DB 1969 05

THE SOUND ENGINEERING MAGAZINE
MAY 1969 75c
Tape Delay Systems

U.S. Senate Sound System
Improved Quality from Magnetic Tape
VI 30 I X N SI t1 O 7, Mu..:
!AV H16 6E
) tV I S;)ILSf1J0OtIL'J33-
7VrdOI1VNtI3Lr:I
www.americanradiohistory.com
Only Sony's got em
The world's only

22 -inch condenser
tele-mike.
The FET version

of the famous
C -37.
The world's first

positionable capsule
for multi -applications.
Innovation through imagination. This is the sion of the brilliant C -37 A in the C-37 FET.
guideline Sony engineers follow in creating Whichever Sony microphone you choose,
superior microphones for the professional. you're sure of technical excellence and per-
For example, the C -55's cardioid condenser formance reliability that has successfully met
capsule can be positioned in whatever direc- the most critical standards in the world. For
tion is desired. With the C -77, Sony has complete details and specifications, please
shrunk the ordinary, cumbersome tele- micro- write Mr. Charles Bates, Sony /Superscope,
phone to an incredible 22 inches, made it a 8150 Vineland Ave., Sun Valley, Calif. 91352.
condenser and achieved fantastic frequency
response plus superb hyperdirectionality at
all frequencies, from 40 to 12 KHz. And now SONY® SUPERSCOPE
Sony offers a completely transistorized ver-
You never heard it so good.
Circle 5 on Reader Service Card
Coming
\oxt
Month
THE SOUND ENGINEERING MAGAZINE
Next month we will have the prom-
ised picture gallery of equipment shown MAY 1969 Volume 3, Number 5
at the NAB Convention recently held
in Washington, D. C. There was a lot
to be seen.
The increased tendency to build
halls for multiple purpose presents
unusual challenges to sound reinforce-
T of Contonts
ment installations. A solution applied to FEATURE ARTICLES
one such hall in Bergen, Norway is the
topic for MULTI -PURPOSE HALLS PRE- Tape Delay Systems
SENT PROBLEMS. John M. Woram 20
THE ULTIMATE NOISE Is the provoca- U. S. Senate Sound System 22
tive title Mel Sprinkle has given to his
Improved Tape Quality
article. It explores the mathematics and
practicalities of pushing away the Max R. Cannon 24
thermal noise that is still left in our
equipment. MONTHLY DEPARTMENTS
And there will be our regular colum-
Letters 2
ists, George Alexandrovich, Norman H.
Crowhurst, Arnold Schwartz, and Mar- The Audio Engineer's Handbook
tin Dickstein. Coming in db, the Sound George Alexandrovich 4
Engineering Magazine. The Feedback Loop
Arnold Schwartz 10
Editorial 18
Theory and Practice
Norman H. Crowhurst 28
Sound with Images
Aoout
Martin Dickstein 33
New Products and Services 36
The db Bookcase 38
Classified 39
the People, Places, Happenings 40
C ovcr EDITORIAL BOARD OF REVIEW

George Alexandrovich
Sherman Fairchild
Norman Anderson
Prof. Latif Jul
j
Daniel R. von Recklinghausen

William L. Robinson
Paul Weathers
John H. McConnell
Tape wide-band noise rides in on
hum in this all -to- characteristic oscillo-
scope photograph of a medium -cost tape db, the Sound Engineering Meg.line is published monthly by Sagamore Publishing Company, Inc. Entire contents
copyright (CD 1969 by Sagamore Publishing Co., Inc., 980 Old Country Road, Plainview, L.I., N.Y. 11803. Telephone
recorder seen in some professional (516) 433 -6530. db is distributed to qualified individuals and firms in professional audio -recording, broadcast,
audio -visual, sound reinforcement, consultants, video recording, film sound, etc. Application must be made on an
quarters. See Max R. Cannon's article official subscription form or on a company letterhead. Subscriptions are $6.00 per year ($7.00 per year outside
IMPROVED TAPE QUALITY beginning on U. S. Possessions, Canada, and Mexico) in U. S. funds. Single copies are 75c each. Controlled Circulation postage
paid at Easton, Pa. 18042. Editorial, Publishing, and Sales Offices: 980 Old Country Road, Plainview New York
page 24. 11803. Postmaster: Form 3579 should be sent to above address.
Robert Bach
PUBLISHER
4or8lhannel Letters Larry Zide

EDITOR
BUDOEIADILIIY Bob Laurie

ART DIRECTOR
Marilyn Gold
COPY EDITOR
Charles N. Wilson
ASSISTANT EDITOR
Richard L. Lerner
ASSISTANT EDITOR
A. F. Gordon
CIRCUL ATION MANAGER
Eloise Beach
The Editor: ASST. CIRCULATION MGR.
I would like to make some comments
on the article that appeared in the
January 1969 issue of db magazine.
This was the article on the Electronic
Telephone Patch by Ronald Pesha. SALES OFFICES
This circuit and the article almost are
the same as the unit that is now being New York
installed at radio stations throughout 980 Old Country Road
Plainview, N.Y. 11803
the Bell System area. This unit is 516- 433 -6530
identified by the Bell System as a re-
corder connector and the model number
is KS- 19645 -L2. This recorder connector Denver
has an a.g.c. circuit and its output is Roy McDonald Associates, Inc.
846 Lincoln Street
COO ohms to match most of the audio Denver, Colorado 80203
consoles in use today. This unit may 303-825-3325
be placed on an instrument or on a line
and it will increase the input of the Houston
phone conversation to the level of Roy McDonald Assoates, Inc.
O dBm; if the local phone has a level 3130 Southwest Freeway
cf more than O dBm it will reduce it Houston, Texas 77006
713 -529 -6711
and raise the outside level to O dBm.
Of course, on conversations that are
quite weak the background level will Tulsa
Roy McDonald Associates, Inc.
also be raised along with the conversa- 2570 S. Harvard Ave.
tion. Tulsa, Oklahoma 74114
At Station WARE the unit is in- 918- 742 -9961
stalled on the instrument instead of on
the line so that all the lines on that Dallas
instrument may use the same recorder Roy McDonald Associates, Inc.
connector and therefore feed into the Semmons Tower West
same console. This allows for other re- Suite 411
Dallas, Texas 75207
corder connectors to be used on other 214- 637 -2444
phones and as we have only three
instruments connected we can use all
four of our lines into consoles. A station San Francisco
with many lines into an instrument Roy McDonald Associates, Inc.
625 Market Street
could, by placing the recorder connector San Francisco, California 94105
on the instrument, feed any one of these 415- 397 -5377
lines into a console.
One other feature of this recorder - Los Angeles
connector is the muting of the beep Roy McDonald Associates Inc.
on the line to the console but it feeds 1313 West 8th Street
this beep down the line to the other Los Angeles, California 90018
GATELY ELECTRONICS person, as required by the telephone 413-483 -1304
57 WEST HILLCREST AVENUE tariffs.
HAVERTOWN, PENNA. 19083 Burton Landry Portland
AREA CODE 215 HI 6 -1415 Roy McDonald Associates, Inc.
Chief Engineer
...have you checked Gately lately ? 2305 S. W. 58th Avenue
Station WARE Portland, Oregon 97221
04
Ware, Massachusetts 503-292-8521
Rx for Modern tape- recording science announces a breakthrough in mastering
technique -the Crown Integrated Mastering System with CX822 or
CX844 tape recorder. It is a complete mastering system including
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headphone amps, bass and treble equalizer for each channel, built -in
echo option, trac -sync, and rugged carrying case, all in one compact
unit. The Crown Integrated Mastering System is a "sure cure" for
on- location mastering sessions suffering from these ills:
Mastering SYMPTOMS
1. Feverish activity, indigestion and hypertension
2. Recordings muffed; clients upset or lost
3. Recording crew discouraged with technical problems
DIAGNOSIS
1. Equipment in many separate units, meaning a truck for trans-
portation and cramped, cluttered recording area
2. Complicated setup, needing two or more strongmen, with never
enough time to adequately check out each component
3. Innumerable cables which (if you remember them all) work
perfectly until two minutes before recording time
CURE
1. One Crown CX822 or CX844 tape deck, each a single unit
complete for mastering, easily transported and very compact
2. One -man setup with plenty of time; simply plug in microphones
and headphones
CX822 CX844 3. Relax. With no space, time or cable problems, you can concen-
Two -channel deck Four -channel deck trate on creative recording, with superlative Crown quality that
$2329 complete $3720 complete will delight your client.
Each an Integrated Mastering System! For more information, phone 219 + 523 -4919, or write Crown, Dept.
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D40 2- channel 60w amplifier $199 DB -62, Box 1000, Elkhart, Indiana, 46514.
w
Circle Reader Service Card
12 on
The Aucio
Engincors
GEORGE ALEXANDROVICH
Over the last several months I have knowledge of the system along with its
received letters from readers of db limitations is still unknown to many
Magazine, asking me to amplify and young prospects in this field. Many
clarify some points in previous columns. studios complain that they try to hire
This month it is my intention to answer young people for disc -production rooms
a few of these questions. Since most of but are forced to turn down a great
the questions relate to disc recording, I majority of apparently talented young
will start with disc- cutting problems. men (although women could qualify for
Recently I happened to read several this job also). The reason is because of
newly -presented technical papers on their inability to cope with disc cutting.
disc recording, involving questions on Aside from the fact that qualified per-
groove geometry, decreasing distortion sonnel are hard to find, the upkeep and
by recording the disc backwards, and performance of the equipment is left to
others. This clearly indicates to me that deteriorate because of the lack of time
disc popularity is by no means on the and test equipment to maintain it at
decline, but has firmly entrenched itself peak performance. It seems that only
as one of the fundamental means of large recording companies are capable
preserving recorded material. The de- of sustaining maintenance crews and
Electro -luminescent optical sire of the industry to achieve the ulti- can experiment with new approaches
gain control (Patent number and techniques.
3,258,707) mate in disc recording is making itself
felt by the theoretical work of many There is a question of just how suc-
well -known scientists. Their efforts have cessful they may be because many small
Smoother operation independent studios quite often over-
found expression through the quality of
sound reproduced from the disc. This shadow their larger competitors. Most
Does not color the sound
can easily be compared to the sound of the recording rooms, once they are
coming from monitor speakers while set up, are not disturbed. The only
Gain reduction does not in-
playing tape or from a live take. The changes or improvements that managers
crease harmonic generation
average person would find it impossible will consider are to try different cutting
Eliminates all traces of to determine any differences between styli, better limiters, or some equaliza-
thumping the three. Achievement of this level of tion. But everyone is pushing for high
quality of sound is due to several fac- levels. This forces the operator to drive
tors. Here are the most important ones. the recording system to its highest point
Write today for complete specifications. before severe overload occurs.
1. Original recording on tape has im-
Rep and Dealer inquiries invited. proved technically due to better studio
Not every studio has 100 -watt driver
amplifiers and not every cutting facility
techniques, better equipment, mics, ampli-
has stereo cutters, but each establish-
fiers, tape machines and better tape.
ment wants to outdo the others. Natu-
2. Mastering techniques and equip- rally, the results are often disasterous.
ment have improved. Better driver ampli- Pumping enormous levels into a cutting
fiers, better cutters and better cutting styli. system with limited capabilities pro-
3. Playback transducers have been the duces distortion, unpleasant sound and,
major improvement in sound reproduc- ironically, the record doesn't sound
tion over the past several years. Along loud at all. Most of the mechanically
PRODUCTS OF WIT with cartridges, there have been improve- dampened cutters used for cutting
ments on arms, turntables, amplifiers, and mono records exhibit fairly flat fre-
11922 VALERIO STREET
NO. HOLLYWOOD, CALIF. 91605 speakers. quency response at moderate levels.
TEL. (213) 764 -1500
But, what is still the weakest link in But when the cutter is overdriven,
the whole process? The mastering of mechanical damping (due to factors
VW
¡ UNITED RECORDING ELECTRONICS INDUSTRIES
the disc. The art of cutting and the such as heat, poor surface tension of
NEW Model RE10 530.00, shown on Model 421 desk stand $10.50. Model REIS $153.00. shown with Model 307 suspenslo -,..J. NEW Model RE11
nown will, Model 311 snap-out stand adapter $3.90. NEW Model REt6 5159.00. shown on Model 421 desk stand $10.50. Au pria:, ,lud n,.t.
Freedom of choice!
Professional sound has entered a Once you set equalization it remains Now Select from Four Models
new era. It started with the Electro- constant. You have full assurance that In addition to the original REI5, we've
Voice Model REIS. And now there are tonal balance won't change between the added the RE16. The same fine micro-
four E -V dynamic cardioid microphones
that share its distinctive advantages
with some unique benefits of their own.
- dress rehearsal and the final perfor-
mance, no matter what the talent does.
phone with an external "pop" filter to
solve the problems of ultra -close miking.
The new REIO is the economy version
Unaffected by Distance... Angle Improved Cardioid Pattern of the RE15. The same concept and
Basic to all of these microphones is Only acoustics and noise can limit quality, but for slightly less rigid re-
Exclusive Electro -Voice Continuously you. Yet even here these new E -V micro- quirements. And the RE11 is the lower
Variable -D* construction. Now it offers phones gain an advantage from the cost twin to the REI6.
something you've never heard before super -cardioid pattern that provides These four great cardioid microphones
with any microphone: no matter what you better sound control than ordinary car - give you new freedom to head off sound
do, microphone response never varies! dioids. With maximum rejection 150° off problems before they start. Your E -V
Whether performers almost swallow axis, it is easier to eliminate unwanted microphone headquarters has them
the microphone, wander far off-mike ... sound while maintaining normal stand waiting. Choose today.
or even move around to the back... or boom microphone positions. There's U.S. Patent No. 3,115.207. Trade mark r. istered.
you'll still get the same smooth response. also an integral bass-tilt circuit to cut ELECTRO- VOICE, INC., Dept. 591BD
Only the level changes. rumble below 100 Hz. when needed. 686 Cecil Street Buchanan, Michigan 49107
high fidelity systems and speakers tuners, amplifiers, receivers public address loudspeakers
microphones phono needles and cartridges space and defense electronics
Circle 13 on Reader Service Card A SUBSIDIARY OF GULTON INDUSTRIES, INC.
the damping liquid, or the mechanical
properties of the damping material) is
no longer capable of suppressing peaks
of the mechanical system of the cutter.
Electrical feedback cutters which de-
STEP UP pend entirely on the feedback loop for
their performance are far superior in
this case, regardless of the fact that
...to the finest transcription turntable in the world! some recording experts prefer "blooming
of the sound" caused by the mechanical-
ly dampened cutters at high levels.
It is also known, and has been de-
THOR3EN scribed quite well in a number of tech-

