Copyright

by

David S. Asbury

2005
Th e Tr eati s e C omm it t ee f or D avi d S. Asb ur y C ert ifi es t h at t his is
th e app r oved versi on of t h e f ol l ow i n g d iss er t at i on tr eatis e:

20 t h Ce ntury Neo- Romantic S erialism: The Opu s

170 Greeting Cards of Mario Castelnuo vo-Tedes co

Com mi tt ee:

Adam Holzman, Supervisor

Andrew Dell’Antonio, Co-Supervisor

Robert A. Duke

Roger E. Myers

B. David Neubert

James Westby
20 t h Ce ntury Romantic S erial ism: The Opus 170
Greeting Cards of Mario Cast elnuovo-Te desco

by

David S. Asbury , B.M., M.M.

Treatise
Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of

The University of Texas at Austin

in Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements

for the Degree of

Doctor of Mu sical A rts

The University of Texas at A ustin

May, 2005
 Dedication

To Angela,

Where to start? What to say? There simply are no words.

 Acknowle dgeme nts

Many people have helped me to achieve this goal, my deepest

gratitude to you all. In no particular order, Adam Holzman, Andrew

Dell’Antonio, Jim Westby, Bob Duke, Roger Myers, David Neubert, Barbara

Asbury, Charles Asbury, Deno Preketes, Pauline Preketes, Albert Rodriguez,

Theresa Kamen, Michael Kamen, Susan Stavenhagen, Jeff Stavenhagen,

Elizabeth Fitzgerald, Chris Fitzgerald, Chris Asbury, Thomas Howe, Mary

Black, Robert Saladini, David Hunter, Robert Snow, Kiyoshi Tamagawa,

Kenny Sheppard, Bruce Cain, Paul Gaffney, Oliver Worthingon, Ellsworth

Peterson, Dan Hilliard, Terry Klefstadt, Roger Graybill, Stephen Wray, Glen

McClish, Cami Sawyer, Oscar Ghiglia, Aaron Shearer, Eugene Escovado,

Gene Dinovi, Manuel Lopez Ramos, Angelo Gilardino, Ronald Purcell,

Ernesto Bitetti, Christopher Parkening, Akinobu Matsuda, Hector Garcia,

Alirio Diaz, Carlos Molina, Holly Mentzer, Angela, Frances, Meg, Kate,

Albert, Norbert, Mouse and Claude. Thank you.

v
 20 t h Ce ntury Romantic S erial ism: The Opus 170
Greeting Cards of Mario Cast elnuovo-Te desco

Publication No._____________

David S. Asbury, D.M.A.

The University of Texas at Austin, 2005

Supervisors: Adam Holzman & Andrew Dell' Antonio

Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco’s Opus 170 Greeting Cards is a cycle of

51 pieces that span the last two decades of the composer’s life. Intended

as musical gifts for his friends and colleagues, he devised a system for

assigning each note in the alphabet two musical counterparts using

ascending and descending chromatic scales and wrote works that derive

their principal themes from the recipient’s name or names. The Greeting

Cards are scored for a variety of solo instrument and duo settings, 20 of

which were written for the guitar and are the primary focus of this treatise

that will have format consisting of Castelnuovo-Tedesco’s biography, an

overview of Opus 170 and an examination of specific works. The opus 170

vi
Greeting Cards offer insight into the stylistic traits that characterize

Castelnuovo-Tedesco’s music and historical perspective regarding many of

the world’s leading musicians from the 1950’s and 1960’s. Research for

the treatise has included investigation of published and non-published

materials, interviews with those recipients who are still living and musical

analysis of the select representative works. Castelnuovo-Tedesco was one

the most influential and important musicians of the 20th century. His

legacy as a composer and teacher is one that has been largely overlooked

in modern scholarship where the common practice of atonal serial

composition dominated all other musical styles, especially in academic

circles. Castelnuovo-Tedesco always maintained tonal frameworks and a

melodic lyricism in his music that in turn caused critics to dismiss him as

being unworthy of serious consideration. This treatise, through the

examination of one element of the composers work, seeks to help change a

general perception that his style, through its conservatism, lacked

currency and inventiveness. The Greeting Cards have to date not been

studied collectively, leaving a formidable gap in our understanding of the

compositional mechanisms employed by this influential and important

composer.

vii
 Table of Co ntents

List of Tables........................................................................................xii

List of Figures ....................................................................................... xiv

List of Illustrations ................................................................................xix

P AR T I 1

B AC KGR OUN D AN D O VER VIE W 1

Introduction............................................................................................. 1

Research History and Methodology....................................................... 5

Biography ................................................................................................. 8
The Childhood Years............................................................... 9
The Interwar years ................................................................ 10
The United States .................................................................. 11

Opus 170 Overview ............................................................................... 13

Correspondence..................................................................... 24

P AR T II 31

W OR K S FO R G UI TAR ; AN AL Y SI S AN D BAC KGR O UN D 31

O PUS 1 70 , N O .5 , T ON AD ILL A SUR LE NA ME DE A N DRÈ S S EGO VI A 32

Background ............................................................................ 32
Biography ............................................................................... 33

Opus 170, No.6, Rondel on the name of Sigfried Behrend ............... 44

Background ............................................................................ 44
Analysis .................................................................................. 45

viii
Opus 170, No.7Habanera sul nome di Bruno Tonazzi....................... 54
Background ............................................................................ 54
Analysis .................................................................................. 54

Opus 170, No.10, Tanka on the name of Isao Takahashi .................. 59

Background ............................................................................ 59
Analysis .................................................................................. 60

Opus 170, No.14, Ninna Nanna, a Lullaby for Eugene ...................... 65

Background ............................................................................ 65
Analysis .................................................................................. 66

Opus 170, No.15, Canto delle Azzorre sul nome di Enos .................. 71
Background ............................................................................ 71
Analysis .................................................................................. 72

Opus 170, No. 33, Canzone Siciliana sul nome di Gangi................... 76

Background ............................................................................ 76
Analysis .................................................................................. 76

Opus 170, No. 34, Ballatella on the name of Christopher Parkening80

Background ............................................................................ 80
Analysis .................................................................................. 81

Opus 170, No. 35, Sarabande on the name of Rey de la Torre......... 86

Background ............................................................................ 86
Analysis .................................................................................. 86

Opus 170, No. 37, Romanza sul nome di Oscar Ghiglia .................... 88
Background ............................................................................ 88
Analysis .................................................................................. 90

Opus 170, No. 38, Homage to Purcell, Fantasia sul nome di Ronald
(1932) e Henry (1659-1695) Purcell........................................... 95
Background ............................................................................ 95

ix
 Analysis .................................................................................. 96

Opus 170, No. 39, Canciòn Cubana on the name of Hector Garcia 103
Background .......................................................................... 103
Analysis ................................................................................ 104

Opus 170, No. 40, Cancion Venezuelana sul nome di Alirio Diaz.. 108
Background .......................................................................... 108
Analysis ................................................................................ 109

