© Ncert Not To Be Republished: Inverse Trigonometric Functions
© Ncert Not To Be Republished: Inverse Trigonometric Functions
© Ncert Not To Be Republished: Inverse Trigonometric Functions
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
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Mathematics, in general, is fundamentally the science of
self-evident things. — FELIX KLEIN
is
2.1 Introduction
In Chapter 1, we have studied that the inverse of a function
f, denoted by f –1, exists if f is one-one and onto. There are
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many functions which are not one-one, onto or both and
hence we can not talk of their inverses. In Class XI, we
studied that trigonometric functions are not one-one and
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onto over their natural domains and ranges and hence their
inverses do not exist. In this chapter, we shall study about
be T
(476-550 A. D.)
role in calculus for they serve to define many integrals.
The concepts of inverse trigonometric functions is also used in science and engineering.
C
2
cotangent function, i.e., cot : R – { x : x = nπ, n ∈ Z} → R
π
secant function, i.e., sec : R – { x : x = (2n + 1) , n ∈ Z} → R – (– 1, 1)
2
cosecant function, i.e., cosec : R – { x : x = nπ, n ∈ Z} → R – (– 1, 1)
34 MATHEMATICS
We have also learnt in Chapter 1 that if f : X→Y such that f (x) = y is one-one and
onto, then we can define a unique function g : Y→X such that g (y) = x, where x ∈ X
and y = f (x), y ∈ Y. Here, the domain of g = range of f and the range of g = domain
of f. The function g is called the inverse of f and is denoted by f –1. Further, g is also
one-one and onto and inverse of g is f. Thus, g –1 = (f –1)–1 = f. We also have
(f –1 o f ) (x) = f –1 (f (x)) = f –1(y) = x
he
and (f o f –1) (y) = f (f –1(y)) = f (x) = y
Since the domain of sine function is the set of all real numbers and range is the
⎡−π π⎤
closed interval [–1, 1]. If we restrict its domain to ⎢ , ⎥ , then it becomes one-one
⎣ 2 2⎦
is
and onto with range [– 1, 1]. Actually, sine function restricted to any of the intervals
−π π ⎡ π 3π ⎤
, ⎡ , ⎤ , ⎢ , ⎥ etc., is one-one and its range is [–1, 1]. We can,
3 –
bl
, ⎢ ⎥
2 2 ⎣ 2 2⎦ ⎣2 2 ⎦
therefore, define the inverse of sine function in each of these intervals. We denote the
pu
inverse of sine function by sin–1 (arc sine function). Thus, sin–1 is a function whose
⎡ −3π −π ⎤ ⎡ −π π ⎤
domain is [– 1, 1] and range could be any of the intervals ⎢ , , , or
⎣ 2 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 2 ⎥⎦
be T
⎡ π 3π ⎤
re
⎢ 2 , 2 ⎥ , and so on. Corresponding to each such interval, we get a branch of the
o R
⎣ ⎦
⎡ −π π ⎤
function sin–1. The branch with range ⎢ , ⎥ is called the principal value branch,
⎣ 2 2⎦
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whereas other intervals as range give different branches of sin–1. When we refer
to the function sin–1, we take it as the function whose domain is [–1, 1] and range is
C
⎡ −π π ⎤ ⎡ −π π ⎤
⎢ 2 , 2 ⎥ . We write sin : [–1, 1] → ⎢ 2 , 2 ⎥
–1
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
From the definition of the inverse functions, it follows that sin (sin–1 x) = x
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π π
if – 1 ≤ x ≤ 1 and sin–1 (sin x) = x if − ≤ x ≤ . In other words, if y = sin–1 x, then
2 2
sin y = x.
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Remarks
(i) We know from Chapter 1, that if y = f (x) is an invertible function, then x = f –1 (y).
Thus, the graph of sin–1 function can be obtained from the graph of original
function by interchanging x and y axes, i.e., if (a, b) is a point on the graph of
sine function, then (b, a) becomes the corresponding point on the graph of inverse
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 35
of sine function. Thus, the graph of the function y = sin–1 x can be obtained from
the graph of y = sin x by interchanging x and y axes. The graphs of y = sin x and
y = sin–1 x are as given in Fig 2.1 (i), (ii), (iii). The dark portion of the graph of
y = sin–1 x represent the principal value branch.