nical papers, that there are difficulties
cutting lacquer at high frequencies and
high levels. Most systems are pretty
marginal in the amount of power de-
livered at higher frequencies. RIAA or
NAB pre-emphasis curves impose a
further burden on the amplifier and
cutter. And this happens at the fre-
quencies where the cutter is least effi-
li you're settling for less than the cient. One of the techniques in use (de-
entirely new THORENS TD -125, scribed in one of my earlier columns) to
or It's the Integrated 2 -speed
companion, the THORENS ease this problem is half -speed recording.
TD -150 AB, you're making do This allows better control over high
with less than the be'rr frequencies, improved recording levels,
THORENS TD -125; $185.00
less base - THORENS
TD -150 AB; $110.00 with
over -all frequency response, and dis-
tortion. Now, this technique does not
arm & base. overcome the limitations imposed on
the recording level by the linear speed
Endorsed by Elpa because it successfully meets the stringent stand- of the groove. It only helps people with
inferior recording setups achieve results
4)-\ ards of performance Elpa demands. Write for full THORENS details.
Elpa Marketing Industries, Inc., New Hyde Park, N. Y. 11040 obtained by more fortunate studino
(without destroying the cutter).
Circle 8 on Reader Service Card You should never forget that the
recorded groove will be played back by
mechanical means, so that in some cases
no matter how perfect the wave form
may look through the scope, it will
never be properly traced by the play-
back stylus.
The dimensions of the stylus and the
weight of the stylus -arm assembly, along
with compliance to the groove walls
prevents uninterrupted tracing of high -
frequency high -level groove excursions
at small diameters. By applying the so-
called diameter equalization which boosts
high frequencies as the diameter of the
groove gets smaller, tracing is not
helped unless the recording levels are
low to begin with. With today's hot
records, the only way to help tracing at
the small diameters is to apply equaliza-
tion in reverse, cutting on high fre-
quencies or lowering the over -all level.
Many times the program material is
selected to help the problem: place the
disc selections containing less highs and
lower levels at the inner diameter. An-
THE NEW FAIRCHILD LUMITENS Fairchild introduces a complete new line of noiseless attenuators other factor that many forget is that
with 7 new advantages: 1. Transistorized drives require only minute current to actuate circuit.
2. Multi -channel operation with common light sources to all channels guarantees tracking to within
linear velocity on the outside of a twelve -
l db between channels. 3. 4 channels or more can be driven by a single actuator. 4. Infinite reso- inch disc is close to 20 inches /sec., while
lution from 0-ao. 5. Plug -in light source allows instantaneous replacement. 6. Improved mechan- the innermost grooves have a linear
ical construction of slide faders' precious metal sliding contacts gives long trouble -free life, offers speed of about 7 inches/sec. The dif-
adjustable feel. 7. Plug -in, remote, and slide -wire models range from one to four channels and are
designed with ultimate versatility in packaging.
ference in speeds is almost 3/1. You
don't expect your tape machine to
Contact your Fairchild Recording Distributor or write FAIRCHILD RECORDING EQUIPMENT CORP-
ORATION, Dept. u11-5, 10-40 45th Avenue, Long Island City, New York 11101. work equally well at 3% in. /sec. as at
Fairchild Lumitens (available in 600 and 150 ohms) Include: 66811 Attenuator, 668 PAN.2 Pan Pot Actuator, 668 ACT
7% in. /sec.? In tape recording we can
Remote Cell Actuator, 668 STII Stereo Attenuator, 668 RSB Remote Stereo Attenuator, 668 MC 4.channel Master pre -emphasize more at the high fre-
Control Attenuator card, 668 RAB Remote Attenuator packaged on compact PC card, 692 Dl Single Remote Attenu.
stor, 692 02 Two independent Attenuators. Slide Wide Fader: SWL600 (600 ohm L pad). quencies for the slow speed, sacrificing
Circle 9 on Reader Service www.americanradiohistory.com
Card
The Philharmonic they're not. Joyful noisemakers unwanted sounds from any program.
isreally more like it. But that's between them, And your program material suffers
their audio engineer and the lamppost. On tape not in the least.
they sound strictly euphonious. There's much, much more ... like
Between us, the unsung hero is the guy at the selective emphasis. Read all about It
controls. Plus the compact, uncomplicated Or better yet, hear the 123 in action.
noise -elimination system with a small price tag A quick call or note is all it takes.
and a big name. The Model 123 Graphic Frequency
Response Equalizer. B.*, INSTRUD miv-re, INC.
It divides the audio spectrum into 36 critical
Bruel & Kjaer Precision Instruments
5111 West 164th Street Cleveland. Ohio 44142
bandwidths for matchless selectivity in separating Telephone (216) 267 -4800 TWX: (810) 421 -8266

on s/n but gaining in bandwidth. In
disc recording, past a certain point, in-
stead of gaining level at high frequen-
the sound on the disc is a good replica
of the tape? Mount the arm with the
good playback cartridge on the side of
countered problem in pressing -
the most annoying and most often en-
noise.
If cleanliness of chemicals, disc surfaces,
cies, the level will drop and distortion the cutting table and play back the and vinyl material is not observed, as
will soar sky high. groove as you cut it. By installing a well as plating currents and plating
Another pitfall many run into exists switch to select either the output of the solution temperatures, the results may
when we align the system for its opti- tape machine or the playback arm, you be anything but satisfactory. However,
mum performance with the use of a can a-b between the two sources and so as far as duplication of the grooves is
signal generator, scope, distortion ana- correct for possible deficiencies of the concerned, plating is one of the most
lyzer (and all the test gear you can sound from the disc. perfect ways to accomplish the job.
scrounge). This is done at a level of, let This can be best done with equalizers. Errors between the original and the
us say, 4 dB above the standard level Limiters and other gain- riding devices copy are measured in microns. The only
of 3.8 -cm. /sec. velocity. For steady should be left out except for the limiter source of measurable groove distortion
tones at this level, the sound is clean set for overload protection. Once com- is in the vinyl material itself.
from the very input to the cutting sys- pletely acceptable sound is achieved, In the stamping or injection processes,
tem to the output of the playback the master disc can be cut. plastic is first heated and then fed be-
speakers. But feed program information This should not be played. Even a tween the two stampers, then stamped
into the system so that a vu meter single replay using the best cartridge and cooled. Depending on the material
reads the same level and you are due for will smear soft acetate. Optical inspec- and the temperatures encountered, ex-
a surprise. Peak levels of program in a tion is recommended instead. Test pansion and compression of plastic
broad -band system exceed an average strike -offs can be used as a final quality varies, usually on the order of 3 to 7 per
10-14 dB above the levels shown on the check of the master. Don't forget that cent. When hot plastic (aside from
vu meter. Is your system capable of the ultimate vinyl pressing will sound vinyl, other materials are also used) is in
such levels? Don't try it until you care- brighter on the top end than the soft contact with stamper it conforms to the
fully check with the instructions sup- acetate. The less compliant the car- size of the stamper. When the disc is
plied by the cutter manufacturer indi- tridge, the larger the difference. cooled, it shrinks. Most of the stampers
cating the distinct limitations of the The same technique of a -b test holds have water cooling jackets which, once
system at high frequencies. One thing true for 45 r.p.m. discs, which are nor- the impression is made, have circulating
you can do is substitute a dummy load mally cut at higher levels, but with re- cold water to speed up cooling of the
for the cutter and check what levels stricted bandwidth. plastic. Grooves on the stamper are ac-
can be obtained before overload occurs. Another question often asked of me, tually protrusions so the vinyl impres-
Do this after you measure the output concerns the possible distortion of the sion slips off the stamper as it cools.
of the amplifier at zero reference level groove in the stamping process due to Sometimes, if the finished discs are left
so as to have a point for comparison. some factors not related to the original to cool off while resting on uneven sur-
How do you practically determine if recording or mastering. Let us consider faces they may develop a warp. But the
only way distortion of groove may occur
is if the temperature of the plastic is too
BUILDING -
low so the plastic doesn't flow properly
producing non -fill. A chilled spot on
the stamper or vinyl would make this
BLOCKS TO
SOUND 111 spot of the disc noisy.
Fortunately, we don't often run across
SYSTEMS these gross rejects when buying records,
because most of these faults are repeti-
tive, and are consequently arrested at
the stamping plant during the routine
inspection.
i
A complete line of Indoor and
BACK ISSUES AVAILABLE
Outdoor Sound Columns-to beam A limited number of back issues of db
sound exactly where you want it are available to interested readers who
Sound Column's bicone speakers music Handsome birch or walnut may have missed or misplaced earlier
create a flat, fan -shaped beam of veneer cabinets available Adjust- issues. When ordering please indicate
sound that can be aimed as required able brackets for mounting to wood, date of issue desired and enclose 75c
with great accuracy-quality audio masonry, concrete or steel Write for each copy.
is easily distributed even in very for "Sound Column" applications
noisy surroundings Reverbera- bulletin to the innovators. CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT
tions and echoes are more easily
controlled or eliminated High PHILIPS BROADCAST db-The Sound Engineering Magazine
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attached. If you don't like it,send it back. Freight's
on us. If you like what you hear, send us just $665.
Small price to pay for the best level control in
the business!
PROFESSIONAL
PRODUCTS
LABORATORIES
Stamford. Connecticut 06905
A Division of Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.

TELEPHONE
LINE
LINE MONITOR LINE I_

PRE -AMP LINE -AMP AMP AMP SWITCH
I INPUT I
IMDICROPHONE
91 dB
REFERENCE MONITOR LINE

OSCILLATOR INPUT 2 AMP SWITCH
REMOTE MONITOR STATION
UP TO
13INPUTS
Figure 3. The central noise -control tower
at La Guardia Airport.
BACKGROUND TWO CHANNEL

LEVEL RECORDER
Since 1951, the Port of New York Au-
thority, a bi -state public agency which
operates La Guardia, Kennedy, and
Newark airports, has been vitally con-
cerned with the disturbance to resi-
COMMON
AMP f
dential neighborhoods caused by air- REGENERATOR
craft noise. In 1953 the Port Authority
retained Bolt, Beranek, and Newman Figure 4. This block MOTOR START
(BB&N) as consultants to study and diagram is of the La TIME -DATE STAMP
advise on aircraft noise problems. Guardia Airport INPUT IDENTIFY CODE
BB&N made an extensive analysis of noise -mon for system .
i
BUILDING jet noise and of piston-aircraft noise