Opus 170, No. 41, Canciòn Argentina sul nome di Ernesto Bitetti. 114
Background .......................................................................... 114
Analysis ................................................................................ 115

Opus 170, No.42, Estudio sul le nome di Manuel Lopez Ramos ..... 119
Background .......................................................................... 119
Analysis ................................................................................ 120

Opus 170, No. 43, Aria da Chiesa sul nome di Ruggero Chiesa...... 124
Background .......................................................................... 124
Analysis ................................................................................ 124

Opus 170, Greeting Card #44, Brasileira on the name of Laurindo

Almeida ........................................................................................ 128
Background .......................................................................... 128
Analysis ................................................................................ 128

Opus 170, No. 46, Japanese Print on the Name Jiro Matsuda ........ 132
Background .......................................................................... 132
Analysis ................................................................................ 134
Suggestions for Performance.............................................. 138

Opus 170, No. 47, Volo d'Angeli sul nome di Angelo Gilardino ... 139
Background .......................................................................... 139
Analysis ................................................................................ 142

x
Opus 170, No. 48, Canzone Calabrese sul nome di Ernest Calabria147
Background...........................................................................147
Analysis.................................................................................148

Opus 170, No. 50, Tarantella Campana sul nome de Eugene di Novi152
Background...........................................................................152
Analysis.................................................................................158

Postscript ..............................................................................................162
Conclusions...........................................................................162

Appendices ...........................................................................................164
Appendix A...........................................................................164
Appendix B ...........................................................................167
Appendix C ...........................................................................168
Appendix D...........................................................................169

Appendix E............................................................................171

Bibliography...........................................................................................173

Vita .......................................................................................................175

xi
 List of Tables

P ART I 1

B ACKGR O UN D AN D O VERV IEW 1

Table 1.1 Complete List of Works Contained in Opus 170..............................18

P ART II 31

WORKS FOR G UI TAR; ANALYS IS AND B ACKGR OUND 31

O P US 170, N O . 5, T O NA DILLA SUR LE NAME DE A NDRÈS S E GOV IA 32

Table 2.1 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #5, Tonadilla ..............................38

Table 2.2 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #6, Rondel ...................................46

Table 2.3 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #7, Habanera ..............................55

Table 2.4 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #10, Tanka ..................................60

Table 2.5 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #5, Ninna Nanna ........................67

Table 2.6 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #15, Canto delle Azzorre..........72

Table 2.7 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #33, Canzone Siciliana .............78

Table 2.8 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #34, Ballatella .............................82

Table 2.9 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #37, Romanza .............................91

Table 2.10 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #38, Fantasia ............................97

Table 2.11 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #39, Cancion Cubana .......... 104

Table 2.12 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #40, Cancion Venezuelana . 111

Table 2.13 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #41, Cancion Argentina ...... 116

Table 2.14 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #42, Estudio .......................... 121

Table 2.15 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #43, Aria da Chiesa .............. 125

Table 2.16 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #44, Brasileira ....................... 129

Table 2.17 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #46, Japanese Print .............. 135

Table 2.18 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #47, Volo d’Angeli................ 143

xii
Table 2.19 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #48, Canzone Calabrese ...... 149

Table 2.20 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #50, Tarantella Campana ... 158

xiii
 List of Figures

P AR T I 1

B AC KGR OUN D AN D O VER VIE W 1

Figure 1.1 Italian Alphabet Ascending Chromatic Scale ................... 15

Figure 1.2 Italian Alphabet Descending Chromatic Scale ................. 15

Figure 1.3 Spanish Alphabet Ascending Chromatic Scale ................ 15

Figure 1.4 Spanish Alphabet Descending Chromatic Scale .............. 16

Figure 1.5 English Alphabet Ascending Chromatic Scale ................. 16

Figure 1.6 English Alphabet Descending Chromatic Scale ............... 16

P AR T II 31

W OR K S FO R G UI TAR ; AN AL Y SI S AN D BAC KGR O UN D 31

Figure 2.1.1 Ascending Andrès Theme ............................................... 39

Figure 2.1.2 Ascending Segovia Theme............................................... 40

Figure 2.1.3 Concerto in Re Theme .................................................... 40

Figure 2.1.4 Descending Andrès Theme ............................................. 41

Figure 2.1.5 Descending Segovia Theme............................................. 42

Figure 2.2.1 Ascending Sigfried Theme .............................................. 48

Figure 2.2.2 Ascending Behrend Theme ............................................. 49

Figure 2.2.3 Descending Sigfried Theme ............................................ 49

Figure 2.2.4 Descending Behrend Theme ........................................... 50

Figure 2.3.1 Ascending Bruno Theme ................................................. 56

Figure 2.3.2 Ascending Tonazzi Theme .............................................. 57

Figure 2.3.3 Descending Bruno Theme ............................................... 58

Figure 2.4.1 Ascending Isao Theme..................................................... 61

xiv
Figure 2.4.2 Ascending Takahashi Theme .......................................... 62

Figure 2.4.3 Descending Isao Theme................................................... 63

Figure 2.4.4 Descending Isao Theme................................................... 64

Figure 2.5.1 Ascending Eugene Theme ............................................... 68

Figure 2.5.2 Descending Eugene Theme ............................................. 70

Figure 2.6.1 Ascending Enos Theme.................................................... 73

Figure 2.6.2 Descending Enos Theme ................................................. 74

Figure 2.5.1 Ascending Gangi Theme.................................................. 79

Figure 2.7.2 Descending Gangi Theme................................................ 79

Figure 2.5.1 Ascending Christopher Theme ....................................... 83

Figure 2.5.2 Ascending Parkening Theme .......................................... 83

Figure 2.8.3 Descending Christopher Theme ..................................... 84

Figure 2.8.4 Descending Parkening Theme ........................................ 84

Figure 2.9.1 Ascending Ghiglia Theme ............................................... 92

Figure 2.9.2 Descending Ghiglia Theme ............................................. 92

Figure 2.9.3 Descending Oscar Theme ................................................ 93

Figure 2.9.4 Ascending Oscar Theme .................................................. 93

Figure 2.10.1 Ascending Ronald Theme ............................................. 99

Figure 2.10.2 Ascending Purcell Theme.............................................. 99

Figure 2.10.3 Ascending Henry Theme ............................................. 100

Figure 2.10.4 Descending Ronald Theme ......................................... 100

Figure 2.10.5 Descending Purcell Theme.......................................... 101

Figure 2.10.6 Descending Henry Theme ........................................... 101

Figure 2.11.1 Ascending Hector Theme ............................................ 105

Figure 2.11.1 Ascending Garcia Theme ............................................ 106

xv
Figure 2.11.1 Descending Hector and Garcia Themes..................... 107

Figure 2.12.1 Ascending Themes....................................................... 112

Figure 2.12. Descending Themes ....................................................... 112

