Illumination & Acoustics

Illumination and acoustics

Electric Lighting Sources
BY-
Dr. Abdultawab Qahtan
Illumination & Acoustics

Revision

• Illuminance ‫ االضاءة‬is a measure of

the amount of light that falls on
a surface per unit area.
• The unit of illuminance is the
lux or foot-candle,
where 1 fc = 10.76 lx.
Illumination & Acoustics
Now …you know the difference
-Revision between “luminance” and “Illuminance”

Luminous flux is commonly

called light output and is
measured in lumens (lm).

Illuminance is called light

level and is measured in
foot-candles (lux or fc).

Luminance is referred to
as brightness and is
The relationships among the five
measured in candelas/m2
photometric units
(cd/m2).

Unites ? Luminous intensity is a

Candela (cd): I characteristic of the source
only; it is independent of the
Lumen (lm): Luminous flux ɸ
visual sense.
Illumination & Acoustics

SUSTAINABLE LIGHTING DESIGN

‫ المصدر‬-Refer to chapter 14 (heating, cooling,

lighting, Norbert Lechner)

The best and most sustainable

lighting design results when the
three-tier design approach is
applied, and this lecture covers
tier three (electric lighting).
‫الحصول على افضل تصميم مستدام لإلضاءة يأتي من‬
‫تطبيق التدرج في تصميم اإلضاءة وفق المستويات الثالث‬
.‫الموضحه في الشكل‬

Fig. Sustainable lighting design

Illumination & Acoustics

Lecture2
Sustainable Lighting Design -Tier3:
ELECTRIC LIGHTIN
1-LIGHT SOURCES EFFICACY CRI & Life.
 Light sources efficacy
 Highest efficacy & efficiency ?
 Light sources CRI
Lecture
2-ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES:
Contents  Incandescent and halogen lamps
 Discharge lamps
 Fluorescent lamps
 High intensity discharge lamps (mercury,
 Metal halide, and high pressure sodium)
 Solid state lighting
 Comparison of the major lighting sources

3-LIGHTING AND THERMAL CONSIDERATIONS

Illumination & Acoustics

1-LIGHT SOURCES Efficacy, CRI & Life.

‫ للمصدر الضوئي‬-‫الفعالية واللون والعمر‬

In choosing a lamp, the three major characteristics are

efficacy (lumens per watt), color rendering (CRI), and the
life of the lamp. To make comparisons easier, all three
characteristics are shown side by side.
.‫ الفعالية واللون والعمر بالساعة‬:‫يتم اختيار «اللمبة» بناءا على هذه الثالث الخصائص‬
Illumination & Acoustics
100w bulb or two
50w... Which is
LIGHT SOURCES Efficacy. brighter?
‫الفعالية للمصدر الضوئي‬

1-The efficacy of each lamp type is a function of several factors :

a. High-wattage lamps have greater efficacy than low-wattage lamps. For example, a 100-watt
lamp gives off much more light than the combined effect of two 50-watt lamps.
Source.‫المصدر‬
[Norbert_Lechner]_Heati
ng,_Cooling,_Lighting_Su
st(BookZZ.org) p455

b. The spectral distribution also influences the efficacy of lamps.

For example, warm white lamps have a lower efficacy than cool white lamps.

‫ تعريف‬Efficacy :
The ratio of lumens per
watt.
Illumination & Acoustics
--LIGHT SOURCES Efficacy.
‫الفعالية للمصدر الضوئي‬

Wattage vs. Lumens

One of the biggest arguments is a light Wattage versus the Lumens and
determining brightness. The old way of looking at how bright a light will
be is to look at the wattage, and with incandescent lamps, the higher the
wattage the lamp is, the brighter it is.
Now we need to focus on the Lumens of the lamp to determine the
brightness of the lamp, especially when it comes to LEDs.

A lumen is the amount of light a certain lamp gives off. If replacing a

standard 150 Watt light bulb which gives off around 2600 Lumens, using
a 42 Watt CFL or a 25 Watt LED is about the equivalent. This lowers the
needed power of the light by over a quarter of the required power to
produce the same light.
Illumination & Acoustics
The theoretical maximum
Efficacy & Efficiency ? efficacy is where 100
percent of the electrical
energy is converted into
light.
The modern incandescent lamp turns only about
‫ الفعالية القصوى (للمبة) هي‬:‫نظريا‬
7 percent of the electricity into light; the other 93 ‫ من الكهرباء الى‬%100 ‫عندما تحول‬
percent is immediately turned into heat . .‫ضوء‬

The fluorescent lamp is a great improvement, it

still converts only about 28 percent of the Watts are not the way to
compare... that just states
electricity into light. how much energy is
consumed and bulbs have a
Efficiency : wide variety of efficiency
Thus, electric lighting, and especially incandescent lighting:
:‫اللمبات التي تحول كمية عظيمة من الكهرباء الى حرارة واالقل الى اضاءة تكون كفاءتها قليلة‬
- uses large amounts of electrical energy
- contributes greatly to the air-conditioning load of a building.