BLOCKS TO using measurement techniques similar
SOUND to those discussed last month. This in-
vestigation produced the concept of
SYSTEMS perceived noise decibels (PNdB). This is
a weighting curve which approximates
the subjective annoyance (on the
ground under the flight path) of jet air-
craft noise. FIGURE 1 shows the PNdB
weighting curve. Below 1,000 Hz, the
PNdB curve resembles the A weighting
curve used in sound level meters. Above
1,000 Hz the PNdB curve is sharply
peaked emphasizing the high frequency
range, while the A weighting curve is
attenuated in that region. The A weight-
ing curve is an approximation of the
ear's sensitivity, and it reflects the loss
in sensitivity at low and high frequen-
cies. The PNdB weighting curve is an
Third -Generation Mixing Desks... approximation of the subjective annoy-
ance of jet- aircraft noise; the low -fre-
compact and flexible, realistic pricing. quency attenuation and the high-fre-
Philips MD Series Mixing Desks track recordings) Current- depen- quency emphasis reflects the relative
are designed for recording, radio, dent mixing Monitoring and annoyance of the various frequency
TV, film and theatre use They have pre-listening provided Optional components of jet noise.
exceptional operational features equalizer module, with 4 equalizers, The concept of PNdB is the basis for
with outstanding specifications and a switchable to 8 input channels
price -to- performance ratio un- For full data, contact the innovators. the establishment of maximum noise
matched in the industry Solid levels. In 1958 the Port Authority de-
state Flexible, easily- serviced de- cided that jet- aircraft operations should
sign based on modular system PHILIPS BROADCAST be "so planned and conducted that
Maximum of 24 inputs to 12 input PHILIPS EQUIPMENT CORP. noise in the communities under the
channels Up to 4 independent One Philips Parkway, Montvale, N J. 07645 201 / 391 -1000 take -off path, expressed in PNdB, was
output channels (for stereo and multi- A NORTH AMERICAN PHILIPS COMPANY Ito be] no greater than the noise pro-
duced by 75 per cent of the large four - records the PNdB level in a log, shown its immunity to rain and damp weather.
engine piston transports as measured to the left of the level recorder. If a The metal screen enclosing the hydro-
in the community under the take-off violation occurs the pilot is notified im- phone acts as an electrostatic shield.
path. That value, which proved to be mediately, and the airline is sent a The pre -amplifier amplifies the micro-
112 PNdB, was adopted. ...as the limit written notification of the violation phone signal and is also used to insert a
for jet noise and is still in effect today." which initiates the compliance pro- reference oscillator signal at a level
Enforcement of the 112 PNdB noise cedure. equivalent to an sec of 91 dB. An ampli-
limit is the Port Authority's basic fier drives the 600-ohm telephone line
method of controlling jet noise on take- SYSTEM FUNCTION which terminated in the control tower.
off. In order to be eligible to use La The incoming signal at the tower is fed
Guardia, Kennedy, or Newark airports, A block diagram of the La Guardia to a line amplifier and then into a
the airlines must limit take-off noise to noise monitor system is shown in FIGURE monitor amplifier, both of which are
this maximum. It is left up to the indi- 4 A close -up photograph of the remote housed in the equipment rack shown
vidual carrier to devise methods of com- monitor station (FIGURE 5) shows the on the right hand side of FIGURE 3. It
pliance such as steep climb, thrust re- microphone mounted with its axis is possible for more than one signal to
duction, turn away from the community, parallel to the ground so that the sound be present at any instant. A line switch
limitation of gross weight, or the more impinges at grazing incidence, mini- controlled by the monitor amplifier de-
basic approach of designing quieter jet mizing the diffraction boost, and yield- termines which of the two recording
engines. ing the flattest frequency response. A channels is to handle an incoming signal.
hydrophone is actually used because of The monitor amplifier also performs the
NOISE MONITOR SYSTEM
In order to ensure compliance with the
112 -PNdB maximum, the Port Author-
ity, in conjunction with BB&N, devised,
constructed, and installed an elaborate
noise- monitoring system at each airport
they operate. This system, which auto-
matically records all take-off jet noise,
has made it possible to enforce the 112
PNdB maximum. Joe Frederickson,
aeronautical planning specialist of Avia-
tion Technical Services Division, ar-
ranged for a helicopter to take us out
to La Guardia Airport to see the noise
monitoring system in operation.
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The airport noise monitoring and con-
trol systems monitors aircraft take -off
noise on all runways that require the
aircraft to fly over residential neighbor-
hoods. The basic element of the system
is the remote monitoring station. Joe
Frederickson showed me a typical sta-
tion (see FIGURE 2) which consists of a
telephone pole with a microphone and
associated electronic equipment mounted
at the top. The station is located in line
with the runway at the start of the
residential area. The proximity of
homes to the monitor station can be
observed in the photograph. Distances
of these stations from the start of the "The Dolby system gives me a 10 db reduction
runways varies from 2 to 4 miles and a
telephone line connects the remote sta-
tion to the central noise-control tower.
of hiss, print - through and crosstalk,"ysSeymour
Solomon, recording director of Van-
The noise- control tower is located so guard Records. "The use of the Dolby
Noise Reduction System enables us to
that all take-offs can be observed by an record a work with great dynamic con-
operator on duty. The tower is manned trasts, such as the Mahler 2nd Sym-
24 hours a day, and all take -offs are phony, with a new dimension of
realism. It is now standard procedure
logged by the operator. As the aircraft to record our Vanguard classical tape
approaches the remote monitor station, masters with the Dolby System."
and if the sound pressure level is Take a tip from Mr. Sol n -break
through the noise barrier with the de-
greater than 96 dB, the noise monitor pendable Dolby 4301, note in we by
system is activated. All pertinent noise over 90 companies throughout the
data is recorded on a graphic level world.
recorder shown on the left side of the DOLBY LABORATORIES INC.
photo of FIGURE 3. This photograph 333 Avenue of the Americas. New York. N.Y. 10014 Telephone (212) 243 -2525 Cable: Dolbylabs New York
was taken looking out on to the runway So. CALIF
Audio Industries Cory.
No. CALIF
Audio-Video Systems Engineering
MIDWEST
Expert Electronics Inc
CANADA
J-Mar Electronics. Ltd.
area from the operator's position in the 1419 N LaBrea Ave.
Hollywood, Calif. 9002E
1525 Tennessee Street
San Francisco, Calif. 94107
7201 S.Western Avenue
Chicago, Illinois 60636
6 Ban.gan Drive
Toronto 17, Ontario. Canada
noise -control tower. The operator also Tel: 213 -HO5 -4111 Tel: 415- 6474420 Tel: 312- HE6-2700 Tel. 416 -421 -9080
Circle 20 on Reader' Service. Card
important function of acting as a gate
by sensing the signal level and allowing
only signals to go through which exceed
buy one the preselected sec of 96 dB. When the

gate is open the monitor amplifier will
direct the line switch to connect the
signal to the preferred channel; if it is
busy the signal will be switched to the
other channel.
FULL The output of the line switch feeds
the common amplifier. A perceived -
noise filter then introduces the weighing
factor (FIGURE 1). From this point on
the signal is referred to as PNdB. The
8 -track PNdB signal is fed to a logarithmic
amplifier, located in the graphic level
recorder which supplies a d.c. output
proportional to the logarithm of the Figure 6. The graphic-level recorder used to
amplitude of the incoming signal, and preserve the aircraft sound measurements.
recording so converts the signal to decibel read-

ings. The d.c. signal is fed to the graphic
level recorder, and the recording stylus
of coded marks is recorded on the chart
along with the PNdB level. The recorder
indicates the PNdB level on a chart. will run as long as the noise level is
At the same instant that the signal is
console-
greater than 96 dB plus an additional
being fed to the recorder, the monitor 20 seconds. The 20- second delay is used
amplifier feeds the signal to the re- to permit the recording of the 91 dB
generator causing a relay to close which calibration tone which, as we have seen,
actuates a time and date stamper. The is always present at the remote station
stamper mechanism can be seen in the pre -amplifier but is normally below the
and get close-up photograph of the level re-
corder in FIGURE 6 as an outboard de-
vice protruding from the level recorder
level required to open the monitor -
amplifier gate. All the necessary in-
formation is now recorded on the chart
immediately above the chart. The relay
which is kept as a permanent record.
closing also starts the recorder chart
!* The noise control system instituted
two FREE motor. Simultaneously with the starting

of the motor the identification equip-
ment is made operative so that the in-
coming signal can be identified. A series
by the Port Authority at the three
metropolitan airports has proved highly
effective. Pete Odell, assistant chief of
Aviation Technical Services Division,
told me that compliance today is better
` Well, not exactly. You than 99 per cent. I was surprised to
learn from him, however, that the air-
probably only need one ports under the Port Authority's juris-
system anyway. But, diction are the only airports in the
United States with an established noise
we're prepared to sell it maximum and an effective enforcement
system. Recent Federal legislation has
to you for /3 less than
1 given the F.A.A. authority to set noise
standards for aircraft so it may not be
anyone else. too long before other airports have
noise standards established. The ex-
perience and knowledge gained by the
Port Authority will certainly prove in-
valuable in setting up future Federal
regulations.
P.S.Our quality and
performance standards
are not on sale.
MOVING?
Have you sent us a change -of-address
notice? It takes time for us to change
your plate so let us know well in ad-
T QUAD -EIGHT vance of your move. Be sure to send us
5 the complete new address as well as
v ELECTRONICS Figure
station
5. This close -up of
such as
a remote monitor
in Figure 2 shows the micro-
your old address. Include both zip num-
11810 VOSE STREET, NORTH HOLLYWOOD
phone to be parallel to the ground so that bers. Keep db coming without inter-
CALIFORNIA 91605 PHONE (213) 764 -1516 sound impinged on it in a grazing fashion. ruption!
Crrrlr 15 on Reader Ser ice Card
When low distortion is a critical requirement,
Acoustic Research speaker systems are a logical choice.
1111111111111 1111111111111111
Acoustic Research.speaker systems are carefully designed and meticulously inspected to be certain that
they reproduce sound while introducing no sound of their own. This lack of distortion partly explains
their natural, uncolored music reproduction in rooms both large and small, of delicate harpsichord
tones or the tutti of a Beethoven symphony. As at a concert, the listener hears what the musicians have
created, free of unnatural artifice or misguided attempts at enhancement.
At a recent performance of Deserts by Edgar Varese, a work for stereophonic magnetic tape and
symphony orchestra, the Boston Symphony Orchestra was accompanied by six AR -3a speaker systems
reproducing the composer's tape. The requirement was authenticity of reproduction without distortion of
the acoustical setting provided by Boston's Symphony Hall, which Bruno Walter called "the noblest
of American concert halls." The speaker systems are shown on the stage during tests.
AR -3a speaker systems are priced from $225 to $250, depending on cabinet finish. Write for complete
technical data and an AR catalog describing our other speaker systems, turntable and amplifier.
Acoustic Research Inc.

24 Thorndike Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141
Overseas Inquiries: Write to AR International at above address
NOW, THE STUDIO CONSOLE
WORTH WAITING C=FOR J i.. R_...
In1-.-, ®
A lot of very fine consoles are being produced these It's designed and built for us by Neumann, the
days. Slowly. finest name in audio equipment. A name that not
Expensively. only means quality and experience, but technical ex-
With agonizing attention to detail. cellence and high resale value. And you know it mea-
And a lot of time spent waiting. sures up to Gotham's rigorous standards. Because
We want to help. That's why we've come up with we don't have to deal with anything less than perfect.
the first studio console you can have in a week. The Neumann studio console has twenty -four
A console with all the important features you'd inputs and eight output channels, and can be aug-
specify if you were having it custom made. mented to sixteen. It meets every studio requirement
But without the waiting. The headaches. And you can imagine. And some you probably haven't
the custom -made price tag. even thought of.

CAN BE DELIVERED
IMMEDIATELY.
Consider these: 24 pan -pots, 2 cue and 4 echo And you'll be earning back a large share of
channels, 4 remote echo controls, 4 remote tape con- your investment months earlier, simply because of
trols, talk -back limiter, day- date -time digital clock, Gotham's speedy delivery. After all, a console in the
stop timer, U -79 Correlation Meter (Compatibility control room is worth ten on the drawing board!
Guide), full 312 jack patch bay and phantom power- So, phone us today. You can be turning out hit
ing for your NeJmann FET -80 microphones. sessions by next Monday.
Even built -in ashtrays and cigarette lighters.
This remarkable piece of equipment costs un-
der $64,000, because we've been able to amortize
GOTHAM AUDIO CORPORATION
2 West 46174 Street. New York. N. Y. 10036 (2121C0 54111
1710 N. LaBrea Ave .H011ywood.Ca 90046 (213) 874 4444
the immense engineering and design costs over many In Canada: J.Mar Electronics Ltd.
consoles instead of just one.
Ec itorial
AT A RECENT New York City concert, Laurin Hollander played an
experimental piano built by the Baldwin Company. Inside the piano,
the usual sounding board was replaced by a battery of JBL speakers.
A modified Marantz amplification and control system was used
internally to adjust the piano's tone to musical and environmental
conditions at hand. Esthetically, the concert was a success.
Of course, this was by no means the first electronically amplified instrument.
Electronic control of guitars is already highly sophisticated and most other
instruments have been electronically modified to some extent. In addition, a
totally new breed of instrumental sound has been created by the electronic
synthesizer.
Obviously, an electronic piano that frees the performer from the instrument's
present limitations is highly desirable. But is the raucous distortion of electronic
guitars also acceptable? We think so. ..as a necessary (even pleasant to some)
by- product of a vital and creative new musical era.
These electronic instruments can be totally new music -making forms. The
synthesizer is currently shaking up the serious music field and modified guitars
have transformed pop music. So, we look forward with interest to the potential
of this new piano.
music? Should we merely amplify - -

Where does the engineer fit into the rapidly expanding field of engineered
and possibly alter as well existing musical
sounds? Or should our approach be to help create a new musical medium that
carries a message all its own?
--
We do not see any musical or artistic validity in amplification per se. We
frankly wish the whole loudness race whether for higher modulation on records
or 130 dB levels in discotheques would just quietly fade away.
But musical production cannot be bound by the trap of tradition. (And we
do not even agree with those who argue that electronic music production is con-
trary to tradition.) If we held only to tradition, Laurin Hollander would have
ir - -
been playing a clavicord.
The continuing viability of music pop or classical demands perpetual
experimentation with new forms. And we hope the audio engineer will be in the
forefront of this electronic music phenomenon. . .guiding it, growing with it and,
co above all, enjoying it. L.Z.
0X..`
:;.. -i ...fS.RI.
r-.yf
. ï:
46
f ' f
THIS
FEATURE -FILLED
MIXER/ REMOTE
AMPLIFIER
HAS AN
UNEXPECTED*
PRICE TAG
'Unexpected? Judge for yourself: the Shure M67 Profes- and RF susceptibility (noise level 126dbv); female-
sional Mixer/ Remote Amplifier has virtually every important Cannon connectors, two -level headphone monitor jack and
feature asked for by broadcasting and recording studios and many other features.
sound installers. It can be used as a complete, compact Its distortion level is UNDER 1% from 20 to 20k Hz at
console for studio, remote, or original installation use -or +10 dbm out! Clipping level is +18 dbm. It also features
as an "add -on" mixer for expanding existing facilities and a unique noiseless automatic switchover to battery if the
providing additional microphone inputs with tape recorders AC line fails. (Battery pack optional.)
and VTR's. It is not much larger than two cartons of cigarettes
It features 600 ohm line and microphone level outputs; (11%" x 71/2" x 21/2") and weighs just 4 lbs. 4 oz.
an illuminated VU meter calibrated for +4 and +10 dbm; Incredibly, this truly professional, compact, complete
four low impedance microphone inputs, each with individual mixer/ remote amplifier has a professional net price of
low- frequency filter inputs -plus one input convertible for only $147.00!
line bridging, or 600 ohms; built -in tone oscillator to provide Write Professional Products, Shure Brothers, Inc.
calibration signal to set signal levels; extremely low noise 222 Hartrey Ave., Evanston, Illinois 60204
HLJFRE
PROFESSIONAL MICROPHONE MIXER /REMOTE AMPLIFIER 1969 SHURE BROTHERS. INC
T
OTHER SHURE PROFESSIONAL MICROPHONES ... FOR SUPERIOR AUDIO
MODEL SM5 MODEL SM16 MODEL SM50
CARDIOID BOOM DYNAMIC 3/4" OMNIDIRECTIONAL OMNIDIRECTIONAL

DYNAMIC DYNAMIC
Because its cardioid directional
pattern is uniquely uniform With Ideal for interviews and Self -windscreened and
frequency and symmetrical about pop -free for news, sports,
its axis, the SM5 is singularly in- audience participation,
dependent of the effects of en- yet unusually smooth remotes, and interviews.
vironment. Even in extreme wide range response (40- Also ideal for many stu-
shooting situations (such as with dio and control room ap-
tight sets, low ceilings, hard walls, 20 KC) for critical music
low microphone angles, traffic or reproduction. I n ;ta ntly plications. Comfortably
air-conditioner noise and rumble detachable from stand. balanced for hand or
and changing distance) the SM5 stand use. Natural re-
minimizes sound coloration and Steel case with Cannon
ambient noise pickup. connector. sponse.
Circle 24 au Reader Service Card

