Salt Presentation

Salt Lake, Utah
Salt We think regional
Saturday, June 5, 2010

Salt Origin and Properties (Characteristics)
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Why Study Salt ?
• In oil industry; (salt tectonics)
• Structural trap for HC and influencing
reservoir distribution
• A seal to fluid migration
• An effective conductor of heat
•Others;
Economic source

Recognition of Salt Bodies
•Geophysical logs (GR, Resistivity, etc)

•Gravity
•Magnetic and Magnetotellurics
•Seismic (2D-3D model)

Global Distribution of Salt Basins
It is significant in almost every part of the world
but not as much in SEA.
Where?
There are four main settings for salt basin around the
world

Cratonic Basins
These include epicontinental basins and regions of diffuse intracontinental

extension. Black basins lack significant salt tectonics, unlike the dark-gray basins.
Synrift basin
These include both mature rifts and failed rifts.

Post-Rift Basin Margin

Continental Collision Zones and
Foreland Basin
These include active continental margins, foredeeps, and

intermontane basins.
Lets piece it together
120 of these basins have been affected by salt tectonics

Salt Tectonic Mechanism
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Salt Tectonics Mechanism
1) Buoyancy
- enough yield strength

- sink into a less dense
2) Differential loading
a) Gravitational
b) Displacement
c) Thermal gradient

Salt Tectonics Mechanism
a) Gravitational ; produced by a combination of the

weight of rocks overlying the salt and the
gravitational body forces within the salt.

b) Displacement; results from the forced
displacement of one boundary of a rock body
relative to another.
c) Thermal gradient; volume changes caused by

changes in temperature .

Two factors resist salt flows;
1) strength of the burden
2) boundary drag along the edges of the salt
body.
! Salt will move only if driving forces

exceed the resistance to flow
Kwanza Basin, Angola

Diapir Growth Process
• Overburden may be extended
• Flaps of overburden may be lifted, rotated, and
shouldered
• The roof may be removed by erosion
• Salt may be emplaced into its overburden in the
hanging wall of a thrust fault

Recognition of Salt Body
Salt Dome
Potential Oil Trap

Gamma Ray

Gamma Ray
Halite, anhydrite, coal, clean

sandstones, dolomite and
limestone have low gamma ray
values.
Low Radioactivity !

Resistivity

Resistivity
• Soluble in drilling fluids and

give rise to enlarged
boreholes
• Resistivity varies depends

whether or not containing
water
High Resistivity

Telluric Current Survey
• electric currents preferentially flow around and over
the top of salt dome rather than through it.
The image above presents the results of a telluric current survey of the Haynesville Salt Dome, Texas, USA.

Gravitational Survey

Gravitational Survey
• Soluble in drilling fluids and

give rise to enlarged
boreholes
• Resistivity varies depends

whether or not containing
water
Negative Anomaly

Persian Gulf
Many salt dome oil traps at

Iran the coastal region of the
Iranian side of the Persian
Gulf is discovered by gravity
survey.

“In the case of petroleum exploration, wells are
seldom targeted using only one exploration
method. Seismic surveys are almost always
included. As a consequence, there is hardly
ever a direct link between a single exploration
method and the discovery of hydrocarbons.”
BHP Billiton in Sander Geophysical

Recognition of Salt Bodies: Magnetic
•Salt are slightly diamagnetic but
virtually zero or non-magnetic.
•Saltprone area are characterized by

small amplitude & negative magnetic
anomalies.

Magnetic Signature
Magnetic data is used as an accurate indicator of salt
depth, salt boundary and salt wall dip angle.

Guess what is the picture depicting ?
Trying to see through the salt is like trying to see

through the textured glass of a bathroom window.
2D-3D Seismic
• Very hard to map the salt boundaries and

subsalt horizons.
• If salt interface is not smooth enough, simple

2D radial seismic lines are not sufficient to
image salt dome overhangs or salt dome under
the salt.
• Conventional seismic provides poor imaging in

a strong dipping fields.

WHY???
Significant velocity perturbations within the salt

distort the wave field in such a way that an
accurate velocity model and thus good images
of base salt or sub salt reflections are difficult to
obtain.