One way that building codes regulate lighting efficiency is by specifying the maximum
number of watts permitted per square foot (watts per square meter) of floor area.

The efficiency requirements of various codes for offices: Refer to page 457- Figure
14.2c & table 14.2
Illumination & Acoustics

Efficacy
Illumination & Acoustics

LIGHT SOURCES CRI.

‫اللون للمصدر الضوئي‬

Define CRI?

Color Rendering Index (CRI): the ability of a light

source to accurately render all frequencies of its color
spectrum when compared to a perfect reference light
of a similar type (color temperature).
Illumination & Acoustics

SPECTRAL
DISTRIBUTION OF
LIGHT
SOURCES

Why are danger signals

red when the eye is most
sensitive to yellow and
green?
Illumination & Acoustics

SPECTRAL
DISTRIBUTION OF
LIGHT
SOURCES
Illumination & Acoustics
Efficacy and color of Lamp. ‫العالقة بين فعالية (اللمبة) واللون‬

The human eye is not equally sensitive to all colors.

yellow-green light is about 680 lumens/ watt,
white light it is only about 200 lumens/watt.
This difference exists because the human eye is not equally sensitive to all
colors. Since the eye is most sensitive to yellow-green light, a lamp of that
color will have the highest efficacy.

The eye is not very sensitive to such colors as red and blue, and any light
containing these colors, such as white, will have a lower efficacy than yellow-
green monochromatic (or one-color) light.
Therefore, whenever color rendition is important, we must accept
the lower efficacy of white light.
Illumination & Acoustics
--LIGHT SOURCES Efficacy, CRI & Life.
‫ للمصدر الضوئي‬-‫الفعالية واللون والعمر‬

The efficacy of each lamp type is shown in the figure bellow as a range because efficacy is a function of
several factors:

Figure, In choosing a lamp, the

three major characteristics are
efficacy (lumens per watt),
color rendering (CRI), and the
life of the lamp. To make
comparisons easier, all three
characteristics are shown side
by side.
‫يتم اختيار «اللمبة» بناءا على هذه الثالث‬
.‫ الفعالية واللون والعمر بالساعة‬:‫الخصائص‬
lumens per watt

The incandescent lamp is inefficient when compared

to what else is available.
Illumination & Acoustics
Reddish light has a technically
lower color temperature, its
frequently described as warm.
Color temperature Bluish light, which has a higher
color temperature, is described
as cool.

Warmer & cooler describe

color, not temperature
Illumination & Acoustics

2- ELECTRIC LIGHT
SOURCES:

1- Incandescent And Halogen Lamps

2- Discharge Lamps
Illumination & Acoustics

I- INCANDESCENT AND
HALOGEN LAMPS
‫مصابيح التوهج‬
THE INCANDESCENT FILAMENT LAMP ‫الفتيل‬ incandescent lamp

Although incandescent
lamps are obsolete for
general illumination, Fig. 14.1
they are still used for a Common
number of special incandescent
applications. lamp bulb.
Illumination & Acoustics

INCANDESCENT AND
HALOGEN LAMPS- ‫مصابيح التوهج‬

How it works?
In an incandescent lamp, light is emitted by electrically heating a
tungsten filament until it is reddish-white-hot (Fig. 14.3a textbook).
By increasing the current, the filament gets hotter and the light
gets whiter (higher color temperature- see the figure bellow).

Unfortunately, a hotter filament also burns out faster. The life of a

typical incandescent lamp is only about 1000 hours.
‫مشكلة‬
Incandescent lamps wear out as the tungsten filament evaporates ‫مصابيح‬
and eventually, as the filament gets thinner, it breaks. ‫التوهج‬

HALOGEN
This evaporation of the filament can be reduced by adding halogen
elements to the inert gases inside the lamp to operated at higher ‫تطوير لحل المشكلة‬
temperatures without shortening lamp life excessively (Fig. 14.3b textbook).
Illumination & Acoustics

CONT--INCANDESCENT AND
HALOGEN LAMPS

--HALOGEN

Because of their intense light and small size, they are very popular as:
 automobile headlamps,
 projector lamps, and
 spotlights for accent lighting.

Halogen lamps have a slightly better efficacy than incandescent lamps,

and a new version called the Halogen IR (infrared) is even better.