(ii) It can be shown that the graph of an inverse function can be obtained from the
corresponding graph of original function as a mirror image (i.e., reflection) along
the line y = x. This can be visualised by looking the graphs of y = sin x and
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y = sin–1 x as given in the same axes (Fig 2.1 (iii)).
is
bl
pu Fig 2.1 (i)
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re
o R
tt E
C
no N
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Like sine function, the cosine function is a function whose domain is the set of all
real numbers and range is the set [–1, 1]. If we restrict the domain of cosine function
to [0, π], then it becomes one-one and onto with range [–1, 1]. Actually, cosine function
36 MATHEMATICS
restricted to any of the intervals [– π, 0], [0,π], [π, 2π] etc., is bijective with range as
[–1, 1]. We can, therefore, define the inverse of cosine function in each of these
intervals. We denote the inverse of the cosine function by cos–1 (arc cosine function).
Thus, cos–1 is a function whose domain is [–1, 1] and range
could be any of the intervals [–π, 0], [0, π], [π, 2π] etc.
Corresponding to each such interval, we get a branch of the
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function cos–1. The branch with range [0, π] is called the principal
value branch of the function cos–1. We write
cos–1 : [–1, 1] → [0, π].
is
The graph of the function given by y = cos–1 x can be drawn
in the same way as discussed about the graph of y = sin–1 x. The
graphs of y = cos x and y = cos–1 x are given in Fig 2.2 (i) and (ii).
bl
pu
be T
re
o R
1
Since, cosec x = , the domain of the cosec function is the set {x : x ∈ R and
sin x
x ≠ nπ, n ∈ Z} and the range is the set {y : y ∈ R, y ≥ 1 or y ≤ –1} i.e., the set
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R – (–1, 1). It means that y = cosec x assumes all real values except –1 < y < 1 and is
not defined for integral multiple of π. If we restrict the domain of cosec function to
⎡ π π⎤
⎢ − 2 , 2 ⎥ – {0}, then it is one to one and onto with its range as the set R – (– 1, 1). Actually,
⎣ ⎦
©
⎡ −3π −π ⎤ ⎡ −π π ⎤
cosec function restricted to any of the intervals ⎢ , ⎥ − {−π} , ⎢ , ⎥ – {0},
⎣ 2 2 ⎦ ⎣ 2 2⎦
⎡ π 3π ⎤
⎢ 2 , 2 ⎥ − {π} etc., is bijective and its range is the set of all real numbers R – (–1, 1).
⎣ ⎦
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 37
Thus cosec–1 can be defined as a function whose domain is R – (–1, 1) and range could
⎡ −π π ⎤ ⎡ −3π −π ⎤
be any of the intervals ⎢ , ⎥ − {0} , ⎢ , ⎥ − {−π} , ⎡ π , 3π ⎤ − {π} etc. The
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎢2 2 ⎥
2 2 2 ⎣ ⎦
⎡ −π π ⎤
function corresponding to the range ⎢ , ⎥ − {0} is called the principal value branch
⎣ 2 2⎦
of cosec–1. We thus have principal branch as
he
⎡ −π π ⎤
cosec–1 : R – (–1, 1) → ⎢ , ⎥ − {0}
⎣ 2 2⎦
–1
The graphs of y = cosec x and y = cosec x are given in Fig 2.3 (i), (ii).
is
bl
pu
be T
re
o R
tt E
C
1 π
Also, since sec x = , the domain of y = sec x is the set R – {x : x = (2n + 1) ,
cos x 2
n ∈ Z} and range is the set R – (–1, 1). It means that sec (secant function) assumes
©
π
all real values except –1 < y < 1 and is not defined for odd multiples of . If we
2
π
restrict the domain of secant function to [0, π] – { }, then it is one-one and onto with
2
38 MATHEMATICS
its range as the set R – (–1, 1). Actually, secant function restricted to any of the
−π ⎧π⎫ 3π
intervals [–π, 0] – { }, [0, π] – ⎨ ⎬ , [π, 2π] – { } etc., is bijective and its range
2
–1
⎩2⎭ 2
is R – {–1, 1}. Thus sec can be defined as a function whose domain is R– (–1, 1) and
−π π 3π
range could be any of the intervals [– π, 0] – { }, [0, π] – { }, [π, 2π] – { } etc.