2D Seismic
Ghost Reflection
Conventional
Conventional Improved
Improved Seismic
Seismic
Seismic
Seismic Technology
Technology
3D Pre-Stack and Post-Stack
Migration
3D Post-stack Time Migration
3D Post-stack Time Migration
3D Pre-stack Depth Migration
3D Pre-stack Depth Migration

Reverse Time Migration
Pre-stack Depth Migration Reverse Time Migration
Poor imaging of salt Significant improvement

flanks and sub-salt in imaging of salt flanks
structure and beneath the salt body

CASE STUDY - Petroleum Geological
Atlas of South Permian Basin
South Permian Basin
Stretches northern
Britain, across the
North Sea through the
Netherlands,
Denmark, Germany
and Poland.
Formed when sub-sea

level Rotliegend Basin
was flooded.

South Permian Basin
NOT a single basin, but 3 basins amalgamated together.
3 in 1 thingy you know!

Rotliegend Correlation

4 main cycles
Z1Werra Series
Z2 Stassfurt Series
Z3 Leine Series
Z4 Aller Series
2 rudimentary cycles

Zechstein salt with the exception of NW Germany; Rotliegend
salt.
Salt diapirs – red, Salt pillow – light blue

Main source rock Primary Reservoir
Oil Oil
The Lower Jurassic The Lower
Posidonia Shale Cretaceous
(Toarcian) Vlieland/Bentheim
Zechstein, Kimmeridge Sandstone
and Wealden Gas
(Coevorden) Sandstones of the
Gas Upper Rotliegend
Westphalian coal Triassic sandstones
layers and Permian
basal Namurian hot (Zechstein)
shales carbonates

Oil and Gas Fields in Permian and Triassic
Rocks
Permian Rotliegend Sediments
Upper Permian Zechstein
Triassic Sediment
Permian Rotliegend Sediments

Initial cumulative gas reserves – 200 Tcf (5800 bcm)
Upper Permian Zechstein
Initial cumulative reserves - up to 17 Tcf of
9
gas and 1.5 x 10 barrels of oil.

Tertiary Sediment
Initial cumulative gas reserves - 20 Tcf of gas
8
and 3 x 10 barrels of oil.

Salt Case Study - Gulf of Mexico
Gulf of Mexico
(GOM)
• Offshore - over 500

mushroom-shaped
geological structures
formed
• over 4,000 oil and gas

platforms
• 33,000 miles of
pipeline on the Gulf
seafloor.

Gulf of Mexico

SPR – GOM
• The Strategic Petroleum
Reserve (SPR) - USDE
• The US SPR is the largest

emergency supply in the
world
• capacity to hold up to
727 million barrels
(1.156E+8 m3).
• = 34 days of oil @
current US consumption
levels - 21 million barrels/
day.

SPR - GOM
• The reserves - 4 sites on the

GOM
• number of artificial caverns

created IN salt domes
• created by drilling - dissolving

the salt with water.
• Each cavern - up to 1000m

below the surface, 60m w x
600m d, capacity of 6 to
37 million
barrels
Salt Cavern - GOM
The decision to store in caverns
was taken to reduce costs;
• 10x cheaper to store oil

below surface
• almost NO leaks
• constant natural churn of
the oil due to temperature
gradient in the caverns.

Challenges - Natural Disasters

Case Study
DEEPWATER BRAZIL
Proven Technology • Experience • Global Reach
www.halliburton.com
Linhares
Call 55.21.3974.0000 for assistance with your next Brazil deepwater project.
This map is not to be used for navigational purposes. © Hart Energy Publishing
CHALLENGE SUMMARY
Exploration offshore Brazil is centered on three basins: the Santos, the Campos, and the Espírito Santo. A salt layer overlies parts of 55
each basin and can vary from 656 ft (200 m) to 6,562 ft (2,000 m) thick. Reserves in Brazil are characterized by their location relative to
the salt deposits. Reserves that exist above the salt are referred to as post-salt; those existing below the salt are defined as pre-salt. 58 56
Post-salt Pre-salt Halliburton Answers