However, LEDs are

significantly better and
will likely displace many
halogen lamps in the
near future.
Illumination & Acoustics

Cont--INCANDESCENT LAMPS ‫مصابيح التوهج‬

 The advantages of incandescent  The disadvantages:

lamps: - low efficacy- means more fixtures and
 low cost; larger heat gain than with more
 immediate start and restart; energy‐efficient alternative sources.
 simple, inexpensive dimming;
 simple, compact installation requiring - short lamp life- results in high
no accessories; lamp‐replacement labor costs,
 cheap fixtures;
 focusability as a point source; - critical voltage sensitivity- Voltage
 high power factor; (related to voltage) sensitivity may require careful and
 lamp life independent of the number expensive circuit design.
of starts; and
 skin‐flattering, full‐spectrum color.
From a human factor perspective, the
full‐spectrum quality of incandescent
light, with higher amounts of light in
the red wavelengths, is best for
rendering skin tones.
Illumination & Acoustics

INCANDESCENT LAMPS ‫مصابيح التوهج‬

 Applications:

Incandescent lamp use should be limited to the following

applications:
1. Where use is infrequent.
2. Where there is frequent short‐duration use.
3. Where low‐cost dimming is required.
4. Where the point source characteristic of the lamp is important, as in
focusing fixtures.
5. Where minimum initial cost is essential.
6. Where its characteristically good color rendering is desired.
Illumination & Acoustics

CONT--INCANDESCENT AND
HALOGEN LAMPS

APPLICATION examples :
Halogen lamps can be appropriate for accent
lighting of small areas or objects, such as retail
displays, sculpture, and paintings.

Halogen lamps are especially appropriate when

sparkle and specular reflectance are desired in
the display of glassware, silverware, or jewelry.
However, LED lamps are increasingly replacing halogen
lamps.

Recommendation:
Incandescent lamps should be used as little as possible and halogen
lamps should be used economically.
Illumination & Acoustics

II- DISCHARGE LAMPS

All of these lamps are based on a phenomenon known as discharge,

in which an ionized gas rather than a glowing hot solid tungsten
filament emits the light. All discharge lamps require an extra device
known as a ballast

The long life and high efficacy of the

discharge lamps are more than enough to
offset the extra cost of the ballast and the
higher cost of each lamp when compared
to incandescent lamps.

All discharge lamps require a ballast

first to start the lamp and then to
maintain the proper operating current.
Illumination & Acoustics

a- FLUORESCENT LAMPS

Although the fluorescent lamp

was first introduced in the
1930s, it is still one of the best
light sources. It is available in a
wide variety of sizes, colors,
wattages, and shapes.
Illumination & Acoustics

FLUORESCENT LAMPS-
Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs)

Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) are widely used around the world
as replacements for incandescent lamps because of their high efficacy,
warm color, and small size.
The spiral shape is a result of the goal to get the most light out of the
smallest-size fluorescent lamp.
Illumination & Acoustics

FLUORESCENT LAMPS

Five characteristics define the operation of a fluorescent lamp:

1- Efficacy: Light output per unit of power input- (lumens per watt).

2- Lumen maintenance: The decreasing output of light as a lamp ages. The lumen
output of a fluorescent tube decreases rapidly during the first 100 hours of
burning, and thereafter much more slowly.

3- Lamp life: Average (statistically defined) lamp life expectancy.

4- Temperature and humidity: How a lamp responds to environmental operating

conditions. Outside of the optimal operating temperature range (5–25°C), there is
a rapid drop in light output and difficulty in starting. High humidity causes
electrical leakage along the lamp surface, lowering the starting voltage provided
by the ballast.

5- Dimming: Controlling light production of the lamp.

Illumination & Acoustics

b- Neon Lamps

Neon lamps are close relatives of fluorescent

lamps. These lamps use such gases as neon,
which gives off red light, and argon, which
gives off blue light. Through the use of different
combinations of gases, colored glass, and
phosphors, a large variety of rich, colored light
sources is possible.

The main advantage of these lamps is that

they can be custom-made to almost any
desired shape.
Illumination & Acoustics

c- Cold-Cathode Lamps
Cold-cathode: like fluorescent lighting,
cold-cathode lighting produce mainly white
light, but it has a much lower efficacy than
fluorescent lighting. Like neon, it is
custom-made for a particular project, and
like neon, it is for decorative rather than
functional purposes.
Illumination & Acoustics

d- HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE

Some discharge Lamps include
LAMPS additional substances, like
- Mercury‐vapor lamps mercury, sodium, and metal halides,
- Metal Halide, and which are vaporized during startup
- High Pressure Sodium) to become part of the gas mixture.

High intensity discharge lamps have important

characteristics in common:

 (HID) lamps are very efficient light sources that in

size and shape are more like with a point source.

 They all require a few minutes to reach maximum

light output, and

 They will not restrike immediately when there is a

temporary voltage interruption.
Illumination & Acoustics

e- Mercury‐vapor lamps

The mercury‐vapor lamp was the first HID lamp to

be developed

Application

Mercury‐vapor lamps are applicable to indoor and outdoor use, with

proper attention to performance characteristics.