Ta P Dcay Systoms
JOHN M. WORAM
Most recording studios enhance their originally -
recorded dry tracks with some form of
artificial or natural reverberation. The author
reports on one such, using forms of tape
delay to achieve the needed sound.
MOST MODERN RECORDING ST UDIO3 have some sort many new consoles incorporate a special set of plugs for an
of echo or reverberation facility available. The auxiliary tape machine, and include a delay in /out switch on
most common types are; an actual echo chamber the console.
(i.e., a highly reverberant room containing at The popularity of this system has somewhat obscured the
one end a loudspeaker, and at the other a microphone), an many other interesting applications of tape delay. To cite
EMT or similar steel sheet -type unit, a Fairchild Reverber- one obvious example: try inserting a tape delay in the echo
tron, or a spring -type device such as the Fisher Spacexpander. return line instead of (or in addition to) the one in the send
These devices all receive their input from an Echo send circuit line. Or, when using an EMT with two outputs, one can be
in the console, and return their outputs to the console's echo returned direct and the other through a tape delay. (FIGURE
return lines. 2).
In many cases, a more natural type of echo effect may be For a special effect, tape delay can be used without the
realized if a delay is introduced between the direct signal and echo device. Depending on tbe speed of the auxiliary tape -
the echo return. The delayed echo is a closer approximation delay machine, two distinct effects may be obtained. At
of a natural concert hall type of reverb than a return that speeds which produce a delay of more than about 25 milli-
coincides in time with the direct signal. seconds, the delayed information is heard as a separate signal,
This delay is commonly accomplished by inserting an resulting in a slapp.d back type of effect. If the signal is de-
auxiliary tape recorder in the echo send line. The delay intro- layed twice, and both delays are returned to the console,
duced is the time it takes for the recorded tape to travel the there will be an impression that the instrument being treated
distance between the record and the playback head (FIGURE this way is playing triplets. (FIGURE 3.) This is often particu-
1). This application of tape delay has become so popular that larly effective on a fender bass track, if the original bass line
is not musically complex.
At delays of less than 25 milliseconds, the ear is usually
unable to resolve the delayed and the direct signals into two
With this article, Mr. Woram begins what will be a more or less separate and distinct sounds. For an interesting application
regular series of feature articles to appear in our pages. He will of a high -speed delay, try feeding a direct signal onto, say,
range widely within the recording field. He is well- qualified for the left track during a re-mix session. The delayed signal is
this, his position as a recording engineer with RCA Victor in then treated as a separate source, and fed to the right track
New York City offers him much opportunity to observe the con- as in FIGURE 4. Both the direct and the delayed signals may
temporary scene. be individually equalized, compressed, echoed, etc. The re-
- DIRECT SIGNAL -- TO TAPE

-DIRECT
DIRECT
ECHO
1
SIGNAL
DELAYED
ECHO J
AUX TAPE REVERB EMT WITH AUX TAPE

2 OUTPUTS MACH
MACH DEVICE
Figure 1. In this example the delay is the time it takes for the recorded Figure 2. With an EMT system you can use one output direct anj
á signal to get from the record to the playback head. the other through a tape delay.
-DIRECT SIGNAL RECORD HEADS
PLAYBACK HEADS
SAME PRGM
ON BOTH TRKS
TO CONSOLE
Figure 3. Two tape delays can produce an effect

useful with certain types of bass music.
oft iplets - most
ECHO DEVICE
DIRECT SIGNAL
Figure 6. Using sel -sync on a duplicated extra track in this manner
TO LEFT TRACK provides an echo before the direct signal.
DELAYED SIGNAL ( <_ 25ms)

R PB
TO RIGHT TRACK
I
2
3
4
-
MACH CONSOLE
Figure 4. This system when mixed can result in greatly expanded I
5
sound most effective with strings.
-
6
7
FEEDBACK LOOP 8
MACH. 2
TAPE
Figure 7. Vary the speed of machine two if you want some truly
Figure 5. By controlling the amount of feedback, voice can be given unusual effects. If you are feeding in the vocal part only, you can
an outer -space quality. make it race ahead or fall behind the rest of the program.
suit is a greatly expanded, room -filling sound, which can be usual manner. The other track is switched to the sel -sync
very effective when applied to a sustaining part such as a mode, so that the output is taken from the record head, and
string track; or a few voices can be made to sound like a large then sent directly to the echo device. The echo return arrives
choir, since the short tape delay is very much like that slight at the console before the actual program, producing a very
imprecision of attack characteristic of a large group of voices. unusual effect (FIGURE 6).
(If the effect is one of a small group with a bad case of the Another odd effect can be produced by varying the speed
stutters, the tape -delay machine is not going fast enough. of the auxiliary tape-delay machine. While the machine is
On a typical Ampex 300-type deck, the record and play- changing speed, the pitch of the echo signal will rise (or fall)
back heads are about two inches apart. At 7.5, 15, and 30 and then return to normal as the machine stabilizes at the
in. /sec., this yields delays of 266, 133, and 66 milliseconds new speed. Of course, the direct signal remains unaffected.
respectively. To achieve a delay of under 25 milliseconds, an A somewhat devastating effect can be achieved if you have
oversized capstan sleeve, such as the type used for high -speed available, say, two eight-track machines of the same type.
duplicating, may be used. (In a future article, I hope to be With a previously recorded tape, try playing back the instru
able to give a report on the EMT 970 Audio Delay Unit, mental tracks only from the playback head. At the same
which can be used in place of a regular tape recorder for delay time, feed the vocal track from its record head to the second
effects.) machine, monitoring the vocal track from the second ma-
An outer -space effect is possible by using a type of con- chine's playback head as shown in FIGURE 7. As long as the
trolled feedback system. A signal such as a voice, is fed in the two machines are running at the same speed, everything
usual manner to the tape recorder. Then the playback head sounds fine. But try varying the speed of machine two and
output is returned to a separate mixer position which is set hear what happens as the vocal part races ahead or falls
to the same bus as the vocal mixer. By carefully riding this behind the rest of the program! You probably won't have
additional mixer, a repetitive signal is produced which can be much chance to apply this effect, other than as a practical
sustained or diminished as desired (FIGURE 5). joke.
If there is an extra track available on a multi -track tape The application of tape -delay systems to produce a variety
machine, (there almost never is) a kind of negative tape delay of unusual effects is limited only by the flexibility of the con-
can be used to produce an echo before the direct signal is sole and the imagination of the engineer. If you have any
heard. The program to be treated in this way is recorded on original applications that you think might interest others.
ro
two tracks. During playback, one track is monitored in the send them in.
S. Sonoto Sounc Systom
This is a preliminary report on a new sound

amplification system to be installed for the benefit
of U.S. Senators who have, up to now, had
to depend solely on lung power in the
Senate chamber.
1ITORS TO THE SENATE GALLERIES will receive the ized loudspeakers for all Members, speakers for the Presiding
dubious dividend of sound as well as sight in the officer and Senate officials, a removable floor-stand micro-
near future. The Senate Rules Committee has ap- phone, loudspeakers for the official reporters, and a wide
proved the installation of an intricate sound system distribution of loudspeakers in the Galleries.
in the Senate chamber, and following approval of the Senators, Cost of the installation is estimated at $125,000.
the system will be installed whenever the Senate is not in Under consideration is a plan to block off a small part of the
session. Visitors Gallery behind a plexiglass screen to cut down on
For years visitors, members of the press, and some mem- background noise. This section, which would contain no
bers of the Senate viewed the proceedings of the Greatest seats, would be used for tourists on guided tours who move
Deliberative Body in the World as though they were watching in and out of the galleries. Tourists who want to watch the
a silent movie being shot on location. Booming Senatorial proceedings at greater length would be required to obtain
voices that filled the TV screens in Keokuk were barely regular admittance cards from their Senators or Representa-
audible to the torists in the galleries. tives, as is now the case.
Now, with tradition tossed to the winds, the marvels of The system would be controlled by a person manning a
electronics will bring the amplified orations of the 100 Sena- console in one corner of the chamber who would flick the
tors to the ears of all. mikes off and on when required. He, ostensibly could control
The Senate has long opposed the invasion of electronic debate in the Senate, but no such problem is contemplated.
devices in its hallowed chamber. Senator Javits (NY) had the During a Senate discussion of the system in January, Sen.
affrontery to introduce such legislation in 1957. It got no- George Murphy (R- Calif.) pointed out that astronauts,
where. In 1967 the Legislative Reorganization Act included 240,000 miles from the earth could be heard and understood
amplifying equipment for the Senate. The bill passed the by the earthpeople, but most often a Senator could not be
Senate, but died in the House -where microphones have heard by his colleagues yards away on the Senate floor:
been in use for years. In calling for installation this year, Murphy also spoke about his throat operation which left
Senator Javits suggested that the modern devices could well him hoarse. The operation for a cancer near his vocal chords
blend with the traditional, in that the historical inkwells was a complete success, he disclosed. "I have never felt
on each Senator's desk could be topped by a microphone healthier, but at times I sound like a cross between Everett
instead of a quill pen. Dirksen and Andy Devine," he commented. Murphy pointed
The change was discussed at a Democratic caucus early out that it would be difficult for him to address the Senate
this year and was overwhelmingly approved. Senator Mans- had not his colleagues extended him the courtesy of using a
field says the microphones will be installed- possibly by the throat amplifier.
end of this year. Murphy made a telling point when he assured Senators
A survey made at the direction of the Architect of the that the presence of microphones would not lead to longer
Capitol by acoustical consultants has recommended installa- speeches. He suggested that speeches would be shorter, since
tion of individual desk -mounted microphones and miniatur- "we are inclined to make longer speeches. ..and we are repeti-
tious for fear that we have not been understood the first
We are grateful to Congressman John W. Wydler of the Fourth time."
District, New York for his help in securing this information. Senate approval is expected any day now, assuring the
The article is a reprint that originally appeared in the Con- Senate an equal voice with the House in the legislative
a04 gressional newspaper ROLL CALL dated March 13, 1969. branch.
the inside story of Willi Studer
The Revox A77 is Willi Studer's brain child... a recorder that could match the performance
born from years of experience designing of the Revox A77 in all respects, and very
magnetic recording equipment for the few that even come close. It sounds as good
broadcasting and recording industries. This as it tests, which speaks for itself."
is a great machine that comfortably outper-
forms recorders costing even three times as To know the detailed inside story on Willi
much. Studer's Revox A77 read the fully descriptive
As noted in the report by Hirsch -Houck Labo- story from REVOX CORPORATION 212 Mineola
ratories: "At 7 -1/2 ips, the response was Avenue, Roslyn Heights, N.Y. 11577
within +0.5, -2.0 dB from 20 to 20,000 Hz. Telephone (516) 484 -4650
This has never been equalled by any other
recorder we have tested. It is one of the
handsomest, as well as best -performing, tape In Canada contact
recorders we have seen. We have never seen Tri -tel Associates Ltd Toronto Canada
REVOX
Chyle 25 on Kruder.Srn4re Card
ro
w
m 0rovoC Ta c Quahty
MAX R. CANNON
is now superb -
Tape quality on high -speed professional recorders
particularly when
specialized improvement techniques are utilized.
The author explains a number of substantial
ways to improve the sound from home -type
machines such as are often used professionally,
with particular attention to signal -to -noise
improvements.
MOST NON -STUDIO TAPE RECORDERS are capable of but the equipment also contributes some noise.' Tape noise
producing high-fidelity audio recordings. On many is generally in the form of a hiss or a print -through signal
,,i these machines, however, it is difficult to from an adjacent recorded tape layer. Many recorders intro-
achieve a true reproduction of the original sound duce some hum in addition to a small amount of broadband
because a poor signal -to -noise ratio limits the available noise. Stereo machines also suffer from a certain amount of
dynamic range of the input signals. If the recording level is crosstalk between the two channels.
not properly adjusted, loud program segments may be dis- A good tape recorder has low distortion at moderate signal
torted or quiet segments may be buried in background noise. levels. Large signal peaks, present in nearly all sounds, can
This problem becomes emphasized when tapes are dubbed. cause serious distortion if they reach the over-record level. As
The cumulative effect of distortion and noise can be quiet these signal peaks cannot always be accurately predicted
objectionable on a second- or third -generation tape. much less seen on indicating meters, the recording level is set
The recording process adds background noise to the input lower than it need be to accommodate the highest input sig-
signal. Most of this unwanted signal comes from the tape, nal. Although this practice reduces distortion, it simultaneous-
ly accentuates the noise problem.
INCREASED DYNAMICS
Max R. Cannon is an engineer with International Business An ideal tape recorder would accept input signals with a wide
Machines Corp. in Boulder, Colorado. As a nineteen -year vet- dynamic range, record these signals without critical operator
eran of the company he has worked extensively in customer en- adjustments, and faithfully reproduce the original dynamic
gineering and product development, including magnetic tape for range of the input signal without added noise or distortion.
computer systems. He is a member of the SMPTE and an affili- There are a number of known techniques for increasing the
ate of the NAB. dynamic range capability of tape recorders. Many of these
techniques are used only in professional studio equipment, background noise. Radio broadcasters use them to maintain
because of the high cost involved. A few of these systems will a high modulation level without overmodulation. A number
be described briefly. of technical papers describe the operating principles and
An obvious way to improve dynamic -range capability is to unique characteristics of such devices."4 An automatic com-
increase the signal-to -noise ratio (s /n) of the tape recording pressor of this type eliminates the need for the operator to
system. Increasing the track width will improve the s/n continuously monitor the recording level. It can be used with
somewhat. But a double -width track improves the s/n by a pilot tone or with a complementary automatic expander to
only 3 dB. (S /n is proportional to the square root of the track restore the original dynamic range.
width.) Higher tape speed will also improve the s /n. Although An automatic expander is a signal -controlled a.g.c. ampli-
beneficial, these hardware modifications involve a high tape fier similar to the compressor. The control signal which oper-
cost. Master duplicating machines used in the recording in- ates the expander, however, differs from the control signal
dustry operate with wide tracks and high tape speed (15 or which operates the compressor. The expander does not exactly
even 30 in./sec.). Their low -noise electronics improve s/n 6 compensate for the volume changes made by the compressor.
to 10 dB over a high -quality, four -track home recorder. But This characteristic often causes a noticeable distortion when
even this ratio is not sufficient to produce the desired record- the signal amplitude changes suddenly. Overshoots, under-
ing quality. The use of low -noise tape can improve s/n by shoots, breathing, swishing, pumping, ducking, and thumps
several more dB on any type of recorder. Other techniques are descriptive names frequently applied to the peculiar
must be used, however, if additional noise improvements are sounds which result from poor compression and expansion.
desired.
The simplest method of keeping the input signal at an
NOISE REDUCTION
acceptable level is to continuously monitor and adjust the A noise-reduction system overcomes most of the objections
recording level. The signal is manually decreased during loud to signal -controlled compression and expansion. The incoming
periods and increased during quiet periods, thus compressing signal is divided into four separate frequency bands for com-
the dynamic range of the recorded signal. It is impractical to pression and expansion. This device does not alter high -level
manually expand the signal to its original dynamic range on signals, but does increase the low -level signals by 10 to 15
playback. However, the compressed signal is satisfactory or dB."-10 This equipment has gained wide acceptance in the
even desirable for many applications, but it must be recog- recording industry but is limited by cost mostly to the more
nized that it is not a true reproduction of the original signal. sophisticated professional applications.
Signal -controlled volume expanders are available to ex- A completely different approach to the problem involves
pand large signals and compress small signals. Although they the use of double- channel recording.' One channel is recorded
expand the dynamic range, they cannot exactly compensate at a level 15 dB higher than the other. On playback, an elec-
for a manual compression. If a constant- amplitude, high - tronic switch selects the best channel. A machine using this
frequency pilot tone is added to the input signal, its amplitude technique is available for professional use. It uses frequency -
during playback indicates the amount of compression. An selective and amplitude -selective track switching on 70 -mil-
automatic gain control circuit (a.g.c.) can then automatically wide tracks.
increase or decrease the playback signal to maintain the pilot Other techniques are available for achieving better s/n and
tone at constant amplitude.' This simultaneously restores the dynamic range characteristics. For example, the biased, di-
input signal to its original dynamic range. Noise and distor- rect- recording technique normally used for audio recording
tion can be minimized by a skilled recorder operator. can be replaced by another method, such as frequency modu-
lation. Some improvement in s/n can be obtained at higher
AGC AMPLIFIERS tape speeds by deviating from the standard NAB equalization
It is not necessary to manually control the recording level. characteristics."
Signal -controlled a.g.c. amplifiers which automatically moni- Signal compression followed by complementary expansion
tor and adjust signal level are available from a number of after transmission through all noise sources can significantly
sources. These devices are widely used in communications improve s/n and available dynamic range. To avoid unde-
systems to maintain a high information signal relative to sirable side effects, truly complementary (or identical) de-
MULTIPLEXED MULTIPLEXED
COMPRESSED SIGNALS SIGNALS COMPRESSED
AUDIO AUDIO
AUDIO TAPE LOW -PASS AUDIO SIGNAL
SIGNAL
SIGNAL MIXER
COMPRESSOR RECORDER FILTER EXPANDER OUTPL-
INPUT
CONTROL CONTROL
SIGNAL SIGNAL
VOLTAGE
BANDPASS FM
CONTROLLED DEMODULATOR
FILTER FM
OSCILLATOR CONTROL SIGNAL
FM SUBCARRIER SUBCARRIER
ro
Figure 1. A block diagram of a tape -noise reduction system.
+n
vices must be supplied with identical (or complementary) follows the compressor, no new sounds are added. Of course,
control signals. This is generally not the case with signal- if the compressor adds undesirable sounds to the input signal,
controlled a.g.c. units. If the control signal is multiplexed the expander will not remove them. Therefore, good com-
with the compressed input signal, it is available for controlling pressor design is of utmost importance. The design of audio
a complementary expander at the final point of use. Band- signal compressors is rather complicated and will not be dis-
width of the control signal is relatively narrow, but its fre- cussed here. Several good compressors are available now.
quency spectrum extends down to d.c. Some of these can be modified to obtain the control signal
A number of a.g.c. circuits have been tested in this type of during compression and permit insertion of an external con-
system with varying degrees of success. A 15 dB improvement trol signal for expansion.
in tape recorder s/n has been achieved with negligible side
effects. Additional apparent improvement can be obtained OTHER APPLICATIONS
with a squelch circuit which operates when the input falls This technique is not limited to tape recorder use. One inter-
below a predetermined low signal threshold. This circuit over- esting possibility is its use in f.m. broadcasting. The control
rides the normal control signal to decrease the gain of both signals for two stereo channels can be easily accommodated
the compressor and expander during program lulls. Thus, the by the Subsidiary Communications Authorization (s.c.a.)
compressor and expander have complementary character- band which has been allocated by the FCC. Any f.m. station
istics except during squelch periods when both amplifiers which is not using the s.c.a. band for other purposes could
have low gain. broadcast a multiplexed control signal for operation of ex-
An f.m. subcarrier for the control signal gives good results panders at the receiver. Most radio stations compress their
in this type of operation. The control signal can be recorded signals, and this would give the listener the ability to recover
above the normal upper frequency limit of the tape recorder. the original dynamic range and improve s/n. Of course, such
For example, a 20-kHz subcarrier has been used with an a step would require a set of standards and the use of an
18-kHz tape recorder. The control signal carrier is of fairly expander- adapter at the receiver. The problem is no more
low amplitude in the playback signal; it can be easily filtered difficult than the switch from the old to the new f.m. band or
out, if it is audible. FIGURE 1 is a block diagram of such a the introduction of stereo -f.m. broadcasting. FIGURE 2 shows
system. the essentials of an f.m. multiplex system.
Under some conditions, such as background music, the A similar system could even be used with phonograph
compressed signal is more desirable than the original full- records. The control signals could be multiplexed above the
range sound. The control signal gain can be easily adjusted audio signals at about 20 kHz on each channel.
to provide any degree of expansion from none to more than
normal. The result of varying the expansion is comparable to
varying the amount of compression. Because the expander
REFERENCES
1 John T. Mullin, Advanced Tape Mastering System:
Electronic Features. IEEE Transactions on Audio,

