained when compatible with objectives and
system.

7.1.8 When removing live branches, the majority of cuts should be in the outer portion of the
crown.

7.1.9 A flush cut is not an acceptable pruning practice (see Fig. tbd).

7.2 Branch removal cuts (9.43, Annex A – Pruning cut guideline)

7.2.2 A branch removal cut shall be made without cutting into the branch bark ridge or branch
collar, or leaving a stub (see Fig. tbd).

7.2.2.1 When a branch collar is not apparent, the cut shall be made without cutting into the
branch bark ridge, parent stem, or leaving a stub (see Fig. tbd).

7.3 Reduction cuts (9.40)

7.3.1 A reduction cut should be made to a live lateral branch that is able to sustain the
remaining branch.

7.3.2 The remaining lateral branch should typically be larger than at least one-third the
diameter of the stem or branch being removed.

7.3.4 A reduction cut should be made at a slight angle to the remaining branch or stem, without
damaging the branch bark ridge and without leaving a stub (see Fig. tbd).

7.4 Heading cuts

7.4.1.1 A heading cut should only be made when necessary to conform with certain pruning
systems (e.g. Initiation of a pollarding system, topiary pruning), or to accomplish specific
pruning objectivres, such as:
Structural development on young plants;
Mitigating risk, where reduction to a suitable lateral branch is not practical, where
no such branch is present, or where cutting to such a branch does not achieve
the objective;
Restoration of damaged plants;
Rejuvenation of shrubs;
To avoid making an unneccessarily large branch removal cuts in cases where an
appropriate lateral branch is not present; and,
Conserving or creating wildlife habitat.

7.4.2 A heading cut should only be made when it can be expected that the remaining lateral(s)
or shoots that grow from retained bud(s) will sustain the remaining branch.

7.5 Shearing cuts (9.47)

7.5.1 Shearing should be performed when necessary to accomplish specified objectives within
the Topiary system (see subclause 6.4 Topiary).

7.5.2 Shearing should be performed on appropriate species at intervals that minimize

deleterious effects on plant health.

7.5.2.1 Shearing cuts should only be made to stems capable of generating new shoots.

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7.5.3 Reduction cuts should be considered after shearing when necessary.

8 Pruning practices

8.1 Inspection

8.1.1 In addition to required safety procedures, an arborist or qualified professional should

conduct a visual inspection of the plant(s) to identify conditions that would affect the original
scope of work.

8.1.2 Conditions identified in the visual inspection that would affect, or are outside of, the scope
of work should be reported to an immediate supervisor or to the client.

8.1.2.1 When the scope of work is limited by property boundaries, easements, or other
constraints, inspection of plants or parts of plants outside of the assigned scope of work shall not
be required.

8.2 Work Practices

8.2.1 Equipment and tools used in pruning operations shall be maintained according to
manufacturers recommendations.

8.2.2 Work practices that damage living tissue, other plants or property, beyond the scope of
normal work practices, shall be avoided.

8.2.2.1 Where necessary, ropes or other equipment shall be used to control and lower heavy
plant parts to the ground.

8.2.2.2 Climbing spurs shall not be used when entering and climbing trees for the purpose of
pruning, except in situations where other means are impractical, such as:
Remote/rural utility rights-of-way;
When branches are more than throw-line distance apart and there is no other means of
climbing the tree;
When the outer bark is thick enough to prevent damage to the inner bark or cambium;
and,
Emergency operations (see subclause 8.11).

8.2.3 Severed branches shall be removed from the crown upon completion of pruning, at times
when the tree would be left unattended, or at the end of the workday, unless otherwise specified
in the scope of work.

8.3.4 When pruning has a high potential to spread pests, appropriate precautions should be
taken (see Annex A and the most recent version of ANSI A300 Part 10, Integrated Pest
Management).

8.3.5 When pruning has a high potential to result in sunscald, a temporary protective covering
for vulnerable areas of bark should be considered.

8.3.6 Wound treatment

8.3.6.1 Wound treatments should be used only when necessary to prevent the spread of pests,
or for cosmetic reasons.

8.3.6.2 Wound treatments that damage the plant shall not be used.

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8.3.6.3 When treating damaged bark, only loose or damaged tissue shall be removed.

