B.D.

SHARMA

DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
Kedar Nath Ram Nath
 FOR ALL INDIAN LW!VERSITI&S

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.
(Complete Theory andAll Exam ples Fully S4vd)
for
Honours and Post-Gsith Classes

By
ØHLI DEY SHARMA
M.Sc. Ma.
us"malbs
UAvenMy of lkflil.

KEDAR NATH RAM NATH

MFERLrF DELHI
 PREFACE
The book has been written to provide the students with the material in a
systematic and easy to understand way.
In a book of this character there will not be found much that is new or
original. An attempt has been made to explain all the articles with clarity and
to give model solutions of as many examples as were available. To attain this
object many treatises on this and allied subject have been consulted. Numer-
ous examples from examination papers of various Indian Universities have
beei taken. Examples which require special attention from the examination
point of view have been marked with an asterisk (a).
The author is confident that this book, like this other books, will be liked
and appreciated.
My thanks are due to the Publishers and Printers for their keen interest in
The book.
Every suggestion to improve the book will be gratefully acknowledged.

-Bhu DevShcrma

PREFACE OF THE NEW EDITION

This edition is practically a reprint of 11th edition. Misprints have been
removed as far as possible. University references have been made upto-date.
I am tha nkful to large number of studcntks and teachers who have written
to me in admiration of the book.
Suggestions for improvement will be thankfully received.

.—Bhu Dev Sharma

 [ci
Chapters Pages
Prt1
I. INTRODUCTION I
EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER AND FIRST DEGREE 6
(i) Variable separable 6
(H) Homogeneous differential equations 10
(Hi) Linear Differential equations 18
(iv) Bernoulli's equation 22
(v) Problems of curves leading to differential equation - 32
HI. EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER AND FIRST
DEGREE [CONT.J 36
(i) Exact differential equations
(ii) Working rule 37
(Hi) Integrating factois. 41
Iv. TRAJECTORIES 54
.v. LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION WITH
CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS 60
(1) Auxiliary equation 61
(it) Particular integrals in some special cases 67
(Hi) . Exceptional cases 70
HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATION 95
(i) Equations reducible to homogenous form 109
VIL EQUATIONS OF THE FIRST ORDER BUT NOT OF
THE FIRST DEGREE 11
(i) Equations solvable (orp 115
'
(u) Equations solvable fory 122
(iii) Equations solvable fort 127
(iv) Ctairaui's equation 130
SINGULAR SOLUTIONS 139
(I) Tac locus, nodal locus, cusp locus
140
(ii) General procedure 141
PART H
EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND EQUA-
liONS OF PARTICULAR FORMS 3
) Dependent variable absent 3
(ii) Equations in which xis absent 8
(iii) Condition of exactness 13
v) Integrating factor 22
(v) Non-linear equations Exactness 28
 (V)
Chapters Poges
11. LINEAR EQUATIONS OF SECOND DEGREE 45
(I) Qne Integral of C.F. Known 45
(ii) Removal of first derivative (Normal orn,) 62
(iii) Changing the iudu pcn4.cnt variable 74
(iv) Method of variation of parameters 85
(v) Method of operational (actors 97
III. SIMUL1ANEOUS DIFFERENTiAL EQUATIONS 99
(i) Different methods 99
(ii) Numbcrof arbitrary constants .99
(iii) Method of solving dx/P=dy/Q=dz/R 113
(iv) Gcometcrial interpretations 114
IV. TOTAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 122
(i) Condition of integrability 122
(ii) Methods of Solving P dx+Q dy+R.dz=O 123
(iii) Orthogonality of integral surface of
Pdx+Qdy+Rcfr=O,dz/Pdy/QdzIR 138,
(iv) Non-Integrable Equations 139
V. INTEGRATION INSERIES 141.
(I) Solution near an ordinary point 142
(ii) Solution when origin is a regular singular point 143
(iii) Indical eqáalion has unequal roots not differing by
an integer 144
(iv) Indicl equation having equal roots 146
(v) Roots of the indical equation differing by an
Integer - 149
(vi) General theory (Forbenious Method) 152
Vi. NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS . 157
(i) Pward's method 157
(ii) Taylor series method 162
VII. LEGENDER'S EQUATION _--- 165
(i) Lcgcndru's Polynomials P. xJ, Q,, 167
(ii) Generating Function for Px 168
(iii) Rodriguc's formula 170
(iv) Recurrence fqrmula 179
VIII. BESSEL'S EQUATION 193
(i) Definition of) (x) 194
(ii) Recurrence fonnulac 196
(iii) Generating function 199
(iv) Bessel's Integral 202
 ( vi)
/zapters Pages
PART III
1; LINEAR PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
OF ORDER ONE 3
(1) Origin of Partial Differential Equations 4
(ii) Lagrange's method for Pp+Qq=R 6
(iii) Lagrage's method for more than two independent
I variabTcs 14
(iv) Integral surfaces through a given curve 16
-II NON-LINEAR PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS OF ORDER ONE 18
(i) Classification of integrals 18
(ii) Charpit's method 22
(iii) Particular methods: Forf(p,q)=O 31
(iv) For z=px+qy+f(p,j)=O 33
(v) Forf(p,q)=O 35
(vi) Forf1 (x,p)=f, (y,q) 37
(vii) Use of transformations - 39
(viii) Solutions satisfying given conditions 44
III.. LINEAR PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
(i) Homogenous linear partial differential
equation with constan1coefficicnts. 46
(ii) Solution whenauxiliary equations has distinct roots 47
(iii) When auxiliary equation has repeated roots 48
(iv) Particular Integral 54
(v) Exceptional case 55
(vi) Exceptional case 55
(vii) A general method of finding the P.I. 59
Iv SECOND ORDER PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION WITH VARIABLE COEFFICIENTS 8
(i) Monge's method for Rr+Ss+ Tt= V 84
(ii) Mongc's method for Rr+Ss+Ts+ U (rt-s) V 104
(iii) Canonical forms - 112