March -April 1965, pp. 31 -35.
(A) MODULATED 2 L. H. Bedford, Improving the Dynamic Range of
LEFT AGC SIGNAL
OSCILLATOR
Tape Recording. Wireless World, March 1960, pp.
(64KHz)
LEFT AGC COMPRESSED AUDIO 1 LE AGC
104 -106.
COMPRESSOR L +R AUDI) + MODULATED 3 A. C. Norwide, Devices for Controlling Amplitude
PILOT
AUDIO - CONVENTIONAL CARRIER SIGNAL
CARRIER
Characteristics of Telephonic Signals. Bell System
SIGNAL COMPRESSED AUDIO
MULTIPLEXER L -R MIXER Technical Journal, No. 4, 1938, pp. 539-554.
INPUT
SIDE 4 R. O. Carter, Theory of Syllabic Compandors.
- RIGHT AGC
AGC BANDS
RIGHT COMPRESSOR PILOT CARRIER I
MODULATED Proc. IEE, Vol. III, No. 3, March 1964, pp. 503-513.
CARRIER
OSCILLATOR HMODULATED 5 A. Kaiser and B. B. Bauer, A New Automatic Level
OSCILLATOR
(19KHz) Control for Monophonic and Stereophonic Broadcasting.
(70KHz)
RIGHT AGC SIGNAL
MODIFIED SIGNALS
IRE Transactions on Audio, No. 6, 1962, pp. 171 -173.
(B) TO TRANSMITTER 6 Donald Aldous, NoisEx Recording System. Inter-
LEFT CHANNEL AGC national Broadcast Engineer, No. 10, 1965, pp.
510 -512.
MODIFIED
SIGNALS MULTIPLEX
j
COMPRESSED LEFT
CHANNEL AUDIO
LEFT
EXPANDER
RESTORED LEFT
CHANNEL SIGNAL 7 D. C. Connor and Richard S. Putnam, Automatic

Audio Level Control. Journal of the Audio Engineer-
o
DEMODULATOR COMPRESSED RIGHT
l
CHANNEL AUDIO RIGHT
EXPANDER
RESTORED RIGHT
CHANNEL SIGNAL
ing Society, Vol. 16, No. 3, July 1968, pp. 314-320.
8 Ray M. Dolby, An Audio Noise Reduction System.
RIGHT CHANNEL AGC 4
Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, Vol. 15,
No. 4, October 1967, pp. 383 -388.
SUPPRESSED
9 Ray M. Dolby, Audio Noise Reduction: Some Prac-
(C) PILOT CARRIER CARRIER
100 tical Aspects, Part I. Audio, Vol. 52, No. 6, June 1968,
L +R L-R SIDE
AUDIO BANDS pp. 19 -22.
50
1 SCA OR AGC 10 Ray M. Dolby, Audio Noise Reduction, Part II.
CONTROL SIGNAL
Audio, Vol. 52, No. 7, July 1968, pp. 26 -30.
o
11 J. G. McKnight, Signal-To -Noise Problems and a
15 19 23 38 53 59.5 745
FREQUENCY (KHz)
New Equalization for Magnetic Recording of Music.
Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, Vol. -.
Figure 2. This block diagram indicates a possible system for noise No. 1, January 1959, pp. 5 -12.
04 reduction with f.m. multiplex.
Circle 28 on Reader Service Card ->

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Technical Director, Leif D. outstanding system performance: 80 dB console signal -to -noise ratio
Larsen, placed special em- at +4 dBM output with -50 dBM input; -.3 dB console frequency
phasis on obtaining response, 20 Hz to 20 kHz; and urmeasurable console harmonic
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MIRA
I N A D V A N C E D T E C H N O L O G Y
Thcory anc Practic
NORMAN H. CROWHURST
Just as I think I've answered all the

questions in a certain subject area
this case crossovers and matching
in
I
-- constant resistance and delivers the cor-
rect frequency range to each unit.
Presumably, you also know that the
crossover is designed; and second, any
speaker has an impedance that deviates
from its nominal, or rated value (that
get a letter from a reader asking a ques- term constant resistance assumes such we discussed in the previous issue):
tion I haven't answered. Back in Oc- correct termination: it won't reflect that what effect does that have?
tober and November, I discussed cross- correct constant impedance value if the A first assumption we must make,
overs at some length, particularly the resistance is not there. especially in the absence of better in-
electronic variety, and then last month There's nothing magical about the formation, is that a speaker's impedance
I was writing about matching. What I circuit element values in a constant re- approximates its rated impedance. We
didn't discuss was what happens to sistance crossover system, that makes know it cannot be a constant resistance
matching when you use multi -way units it reflect a constant resistance, irre- at all frequencies, but his is the best
with a crossover. spective of how it is terminated. If you information we have, very often. So
terminate it with a resistance on each under these circumstances, the best pro-
output, of the nominal value for which cedure is to terminate each output with
IMPEDANCE MATCHING the crossover is designed, the input im- a unit of correct -rated impedance.
pedance will reflect this value as con- But perhaps the units we want to use
THROUGH CROSSOVERS stant resistance. just don't happen to have the same
All readers of this magazine know, I am Actual terminations can deviate from impedance. What then? Then the best
sure, that a crossover "works" when this ideal in two ways, and the question thing to do is to use a small autoformer
terminated on each output with its that readers ask is what happens then? that will make the impedance connected
nominal impedance. By the word in First, if the nominal value of one or to the crossover output agree with the
quotes, we mean it reflects the correct other unit is not that for which the design value, and with the other unit.
HIGH -PASS
8 -OHM 8 -OHM
16' SECTION
TWEETER TWEETER
80 8 -OHMS
AMPLIFIER 4o
16 -OHM AMPLIFIER 8
16
.111
WOOFER 40
LOW-PASS
16 -OHM
SECTION
WOOFER
16 -OHMS
Figure 1. One way of using speakers of

differing impedances with a single crossover,
using an autoformer to match on the output
Figure 2. An alternative solution - a spe-
cially designed filter, with separate sections