Figure 2.13.1 Ascending Ernesto Theme........................................... 116

Figure 2.13.2 Realized Ascending Ernesto Theme ........................... 117

Figure 2.13.3 Descending Ernesto Theme ........................................ 117

Figure 2.13.4 Realized Descending Ernesto Theme ......................... 117

Figure 2.13.5 Ascending Bitetti Theme ............................................. 118

Figure 2.13.6 Descending Bitetti Theme ........................................... 118

Figure 2.14.1 Ascending Themes....................................................... 122

Figure 2.14.2 Descending Themes..................................................... 123

Figure 2.15.1 Ascending Ruggero Theme ......................................... 126

Figure 2.15.2 Ascending Chiesa Theme ............................................ 126

Figure 2.15.3 Descending Ruggero Theme ....................................... 126

Figure 2.15.4 Descending Chiesa Theme .......................................... 127

Figure 2.16.1 Ascending Laurindo and Almeida Themes................ 130

Figure 2.16.2 Descending Laurindo and Almeida Themes ............. 130

Figure 2.17.1 Ascending Jiro Theme ................................................. 135

Figure 2.17.2 Descending Jiro Theme ............................................... 136

Figure 2.17.3 Ascending Matsuda Theme......................................... 137

Figure 2.17.3 Ascending Matsuda Theme......................................... 137

Figure 2.18.1 Ascending Angelo Theme ........................................... 144

Figure 2.18.2 Ascending Gilardino Theme ....................................... 144

Figure 2.18.3 Descending Angelo Theme ......................................... 145

Figure 2.18.4 Descending Gilardino Theme ..................................... 145

xvi
Figure 2.19.1 Ascending Ernest Theme............................................. 149

Figure 2.19.2 Ascending Calabria Theme ......................................... 150

Figure 2.19.3 Descending Ernest Theme........................................... 150

Figure 2.19.1 Descending Calabria Theme ....................................... 151

Figure 2.20.1 Ascending Eugene and Di Novi Themes .................... 159

Figure 2.20.2 Descending Eugene and Di Novi Themes .................. 160

xvii
 PART I

BACKGR OUND A ND OVERV IE W

Intro duction

The name of Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco is one that is closely

connected to the guitar. He created a substantial corpus of works for the

instrument, many of which have become part of today’s standard

repertoire. He had an enduring collaborative relationship with Andrès

Segovia that not only helped catapult him to world fame, but also shaped

public perceptions about his music. He is broadly viewed as a stylistically

conservative 20th century romantic, but while there is an element of truth

to this description, it is important to note that Castelnuovo-Tedesco was a

composer capable of stretching his own stylistic range. Examination of his

entire compositional output reveals frequent and regular experimentation

with various techniques favored by the most highly regarded composers of

the early 20th century. For instance, polychords, brief polytonal episodes

and progressions moving at the interval of the tri-tone are part of the

inventive musical language of Coplas, Castelnuovo-Tedesco’s cycle of

songs, scored for voice and piano written. Examples of these sorts of

harmonic experimentation are rare in guitar works however, where the

influence of Segovia was pervasive and pushed the composer towards

1
more conservatism type of tonality. The Concerto in Re is a work that

typifies the conservative side Castelnuovo-Tedesco’s style that Segovia so

admired.

There are, however, some works written for the guitar which were

not written for the Spanish Maestro. Most notable among these, in terms of

greater stylistic modernism, are the guitar pieces featured in the Opus 170

Greeting Cards. Comprising 51 works, primarily single movement

miniatures, the cycle includes 20 pieces scored for solo guitar, of which

only one, the No. 5, Tonadilla, was written for Segovia. Collectively, these

works reflect the experimental side of Castelnuovo-Tedesco’s style,

especially when compared to his other works for the guitar. Modernism in

this case is achieved through the composer’s unique brand of serialism,

based upon a method that created pitch sets by establishing a relationship

between Greeting Cards recipients’ names and ascending and descending

chromatic scales. In jest, but on more than one occasion, Castelnuovo-

Tedesco compared his “alphabetical” method with “Schoenberg’s

dodecaphony”. He recognized and appreciated the genius and importance

of Schoenberg’s contributions while never desiring to mimic his colleague

or abandon tertian-based tonality. The Greeting Cards must be considered

a small experiment in serialism as they represent a mere fraction of

Castelnuovo-Tedesco’s entire body of works. However, his persistence in

2
composing these works, the respect he held for their dedicatees and his

use of these works as a teaching tools1 reveal his commitment and

dedication to this experiment.

There are many of examples of harmonic and melodic daring in the

song, piano, chamber, orchestral and operatic literature, as well as in

those featuring the stylistic conservatism associated with works for the

guitar. In the spirit of collaboration, Castelnuovo-Tedesco exhibited a

willingness to let the style of his compositions be influenced by the

musical tastes of those commissioning the works. Because the works

written for Segovia represent a small, but the most often heard,

percentage of the composer’s total output, the question of whether or not

judgments about the style and quality of his works as a whole have been

made with fairness and accuracy arises.

The Opus 170 Greeting Cards is a cycle of 51 so-called

"alphabetical" pieces that span the last two decades of the composer’s life.

They are works that were intended as musical gifts for his friends and

colleagues. Having devised a system for assigning each note in the

alphabet musical counterparts, the Greeting Cards derive their principal

themes from the recipient’s name or names and are scored for a variety of

1 Personal interview with Ronald Purcell, a former student of Castelnuovo-Tedesco and the
recipient of Greeting Card No. 38, Fantasia sul nome di Ronald (1932) e Henry (1659-1695)
Purcell .

3
solo instrument and duo settings. The 20 Greeting Cards that are written

for the guitar are the primary focus of this treatise, along with a

contextual study of select others representative of the remainder of the

opus. These works are examined in detail in the following pages. This

body of work offers insight into the stylistic traits that characterize

Castelnuovo-Tedesco’s music and historical vignettes capturing elemental

features of many of the world’s leading musicians from the 1950’s and

1960’s. The treatise broadly examines the entire opus from both historical

and analytical perspectives before narrowing into a detailed study of

representative pieces. The Greeting Cards have, to date, not been studied

collectively, and so it is in this spirit that the treatise aims to broaden the

understanding of the compositional mechanisms employed by this

influential and important composer.

4
 Research History and Met ho dology

My initial interest in investigating the Opus 170 Greeting Cards

came as an offshoot of research focusing on Castelnuovo-Tedesco’s song

cycle The Divan of Moses-Ibn-Ezra and at the suggestion of Dr. James

Westby, 2 with whom I had been in contact regarding the song cycle. My

knowledge of the Greeting Cards at that time, with the exception of the No.