2 2 2
he
Corresponding to each of these intervals, we get different branches of the function sec–1.
π
The branch with range [0, π] – { } is called the principal value branch of the
2
function sec–1. We thus have
is
π
sec–1 : R – (–1,1) → [0, π] – { }
2
bl
The graphs of the functions y = sec x and y = sec-1 x are given in Fig 2.4 (i), (ii).
pu
be T
re
o R
tt E
C
no N
We know that the domain of the tan function (tangent function) is the set
π
{x : x ∈ R and x ≠ (2n +1) , n ∈ Z} and the range is R. It means that tan function
2
π
is not defined for odd multiples of . If we restrict the domain of tangent function to
2
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 39
⎛ −π π ⎞
⎜ , ⎟ , then it is one-one and onto with its range as R. Actually, tangent function
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
⎛ −3π −π ⎞ ⎛ −π π ⎞ ⎛ π 3 π ⎞
restricted to any of the intervals ⎜ , ⎟ , ⎜ , ⎟, ⎜ , ⎟ etc., is bijective
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⎠ ⎝2 2 ⎠
and its range is R. Thus tan–1 can be defined as a function whose domain is R and
⎛ −3π −π ⎞ ⎛ −π π ⎞ ⎛ π 3π ⎞
he
range could be any of the intervals ⎜ , ⎟, ⎜ , ⎟ , ⎜ , ⎟ and so on. These
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⎠ ⎝2 2 ⎠
⎛ −π π ⎞
intervals give different branches of the function tan–1. The branch with range ⎜ , ⎟
⎝ 2 2⎠
is called the principal value branch of the function tan–1.
is
We thus have
⎛ −π π ⎞
tan–1 : R → ⎜ , ⎟
bl
⎝ 2 2⎠
The graphs of the function y = tan x and y = tan–1x are given in Fig 2.5 (i), (ii).
pu
be T
re
o R
tt E
C
no N
We know that domain of the cot function (cotangent function) is the set
{x : x ∈ R and x ≠ nπ, n ∈ Z} and range is R. It means that cotangent function is not
defined for integral multiples of π. If we restrict the domain of cotangent function to
(0, π), then it is bijective with and its range as R. In fact, cotangent function restricted
to any of the intervals (–π, 0), (0, π), (π, 2π) etc., is bijective and its range is R. Thus
cot –1 can be defined as a function whose domain is the R and range as any of the
40 MATHEMATICS
intervals (–π, 0), (0, π), (π, 2π) etc. These intervals give different branches of the
function cot –1. The function with range (0, π) is called the principal value branch of
the function cot –1. We thus have
cot–1 : R → (0, π)
The graphs of y = cot x and y = cot–1x are given in Fig 2.6 (i), (ii).
he
is
bl
pu
be T
re
o R
⎡ π π⎤
sin–1 : [–1, 1] → ⎢− 2 , 2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
C
⎡ π π⎤
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2
⎛ −π π ⎞
tan–1 : R → ⎜ , ⎟
⎝ 2 2⎠
cot–1 : R → (0, π)
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 41
$ Note 1
1. sin–1x should not be confused with (sin x)–1. In fact (sin x)–1 = and
sin x
similarly for other trigonometric functions.
2. Whenever no branch of an inverse trigonometric functions is mentioned, we
mean the principal value branch of that function.
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3. The value of an inverse trigonometric functions which lies in the range of
principal branch is called the principal value of that inverse trigonometric
functions.
We now consider some examples:
⎛ 1 ⎞
is
Example 1 Find the principal value of sin–1 ⎜ ⎟.
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
bl
Solution Let sin–1 ⎜ ⎟ = y. Then, sin y = .