side. The autoformer only has to handle the to suit each impedance, connected to sepa-
frequency range delivered to that speaker. rate amplifier taps.
Harvey's is selling stuff
you may not know exists.
There is still an information gap in the broadcast and recording
fields today. Sometimes we find ourselves distributing an exciting new
product that many professionals don't even know exists. !1
For example, did you know that there's a new
studio fader that's unusually 4.
narrow, and sets new standards for smooth, y
quiet operation. It was developed
using conductive -plastics technology,
by a British aircraft firm that
knew just what to do with it:
they brought it to Harvey's.
Harvey's is up to its tape hubs
in new equipment. Such as a
superfast master and ten-slave
fp
system instantaneously compatible with _
K DI NCB ?
either cartridges or cassettes. A whole line
of table -top cassette or cartridge duplicators. '
Tape- winding machines that turn tape pancakes
into cassettes or cartridges that'll sell like hotcakes.
In case you were wondering where to get the automatic tape degausser
that accommodates everything from 150 mil tape to the new 2"tape, Harvey's
has it. Along with a special production degausser for tape-duplicating plants.
Of course, if we told you about all the new, exciting products
that only Harvey's has, you might not write to us, phone us,
or send for our newsletter. So instead we'll just say that we have the most
complete line of broadcast and tape -duplicating equipment in the U.S.
Including a lot of stuff you may not know exists.
HarveyRadio
A/Vivision,
Professional
7o., Inc.
2 West 45th St., New York, N.Y. 10036.(212) JU 2-1500.
constant the impedance reflected through
the filters is, due to the fact that the
HI HI
speaker units do not possess impedance
characteristics that are of constant
IN IN
resistance.
The behavior of crossover filters in
LO
o
T I
LO
o this regard can be divided into two
(A) 6dB/OCT ULT. 3dB/OCT CROSSOVER (B) parts, by frequency: the pass range,
which consists of frequencies where the
filter doesn't do anything but make a
.707 707 HI
connection, and may be thought of as
IN being those frequencies beyond about
an octave from crossover; and the cross-
.707 707 LO over range, which can be regarded as ex-
o tending about an octave each side of
15
(C)
0.75
o
12dB /OCT ULT. 6dB /OCT CROSSOVER
0.5 HI
(D)
the actual crossover frequency.
In the pass range, each filter con-
nects the unit at its output, virtually
directly to the input. So the impedance
IN IN
seen at the input is the same as that
1.5 0.5
LO 2 LO connected to the output. The complete
0 75
impedance characteristics will be re-
(E)
18 dB /OCT ULT. 9dB /OCT CROSSOVER
(F) flected through, in these ranges: the
woofer impedance characteristic will be
the input impedance in the woofer pass
654
1.58 .382
924
HI range, and the tweeter impedance char-
IN IN acteristic will be the input impedance
924 in tweeter pass range.
LO 654 58 LO In the crossover range, the elements
382
1
2.614
(G)
of both filters contribute actively to the
24dß /OCT ULT. 12dB /OCT CROSSOVER (H) reflected impedance. If each filter is cor-
Figure 3. The variety of possible constant-resistance crossovers possible. The numbers against
rectly terminated, in this frequency
the elements represent the reactance at crossover, normalized to the working impedance.
range, the impedances reflected through
This means if the working impedance is 16 ohms, and the value indicated in 1.5, the reactance
each are complementary, such that com-
must be 1.5 x 16 or 24 ohms at crossover frequency.
bining them in parallel or series (as
shown in FIGURE 3), results in a con-
stant impedance.
But if the impedance is not a resist-
ance of the correct value within this
frequency range, the value reflected
back will differ from the design value
That's usually the simplest (FIGURE 1). For the 8-ohm tweeter, the filter in more complicated fashion.
There is an alternative (if you can needs capacitors with reactances of 12 For example, in the networks of
make your crossover from components ohms and 4 ohms at 800 Hz, and an FIGURE 3 -C, terminating the outputs
tailored to your needs) when the ampli- inductor with a reactance of 6 ohms. with an impedance that is higher than
fier has more than one output tap. A reactance chart gives these values nominal reflects an impedance that is
Each filter can be designed for the as 16.7 mFd, 50 mFd, and 1.2 mH. The lower than nominal. Note that the
speaker impedance with which it is used, complete circuit is shown at FIGURE 4. values are such that leaving the net-
and then the inputs are connected to So much for what to do, according to works open-circuit at the output leaves
the appropriate amplifier taps (FIGURE the nominal impedances of the speak- the filters as series-resonant -tuned cir-
2). This limits the crossover type to ers. But now comes the question of how cuits across the input, which means the
those whose inputs at parallel con-
nected.
To put this in perspective, FIGURE 3
shows crossovers for all slopes from 6
dB /octave at crossover) to 24 dB /oc-
tave ultimate (12 dB /octave at cross-
over), with element values given in the 16.7mfd 50mfd
reactance normalized to working im-
pedance at crossover frequency.
To apply this information to the ar- 8 -OHM
rangement of FIGURE 2, assume the 1
2m TWEETER
woofer is 16 -ohms and the tweeter is
8 -ohms, with a crossover at 800 Hz. The
woofer filter needs inductors with re-
actances of 24 ohms and 8 ohms at 800 Figure 4. The com-
Hz, and a capacitor with a reactance pleted filter of Fig-
of 12 ohms. ure 2, for a crossover
6-OHM
A reactance chart gives the required frequency of 800 WOOFER
values as 4.8 mH, 1.6 mH and 16.7 Hz, and the divided
om mFd. impedances.
what's
new.
n
recording?
or DC. Taking only 7" of rack 500 Hz crossover monitor /playback
space. the front is hinged for easy speaker.
access. Priced at $360. Model Large enough (cubical volume) to
9477A. provide the ultimate in low bass re-
production and extending through
to an extremely smooth mid -range,
250 Hz crossover dual limiter. on up to 22,000 Hz. Only $398.
Solid state design uses concept of Model 9845.
spectral separation to eliminate These advanced sound products
problems of envelope distortion are from Altec. suppliers to the
and loss of program following a professional broadcast, recording
high energy peak. Has dual band and motion picture industries for
dual release and single band dual over thirty years.
release controls. Stereo operation
is accomplished by using two limit-
ers Only $510 Model 9473A
r Altec Lansing, Dept. DB -5

1515 South Manchester Ave., Anaheim, Calif. 92803
Please have authorized Altec representative call with complete
information
Just send literature and technical data.
Name
100 watt amplifier, from 20 Hz to
20,000 Hz. Company
Less than Y % distortion at 85 Street

watts, and very low noise at 95dB
Cay
below full output. Stable with any
type load and operates either AC State p
J
Z
a

Figure 5. Using re-
active elements of
the speaker units as
elements in the con-
stant resistance re-
sult. Here the 16.5
mFd and 1.05 mH
TECOMP'S NEW indicated as part of
the 16 -ohm speaker
impedances are due
IC...OP AMP to motional or voice -
coil impedance, and
are not separate ele-
ÁU010 D. A. ments.
BREAKS THE
COST BARRIER... reflected impedance will be close to zero electronic crossovers. The problems just
at crossover. discussed will be largely avoided if the
If the unit's impedance is higher than frequency separation is performed be-
nominal, the reflected impedance will fore the power amplifiers, so that each
not be zero, but it will be lower than power amplifier has to feed only one
nominal, in the region of crossover. So speaker system, and no crossover inter-
connecting a 16-ohm unit to the output action occurs.
of an Bohm crossover will result in the But there are other factors, which we
16 ohms being transferred directly to
the input through the pass range. But
will take up in the following issue. The
practical one, mentioned in October -
Model A -100
as crossover is approached, the reflected
impedance dips to lower than 8 ohms.
But speaker impedances don't just
sharp cut-off electronic crossover -
that you can't buy a correctly -designed,
is
about the only one in favor of electrical
deviate from nominal value, still being crossovers. Everything else favors the
6 OUTPUTS resistances of these different values. electronic variety. But we'll go into
The deviation occurs with reactive ele- that next time.
+20 DBM EACH ments. At the upper end of a units
60 DB ISOLATION range, usually the voice coil inductance
BETWEEN OUTPUTS becomes an appreciable portion of the
impedance, to which may be added
20 DB GAIN FOR some inductive motional impedance.
UNITY ADJUSTMENT At the lower end, if the unit is used Many readers do not realize that they
only above its fundamental resonance, can also be writers for db. We are
MEETS OR EXCEEDS the motional impedance may be capaci-
EVERY PROFESSIONALLY always seeking good, meaningful articles
tive. It may also be inductive. In neither
RECOGNIZED AUDIO of any length. The subject matter can
case is the reactive effect equivalent to
STANDARD a constant value inductor or capacitor. cover almost anything of interest and
But it is possible, with a little extra value to audio professionals.
12 UNITS REQUIRE
care, to offset the reactive effect in the Are you doing something original or
ONLY 51/4" RACK
SPACE
over -all design, so that matching is unusual in your work? Your fellow
more nearly maintained in its correct audio pros might want to know about
relationship. it. (It's easy to tell your story in db.)
PRICE antler 8115.00 For example, by using the network You don't have to be an experienced
of FIGURE 3 -E, the voice -coil inductance writer to be published. But you do need
RACK FRAME of the woofer can be regarded as part the ability to express your idea fully,
Model CF -300 of the output inductor. Often the voice - with adequate detail and information.
(accepts 12 Model A- 100's) coil inductance may usefully be the out-
put inductor, so that no separate corn - Our editors will polish the story for you.
POWER SUPPLY
ponent is needed in that position. At We suggest you first submit an outline
Model PS -600
the same time, by choosing the cross- so that we can work with you in the
ADA -7 PACKAGE over, so the tweeter resonance is below development of the article.
consisting of
12 Model A -100 it, the motional impedance will be ca- You also don't have to be an artist,
1 POWER SUPPLY P -600 pacitive in the region of crossover, so we'll re-do all drawings. This means we
1 RACK FRAME CF -300
the output capacitor isn't needed. do need sufficient detail in your rough
FIGURE 5 shows such an arrangement, drawing or schematic so that our artists
For more details write or call
using a 1,200 Hz crossover. Although will understand what you want.
the configuration looks like FIGURE 3 -C, It can be prestigious to be published
the circuit works like the arrangement
and it can be profitable too. All articles
of FIGURE 3 -E, giving a sharper cross-
TELCOMP over. accepted for publication are purchased.
MANUFACTURING All the foregoing has related to the You won't retire on our scale, but it can
A DIVISION Of If&fVISION ANO COMPUICR CORPORATION
electrical type crossover. In the October make a nice extra sum for that special
20(4 MOWO RAM
S íW1SA1r.
22 R
SCOID KW (701) 111 and November issues, we discussed occasion.
r
tions of this principle is in the coating made to cancel completely or to

of glass or other material with as many operate within tight limits. Such fine
Sounc as 40 layers for the purpose of con-

trolling reflection or transmission (or
both) as desired for the particular
application. Even though the coatings
layers are found on the better lenses
and filters used in spectroscopy, high-
speed and microphotography, high -
precision measurements, and in auto-
are of wavelength thick, extremely matic- control devices applicable to
with sensitive filters and reflectors can be

made to operate within a very narrow
band of frequencies. Since a certain
space travel.
An interesting device which makes
use of the principal of reinforcement of
amount of incident light is reflected cancellation of two light beams (or
Hagos at the surface between the layer coating

and air, and a different amount of
light passes through the layer to be
reflected from the interface between the
other radiation such as infrared rays)
is the automatic interferometric spec-
trometer. The beam of light enters the
device through a large opening. It is
layer and the glass or other material, then passed through a beam -splitter
the final total of the reflections can be and hits an oscillating mirror controlled
MARTIN DICKSTEIN
OPTICS
The field of image projection, whether
it be by a device that throws a picture on
a screen (front or rear) or by a unit
which has a scanning beam hitting a
retentive layer on the face of a tube,
can be classified broadly as belonging
to the much larger category of optic
and its applications.
The definition of the extent of the
term optics is not easy to explain if the
over -all range of the electromagnetic
spectrum is considered. The Greeks
had a word for sight and it is from this
word that the term optics is taken.
Thus, we usually consider the field of
optics as being limited to the range of
frequencies which can be detected by
the optic nerves of the eyes. . .visible YOU CAN COUNT ON
light. Within the past 100 years or so,
this definition has been changed radical-
ly. It is even being further broadened
today. The limits presently being used
Tanti bery
are those frequencies which can be con-
trolled by man -made devices through
SERIES 11
reflection, refraction and diffraction, PORTABLE /SOLID STATE
by using mirrors, lenses, and gratings. BATTERY OPERATED /TAPE RECORDER
This means that the previous limits
were in a very small range of wave-
3 Speeds - Full and 1/2 Track Models
lengths between 10-2 and 10-5 centi- Wherever and whenever there is a critical, on-the -spot tape recording to
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broader limits are from approximately
choice. For many reasons. The name Tandberg and all it implies
"better, clearer, more natural sound" with these features: 3 separate heads;
plus -
10-'2 all the way to about 10-1 centi- 7" reel capacity (cover off); mixing facilities with separate level controls;
meters. This is still a very small part ±0.5% absolute speed tolerance; automatic limiting control; 200 ohm
of the electromagnetic spectrum which monitor headphone socket; built-in speaker; accepts ten 1.5 D cell batteries;
actually covers the range from the weighs 10 lbs.
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lower limits of X -rays 10.13 to about SPECIFICATIONS
the upper the limits of radio waves 106. Frequency Response: 7% fps
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- 30 -20.
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For Professional Sound Film
Synchronization and Audio
One of the earliest experiments with 30-43,000Hz ( ±2db 50- 9,000Hz): 1% fps
Engineering. Rugged. CII-
matized construction. Syn-
light was performed about 1800 by 30-7.000Hz (2db 60.4,500Hz). Signal-to- chronizer and power supply
noise Ratio: C 7% ips 61 db. Wow: 7%
placing a source behind a thin surface ips better than .1 %; 33/4 ips better than optional.
with a pinhole in it. This in turn was .15%; 1% ips better than .35%. Erase &
Bias Frequency: 85.5KHz '2KHz; below
placed behind another thin surface 5% distortion. Transistor Complement:
41 transistors. 8 diodes. 2 zener diodes.
with two slots in it arranged to be on $449.50 $699.00
either side of the pinhole. The resulting for better, clearer, more natural sound
light interference pattern of alternate
light and dark bands led to the much
more accurate interferometer. 1";111 her!! of America, Inc. P.O. Na 171, e Third Avenue, Pelham,
914 PE 8 -0772
N. Y.
One of the most widely used applica- w

by an oscillator with a definite output It is entirely possible to project all Here, the entire secret is the production
wave such as a sawtooth. The beam is images on a front or rear projection of a small diameter fiber or pipe with
reflected from the mirror back toward screen and then pick up the picture on a total internal reflection, the same phe-
the beam splitter where two separate camera for transmission to the network. nomenon that allows a prism to act as
beams are made. One is that portion If the screen projection is necessary for a mirror. A light pipe traps incoming
of the beam which is reflected by the an audience, then this is the method to light (entering within a definite critical
beamsplitter toward a detector. The use. However, a great deal of space is angle depending on the construction of
other part of the beam is bent by the saved if the screen projection is not the fiber) and by total reflection trans-
splitter toward a stationary mirror required by using a multiplexer. The mits the light the entire length of the
where it is again reflected through the 16mm image is directed toward the fiber and emits it from the other end.
splitter toward the same detector. By camera by reflection from two partially The fiber is made with an inside glass
adjustment of the distances between silvered mirrors or by projecting di- core surrounded by another glass which
the various reflective surfaces and the rectly into the camera through the has a lower index of refraction. The
speed of oscillation of the mirror, the partial reflectors. The slides are shown light within the core is not transmitted
detector will receive a signal which will by reflection from one surface and through the outside layer (called clad-
fall within the audio range. If this through the other partial mirror, or by ding) because the angle of incidence on
signal is now amplified and recorded reflection from one surface without the walls is greater than the critical
on tape or displayed on a scope, the going through the other partial mirror. angle necessary for total reflections.
result can be analyzed and information All surfaces, being partially mirrored, This process of internal reflection is
gained on the spectrum of the incoming transmit and reflect only a portion of so efficient that only about one quarter
signals. the incident light. Thus, different re- of one percent of the energy is lost per
The beamsplitter used in the spec- flection-to- transmission ratios are avail- inch of travel. (Interestingly, as the
trometer is very similar to the partially able for particular applications. The diameter of the fiber approaches one
silvered reflectors used in visual multi- entire device can now be built on a wavelength, most of the energy is trans-
plexers, another application of the single table and mounted in one section mitted along the outside of the fiber
layer coating on a reflective surface. of the control room where the pro- as in the "skin effect" of electrical
The function of the multiplexer is to jectors and camera can be remotely energy in transmission wires.) For
permit several sources of images to be controlled from the operating console, transmission of information by use
directed toward the vidicon of a closed - and the images mixed with live camera of fibers, bunches of these fine glass
circuit camera. For example, it might pickups if desired. strands are run from the source to the
be required to transmit a 16mm movie Another interesting application of viewing surface in almost any path
and two 35mm slide presentations in the principles of light transmission and desired. Thus, light information can
succession to a closed- circuit network. reflection is in the field of fiber optics. be directed around otherwise impene-
trable obstructions. Fiber optics are
applied to the field of illumination and
viewing of interiors of equipment which
otherwise would be too small to get
into, for flaw detection or operation
checking. Medicine has made use of
fiber optics by transmitting light to and
viewing such organs as the heart and
stomach, although small enough fibers
STEP UP are now made to view skin tissue, or
blood cells. Fiber optics are also used in
computers for information transmission
...to the finest record -care accessories in the world! from one surface to another and for
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CECIL E. WATTS Ltd.