5, Tonadilla which was well known to me, was limited to a vague

awareness of the existence of the collection and colored by the opinions of

some guitar colleagues who felt that its contents were strange and not

worthy of serious consideration. Dr. Westby spoke of the vastness of the

collection of the Greeting Cards and of the richness of their histories, but

had little experience with the works as a whole. I acquired scores for the

opus and began the process of studying the works under a veil of

skepticism and suspicion regarding their quality and quickly discovered

the cause of the negative reputation the Greeting Cards held among my

fellow guitarists and fans of Castelnuovo-Tedesco’s guitar music. The

random nature of the thematic material used in these works was hard to

learn and unlike that of the music of Castelnuovo-Tedesco that I knew.

2 James Westby is widely regarded as one of the leading scholars of the music and life of
Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco. Dr. Westby earned his Ph. D. in Historical Musicology at the
University of California, Los Angeles where wrote a dissertation entitled Castelnuovo-
Tedesco in America:The Film Music.

5
Had Dr. Westby not piqued my interest in these works and my

investigation been of a more casual nature, I may have come to

conclusions about the Greeting Cards that were similar to those of its

detractors. As my familiarity with the works grew, so did my belief in

their importance as I recognized the stylistic traits and quality of

Castelnuovo-Tedesco’s voice in this different melodic setting.

The process of researching the works was one that, through the

broadness of its scope, was complicated and time consuming. Some of the

recipients of these Greeting Cards are still living at the time of this writing;

all of them were asked to relate details surrounding the receipt of the

compositions written for them either through personal interviews or a

questionnaire. 3 Acquiring information about the Greeting Cards and their

recipients proved especially challenging in some instances and

3 Following is a list of general questions contained in the questionnaire, other questions

pertaining to the specific works were also typically included.
1. How did you meet Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco?
2. How well and in what capacity did you know him?
3. Did you premiere the work? If so, when and where did that performance take place? Was
the Maestro in attendance? If not, did you ever have the opportunity to play the piece for
him?
4. Have you recorded the work? If so, has it been commercially released?
5. What are your impressions of the work?
6. Did the composer attempt to express elements of your personality into the piece?
7. Did you correspond regularly with the composer? If so, do you still possess any letters
etc. that might be pertinent to my research and would you be willing to share the content
of those letters with me?
8. Are there other matters of interest regarding the work specifically or Castelnuovo-
Tedesco generally that you think may be helpful to my research?
9. Can you provide me with or lead me to biographical information of yourself? This
information will be used to contextualize the work.

6
surprisingly easy in others. I conducted investigations of primary sources

in the most important collections with holdings pertaining to Castelnuovo-

Tedesco, including those at the Library of Congress, University of

California at Berkeley and the University of South Carolina.

The process of formal and harmonic analysis of each of the works

was done in a thorough and exhaustive manner in order to achieve

consistency throughout the document, and accurately to consider the

Greeting Cards written for guitar as a whole.

7
 Biography

Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco was born in Florence, Italy, April 3,

1895, and died in Beverly Hills, California, March 16, 1968. An

extraordinarily gifted and prolific composer, his prominence and legacy

continue to be more fully appreciated as the breadth, scope and quality of

his works are highlighted through scholarship and a constant presence on

concert stages worldwide. He led a life rich with close personal

relationships and professional and artistic success. He is described as a

kind, generous and thoughtful person of seemingly boundless energy by

those who knew him best. The Opus 170 works bear witness to his appetite

for cultivating and sustaining associations with a wide circle of friends and

contacts. Taking care of his correspondence was part of his daily ritual,

and he produced a voluminous body of letters, cards, telegrams and the

like, now housed in various important collections worldwide. 4

• 4 Correspondence to Tedesco is housed in an unprocessed collection at the Library of

Congress. Letters from Tedesco to various recipients can be found in the Segovia
archive in Linares, Spain., The University of California Music Library at Berkley, The
University of South Carolina Music Library at Columbia, the Almeida and Moldenhauer
archives at the Library of Congress

8
The Childhood Years

The household of Amedeo and Noemi Castelnuovo-Tedesco (Mario’s

parents) was part of the wealthy Florentine merchant class. In an

environment of opulence and nurtured by his mother, Mario thrived. He

first studied the piano at home with his mother, later enrolling at the

Cherubini Conservatory, where he was awarded a diploma in piano

performance at the age of fifteen. Having completed that program, he

continued his studies at the conservatory and turned his attention toward

composition under the guidance of Ildebrando Pizzetti. In later years, the

composer pointed to the influence of Pizzetti as being foremost in the

development of his own musical voice. 5

Castelnuovo-Tedesco published his first piece in 1909; it is scored

for piano and entitled Cielo di Settembre, and the influence of Debussy

(through Pizzetti) is notable. The work blends atmospheric and functional

harmony into a familiar fabric that some critics described as “post-

impressionism”. In 1914, the composer caught the attention of Alfredo

Casella, composer and touring concert pianist, who began programming

Castelnuovo-Tedesco’s works and remained a loyal and devoted

interpreter throughout his career.

5 Letters from Castelnuovo-Tedesco to Eugene Escovado(held at the University of

California at Berkely), Nick Rossi (University of South Carolina) and Hans Moldenhauer
(Library of Congress).

9
The Interwar years

By the onset of the First World War, Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco was

quickly becoming recognized as one of Italy’s most important new musical

voices. He won numerous competitions and forged relationships with the

world’s most influential musicians in the era between the wars. He also

established relationships with some of the most important publishing

houses in Europe. Castelnuovo-Tedesco married Clara Porti in 1924, and

their marriage was, by all accounts, loving and respectful. Their two sons

both went on to successful professional careers in the United States.

1926 marked Castelnuovo-Tedesco’s first major success for the stage

with the premiere of La Mandragola (the Mandrake), an operatic setting of

a text by Machiavelli that he composed in 1923. During the 1930’s, along

with Casella, the composer enlisted Jascha Heifitz, Arturo Toscanini,

Gregor Piatigorski and Andrès Segovia, among others, as a list of notables

interpreting his music. Bacco in Toscana (Bacchus in Tuscany), his most

widely performed operatic work, premiered at La Scala in 1931 to wide

acclaim. The productive era of the 1930’s ended with the composition of

the Concerto #1 for Guitar and Orchestra, arguably the composer’s most

widely known work. Segovia had first approached Castelnuovo-Tedesco in

10
1935 with the idea of writing a concerto for the guitar. The work was

premiered in 1939 in Montevideo, but was not heard live by the composer

until 1942, prompting him to reflect, “it had a strange effect on me, this

‘creature’ of mine out in the world without my benediction”. 6

The United States

Of Judeo-Spanish ancestry, Castelnuovo-Tedesco was forced to flee

Italy in 1939 when the Fascists began persecution of the Jews. He moved

his family to the United States, staying for a time in Larchmont, New York,

before settling permanently in Beverly Hills, California. There, in 1946, he

became a naturalized citizen. Intellectually curious and a student of

history, he noted the parallels between his plight and those of his

ancestors who had fled Spain in the 15th century during the inquisition. 7

Professionally and personally, life in the United States presented

new challenges. Like other émigré composers, he at first struggled to find

the number and type of commissions he had become accustomed to in

Europe. The musical scene in California proved to be paradoxical in that

it attracted great musicians and yet could not sustain them collectively in

the composition of art music. He turned to teaching and the film industry

6 Un Vita di Musica
7 Letter from Castelnuovo-Tedesco to Nick Rossi dated

11
as a means of augmenting his income, excelling at both. A devoted

teacher, the list of people who studied with him is impressive in its size

and quality.8 Many of the Opus 170 dedicatees were his students. The

works examined in this treatise all date from the American period and

collectively offer a professional and personal view of the composer.