Representative Cross Section
Brazil’s post-salt reservoirs are Brazil’s pre-salt reserves are found in The potential of Brazil’s deepwater
57
Brazil
generally found in sandstone carbonate formations and can be assets is huge, and the pace of
Espirito
formations, but may also exist in buried below as much as 6,500 ft offshore development is growing.
2,000
carbonates. Most of the discoveries in (2,000 m) of salt. Although the pre-salt Current and future discoveries
Brazil have been made in the post-salt potential is great, along with the depend on a broad scope of
geological layer of the Campos Basin, tremendous opportunities are a host technologies and capabilities as well 4,000
where heavy oil predominates. of new, complex challenges that must as an experienced service company
be addressed. with reliable and proven technology 6,000
RESERVOIR
Santo
to achieve economical and
Depth (m)
• Improve exploration success rate RESERVOIR operational success. 8,000
using volume interpretation and • Improve facies definition using
visualization seismic data Halliburton has drilled hundreds of
• Increase recovery factor • Evaluate reservoir for internal deepwater wells in Brazil, including
10,000
characterization most of the pre-salt wells drilled to

Drift Sequence
WELL ENGINEERING • Reinject water and/or gas for date. Success in these giant fields 12,000
Transitional Sequence
Basin
Rift Sequence
• Increase drilling tool reliability in secondary recovery requires rapid prospect identification, Bedrock
ultra-deep wells in hard formation
environments
• Predict reservoir compaction
behavior as it is depleted
the ability to properly evaluate the 26 29
reservoir’s potential and to efficiently Source: Illustration adapted from ANP data
• Boost productivity with optimal
27 32 25
drill the well. Halliburton’s reliable
well placement WELL ENGINEERING
service capabilities and proven
• Alleviate environmental risks • Improve performance in deviated
using synthetic-based, wells in the salt zone
deepwater technologies are helping
speed development, improve 40 28 47
high-performance fluids • Increase ROP in the carbonate
efficiencies, and increase production
• Mitigate risk and improve reservoirs 46 41
42 22
production by managing reservoir • Place well in most productive in these important plays.
with intelligent completions and reservoir interval
multilaterals • Maximize recovery using hydraulic Visit www.halliburton.com for an
in-depth look at how Halliburton is
37 49
• Enhance production by fracing fracturing in horizontal wells
deep, long horizontal wells • Manage reservoir with intelligent driving deepwater success in Brazil. 36
• Improve productivity with hydrau- completions and multilaterals
lic fracturing in tight gas sands
• Achieve high-rate gas well
• Insure well integrity in reservoirs
with high content of H2S and CO2
53
completions
FLOW ASSURANCE
FLOW ASSURANCE • Increase production by keeping Campos dos
Goytacazes
• Increase production by keeping wells free of scaling, paraffin, and
39
• 170 miles off the coast

wells free of scaling, paraffin, and hydrate
hydrate 50
Legend
24
23
Macae
SANTOS BASIN CAMPOS BASIN ESPIRITO SANTO BASIN PRE-SALT SALT BLOCKS SECTORS
52
43 44
of Brazil
51 31 35 30 45
Araruama
Rio de Janeiro
38
Angra dos Reis
33 Campos
34
54
Basin
48
• Range - Espírito Santo

0
2,000
4,000
Depth (m)
6,000
16
to Santa Catarina State

8,000
13 Drift Sequence
Rift Sequence
21
10,000
17
Bedrock
18 15 Source: Illustration adapted from ANP data
Santos Basin
14 800
0
1,600
2,400
• 800km long - 200km

3,200
4,000
Depth (m)
4,800
5,600
6,400
7,200
19 8,000
8,800
Drift Sequence
20 Rift Sequence
Basalt
Bedrock
Source: Illustration adapted from ANP data
wide.
149,000 square Atlantic Ocean
kms
Representative Salt Cross Section Water Depth
0 - 653 ft (0 - 199 m)
Post-salt
654 - 1,640 ft (200 - 499 m)
Salt
Pre-salt 1,641 - 3,278 ft (500 - 999 m)
3,279 - 6,558 ft (1,000 - 1,999 m)
6,559 - 9,839 ft (2,000 - 2,999 m)
9,840 -13,120 ft (3,000 - 3,999 m)
Field Name Year Discovered Water Depth (ft/m) Operator/Partner(s) MD (ft/m) Field Name Year Discovered Water Depth (ft/m) Operator/Partner(s) MD (ft/m) Field Name Year Discovered Water Depth (ft/m) Operator/Partner(s) MD (ft/m)
SANTOS 21 Uruguá 2005 4,485 / 1,367 Petrobras 16,165 / 4,927 40 Jubarte 2001 4,088 / 1,246 Petrobras 12,747 / 3,885
41 Jubarte (Pre-salt) 2008 4,511 / 1,375 Petrobras 15,509 / 4,727
1 Atlanta 2001 5,099 / 1,544 Shell / Chevron / Petrobras 8,225 / 2,507 CAMPOS 42 Mangangá 2006 4,833 / 1,473 Petrobras 10,581 / 3,225
2 Azulão 2009 7,294 / 2,223 Esso / Hess / Petrobras 16,414 / 5,003 43 Marlim 1985 2,799 / 853 Petrobras 11,877 / 3,620
3 Bem-te-vi 2008 7,017 / 2,139 Petrobras / Shell / Galp Energia 22,222 / 6,773 22 Abalone 2001 6,313 / 1,924 Shell / Petrobras / Esso 15,811 / 4,819 44 Marlim Leste 1987 4,105 / 1,251 Petrobras 12,560 / 3,828