 The most common exterior application is for parking lots.

 Indoor application is generally limited to mounting heights of 3 m

AFF (above finish floor) or higher, to avoid direct glare potential
and permit adequate floor area coverage.

 Their use in industrial spaces and stores was once common, but
today use of metal–halide lamps is typical.

 Warehouses and non‐color‐sensitive industrial areas continue to

use mercury‐vapor lamps.
Illumination & Acoustics

f- METAL–HALIDE LAMPS

This lamp began its life in the early 1960s as a modified mercury‐vapor lamp. Major
advances in miniaturization, color rendering, color temperature, and consistency—
by the addition of halides such as thallium, indium, and sodium to the arc
tube—resulted in changes in the output, efficacy, color, and life of the lamp. Metal–
halide lamps have excellent color characteristics and therefore almost unlimited
applicability.

Various configurations of
metal–halide lamps
The common shapes of high intensity discharge (HID) lamps.
Illumination & Acoustics

III. SOLID STATE

LIGHTING
The most fully developed lamp is the light
emitting diode (LED), while the organic light
emitting diode (OLED) is only now
coming on the market.

LEDs are ideal for creative, decorative,

and task lighting.
As their efficacy increases, they are also
being used for general area lighting.
Illumination & Acoustics

COMPARISON OF
THE
MAJOR
LIGHTING
SOURCES
Refer to the textbook
page 466
466 ‫المقارنة مدونة في الصفحة‬
‫‪Illumination & Acoustics‬‬

‫‪3- lighting and thermal‬‬ ‫وكالة الطاقة الدولية توصلت عبر‬

‫‪considerations‬‬ ‫دراساتها إلى أن اإلنارة تستهلك‬
‫اإلضاءة واالعتبارات الحرارية‬ ‫‪ 2650‬تيرا وات في الساعة على‬
‫المستوى العالمي لتشكل نحو ‪%19‬‬
‫من استهالك الكهرباء وينتج عنها‬
‫—‪Choosing light sources for buildings‬‬ ‫انبعاثات لثاني أكسيد الكربون قدرها‬
‫‪whether daylight or electric‬‬ ‫‪ 1889‬ميغا طن سنويا وهو ما‬
‫‪light need to concern on lighting and thermal‬‬ ‫يساوي ‪ %70‬من انبعاثات العالم من‬
‫سيارات الركاب‪.‬‬
‫‪considerations‬‬ ‫ورأى أن التخلص التدريجي من‬
‫المصابيح المتوهجة غير الفعالة‬
‫واالستعاضة عنها بمصابيح أعلى‬
‫كفاءة إحدى اآلليات األكثر فعالية‬
‫‪Lighting in American nonresidential buildings‬‬ ‫لتحقيق وفورات في الطاقة وزيادة‬
‫‪consumes 25% to 60% of‬‬ ‫الدخل المتاح لألسر ذات الدخل‬
‫المنخفض وخفض انبعاثات كبيرة‬
‫‪the electric energy utilized‬‬ ‫ومكافحة تغير المناخ دون التقليل من‬
‫جودة اإلضاءة وهو ما يتطلب إضافة‬
‫نفقات صغيرة نسبيا‪.‬‬
‫‪Understanding the characteristics of light sources‬‬ ‫‪ ---‬باإلمكان تخفيض استهالك‬
‫‪will allow a designer to use them appropriately for‬‬ ‫الكهرباء السنوي في السعودية من‬
‫‪energy efficiency and to provide visual and‬‬ ‫خالل تحسين وسائل اإلضاءة‪.‬‬
‫‪thermal comfort.‬‬ ‫‪http://www.alriyadh.com/7‬‬
‫‪87995‬‬
Illumination & Acoustics

Make a
Discussion

fluorescent lamp-
mercury vapor lamp
incandescent lamp

Metal-halide lamp should

Halogen lamp: incandescent
lamp that has a small amount of CFL lamp not be confused
a halogen. fluorine (F), chlorine Compact fluorescent lamp with Halogen lamp
(Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and
astatine (At).
Illumination & Acoustics

Make a
Discussion

LED lamp
HPS Lamp
Light-emitting Diode
High Pressure Sodium

ESL lamp
Electron-stimulated luminescence

induction lamp

Plasma lamp
Illumination & Acoustics

Luminaires
Illumination & Acoustics

Assyment1:

Describe the characteristics of electric light sources

available in the KSA market, including the limits,
capabilities and applications of each source?

‫بين اهم أنواع المصابيح المتوفرة في السوق السعودية ومميزاتها وعيوبها‬

‫؟‬،‫وتطبيقاتها في المباني‬
‫ لعرض منتجات جميع أنواع اللمبات بحسب التصنيف المحدد في‬A1 ‫عمل لوحة‬
-‫المصدر والمحاضرة‬

Thank you