While perhaps best remembered at present for his solo guitar music,

Castelnuovo-Tedesco composed works in many genres. Included among

them are operas, oratorios, orchestral music, music for films, ballet scores,

choral music, chamber music, cantatas and concertos, as well as music for

solo piano, various bowed string instruments and harp, most of which

were catalogued in his lifetime. 9 Castelnuovo-Tedesco also wrote a two-

volume autobiography covering his life up to 1961, "Una vita di musica,"

8 A currently unpublished list of students who worked with Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco is

being compiled by James Westby at the time this writing
9 Catalogue of Works by Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco (Brooklyn, N.Y., 1977)

12
 Opus 170 Overview

The Opus 170 Greeting Cards date from Castelnuovo-Tedesco’s

American period. They are intended to be “musician’s music” and as such

have the added dimension of inside knowledge shared between the

player/recipient and the composer. Elements and/or restrictions of the

compositional method are unheard by the casual listener, but will provide

profound insight into the study and interpretation of the work for the

performer. 10 The analyses of these works will focus on Castelnuovo-

Tedesco’s ability to transform seemingly disjointed thematic material into

lyrical and memorable melodies as well as his use of classical formal

structures as vehicles for the composing process. He held a view, publicly

at least, that these works were of little significance, and yet he persisted in

writing and publishing them. In several instances he expressed mild

annoyance at the attention that these works received, hoping perhaps (not

saying in any case) that this level of interest could be reserved for his

larger works. He stated on several occasions that it was his intention to

capture some of the essence of each recipient’s personality in these works.

10 Incidences similar to this type of composition have been crafted by composers

throughout the history of western art music. J. S. Bach’s Art of Fugue and Alban Berg’s
Lyric Suite are two of the most notable examples.

13
The forward notes to Opus 170, #6, written by the recipient Sigfried

Behrend, illustrate this point.

“The Rondel”forms the sixth part of a Suite called Greeting Cards

written for a group of his “favorite interpreters” (for different
instruments of course). Other pieces in the Suite are: Serenatella
for Violin and Piano, dedicated to Heifitz; Valse” for Cello and
Piano, dedicated to Piatigorsky; Tonadilla for Guitar, dedicated to
Segovia; Mirages for Piano, dedicated to Geiseking.

The different pieces of this Suite are connected with the names of
the artists to whom they are dedicated, following a special
“alphabetical system”, based on the ascending and descending
chromatic scale.

The composer used all the “little tricks” of the twelve-tone system
(inversions, retrogressions etc.) and tried to give a “psychological
portrait” of the different artists.”11

The alphabetical system devised by Castelnuovo-Tedesco for these

works has an elegant and simple design. The idea is that a 2-octave

chromatic scale has the same number of musical tones as the alphabet has

letters. He assigned each letter a tone, typically beginning with the letter

A and the tone A2 (a minor tenth below middle C) in the ascending

version, moving up both the scale and the alphabet in the same manner.

The descending version attaches the letter A to the tone A4 (a major sixth

above middle C) and moves downward. 12 Castelnuovo-Tedesco used

11 Forward notes to Opus 170, #6, by Sigfried Behrend, Bote & Bock, Berlin, 1957.
12 Note that the guitar is notated in treble clef and transposes one octave below the
notated pitch.

14
English, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish versions of the alphabet to set

these works. The Italian version, which has 25 letter-tone assignments

(the letter J is omitted), is the one Castelnuovo-Tedesco used most often.

Figure 1.1 Italian Alphabet Ascending Chromatic Scale

Figure 1.2 Italian Alphabet Descending Chromatic Scale

The Spanish language version includes musical tone assignments for

the letters, CH, LL and Ñ, while omitting the letter W, thus extending the

collection of scale tones to 28.

Figure 1.3 Spanish Alphabet Ascending Chromatic Scale

15
Figure 1.4 Spanish Alphabet Descending Chromatic Scale

The English version has a collection of 26 scale tones. Castelnuovo-

Tedesco used this sort of scale in three of the Greeting Cards written for

the guitar; the #6 Rondel written for Sigfried Behrend, the #10 Tanka

written for Isao Takahashi, and the #46 Japanese Print written for

Akinobu (Jiro) Matsuda.

Figure 1.5 English Alphabet Ascending Chromatic Scale

Figure 1.6 English Alphabet Descending Chromatic Scale

16
 The Italian version fits the 2-octave chromatic scale most tidily

among the group, by virtue of the fact that their 25 letters create a design

whereby both of the letters A and Z (first and last) have a pitch-class of A.

The nature of inversions, as they relate to the chromatic scale, is such that

the first, seventh, thirteenth, nineteenth and twenty-fifth notes of the

scale/alphabet retain their pitch classes in inversion. Castelnuovo-

Tedesco did not adopt a dogmatic approach in tying a dedicatee to the

appropriate language. 13

Castelnuovo-Tedesco uses recognizable forms with unique

modifications in most of the works. He favors regular and balanced

phrases, to a nearly exclusive degree, that generally lead to period

structures within the larger forms. He places greater emphasis on melody

and lyricism than on thematic or harmonic development. Although the

attributes just described are conventional from a 20th century

perspective, the forms of many of the works are not easily discernible

because of the serial and aleatoric nature of the themes.

13 The #6 Rondel written for German Sigfried Behrend uses the English alphabet
version. The #34 Ballatella written for the American Christopher Parkening, the #38
Homage a Purcell written for American Ronald Purcell , the #40 Cancion Venezuelana
written for Venezuelan Alirio Diaz, the #42 Estudio written for Manuel Lopez Ramos
and the #44 Brasileira written for Brazilian Laurindo Almeida all use the Italian
alphabet version of the system.