4 Caramba 2007 7,330 / 2,234 Petrobras / Petrogal 17,553 / 5,350 23 Albacora 1984 961 / 293 Petrobras 11,917 / 3,632 45 Marlim Sul 1987 3,671 / 1,119 Petrobras 12,960 / 3,950
DEEPWATER 5
6
Carapiá
Carioca
2006
2007
4,922 / 1,500
7,021 / 2,140
Petrobras
Petrobras / BG / Repsol YPF SA
10,358 / 3,157
18,760 / 5,718
24
25
Albacora Leste
Argonauta
1986
2001
3,127 / 953
5,404 / 1,647
Petrobras / Repsol YPF
Shell / Petrobras / Esso
10,128 / 3,087
10,565 / 3,220
46
47
Nautilus
Ostra
2005
2002
4,951 / 1,509
6,181 / 1,884
13,178 / 4,017
10,004 / 3,049
7 Corcovado 2009 2,625 / 800 BG / Petrobras 18,751 / 5,715 26 Baleia Anã 2003 4,908 / 1,496 Petrobras 9,410 / 2,868 48 Papa-Terra 2003 3,963 / 1,208 Petrobras / Chevron 10,916 / 3,327
BRAZIL 8 Guará 2008 7,025 / 2,141 Petrobras / BG / Repsol YPF SA 19,663 / 5,993 27 Baleia Azul 2004 4,800 / 1,463 Petrobras 9,836 / 2,998 49 Pirambu 2003 4,390 / 1,338 Petrobras 9,836 / 2,998
Santos Basin - Brazil
• Presalt cluster - area of

15,000 km sq
(Santos Basin)
• “best” of the pre-salt

areas (Tupi Area)
• Exxon drilled the only dry

well
• Petrobras claims
100% success rate
up to 2000 m

Tupi Area

Tupi oilfields profile
Salt Thickness 2,000m
Reservoir Depth 4,000m - 5000m below
the ocean floor
Reserves 5-7 billion barrels
Wells Drilled so Far 15
Wells Required 100
Well Costs $100m each
Production 200,000bpd
On Stream 2010
Total Field Development $50bn and $100bn to
produce
Operator Petrobras

• Easy Oil-Extraction Days are over! - Dr KK
• We have to prepare for more deeper and challenging

discovery
Frontier: New Geography
(ultra-deep water)
Established Plays
6-10,000 FT. W.D.
Seafloor
SALT
PLEISTOCENE
SALT - PLIOCENE
BASE LT
SA
MIOCENE
-CRETACEOUS
Original Salt Layer BASEMENT
Frontier: New Geology

(ultra-deep drilling)
Why Subsalt reservoirs
are so Prolific?
• Salt enhances retention
capacity of reservoir
beneath salt
• Large reserves are

trapped by less faulted
structural closures
• Reservoir generate high

flow rate due to high
permeability of younger
sediment.