⎝ 2⎠ 2
⎛ −π π ⎞
We know that the range of the principal value branch of sin–1 is ⎜ , ⎟ and
⎝ 2 2⎠
⎛π⎞
pu 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ π
sin ⎜ ⎟ = . Therefore, principal value of sin–1 ⎜ ⎟ is
⎝4⎠ 2 ⎝ 2⎠ 4
be T
⎛ −1 ⎞
Example 2 Find the principal value of cot–1 ⎜ ⎟
re
⎝ 3⎠
o R
⎛ −1 ⎞
Solution Let cot–1 ⎜ ⎟ = y. Then,
⎝ 3⎠
−1 ⎛π⎞ ⎛ π⎞ ⎛ 2π ⎞
tt E
⎛ 2π ⎞ −1 ⎛ −1 ⎞ 2π
cot ⎜ ⎟ = . Hence, principal value of cot–1 ⎜ ⎟ is
⎝ 3 ⎠ 3 ⎝ 3⎠ 3
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EXERCISE 2.1
Find the principal values of the following:
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⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 3⎞
1. sin–1 ⎜ − ⎟ 2. cos–1 ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ 3. cosec–1 (2)
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1⎞
4. tan–1 (− 3) 5. cos–1 ⎜ − ⎟ 6. tan–1 (–1)
⎝ 2⎠
42 MATHEMATICS
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
7. sec–1 ⎜ ⎟ 8. cot–1 ( 3) 9. cos–1 ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
10. cosec–1 ( − 2 )
Find the values of the following:
1 1 1 1
he
11. tan–1(1) + cos–1 + sin–1 12. cos–1 + 2 sin–1
2 2 2 2
13. If sin–1 x = y, then
π π
(B) − ≤ y≤
is
(A) 0 ≤ y ≤ π
2 2
π π
(C) 0 < y < π (D) − < y<
bl
2 2
14. tan–1 3 − sec −1 ( − 2 ) is equal to
pu π π 2π
(A) π (B) − (C) (D)
3 3 3
be T
functions. It may be mentioned here that these results are valid within the principal
value branches of the corresponding inverse trigonometric functions and wherever
tt E
they are defined. Some results may not be valid for all values of the domains of inverse
trigonometric functions. In fact, they will be valid only for some values of x for which
inverse trigonometric functions are defined. We will not go into the details of these
C
values of x in the domain as this discussion goes beyond the scope of this text book.
Let us recall that if y = sin–1x, then x = sin y and if x = sin y, then y = sin–1x. This is
equivalent to
no N
⎡ π π⎤
sin (sin–1 x) = x, x ∈ [– 1, 1] and sin–1 (sin x) = x, x ∈ ⎢ − , ⎥
⎣ 2 2⎦
Same is true for other five inverse trigonometric functions as well. We now prove
©
1
(iii) tan–1 = cot–1 x, x > 0
x
To prove the first result, we put cosec–1 x = y, i.e., x = cosec y
1
Therefore = sin y
x
he
1
Hence sin–1 = y
x
1
or sin–1 = cosec–1 x
x
is
Similarly, we can prove the other parts.
2. (i) sin–1 (–x) = – sin–1 x, x ∈ [– 1, 1]
(ii) tan–1 (–x) = – tan–1 x, x ∈ R
bl
(iii) cosec–1 (–x) = – cosec–1 x, | x | ≥ 1
Let sin–1 (–x) = y, i.e., –x = sin y so that x = – sin y, i.e., x = sin (–y).
pu
Hence sin–1 x = – y = – sin–1 (–x)
Therefore sin–1 (–x) = – sin–1x
Similarly, we can prove the other parts.
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π
4. (i) sin–1 x + cos–1 x = , x ∈ [– 1, 1]
2
no N
π
(ii) tan–1 x + cot–1 x = ,x∈R
2
π
(iii) cosec–1 x + sec–1 x = , |x| ≥ 1
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2
⎛π ⎞
Let sin–1 x = y. Then x = sin y = cos ⎜ − y ⎟
⎝2 ⎠
π π
Therefore cos–1 x = −y = − sin –1 x
2 2
44 MATHEMATICS
π
Hence sin–1 x + cos–1 x =
2
Similarly, we can prove the other parts.