17
Table 1.1 Complete List of Works Contained in Opus 170

W or k Tit l e Ins tr . Pu bli sh er/ D at e

Op. 170 Tango for Piano on Piano Hastings-on-
#1 the Name of André Hudson, NY:
1953 Previn General Music
Publishing
Company (1972),
now EMI
Op. 170 Serenatella on the Violin Hastings-on-
#2 Name of Jascha and Hudson, NY:
1954 Heifetz piano General Music
Publishing
Company (1972)
Op. 170 Valse for Violon- Hastings-on-
#3 Violoncello and cello Hudson, NY:
1954 Piano on the Name and General Music
of Gregor piano Publishing
Piatigorsky Company (1972)
Op. 170 Mirages for Piano Piano Hastings-on-
#4 on the Name of Hudson, NY:
1954 Gieseking General Music
Publishing
Company (1972)
Op. 170 Tonadilla sur le Guitar Mainz: B Schotts
#5 nom de Andrès Söhne (1956)
1954 Segovia: pour
guitare seule
Op. 170 Rondel über den Guitar Berlin: Ed Bote &
#6 Namen Siegfried Bock (1957)
1954 Behrend = Rondel
on the Name of
Siegfried Behrend
Op. 170 Preludio in forma di Guitar Firenze: A Forlivesi
#7 habanera sul nome (1959)
1954 di Bruno Tonazzi
Op. 170 Humoresque on the Violin Hastings-on-
#8 name of Tossy and Hudson, NY:
1954 Spivakovsky for piano General Music Pub
violin and piano Co, (1975)
Op. 170 Fandango for Piano Piano Hastings-on-

18
#9 on the Name of Hudson, NY:
1954 Amparo Iturbi General Music
Publishing
Company (1972)

Op. 170 Lullaby on the Piano Unpublished

#9a name of Claudia
1954

Op. 170 Tanka (Japanese Guitar Sakamoto, Miyagi-

#10 Song) on the name ken, Japan: Editioni
1955 of Isao Takahashi: Armonia Ancona:
Edizioni
Musicali "Farfisa"
(1965)
Op. 170 Etude on the name Piano Unpublished
#11 of Jacob Gimpel
1955

Op. 170 "Für Erna" Piano Unpublished

#12 [Albersheim](Instea
1956 d of "für Elise")
Albumblatt für
Klavier von Mario
(Instead of "Ludwig
van ")
Op. 170 A Canon for Robin Piano Unpublished
#13 [Escovado]
1956
Op. 170 Ninna Nanna, a Guitar Florence: Forlivesi
#14 Lullaby for Eugene
1957
Op. 170 Canto delle Azzorre Guitar Firenze: Forlivesi
#15 sul nome di Enos = (1959)
1958 Song of the Azores
on the name Enos
Op. 170 A Fandango for Piano Unpublished
#16 Escovado
1958
Op. 170 Ricercare sul nome Piano Firenze: A Forlivesi
#17 di Luigi Dallapiccola (1959)

19
1958
Op. 170 Chorale-prelude on Organ Ancona: Edizione
#18a the name of Albert musicali Bèrben
1959 Schweitzer (1974)
Premiere: 6
August 1967, New
York, Cathedral of
St John the Divine,
Frederick Tulan,
organ
Op. 170 Fugue on the name Organ Boston: McLaughlin
#18b of Albert Schweitzer & Reilly Co (1968)
1959
Op. 170 Duo- Two Firenze: A Forlivesi
#19 Pianism:impromptu pianos (1959)
1959 for two pianos on
the names of Hans
and Rosaleen
Moldenhauer

Premiere: May
1959, Spokane,
Washington, Hans
and Rosaleen
Moldenhauer
Op. 170 Little March on the Piano Unpublished
#20 name of Scott
1960 Harrison
Op. 170 Suite 508 for viola Viola Unpublished
#21 and piano and
1960 Entrata on the piano
name of Walter
Hodgson
Pavane on the name
of H Owen Reed
Tambourin on the
name of Marie Iliff
Aria on the name of
Jean Greenwell
Toccata on the
name of Ernst

20
 Victor Wolff
Gavotta Variata on
the name of Hans
Lampl
Gigue on the name
of Sherman Krane

Op. 170 Slow, with Piano Hastings-on

#22 variations on the Hudson, NY:
1960 name of Nicolas General Music
Slonimsky Publishing
Company (1975)
Op. 170 Intermezzo on the Violin Unpublished
#23 name of Harvey and
1960 Siegal piano
Op. 170 Valse bluette for Violin Hastings-on-
#24 violin and piano on and Hudson, NY:
1960 the name of Eric piano General Music
Friedman Publishing
Company (1972)
Op. 170 Hungarian Serenade Violin Unpublished
#25 on the name of and
1960 Miklos Rozsa piano

Op. 170 Leggenda per Piano Unpublished

#26 pianoforte sul nome
1960 di Gisella Selden-
Goth
Op. 170 Angelus sul nome di Piano Unpublished
#27 Nino Rota-Rinaldi
1960
Op. 170 Ein Quartett-Satz String Unpublished
#28 for String Quartet quartet
1960 on the Name of
Walter Arlen
Op. 170 Arabesque on the Harp Unpublished
#29 name of Roger
1961
Op. 170 Melodia sul nome di Piano Unpublished
#30 Claudio Sartori
1961

21
Op. 170 Prelude and Fugue Piano Unpublished
#31 on the name of
1962 Gerhard Albersheim

Op. 170 Prelude, Aria and Piano Unpublished

#32 Fugue on the name
1962 of Hugh Mullins

Op. 170 Canzone Siciliana Guitar Ancona: Edizioni

#33 sul nome di Mario Musicali Bèrben
1962 Gangi (1967)

Op. 170 Ballatella on the Guitar Ancona: Edizioni

#34 name of Musicali "Farfisa"
1963 Christopher (1965)
Parkening

Op. 170 Canzonetta on the Piano Unpublished

#35 name of Nick Rossi
1964

Op. 170 Sarabande on the Guitar Ancona: Edizioni

#36 name of Rey de la Musicali "Farfisa"
1964 Torre (1965)

Op. 170 Romanza sul nome Guitar Ancona: Edizioni

#37 di Oscar Ghiglia Musicali "Farfisa"
1964 (1965)
Op. 170 Fantasia sul nome Guitar Ancona: Edizioni
#38 di Ronald (1932) e Musicale Bèrben
1966 Henry (1659-1695) (1966)
Purcell
Op. 170 Canción Cubana on Guitar Ancona: Edizioni
#39 the name of Hector Musicali Bèrben
1965 Garcia (1966)
Op. 170 Canción Guitar Ancona: Edizioni