8.7 Clearance pruning

8.7.1 Branches growing toward specified clearance areas should be reduced to lateral
branches or removed to parent stems growing outside and/or away from the clearance area
(directional pruning).

8.7.2 When a minimum clearance distance is required, a branch removal or reduction cut
should be made beyond the specified clearance distance at a suitable branch union.

8.7.2.1 When a reduction cut cannot be made to a suitable lateral branch, and to avoid an
unneccesarily large pruning cut at the parent stem, a heading cut should be considered.

8.7.3 When frequent or excessive pruning is required to achieve objectives due to species,
growth habit and/or location, alternatives such as relocation, treatment with growth regulators or
removal and replacement with an appropriate plant, should be considered.

8.8 Mechanical pruning

8.8.1 Mechanical pruning cuts should be made close to the main stem, outside of the branch
bark ridge and branch collar. Precautions should be taken to avoid stem wounding.

8.8.2 Mechanical pruning shall only be performed in remote/rural locations, away from settled
areas and dwellings, or during emergency situations.

8.9 Topping

Reduction of tree size by cutting to stubs without regard for long-term tree health or structural
integrity, shall be considered an unacceptable practice.

8.10 Lion tailing

When pruning trees using the natural system, the removal of interior lateral branches that results
in a concentration of growth at branch ends shall be considered an unacceptable practice.

8.11 Disposal and/or repurposing

8.11.1 A method for disposal of pruning debris should be specified (see Annex E, Urban forest
products flowchart).

8.11.2 Disposal of pruning debris shall comply with applicable regulations, including
quarantines.

8.11.3 Repurposing of debris should be preferred (eg. creating mulch, firewood, wood products,
etc).

8.12 Monitoring and pruning interval

8.12.1 A monitoring and/or a pruning interval should be recommended, and should be based
on the objectives, pruning system, plant health, site/location, species and growth rate (see ANSI
A300 Part 7 Integrated Vegetation Management and, when approved, ANSI A300 Part 10
Integrated Pest Management).

8.13 Emergency operations

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Exemptions to the non-safety related sections of this standard shall be allowed during
emergencies, including those declared by federal, state or local governments, utilities or other
critical service providers, when services must be restored,

8.13.1 Following the emergency, restoration pruning should be considered.

9 Pruning palms and similar plants

9.1 Dead, damaged, or loose fronds should be pruned when necessary to reduce risk or
improve aesthetics.

9.2 Healthy fronds should not be removed except when necessary for clearance.

9.3 Fruits that pose unacceptable risk or nuisance, or flowers that will lead to the
development of such fruits, should be removed.

9.4 Palms that under normal growing conditions could damage or interfere with electric utility
or other infrastructure should be pruned, growth regulated, relocated, or removed (see sublcuase
7.5.3).

9.5 Yellowing fronds that are not diseased or infested should be retained, except when they
pose safety or aesthetic concerns.

9.5.1 Diseased or infested palms should be treated, or fronds removed, when necessary to
reduce the spread of pests and/or to protect the health of the palm (see the most recent version
of ANSI A300 Part 10, Integrated Pest Management).

9.6 If all or most fronds are damaged (e.g. following high winds or frost), damaged green
fronds that do not pose unacceptable risk should be retained until new fronds develop (see Fig.
tbd, An overpruned palm, not an acceptable pruning practice).

9.7 Fronds should be removed by making a cut close to the petiole base without damaging
living trunk tissue.

9.7.1 To ensure worker safety, removal of palm frond skirts with three years or more of growth
shall be performed from the top down (see the most recent version of ANSI Z133 Arboricultural
Safety).

9.7.2 When removing dead petiole bases (skinning, peeling, shaving), living trunk tissue should
not be damaged.

9.8 When palm pruning practices have a high potential to spread pests, appropriate
precautions shall be taken.

9.8.1 Climbing spurs should not be used to climb live palms.

9.9 Disposal of debris should be specified per subclause 7.6 Disposal and/or repurposing.

9.10 Bamboo

9.10.1 Culms and branches shall be pruned by making cuts just above nodes, without leaving a
stub, as shown in Fig. tbd.

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10 Definitions This clause will be considered part of the revised American National
Standard (ANSI) A300 (Part 1)-201x.

10.1 arboriculture: The art, science, technology, and business of commercial, public, and
utility tree care.