x+ y
5. (i) tan–1x + tan–1 y = tan–1 , xy < 1
1 – xy
he
x– y
(ii) tan–1x – tan–1 y = tan–1 , xy > – 1
1 + xy
is
Let tan–1 x = θ and tan–1 y = φ. Then x = tan θ, y = tan φ
tan θ + tan φ x + y
Now tan(θ+ φ) = =
1− tan θ tan φ 1− xy
bl
x+ y
This gives θ + φ = tan–1 1− xy
pu
x+ y
Hence tan–1 x + tan–1 y = tan–1 1− xy
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In the above result, if we replace y by – y, we get the second result and by replacing
re
o R
2x
, |x| ≤ 1
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1 – x2
(ii) 2tan–1 x = cos–1 ,x≥0
1 + x2
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2x
(iii) 2 tan–1 x = tan–1 ,–1<x<1
1 – x2
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1 − x2 1 − tan 2 y
–1 –1
Also cos = cos = cos–1 (cos 2y) = 2y = 2tan–1 x
1 + x2 1 + tan 2 y
(iii) Can be worked out similarly.
We now consider some examples.
he
Example 3 Show that
1 1
(i) sin–1 ( 2 x 1 − x 2 ) = 2 sin–1 x, − ≤x≤
2 2
1
(ii) sin–1 ( 2 x 1 − x 2 ) = 2 cos–1 x, ≤ x ≤1
is
2
Solution
bl
(i) Let x = sin θ. Then sin–1 x = θ. We have
pu (
sin–1 ( 2 x 1 − x 2 ) = sin–1 2sin θ 1 − sin 2 θ )
= sin–1 (2sinθ cosθ) = sin–1 (sin2θ) = 2θ
= 2 sin–1 x
be T
1 2 3
Example 4 Show that tan–1 + tan –1 = tan –1
2 11 4
Solution By property 5 (i), we have
tt E
1 2
+
1 2 15 −1 3
C
cos x π 3π
Example 5 Express tan 1
, − <x< in the simplest form.
1 sin x 2 2
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Solution We write
⎡ x x ⎤
⎢ cos 2 − sin 2 ⎥
⎛ cos x ⎞
tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = tan ⎢
–1 2 2
⎥
⎝ 1 − sin x ⎠ x x
⎢ cos + sin − 2sin cos
2 2 x x
⎥
⎣ 2 2 2 2 ⎦
46 MATHEMATICS
⎡⎛ x x ⎞⎛ x x ⎞⎤
⎢ ⎜ cos 2 + sin 2 ⎟⎜ cos 2 − sin 2 ⎟ ⎥
–1 ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠⎥
= tan ⎢
⎢ ⎛ x x ⎞2 ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎜ cos − sin ⎟ ⎥⎦
⎝ 2 2⎠
he
⎡ x x⎤ ⎡ x⎤
⎢ cos + sin ⎥ ⎢ 1 + tan ⎥
–1 2 2 = tan –1 2
= tan ⎢
x x⎥ ⎢ x⎥
⎢ cos − sin ⎥ ⎢1 − tan ⎥
⎣ 2 2⎦ ⎣ 2⎦
is
–1 ⎡ ⎛ π x ⎞⎤ π x
= tan ⎢ tan ⎜ + ⎟ ⎥ = +
⎣ ⎝ 4 2 ⎠⎦ 4 2
bl
Alternatively,
⎡ ⎛π ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ ⎛ π − 2x ⎞ ⎤
pu ⎢ sin ⎜ 2 − x ⎟ ⎥ ⎢ sin ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎥
⎛ cos x ⎞ ⎝ ⎠ ⎥ = tan –1 ⎢ ⎝ ⎠ ⎥
tan –1 ⎜ ⎟ = tan ⎢
–1
⎢⎣ ⎜ ⎟⎥ ⎢⎣ ⎜ ⎟
⎝2 ⎠⎦ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
re
o R
⎡ ⎛ π − 2x ⎞ ⎛ π − 2x ⎞ ⎤
⎢ 2sin ⎜ 4 ⎟ cos ⎜ 4 ⎟ ⎥
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
= tan ⎢ ⎥
–1
tt E
⎢ ⎛ π − 2 x ⎞ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2sin 2 ⎜ ⎟ ⎥⎦
⎝ 4 ⎠
C
–1 ⎡ ⎛ π − 2 x ⎞ ⎤ = tan –1 ⎡ tan ⎛ π − π − 2 x ⎞ ⎤
= tan ⎢ cot ⎜ ⎟⎥ ⎢ ⎜2 ⎟
4 ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝
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–1 ⎡ ⎛π x ⎞⎤ π x
= tan ⎢ tan ⎜ + ⎟⎥ = +
⎣ ⎝4 2 ⎠⎦ 4 2
©
–1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
Example 6 Write cot ⎜ 2 ⎟ , | x | > 1 in the simplest form.