22
#40 Venezuelana sul Musicali Bèrben
1966 nome di Alirio Diaz (1966)
Op. 170 Canción Argentina Guitar Ancona: Edizioni
#41 sul nome di Ernesto Musicali Bèrben
1966 Bitetti (1966)
Op. 170 Estudio sul nome di Guitar Ancona: Edizioni
#42 Manuel López Musicale Bèrben
1966 Ramos (1966)
Op. 170 Aria da chiesa sul Guitar Ancona: Edizioni
#43 nome di Ruggero Musicali Bèrben
1967 Chiesa (1967)
Op. 170 Brasileira sul nome Guitar Ancona: Edizioni
#44 di Laurindo Musicali Bèrben
1967 Almeida (1967)
Op. 170 Second arabesque Harp Hastings-on-
#45 for harp on the Hudson, NY:
1967 name of Pearl General Music
Chertok Publishing
Company (1972)
Op. 170 Japanese Print on Guitar Ancona: Edizioni
#46 the Name Jiro Musicale Bèrben
1967 Matsuda (1967)
Op. 170 Volo d'Angeli sul Guitar Ancona: Edizioni
#47 nome di Angelo Musicali Bèrben
1967 Gilardino (1967)
Op. 170 Canzone Calabrese Guitar Ancona: Edizioni
#48 sul nome di Ernest Musicali Bèrben
1967 Calabria (1967)
Op. 170 Prelude on the Organ Boston: McLaughlin
#49 name of Frederick & Reilly (1968)
1967 Tulan Premiere: 6
August 1967, New
York, Cathedral of
St John the Divine,
Frederick Tulan,
organ
Op. 170 Tarantella campana Guitar Ancona: Edizioni
#50 sul nome di Eugene Musicali Bèrben
1967 di Novi (1967)

23
 Op. 170 The Persian Prince Viola Unpublished
#51 on the name of and
1967 David Blumberg Harp

Correspondence

A letter to musicologist and friend Hans Moldenhauer, dated

November 28, 1958, reveals the depth of the composer’s admiration for

maestro Pizzetti as well the origins of the opus 170 works.

I have to tell you first a funny story which goes back to

1917…In that year I was still a student in the Conservatory of
Florence, in the class of my beloved teacher Ildebrando Pizzetti, and
I was supposed to take, at the end of the term, the Fugue
examination. But I did not feel too sure of myself . . . so I told
Pizzetti that I didn’t feel ‘well prepared’, and asked him if I could
stay one more year in school. Pizzetti ‘exploded’ (I believe it was the
only time he was angry with me in 45 years of friendship). “What?’
he shouted ‘if you are not prepared, who else is prepared in my
class?’ But I insisted, and he added grumbling ‘If you want to waste
your time, stay one more year in school”

Do you know what I did during that year? I wrote a Fugue

every day! And, of course, at the end of the year I passed the
examination ‘with full colors’ . . . But I was also so ‘fed up’ with
Fugues that, for many years, I didn’t write any Fugue and I didn’t
use that form in my compositions. 14 It was actually only in 1930,
when Pizzetti was having his 50th birthday, and some of his former
students suggested that we should write an album of Piano-pieces in
his honor – so . . . I decided to write a Fantasia e Fuga sul nome di
Ildebrando Pizzetti’ to remind him of our only quarrel! But . . . Bach
had an easy time with his name, being the letters so close! But, how

14 See Letter from Tedesco to Gene Di Novi, June 24, 1964, Part II, Chapter 20

24
could I reach the Z of Pizzetti?! This was the primary reason why I
put the letters of the alphabet on a chromatic scale for the extension
of two octaves. (And I used all sort of contrapuntal devices . . . in
the Fugue ‘Pizzetti’ is the counter-subject to the theme Ildebrando!)
The piece which came out is probably one my best, and was printed
by Ricordi. Unfortunately, it is out of print now, and I have just a
single copy of it (which I cannot send you).

However I didn’t write any other ‘alphabetical piece’ until the

end of 1952. At that time an old friend of mine, the Italian
composer Alfredo Sangiorgi (by the way, a twelve-tone composer)
who had married very late and just got a son, asked me if I would
write a short piece on the name of his child. It was soon after the
war, the drums were still rumbling and misery in Italy was still
great, so I thought with a certain melancholy of this child born in an
unfortunate time. And I wrote a Ninna-Nanna del Dopoguerra (Post-
war lullaby) sul nome di Gugliemo Sangiorgi’ (the piece is published
by Forlivesi in Florence, and, by the way, is one of Dallapicccola’s
favorites).

While I was writing this piece it was Christmas time, and the
greeting-cards were pouring in. I received one from Edward Power-
Biggs, the organist, and I had a ‘crazy idea’. I thought ‘lets see what
would come out of this long name!’ So I wrote him back on a
greeting card, a few measures with a Fanfare for Organ on the name
of Edward Power-Biggs’.

I can’t tell you my surprise when, a few weeks later, I received

from CBS a letter asking my permission to have my Fanfare played
in one of their broadcasts! (at first , I didn’t even remember having
written such a piece!). But I took my revenge. I wrote back that I
would write a complete Toccata for Organ (Prelude, Aria and Fugue)
of which the Fanfare would be just the introduction. And so came
out another rather ‘monumental’ piece which is not yet published
(although it should be published in the near future by Mercury
Music Corporation).

But this wasn’t yet the series of the Greeting Cards. The ‘orgy’
started soon after, (everybody wanted to have one).

25
 A letter to Moldenhauer, dated March 12, 1959, details information

surrounding the composition of Greeting Cards #18a #18b.

I believe by this time you must have received a package of ‘scraps’.

And another package is on the way with my latest composition:
another ‘alphabetical piece’! –a CHORAL-PRELUDE and FUGUE for
Organ on the name of Albert Schweitzer! The piece came this way:
Dr. Isao Takahashi (The Japanese doctor and guitarist, for whom I
wrote TANKA) is now in Lambarène (French Equatorial Africa)
working with Dr. Schweitzer; and he wrote me from there asking if I
would write another ‘Greeting Card’ as an homage to the ‘grand old
man’… I wrote down the sequence, but it was so awkward that I
answered him ‘impossible’! 15 After that I started to think – ‘Why
should it be impossible to me?’ (you see how conceited I am,
sometimes!) – So … I sat down, and wrote the CHORAL-PRELUDE
which came out quite decently; and after that, … I couldn’t resist
the temptation of writing a FUGUE! It would have been ‘impossible’
(or at least ‘unplayable’) with the original sequence, but,
transposing some notes one octave (and avoiding this way some
excessive leaps) came out quite a good theme. And, for the FUGUE,
you will see that my extra-year of Fugue-studying has not been in
vain!

You know: sometimes I feel like the mythological King Midas:

whatever he touched becomes gold … whatever I touch … becomes
music! A strange destiny … But … I think I am luckier and happier
than he was.

By the way: with the Schweitzer piece I will also send you the
‘original’ of the PRELUDE, where I made a curious ‘mistake’ (I make
mistakes too, you know?) I had spelled Schweizer without the t!!
Herman Stein (a former student of mine, who is my supervisor!!)
drew my attention to the fact, and I made my corrections in pencil.

And … this is not the last! I had still another week before
leaving, and … last night I completed another piece, which I sent

15 See letters to Eugene Di Novi (Part II , Chapter 20) dated January 23, 1959 and
February 20, 1959.

26
 today to the blueprinter. I hope to send it to you early next week,
and … I let you guess what it is!