Economic Significance of Salt to
Hydrocarbon
Region benefit from Hydrocarbons in Salt Setting
North Sea
Gulf of
Mexico
West Africa
Brazil

Brazil Growing Economy Through Oil and Gas Production
Trend Latin America Oil Production in 2008

Trend shift
2008 Proven Oil Reserves in Latin (135 bbl)
1998 Proven Oil Reserves in Latin America (117 bbl)
America
Others
Others
11
Brazil 9 Brazil
9 6
Mexico
9 Mexico
18 Venezuela
Venuzuela 65
73
BP & Fitch Rating
Startling Facts! = 10th largest company in the world
Proven oil reserves increase from 14.4 - >30 mbbl

US$174 b will be spent to develop facilities (w/i 5 yrs)
Brazil is raining with foreign investors! e.g Shell, Repsol,
Exxon, George Soros
Remember him and his
theory?
Alfred Wengener

So, what does this do to West African Continent?
Findings in Brazil Brought light to West African
Countries
• These countries share the same geology 150 Ma
• What exist in Brazil, must exist in these countries.

Recent Geophysical and Geochemistry Study

• Interest in Gabon Grew!
• Angola and Brazil shares the same subsalt
Interest
Reserves estimated 600 Ma
Similar Geology
4.8 Ma

Challenges of Sub-salt Hydrocarbon
Exploration
Investment and Technology
• The Capital and Investment on technology is only
justified when the reserves discovered is large
enough.
WD = -5,700'
Well Depth vs. Cost Tupi Oil fields
-5000
-6000
-7000
Require
US$ 5
-8000
-9000
-10000
-11000 6000ft
-12000 Eliminate Intra-salt
-13000
Casing String
billion
-14000
-15000
Depth
-16000
-17000
-18000 Eliminate Second
-19000 Casing String
dollars by 2013
-20000
-21000
-22000
-23000
-24000
-25000
-26000
-27000
-28000
Actual Cost
Plan
Cost Total Depth to be in
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Cost $MM Production
Depth - Imaging Improvement
• Sub-salt seismic imagery needs to be
improved for quality and accuracy
Initial Imaging Recent improvements
We are talking of prospects more than 15000 ft!

Drilling
• many spectrum
of challenges
when drilling
and making
completions
Drilling Fluid
Lost of Circulation
Well Control
Stuck Pipe
sources from:
More challenges
Enter the drillers
nightmare!!!!!
Very narrow drilling
window
Green Canyon Block 699-1 ST2, GOM

And Host of Other Challenges
that we have to Deal with in the
Future!

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What are some of the main uses of salt in the oil industry?

What are some of the main uses of salt in the oil industry?

What are the main mechanisms that drive salt tectonics?

What are the main mechanisms that drive salt tectonics?

Salt Lake, Utah

Salt We think regional

Saturday, June 5, 2010

Saturday, June 5, 2010

Saturday, June 5, 2010

•Geophysical logs (GR, Resistivity, etc)

Saturday, June 5, 2010

Saturday, June 5, 2010

These include epicontinental basins and regions of diffuse intracontinental

These include both mature rifts and failed rifts.

Saturday, June 5, 2010

These include active continental margins, foredeeps, and

120 of these basins have been affected by salt tectonics

Saturday, June 5, 2010

- enough yield strength

Saturday, June 5, 2010

a) Gravitational ; produced by a combination of the

Saturday, June 5, 2010

c) Thermal gradient; volume changes caused by

Saturday, June 5, 2010

! Salt will move only if driving forces

Kwanza Basin, Angola

Saturday, June 5, 2010

Saturday, June 5, 2010

Potential Oil Trap

Saturday, June 5, 2010

Saturday, June 5, 2010

Halite, anhydrite, coal, clean

Saturday, June 5, 2010

Saturday, June 5, 2010

• Soluble in drilling fluids and

• Resistivity varies depends

Saturday, June 5, 2010

Saturday, June 5, 2010

Saturday, June 5, 2010

• Soluble in drilling fluids and

• Resistivity varies depends

Saturday, June 5, 2010

Many salt dome oil traps at

Saturday, June 5, 2010

BHP Billiton in Sander Geophysical

Saturday, June 5, 2010

•Saltprone area are characterized by

Saturday, June 5, 2010

Saturday, June 5, 2010

Trying to see through the salt is like trying to see

• Very hard to map the salt boundaries and

• If salt interface is not smooth enough, simple

• Conventional seismic provides poor imaging in

Saturday, June 5, 2010

Significant velocity perturbations within the salt

Saturday, June 5, 2010

3D Post-stack Time Migration

3D Pre-stack Depth Migration

3D Pre-stack Depth Migration

Saturday, June 5, 2010