⎝ x −1 ⎠
1
= cot–1 (cot θ) = θ = sec–1 x, which is the simplest form.
–1
Therefore, cot
x2 − 1
2x ⎛ 3x − x3 ⎞ 1
⎜ 2 ⎟, | x|<
–1
Example 7 Prove that tan x + tan–1
= tan–1
1 − x2 ⎝ 1 − 3 x ⎠ 3
he
Solution Let x = tan θ. Then θ = tan–1 x. We have
–1 ⎛ 3 x − x ⎞ –1 ⎛ 3tan θ − tan θ ⎞
3 3
R.H.S. = tan ⎜ 2 ⎟
= tan ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1 − 3x ⎠ ⎝ 1 − 3tan θ ⎠
2
is
= tan–1 (tan3θ) = 3θ = 3tan–1 x = tan–1 x + 2 tan–1 x
2x
bl
= tan–1 x + tan–1 = L.H.S. (Why?)
1 − x2
Example 8 Find the value of cos (sec–1 x + cosec–1 x), | x | ≥ 1
pu ⎛π⎞
Solution We have cos (sec–1 x + cosec–1 x) = cos ⎜ ⎟ = 0
⎝2⎠
be T
EXERCISE 2.2
re
o R
⎣ 2 2⎦
⎡1 ⎤
2. 3cos–1 x = cos–1 (4x3 – 3x), x ∈ ⎢ , 1⎥
⎣2 ⎦
C
2 7 1
3. tan–1 + tan −1 = tan −1
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11 24 2
1 1 1 31
4. 2 tan tan 1 tan 1
2 7 17
Write the following functions in the simplest form:
©
1 + x2 − 1 −1 1
5. tan −1 ,x≠0 6. tan , |x| > 1
x x2 − 1
−1
⎛ 1 − cos x ⎞ −1 ⎛ cos x − sin x ⎞
7. tan ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , x < π 8. tan ⎜ ⎟ , 0 < x< π
⎝ 1 + cos x ⎠ ⎝ cos x + sin x ⎠
48 MATHEMATICS
−1 x
9. tan , |x| < a
a2 − x2
−1 ⎛ 3a x − x ⎞
2 3 −a a
10. tan ⎜ 3 ≤x≤
2 ⎟ , a > 0;
⎝ a − 3ax ⎠ 3 3
he
Find the values of each of the following:
⎡ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤
11. tan –1 ⎢ 2 cos ⎜ 2sin –1 ⎟ ⎥ 12. cot (tan–1a + cot–1a)
⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎦
is
1 ⎡ –1 2 x –1 1 − y ⎤
2
bl
⎛ –1 1 ⎞
14. If sin ⎜ sin + cos –1 x ⎟ =1 , then find the value of x
⎝ 5 ⎠
pu x −1 x +1 π
15. If tan
–1
+ tan –1 = , then find the value of x
x−2 x+2 4
be T
⎝ 5 2⎠
−1 ⎛ 7π ⎞
19. cos ⎜ cos ⎟ is equal to
C
⎝ 6 ⎠
7π 5π π π
(A) (B) (C) (D)
no N
6 6 3 6
⎛π 1 ⎞
20. sin ⎜ − sin −1 ( − ) ⎟ is equal to
⎝3 2 ⎠
©
1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
2 3 4
21. tan −1 3 − cot −1 (− 3) is equal to
π
(A) π (B) − (C) 0 (D) 2 3
2
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 49
Miscellaneous Examples
−1 3π
Example 9 Find the value of sin (sin )
5
−1 3π 3π
Solution We know that sin −1 (sin x) = x . Therefore, sin (sin )=
he
5 5
3π ⎡ π π ⎤
∉ − ,
5 ⎢⎣ 2 2 ⎥⎦
But , which is the principal branch of sin–1 x
3π 3π 2π 2π ⎡ π π ⎤
is
sin ( ) = sin(π − ) = sin ∈ − ,
5 ⎢⎣ 2 2 ⎥⎦
However and
5 5 5
3π 2 π 2π
bl
Therefore sin −1 (sin ) = sin −1 (sin ) =
5 5 5
3 8 84
pu
Example 10 Show that sin
1
5
sin 1
17
cos 1
85
3 8
Solution Let sin −1 = x and sin 1
be T
y
5 17
re
o R
3 8
Therefore sin x = and sin y
5 17
tt E
9 4
Now cos x 1 sin 2 x 1 (Why?)