high -flying plane or to pinpoint spots on
a map.
Now, of course, the field of optics

has taken a giant step with the develop-
ment of the laser and the maser. Here,
for the first time, is the possibility of
using intense light for industry to cut
and weld, for astronomers to attempt
to communicate over tremendously long
distance with other intelligent beings
and for the application of radar- track-
If you're setting for less than Cecil ing to space travel, and as the propelling
E. Watts Ltd. record -care prod- force for interplanatary travel.
ucts, you're making do with less
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in the fields of electro-optical devices
and systems and the limits of the optic
Endorsed by Elpa because it successfully meets the stringent stand- range expand through the discovery
ards for performance Elpa demands. Write for invaluable volumes on of controlling materials, the segment of
record protection and care. Enclose 750 for postage and handling. the total spectrum named after the
Elpa Marketing Industries, Inc., New Hyde Park, N. Y. 11040 human eye will also progress and make
its own contributions.
the growing line of Melcor Equalizers
Melcor Electronics manufactures an

extensive line of Audio Products
for the Professional user. Standard Active
Lossless Audio Equalizers currently
available feature continuous equalization control:
stepped equalization; shelf or gaussian
frequency response; independent multiple frequency
ranges; balanced and or unbalanced input and output connections;
high and low level input and output signal capability;
bridging or terminated inputs. All units have ultra low noise and negligible
distortion. New units featuring sharp bandpass filtering are in development.
AVAILABLE FROM STOCK
AE -20 Amplifier Equalizer GME -20 Graphic type Module Equalizer
SME -20 Shelf type Module Equalizer EQ -20 Active Program Equalizer
-
GE -20 Graphic Equalizer Rack Mount (not shown)
Write for descriptive literature on our lossless Equalizers
MELCOR ELECTRONICS CORPORATION

1750 NEW HIGHWAY, FARMINGDALE. LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK 516 MYrtle 4-5570
Circle 73 orl Reader. Serz'ire Carr!
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New Maxell F -20 Magnetic Tape helps
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conventional recording tape. Prevents tape breaks,
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level, too. And our secret Hush-Hush Tape Formula
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WITACI-1I MAXELL. LTD.

501 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10017
w
1n
(.1)(1c ;2 mi /irrulrr .1r (:arrl

w Proc ucts anc Sorvicos
TRANSCR!PTION TURNTABLE MONITOR SPEAKER AUDIO LEVEL CONTROLLER
The Model M62 Level-Loc does not

increase the strength of an audio input
signal but it can reduce an overly strong
signal as much as 100 times to eliminate
blasting, excessive feedback, buildup,
and irregular voice output; all without
added distortion. Any of three hemi-
spherical sound-control zones can be
selected, depending on the application.
The Thorens TD-125 uses an elec- A superior monitor system just an- They may be six -, twelve -, or eighteen -
tronic transistorized drive system with nounced contains two integral 30 -watt inches from the microphone. Sounds
a slow -speed drive motor. Speed selec- solid -state amplifiers driving through an originating in these zones are auto-
tion is electronic at 16, 33-1/3, and electronic crossover to a three -way sys- matically modulated. The transistorized
45 r.p.m. Motor control is synchronous tem. Designated the model OY, the unit may be used with a single mic, with
with the drive electronics allowing a system is manufactured by Klein & several mics and a mixer, or with a tape
vernier speed adjustment around each Hummel in West Germany. Wide, recorder. It is battery powered. A sepa-
of the selected speeds. The dynamically smooth frequency response, superb rate switch allows the system to be by-
balanced turntable platter has a 12 -inch transient response, and low distortion passed when desired.
diameter, the arm board is separate and at high s.p.l.'s are claimed. A six-page Mfr: Shure Brothers, Inc.
replaceable. brochure with full specifications is avail- Price: $90.00
Mfr.: Thorens (Elea Marketing) able. Circle 81 on Reader Service Card
Price: $185 less base Mfr: Gotham Audio Corp.
Circle 76 on Reader Service Card Circle 80 on Reader Service Card
LINE AMPLIFIERS
COMPACT OSCILLATOR
80 dB of attenuation is featured in
this new precision oscillator. Ampli-
tudes from 2.5 V r.m.s. into 600-. down
to less than 250 ftV r.ms. are available.
The frequency range is 5 Hz to 1.2 mHz.
The model 240D offers its attenuation
in 10 dB steps with an accuracy of Model 180 series audio line amplifiers
+3%. This is +10 dB to ±60 dB with are available in 115 V a.c. and 12 V d.c.
the additional ±70 dB range specified versions. All silicon semiconductor cir-
at-5 %. A greater than 10 dB separate cuitry is uses to provide audio power
vernier provides a comfortable overlap into speaker loads. Different models
on any range. Distortion is less than provide 2 to 8 watt outputs into 80
0.1% between 30 and 100,000 Hz, hum loads, at full power distortions of 3.5%
and noise is less than 0.01% of output, or less. A.c. models include an on /off
and output amplitude is stable and switch and a built -in power supply.
flat: within -0.05 dB between 100 Hz Input sensitivity on all models is 100
and 300 kHz and within -1 dB over mV with the a.c. models equipped with
the rest of the range. built -in 500 -k gain controls. All units
Mfr.: Hewlett- Packard are completely enclosed, ready for
Price: $325 a.c. (mercury battery opera- mounting to any flat surface.
tion-$340, rechargeable batteries -$360 Mfr.: Pulse Dynamics Corp.
NEW ATTFNIIATOR LINE PHONO AMP CARD
Disc playback applications are the
design goal for this plug -in model 104 MANUFACTURERS
card. It provides pre-preamplification
for Ortofon cartridges without the need
for their transformers and also includes SURPLUS COMPONENTS
precise RIAA equalization. The output
of the card then goes to a standard Large quantity of level controls, single
console microphone input position or a and dual potentiometers, various fixed
linear amplifier. The substitution of the resistors, high -wattage power trans-
card for the standard stepup transformers. Also several models of dis-
former not only provides the needed continued Acoustech amplifiers (vari-
ous wattages), f.m. tuner and amplifier
kits. Write for complete listing of
quantities and prices. Koss Electronics,
2227 North 31 Street, Milwaukee,
Wisconsin. Telephone: 414- 444 -9442.
Attn Bob Bruecker.
e s
The German -made EAB fader prod-
ucts have been well -known in Europe
for some time. Sennheiser Electronic
Corp. is now distributing the line in this B
country through their regular channels.
Carbon -track resistance plates are used
as the resistive element to achieve BLOW UP YOUR BUSINESS to poster
continuously variable control with a size. Send any black & white or color
maximum resolution against minimum photo, drawing, print, or promotional
crackle pickup. A moving carbon pin RIAA equalization but reduces the fre material from 2- to 8 x 10 inches.
is the pickup point from the track. quency discrimination, phase shift, 2 foot x 3 foot
We will send you a
Careful design ensures minimum wear ambient pickup, and impedance limita-
poster and return your original un-
while maintaining a constant contact tions of the transformers. In addition,
pressure. Two longitudinal ball bearings the 30 output of the card and the 2n damaged.
provide smooth, even movements; output of the cartridge combine to 2 x 3 feet $ 5.00
changeover contacts at minimum posi- reduce by more than two orders of
tion may be used for switching opera- magnitude, the ambient hum pickup 3 x 4 feet $10.00
tions; and external contacts are by and capactive high -frequency attenua- plus 50c each for postage and handling.
knife contacts. A number of ladder tion of long cable runs. Distortion is Joni Company, P.O. Box 49, Cooper
and potentiometer sliders in mono or less an 0.01% (test residual) and noise
Station, New York, N.Y. 10003
stereo configurations are available. As is significantly below the record surface
potentiometers, the units may be had noise of the finest quality disc record-
in log or linear characteristic. A detailed ings. Power requirements are 24 V d.c.
brochure may be had for the asking. at 20 mA.
Mfr.: Sennheiser Electronic Corp. Mfr.: Spectra Sonics
ORGAN KIT
A new organ kit, low in price has
been released specifically for the light
music field. It has the usual two key-
boards, and like more expensive instru-
ments, the pitches available from the RECORDING STUDIO
two are different, to take care of accom-
paniment and melody. There are 14 WANTED
organ voices, all different and distinc-
tive. The 29 key accompaniment key- New York record company
Successful
board goes down to the C below middle
wishes to purchase existing VIII -track
C; the 36 -note solo keyboard goes up
to the third E above middle C. The recording studio. Location midtown
lowest of the 13 pedals produces the Manhattan. All replies confidential.
same 32.7 Hz bass pitch found on larger Please contact giving details of equip-
organs. The console is walnut veneer ment to Mr. I. Schlussel, 545 Madison
and solids. The kit is available directly Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10022
from the manufacturer. A special seven -
inch 33% r.p.m. demonstration disc is
also available.
Mfr: Schober Organ Corp.
Price: $599.50 w
How To General Audio
The db PRACTICAL PA GUIDEBOOK: HOW

TO INSTALL, OPERATE AND SERVICE
PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
by Norman H. Crowhurst. 1967. This book
THE TECHNIQUE OF
THE SOUND STUDIO
by Alec Nisbett. This is a handbook on radio
and recording techniques, but the principles
gives all the basics needed to become a suc- described are equally applicable to film and
Bookcase cessful PA operator, in any situation where