10.2 arborist: An individual engaged in the profession of arboriculture who, through

experience, education, and related training, possesses the competence to provide for or
supervise the management of trees and other woody plants.

10.3 arborist trainee: An individual undergoing on-the-job training to obtain the experience
and the competence required to provide for or supervise the management of trees and other
woody plants. Such trainees shall be under the direct supervision of an arborist.

10.4 branch: A shoot or stem arising from another branch or stem (see Fig. xyz).

10.4.1 codominant stem/codominant branch: Two or more stems or branches of similar

diameter originating from the same union (see Fig. xyz).

10.4.2 lateral branch: A shoot or stem growing from a larger (parent) branch (see Fig. xyz).

10.4.3 parent stem/branch: A tree trunk, main stem, leader or branch from which other smaller
branches grow (see Fig. xyz).

Fig. xyz: Standard branch definitions.

10.5 branch bark ridge: The raised strip of bark on the top and side of a union where the
branch and parent stem meet. (see Fig. tbd).

10.6 branch collar: The area of swelling at the union between a parent stem and a smaller
branch.

10.7 cambium: Meristematic tissue that gives rise to xylem, phloem and new cambium.

10.8 clean: Arboricultural term used to describe selective pruning to remove one or more of
the following: dead, diseased, infested, rubbing, declining,detached and/or broken branches.

10.9 clearance area: specified area from which vegetation is to be removed.

10.10 client: a person, corporation, or other entity who has hired the quailified professional.

10.11 climbing spurs: Sharp, pointed devices strapped to a climber’s lower legs used to
assist in climbing trees (syn.: gaffs, hooks, spurs, spikes, climbers).

10.12 crown: The part of a tree or shrub, measured from the lowest branch upward, including
all the branches and foliage.

10.13 culm: the stem of a grass or sedge, including, for the purposes of this standard, the
woody, hollow aerial stem of bamboo.

10.14 decay: The degradation of woody tissue caused by microorganisms.

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10.15 directional pruning: Selective removal of branches to guide and/or discourage growth
in a particular direction.

10.16 espalier: A pruning system that trains plants to grow within a plane, such as along a
wall, trellis or fence.

10.17 flush cut: A pruning cut that removes the branch bark ridge and/or branch collar,
damaging the trunk or parent branch. Not an acceptable practice (see Fig. tbd).

10.18 frond: A leaf of a palm.

10.19 heading: Pruning cut that removes a branch or stem between nodes (leaving a stub), to
a bud, or to a live branch typically less than one-third the diameter of the branch or stem being
removed.

10.20 leader: A main trunk or stem that dominates all or a portion of the crown. Trees and
shrubs may have one leader or several individual leaders.

10.21 line of sight: Line of vision to a specific view element (syn. sightline).

10.22 lion tailing: Using branch removal cuts to remove interior lateral branches that result in
a concentration of growth at branch ends. Lion tailing is not an acceptable practice.

10.23 mechanical pruning: Pruning with heavy equipment (not hand-held) fitted with power
saws or other cutting devices(e.g. saws mounted on booms or suspended from a helicopter).

10.24 natural (pruning system): Pruning system intended to maintain the tree’s characteristic
growth pattern and adaptations.

10.25 node: Slightly enlarged portion of a stem (or branch) where shoots arise.

10.26 palm: monocotyledonous plant of the Aracacaea family, generally with one or more
unbranched trunks, with fronds eminating from a meristem at the top of the trunk.

10.27 palm frond skirt: One or more year's accumulation of dead and drooping fronds at the
bottom of the canopy and along the trunk.

10.28 petiole: The stalk of a leaf or frond.

10.29 planary form: Shape that conforms to a geometric plane.

10.30 pleaching: Pruning system that trains one or more plants to achieve a desired shape or
form through a combination of pruning and interweaving or tying small branches to one another,
or to a pre-formed frame.

10.31 pollard head: Response growth that forms a knob or swelling at sprout removal sites on
trees maintained within a pollarding pruning system.

10.32 pollarding: A pruning system that maintains crown size by initial heading of branches on
young trees, followed by removal of shoots to their point of origin at appropriate intervals without
disturbing the resulting pollard head.

10.33 pruning: The selective removal of plant parts to achieve defined objectives.