25 5
C
64 15
and cos y 1 sin 2 y 1
289 17
no N
1 84
Therefore x y cos
85
1 3 8 84
Hence sin sin 1 cos 1
5 17 85
50 MATHEMATICS
12 4 63
Example 11 Show that sin −1 + cos −1 + tan −1 = π
13 5 16
12 4 63
Solution Let sin −1 = x, cos −1 = y, tan −1 = z
13 5 16
he
12 4 63
Then sin x = , cos y = , tan z =
13 5 16
5 3 12 3
is
Therefore cos x = , sin y = , tan x = and tan y =
13 5 5 4
12 3
bl
+
tan x + tan y 5 4 = − 63
We have tan( x + y ) = =
1 − tan x tan y 1 − × 3
12 16
5 4
Hence
pu tan( x y ) tan z
i.e., tan (x + y) = tan (–z) or tan (x + y) = tan (π – z)
be T
Therefore x + y = – z or x + y = π – z
re
x, y and z are positive, x + y ≠ – z (Why?)
o R
Since
12 4 63
Hence x + y + z = π or sin
–1
+ cos –1 + tan –1 = π
tt E
13 5 16
–1 ⎡ a cos x − b sin x ⎤
C
a
Example 12 Simplify tan ⎢ ⎥ , if tan x > –1
⎣ b cos x + a sin x ⎦ b
no N
Solution We have,
⎡ a cos x − b sin x ⎤ ⎡ a ⎤
⎡ a cos x − b sin x ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ − tan x ⎥
©
tan –1 ⎢ –1 b cos x –1 b
⎥ = tan ⎢ b cos x + a sin x ⎥ = tan ⎢ a ⎥
⎣ b cos x + a sin x ⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢1 + tan x ⎥
⎣ b cos x ⎦ ⎣ b ⎦
a a
= tan
–1
− tan –1 (tan x) = tan –1 − x
b b
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 51
π
Example 13 Solve tan–1 2x + tan–1 3x =
4
π
Solution We have tan–1 2x + tan–1 3x =
4
⎛ 2 x + 3x ⎞ π
tan –1 ⎜
he
or ⎟ =
⎝ 1 − 2 x × 3x ⎠ 4
⎛ 5x ⎞ π
i.e. tan –1 ⎜ 2 ⎟ =
⎝ 1 − 6x ⎠ 4
is
5x π
Therefore 2 = tan =1
1 − 6x 4
bl
or 6x2 + 5x – 1 = 0 i.e., (6x – 1) (x + 1) = 0
1
which gives x= or x = – 1.