the reinforcement, relay, or distribution of
sound can provide a service. It shows how to
properly install, operate and service public
television sound It describes how the high-
est standards may be achieved not only in
the elaborately equipped studio but also
with simple equipment out on location. 264
address systems. All aspects of the subject, pages; 60 diagrams; glossary; indexed; 5%
from survey to the selection of appropriate x 834; clothbound.
equipment, to installation, to routine opera- 510.50 ($11.95 in Canada)
As a service to our readers we are pleased tion and the maintenance of a finished sys- Circle 1 on Coupon Below
to offer these books from prominent tech- tem, are covered. Attention is given to solv-
nical publishers. All prices listed are the ing problems encountered in providing suc-
publishers' net. Shipping charges are cessful service. The book's systematic and
included. practical approach makes it highly useful to
Use the coupon at the bottom of the page radio -TV -ervicemen, hobbyists, and PA
DESIGN OF LOW -NOISE
or give the complete title, author and coupon equipment manufacturers. 136 pages; 6 x 9;
number. Be sure to indicate quantity on the
TRANSISTOR INPUT CIRCUITS
illuse softbound.
special instructions line it more than one by Wiliam A. Rheinfelder. 1964. Written
$3.95 ($4.60 in Canada)
copy of a title is wanted. Full payment must Circle 15 on Coupon Below for students as well as circuit design engi-
neers interested in low -noise circuit design.
accompany your order. We cannot ship
c.o.d. Checks or money orders should be Throughout, the book gives a multitude of
made payable to Sagamore Publishing Com- time- saving graphs and design curves for the
pany, Inc. Because of the time required to practical circuit designer. Simple derivations
process orders, allow several weeks for the of all important formulas are also presented
receipt of books. CLOSED- CIRCUIT to help the reader obtain a deeper insight
TELEVISION HANDBOOK into the fundamentals of practical low -noise
by Leon Wortman. Gives comprehensive design. 128 pages; 6 x 9; illus.; clothbound.
detailed information about the field in an $5.50 ($6.50 in Canada)
easy -to- understand presentation. Its par- Circle 14 on Coupon Below
Broadcasting ticularly suited to those who plan to use,
RADIO BROADCASTING install, and service cctv. Covers the subject
from the simple single -camera system to the
edited by Robert L. Hilliard. Each of the five
chapters has been written by a prominent most exotic systems. 288 pages; 51 x 81/2;
educator with an extensive background of clothbound.
57.95 ($9.50 in Canada)
Electronics and Mathematics
practical experience in commercial and edu-
cational broadcasting The areas covered in- Circle 18 on Coupon Below
ELECTRONICS MATH SIMPLIFIED
clude: management and programming, oper-
ating and studio facilities, producing and di-
by Alan Andrews. For the engineer, student,
or technician who requires a knowledge of
recting, writing, performing. For those of you
who want to, or must, operate on both sides mathematics as it pertains to electronics.
Covers the subject in a logical, clear, and
of the control room, this is virtually required Electronic Music concise manner, using dozens of examples
reading. 190 pages; 6%. x 9%; indexed;
ELECTRONIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS related specifically to electronics. Particu-
clothbound.
by Richard H. Dorf. Now in its third edition larly suited for use as a textbook in any
$6.95 ($8.35 in Canada)
Circle 2 on Coupon Below and sixth printing since its first appearance school or other training program involving
in 1954, this is considered the authority on the study of electronics, the book has been
electronic organs. This edition is completely especially prepared to coincide with studies
rewritten to explain everything technical leading to 2nd- and 1st -class FCC Radiotele-
Reference about today's organs. The book is of special phone licenses. (2 vols. in slipcase)
New 17th Edition of the famous value to organ designers and service tech- $7.95 ($9.95 in Canada)
RADIO HANDBOOK nicians as well as electronics- minded hobby- Circle 11 on Coupon Below
Tells how to design, build and operate the ists and prospective organ purchasers. Of
latest types of amateur transmitters, receiv- special value are the author's many practical
ers, transceivers, amplifiers and test equip- comments and expressions of opinion based
ment. Provides extensive, simplified theory on his years of musical, engineering, and
on practically every phase of radio. Broad management experience with electronic MATHEMATICS FOR ELECTRONICS
coverage; all original data, up to date, com- musical instruments. 393 pages; 239 dia- ENGINEERS & TECHNICIANS
plete. 847 pages. grams and photographs. by Norman H. Crowhurst. This book is writ-
$12.95 (515.50 in Canada) $10.00 ($11.95 in Canada) ten to help the advanced technician and the
Circle 10 on Coupon Below Circle 19 on Coupon Below engineer bridge the gap between "book
learning" and practical experience. It is not
l about mathematics but about how to use
Sagamore Publishing Company, Inc. mathematics in electronics. A unique pro-
980 Old Country Road, Plainview, N.Y. 11803 grammed method shows not only how to ap-
Please send me the books have circled below. My full remittance in the amount
I ply textbook math towards the solution of
of $ is enclosed. N.Y. State residents add 5% sales tax. any electronics problem but also teaches how
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 to think in the best way for solving them.
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Much emphasis is placed on correcting mis-
a conceptions commonly held by technicians.
Name The book begins with Ohm's and Kirchhoff's
laws and goes on to selective networks,
Street Address properties of coils and transformers, feedback
-o circuits, etc. 256 pages; 5% x 834 (hard-
City State Zip bound).
w Special Instructions 56.95 ($8.35 in Canada)
J Circle 4 on Coupon Below
HANDBOOK OF ELECTRONIC TABLES
á FORMULAS, (3rd Edition)
A one -stop source for all charts, tables,
For-
mulas, laws, symbols, and standards used in
electronics. Devotes complete sections to
items of interest to service technicians and to
CbssiFied
circuit design data. Includes a 8 -page, full -
color fold -out chart showing latest FCC allo-
cations for the entire frequency spectrum.
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db
Test and Maintenance THE SOUND ENGINEERING MAGAZINE
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HARMONIC DISTORTION
HANDBOOK Rates are 50c a word for commercial adver-
by Howard M. Tremaine. A complete refer- tisements. Non -commercial and employment
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$4.45 ($5.45 in Canada)
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SCULLY LATHES -
many models in stock for immediate delivery.
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Alayne Spertell 212 WI 7 -3806.
MIXING CONSOLES -
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mathematical background. Written in easy- 07719. Phone: 201 681 -6443.
SOUND SYSTEM ENGINEERS and sound
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visual and c.c.t.v. preferred. East Side
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system servicemen with experience in audio-
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EARN YOUR ELECTRONICS ENGINEER-
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FREQUENCY (AUDIO- FREQUENCY SALES ENGINEER. Prominent audio equip- ING degree, mostly by correspondence.
AMPLIFICATION) ment manufacturer seeks top notch man with G.I. Bill approved. Credit allowed for previ-
by Guy Fontaine. 1967. This systematic and experience in recording equipment. Should ous training and experience. Free Catalog.
have degree in electronic engineering or Write: Dept. E -3, Grantham School of Elec-
detailed treatment of the application of tran- equivalent experience in recording studio
sistors in audio- frequency amplifiers shows tronics, 1505 N. Western, Hollywood,
operation. Involves relocation and travel. California 90027.
how the published transistor characteristics Send resume, in confidence to Box 5, db
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cians. 384 pages; 534 x 8; illus.; clothbound.
$7.95 ($9.55 in Canada)
FOR SALE - new or used -
WHATEVER YOUR EQUIPMENT NEEDS
check us first. Trade your
used equipment for new. Write for our
Circle 12 on Coupon Below SOLID -STATE 50 WATT RMS plug -in d.c.
thru 25 kc operational power amplifier kit, complete listings. Broadcast Equipment á
ACOUSTICAL TESTS model 440K. Price $30.00. Send for free Supply Co., Box 3141, Bristol, Tenn. 37620
AND MEASUREMENTS catalog and 50 operational amplifier appli-
by Don Davis. Provides a solid understand- cations to: Opamp Labs. 172 So. Alta
ing of the entire subject of acoustical meas-
urements; based on actual field test work,
using commercial equipment. Contains prac-
Vista Blvd., Los Angeles, California 90036.
CUSTOM STYLUS
re- building,
-
cartridge re-tipping,
replacements. International
tical, time -saving solutions to actual problems AUDIO AND VIDEO JACK PANELS and Audio Stylus Corp., 111 -D Lake Ave.,
patch cords. 500 -500 ohm repeat coils.
encountered in the field; minimum math is re- New and used. Send for list. Gulf Electro Tuckahoe, New York, 10707 (Telephone:
quired for understanding. The author is an Sales, 6325 Beverly Hill, Houston, Texas (914) SP9 -1497.
expert in this field, and an authority on audi- 77027
torium acoustics. An invaluable book for
phone company special service engineers,
plant maintenance engineers, communica- NOW AVAILABLE at outstanding savings,
SMALL VOLUME CASSETTE OR OPEN
tions engineers, noise control specialists, ar- brand -name pro -audio studio equipment.
Equalizers, preamps, faders, mixers, etc. REEL tape duplication done. Also limited
chitectural engineers, broadcast engineers
and technicians, hi -fi fans and students. 192 Write Box F3, db Magazine, 980 Old producing. BDC Recording, Box 2062 West
pages; 534 x 8, hardbound. Country Road, Plainview, N.Y. 11803 for
a comprehensive listing.
Lafayette, Indiana 47906
$6.95 ($8.35 in Canada)
Poopo, Paccs, Ha op rings
Superscope Incorporated has re-

cently begun a unique program of pro-
ducing braille instruction manuals for
three tape recorders, according to Nate
Tushinsky, vice- president production.
The manuals will be free on request.
"With the increasing use of tape re-
corders by the blind as one of their
primary sources of education, relaxa-
tion, and entertainment, we believe
that these people should have the dig-
Berliner nity of self-sufficiency in being able to
operate and care for their recorders
Los Angeles' Watts Training without help, "Tushinsky said. The Haverty
Center has engaged audio -video con-
sultant Oliver Berliner for a series of
manuals will be for the Sony models
100, 104, and 105. They will be pro-
A number of changes have taken
lectures on studio practices to be given place at McMartin Industries ac-
duced by the Boston -based National cording to an announcement by Ray B.
to Negroes and Mexican-Americans Braille Press Inc., a non -profit or-
who have shown aptitude and interest. McMartin, company president.
ganization serving the blind and handi- C. Duane Haverty has been named
Mr. Berliner, who is the grandson of
capped. as one of three new vice presidents.
inventor Emile Berliner, has already
begun the indefinite number of free He becomes v. -p. marketing and en-
lectures and practice sessions that are gineering. Mr. Havery joined the com-
given once weekly at Telaudio Centre pany in 1965 as a broadcast product
Studios (located near Disneyland). manager. Prior to this he had been a
The series, currently conducted for manufacturers' representative in the
twenty students covers the field from electronics industry.
microphone selection and placement Other vice presidencies went to
through disc cutting and pressing. James A. Taphorn who becomes
"Two things continue to amaze me ", v.p. and treasurer, and Ken L. Kohler,
said Berliner, "the students' ability to v. -p. manufacturing. Mr. Taphorn
grasp the information and techniques joined the firm as its controller in 1965
quickly although they have no back- while Mr. Kohler, who has been with
ground in it, and the fact that the the firm since 1964, has held the posts
so-called underprivileged are getting of production manager and director
instruction in an area where heretofore of manufacturing.
nobody from any of life's strata was
able to get this attention."
Frank Baird -Smith, Jr., of NBC
is chief inspector for the series which
covers, radio, t.v. film, recording, and Gerald Goldman has been appointed Metrotech Incorporated of Moun-
general. director, v.t.r. and t.v. systems depart- tain View, California has been acquired
ment of Sonocraft Corporation. The by Dictaphone Corporation of Rye,
announcement by chairman of the New York according to a joint an-
The Telex Communications Divi- board Mr. Borchardt goes on to say nouncement by both firms. The com-
sion, based in Minneapolis, has an- that Mr. Goldman was previously man- pany will operate as a Dictaphone
nounced the combining of all its offices ager, product development and appli- Division under the management of
into a single facility at 9699 Aldrich cations, educational and commercial E. A. Feichtmeir. He is the former
Avenue South. The Telex offices at 3054 systems department, General Tele- president of Metrotech and now be-
Excelsior Boulevard have been closed. phone & Electronics International. comes president of the division. Dicta-
The new divisional headquarters, which He was also manager applications en- phone Corporation is an international
has 33,000 square feet, is the former gineering in the commercial electronics company that manufacturers dictating
Viking tape recorder assembly plant division of Sylvania Electric Products machines, recording systems for pro-
(acquired by Telex in 1966. Division Inc. In his new association, he will professional and aerospace uses (Scully),
management, marketing, accounting, vide customers with guidance, installa- office furniture, and business forms and
and engineering and technical services tion, and servicing of all v.t.r. and t.v. supplies. It also supplies temporary
will be in the remodeled building. systems sold through Sonocraft. office services.
Ns is this is the world's
the world's finest headphone
111081 popular KOSS eso-6
headphone electrostatic
Koss pro -4A stereophones
stereophones
model esp -6
Since 1962, the famous Koss PRO -4A has been the most electrostatic
popular stereo headphone in the world. It still is! It has stereophones
also been the finest. The PRO -4A became the most pop- $95.00
complete with fitted,
ular because it was the finest. But excellent though the portable carrying case
and individually
PRO -4A is, Koss engineers have gone it one better. Now measured response curve.
it must bow to the superb ... a professional headphone
employing electrostatic reproduction elements previ-
model pro -4A
ously useable only in very large, high -priced speaker stereophones
systems like the Koss -Acoustech X system. Because of $50.00
this technological breakthrough, the ESP -6 reproduces
9 of a possible 10 octaves the human ear can hear.
What about the PRO -4A? Well, it's almost humorous
to think of it as "second best ". It's still the same precise,
exciting sound. Still the same durable quality. Were it
not for such a dramatic development as Electrostatic
Stereophones, it would still be well ahead of the pack!
KOSS
KOSS ELECTRONICS INC.
2227 N. 31st Street Milwaukee, Wis. 53208
cs!)_ Export: Koss Electronics S.r.l.
Via Bellini 7, 20054 /Nova Milanese, Italia
'Patents applied for Export Cable: Stercolone
Cirrle 6 on Reader Srrvvrr (:nlrl
The industry needs one more module ours!
OATAMIX CLARK
o Ñ
MIC 110 LINE
j
AyO
VI11
240
120 12 T
80 .8 5
If you want total control
and the ability to give your clients
the really wild sounds they want - 41?
the choice of Components is obvious. HZ KHZ KHZ
° EChO+
Datamix Systems and Components are B 411) A
in the studios that make money!!

Expensive?
You better believe it.
E0 ECHO
Datamix Systems and Componerts, 884 10th Avenue

New York, N. Y. 10019, Telephone 212 -765 -4230

DB 1969 05

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THE SOUND ENGINEERING MAGAZINE

MAY 1969 75c

Tape Delay Systems

The world's only

The FET version

The world's first

Circle 5 on Reader Service Card

the People, Places, Happenings 40

C ovcr EDITORIAL BOARD OF REVIEW

Daniel R. von Recklinghausen

4or8lhannel Letters Larry Zide

BUDOEIADILIIY Bob Laurie

Circle 13 on Reader Service Card A SUBSIDIARY OF GULTON INDUSTRIES, INC.

THOR3EN scribed quite well in a number of tech-

Circle 14 on Reader Service Card

The ALL-NEW, COMPACT Audio

It wasn't planned that way, but there 30

and the development of previously open

weighting curve. FREQUENCY IN HERTZ

The PRO 12 Tape Recorder: industrial

Circle 21 on Reader Service Card

LINE MONITOR LINE I_

REFERENCE MONITOR LINE

REMOTE MONITOR STATION

BACKGROUND TWO CHANNEL

BUILDING jet noise and of piston-aircraft noise

Circle 20 on Reader' Service. Card

buy one the preselected sec of 96 dB. When the

recording so converts the signal to decibel read-

two FREE motor. Simultaneously with the starting

Acoustic Research Inc.

Circle 23 on Reader Service Card

music? Should we merely amplify - -

OTHER SHURE PROFESSIONAL MICROPHONES ... FOR SUPERIOR AUDIO

MODEL SM5 MODEL SM16 MODEL SM50

CARDIOID BOOM DYNAMIC 3/4" OMNIDIRECTIONAL OMNIDIRECTIONAL

Circle 24 au Reader Service Card

- DIRECT SIGNAL -- TO TAPE

AUX TAPE REVERB EMT WITH AUX TAPE

Figure 3. Two tape delays can produce an effect

DELAYED SIGNAL ( <_ 25ms)

This is a preliminary report on a new sound

Electronic Features. IEEE Transactions on Audio,

CHANNEL SIGNAL 7 D. C. Connor and Richard S. Putnam, Automatic

Circle 28 on Reader Service Card ->

the sound is heard.

Just as I think I've answered all the

Figure 1. One way of using speakers of

cially designed filter, with separate sections

r Altec Lansing, Dept. DB -5

Less than Y % distortion at 85 Street

Circle 26 on Reader Service Card

tions of this principle is in the coating made to cancel completely or to

Sounc as 40 layers for the purpose of con-

with sensitive filters and reflectors can be

Hagos at the surface between the layer coating

One of the most widely used applica- w

CECIL E. WATTS Ltd.

Now, of course, the field of optics