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10.34 pruning amount: Quantity of plant parts removed at one pruning, expressed in terms of
a number of branches or other parts removed, and/or percentage of the crown or buds removed
on an entire tree or specific branches.

10.35 pruning system: Process used to achieve the desired long term form of the plant.

10.36 qualified professional: An individual who, by reason of training and experience, has
demonstrated the ability to safety and effectively perform assignments, and, where required, is
properly credentialed in accordance with federal, state or local laws and regulations.

10.37 raising: Arboricultural term referring to pruning of branches to provide vertical clearance
below the crown.

10.38 reduction: Arboricultural term referring to decreasing branch length, or plant height
and/or spread.

10.39 reduction cut: A pruning cut that removes the larger of two or more branches or stems,
or two or more codominent stem(s), to a live lateral branch, typically at least 1/3 the diameter of
the stem or branch being removed.

10.40 rejuvenation: Removal of overmature, dead or dying stems of a shrub, near the ground,
to stimulate new stem development.

10.41 remote/rural location: Undeveloped or sparsely populated area including areas of

agricultural and forest land, not in direct association with dwellings or development, use.

10.42 removal cut, branch: A pruning cut that removes the smaller of two branches at a
union, or a parent stem, without cutting into the branch bark ridge or branch collar or leaving a
stub.

10.43 restoration: Pruning to redevelop structure, form, and appearance of topped or

damaged woody plants.

10.44 risk: the combination of the likelihood of an event (e.g. tree failure and impact to a
target) and the severity of the potential consequences (e.g. personal injury, property damage, or
disruption of activities).

10.45 shall: As used in this standard, denotes a mandatory requirement.

10.46 shearing: Cutting leaves, shoots and branches to a desired plane, shape or form, using
tools designed for that purpose, as with topiary.

10.47 shoot: New stem or branch growth.

10.48 should: As used in this standard, denotes an advisory recommendation.

10.49 shrub: Woody perennial plant, usually with several stems that may be erect or close to
the ground, generally smaller than a tree.

10.50 specifications: A document stating a detailed, measurable plan or proposal for

provision of a product or service.

10.51 standard, ANSI A300: Industry consensus standards for the professional management
of trees, shrubs and other woody plants that serve as the foundation for work specifications,

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training materials, quality protocols, and regulations for the management of trees, shrubs, palms,
and other woody plants.

10.52 stem: A dominant leader or branch bearing buds, foliage, and giving rise to other
branches and stems.

10.53 structural development pruning: Pruning that influences the orientation, spacing,
growth rate, strength of attachment, and ultimate size of branches and stems, to achieve a
desired objective.

10.54 stub: Portion of a branch or stem remaining after an internodal cut or branch breakage.

10.55 subordination: The removal of the end of a branch or stem to reduce leaf surface area
to slow its growth relative to its parent, or to other branches or stems.

10.56 sucker: Vigorous upright epicormic shoot that arises from latent buds below soil level
or the graft union.

10.57 target: People, property, or activities that could be injured, damaged, or distrupted by
the failure of a tree or tree parts (see the most recent version of ANSI A300 Part 9, Tree Risk
Assessment).

10.58 thinning: An arboriculture term used to describe selective pruning to reduce density of
branches and foliage.

10.59 topiary: The combination of pruning, supporting, and training branches to orient a plant
into a desired shape. Hedging is a form of topiary.

10.60 topping: Reduction of tree size by cutting live branches and leaders to stubs, without
regard to long-term tree health or structural integrity. Topping is not an acceptable practice.

10.61 tracing: The removal of loose, damaged tissue from in and around a wound.

10.62 tree: A woody perennial plant with a single or multiple trunks which typically develop a
mature size of over several inches diameter and ten or more feet in height.

10.63 trunk: The main woody part of a tree beginning at the ground and extending up into the
crown.

10.64 union: Junction of branches, stems or leaders.

10.65 utility: A public or private entity that delivers a public service, such as electricity or
communications.

10.66 vine: A woody perennial plant that typically lies along the ground, or that rises above the
ground by attaching to other plants or objects with tendrils or by twining.

10.67 wound: An opening that is created when the bark of a live branch or stem is cut,
penetrated, damaged, or removed.

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Annexes, All – Annexes will not be considered part of the revised American National Standard
(ANSI) A300 (Part 1)-201x.

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