pu 6
Since x = – 1 does not satisfy the equation, as the L.H.S. of the equation becomes
1
negative, x =
be T
–1 ⎛ 13π ⎞ –1 ⎛ 7π ⎞
1. cos ⎜ cos ⎟ 2. tan ⎜ tan ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
C
Prove that
3 24 8 3 77
3. 2sin
–1
= tan –1 4. sin
–1
+ sin –1 = tan –1
no N
5 7 17 5 36
–1 4 12 33 12 3 56
5. cos + cos –1 = cos –1 6. cos
–1
+ sin –1 = sin –1
5 13 65 13 5 65
©
63 5 3
7. tan
–1
= sin –1 + cos –1
16 13 5
–1 1 1 1 1 π
8. tan + tan −1 + tan −1 + tan −1 =
5 7 3 8 4
52 MATHEMATICS
Prove that
1 1 x
9. tan –1 x cos –1 , x ∈ [0, 1]
2 1 x
⎛ 1 + sin x + 1 − sin x ⎞ x ⎛ π⎞
10. cot –1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = , x ∈ ⎜ 0, ⎟
⎝ 4⎠
he
⎝ 1 + sin x − 1 − sin x ⎠ 2
⎛ 1+ x − 1− x ⎞ π 1 1
11. tan –1 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = − cos x , − ≤ x ≤ 1 [Hint: Put x = cos 2θ]
–1
⎝ 1+ x + 1− x ⎠ 4 2 2
is
9π 9 1 9 2 2
12. − sin −1 = sin −1
bl
8 4 3 4 3
Solve the following equations:
pu –1 1 x 1
13. 2tan–1 (cos x) = tan–1 (2 cosec x) 14. tan tan –1 x,( x 0)
1 x 2
15. sin (tan–1 x), | x | < 1 is equal to
be T
x 1 1 x
re
(A) (B) (C) (D)
o R
1− x 2
1− x 2
1+ x 2
1 + x2
π
tt E
1 1 1
C
−1 ⎛ x ⎞ −1 x − y
no N
π π π −3π
(A) (B) (C) (D)
©
2 3 4 4
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 53
Summary
The domains and ranges (principal value branches) of inverse trigonometric
functions are given in the following table:
Functions Domain Range
(Principal Value Branches)
he
⎡ −π π ⎤
y = sin–1 x [–1, 1] ⎢ 2 , 2⎥
⎣ ⎦
y = cos–1 x [–1, 1] [0, π]
⎡ −π π ⎤
is
y = cosec–1 x R – (–1,1) ⎢ 2 , 2 ⎥ – {0}
⎣ ⎦
π
bl
y = sec–1 x R – (–1, 1) [0, π] – { }
2
⎛ π π⎞
pu
y = tan–1 x R ⎜− , ⎟
⎝ 2 2⎠
y = cot–1 x R (0, π)
be T
1
re
sin–1x should not be confused with (sin x)–1. In fact (sin x)–1 = and
o R
sin x
similarly for other trigonometric functions.
The value of an inverse trigonometric functions which lies in its principal
tt E
1
sin–1
x
= cosec–1 x cos–1 (–x) = π – cos–1 x
©
1
cos–1
x
= sec–1x cot–1 (–x) = π – cot–1 x
1
tan–1
x
= cot–1 x sec–1 (–x) = π – sec–1 x
54 MATHEMATICS
π π
sin–1 x + cos–1 x =
2
cosec–1 x + sec–1 x =
2
he
x y 2x
tan–1x + tan–1y = tan–1
1 xy 2tan–1x = tan–1
1 x2
x y
is
tan–1x – tan–1y = tan–1
1 xy
2x 1 x2
bl
–1 –1 –1
2tan x = sin = cos
1 x2 1 x2
pu Historical Note
The study of trigonometry was first started in India. The ancient Indian
be T
Greeks had also started the study of trigonometry but their approach was so
clumsy that when the Indian approach became known, it was immediately adopted
throughout the world.
tt E
for angles more than 90°. A sixteenth century Malayalam work Yuktibhasa
contains a proof for the expansion of sin (A + B). Exact expression for sines or
cosines of 18°, 36°, 54°, 72°, etc., were given by Bhaskara II.
The symbols sin–1 x, cos–1 x, etc., for arc sin x, arc cos x, etc., were suggested
©
by the astronomer Sir John F.W. Hersehel (1813) The name of Thales
(about 600 B.C.) is invariably associated with height and distance problems. He
is credited with the determination of the height of a great pyramid in Egypt by
measuring shadows of the pyramid and an auxiliary staff (or gnomon) of known
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 55
he
using the similarity property are also found in ancient Indian works.
— —
is
bl
pu
be T
re
o R
tt E
C
no N
©