The work to which Castelnuovo-Tedesco alluded in the last part

letter was in fact Greeting Card #19, Duo-Pianism, written on the names of

Hans and Rosaleen Moldenhauer. The work was premiered on the May 2,

1959, in Spokane, Washington, for the American Musicological Society’s

Northwestern Chapter. 16

Correspondence from the composer to his close friend Eugene

Robin Escovado, the recipient of Greeting Cards 13, 14 and 16, makes

reference to many of the works contained in Opus 170 and reveals his

different emotional responses to writing these works over time. Excerpts

from the correspondence follow.

January 2, 1959

As for my Greeting Cards, you know that I don’t give the

slightest importance to them…they are just exercises (clever
exercises if you want); and they are, yes, based on a row, but a tone
row isn’t a melody. Yet, while it might be a theme (a contrastive
element)…as you know a melody must be beautiful.

January 16, 1959

I decided not to give an opus number to the Dallapiccola

piece which became just No.17 of the Opus 170 Greeting Cards.

16 Program Notes for the Northwestern Chapter of the Americ an Musicological Society
Meeting, May 2-3 1959.

27
 January 23, 1959

I don’t think I will start any work now, although I have been
asked to start another Greeting Card for Dr. Albert Sch[w]eitzer who
is now 86 years old but he has a name with odd intervals [so] that it
is almost impossible to treat it musically (at least in the Bach-organ
style which would be united with Sch[w]eitzer)17 … Instead I will go
practice the piano

February 20, 1959

Dr. Isao Takahashi who is now in French Equatorial Africa

working in the hospital of Dr. Albert Schweitzer had written asking
me asking me to write another Greeting Card on the name of Albert
Schweitzer but it was such an awkward experience that I wrote him
that it was impossible! However after I had answered I kept thinking
“why should it be impossible to me” so I tried first a Choral Prelude
(for organ of course) which I wrote in one day, and which came off
quite well and now I am laboring on the infrequent Fugue. I am
giving you the sequence on the German alphabet. 18

May 5, 1959

Although I am the inventor of the Greeting Cards, I only

conceived of them as interludes to major works…

March 19, 1960

17 See letter to Hans Moldenhauer (Part I, Chapter 3)dated March 12, 1959. See also
letters to Eugene Di Novi (Part II , Chapter 20) dated January 23, 1959 and February 20,
1959.
18 See letter to Hans Moldenhauer (Part I, Chapter 3)dated March 12, 1959. See also
letters to Eugene Di Novi (Part II , Chapter 20) dated January 23, 1959 and February 20,
1959.

28
 As for my work, it doesn’t amount much to “quality” and
importance, although it is rather considerable as “quantity”. It is
actually a series of “alphabetical pieces” which I am going to mail to
you soon.

Two letters from Tossy Spivakovsky relating to the receipt and later

response of Greeting Card No. 8 illustrate the violin virtuoso’s delight in

the work.

(Undated notecard)

Dear Mario,

It made me so happy to receive your delightful piece of musical fun!

Now I know that you must feel well and strong again after your long
seige,- I am so glad to see that you are in such light spirits that you
can even base a Humoreske on the cumbersome and rather non-
musical name with which I am stuck! –

Erika joins in sending you and Clara our love.

Yours,

Tossy

Letter No. 3, dated Jan. 21, 1956 deals also with the Greeting Card

No.8, Humoresque and is as follows:

Dear Mario,

Just a few lines to tell you how much I enjoyed your

Humoreske, an ingenious, delightful little masterpiece. What you
have done with my unmusical name is miraculous, and I am ever
indebted to you for this work. I am playing it in many cities of this

29
 country and also in Canada. Near Los Angeles I shall perform it in
Claremont on Feb. 14.

I hope this finds you and Clara in the best of health. I shall
take the liberty of calling you when I come to L.A. next month.

Looking forward to seeing you. As ever, Cordially- Tossy

Recipient of Greeting Card #47, Angelo Gilardino remarked on the

composer’s goals in writing these works with the following “he told me

that he did not aim to anything else than making a person happy for one

day”. 19

19 Personal correspondence between the Angelo Gilardino and the author. April, 2000.

30
 PART II

WOR KS F OR GUITAR ; A NALYS IS A ND BAC KGR OUND

31
 Opus 170, No .5, Tonadilla s ur le nam e de Andrè s
Segovia

Background

Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco was aware of the work and artistry of

Andrès Segovia prior to the 1932 Venice International Festival. He had

heard the Spanish guitar virtuoso in concert on several occasions and

briefly met him at the home of a mutual friend in Florence. 20 The festival

however, provided the opportunity for the composer and guitarist to

explore the idea of collaborating on musical projects and sent

Castelnuovo-Tedesco on a path that would ultimately lead to nearly 100

works for the guitar. Segovia both regularly performed and recorded the

Tonadilla, making it the cycle’s most widely known work.

20 Un vita di musica
Shortly after their time in Venice, Segovia sent Castelnuovo-Tedesco notes outlining the
guitar’s basic techniques and tunings. Segovia also sent the composer Fernando Sor’s
Variations on a Theme of Mozart and Manuel Ponce’s Variations on the Folias of Spain.
The Boccherini Ommagio (1934)and Cappricio Diaboloico (an homage to Paganinni)
(1935) were the first major works programmed by Segovia. Segovia began urging the
composer to write for guitar and orchestra as early as 1936. The project, however, so
perplexed Castelnuovo-Tedesco (primarily in the issue of balance) that he did not
write a work for that combination until 1939 although the inspiration for beginning the
work came in late 1938. Segovia demonstrated his personal public support for the
composer by vacationing with him in Tuscany. At a time when some friends were
distancing themselves because of the political climate, Segovia provided counsel for
the composer, assuring him that better days would lie ahead in the United States.
Castelnuovo-Tedesco wrote the Concerto in Re in early 1939. The theme for the second
movement was described , by the composer; as a Farewell to Tuscany. Later that year,
Segovia moved to Montevideo, Paraguay and Castelnuovo-Tedesco to the United States,
both in anticipation of WWII. The Concerto in Re was premiered in Montevideo in
1939, Castelnuovo-Tedesco was not present.

32
Biography

Andrès Segovia is acknowledged as the founding father of the

modern classical guitar movement. His performing on concert stages world

wide, arranging and commissioning new works for the guitar, and teaching

helped change attitudes about the guitar.

Born on February 21, 1893, in Linares, Jaen, in the region of

Spain known as Andalusia, Segovia was, at age ten, sent to live with an

aunt and uncle because of the large size of his family. It was there, in

Granada, that he was introduced to music. His uncle started him with

piano and violin lessons at the Granada Musical Institute, but after hearing

the guitar at a friend’s home, he became wholly dedicated to that

instrument.

Despite its rich heritage, in Spain the guitar was used primarily in

an accompanying role for popular music at the onset of the 20th century.

In an age when the guitar was not taught in musical institutes, Segovia

applied his knowledge of music theory and history to the instrument and

became a self-taught virtuoso. In 1909, at age sixteen, Segovia made his

public debut at the Centro Artistica in Granada, followed soon after by

performances in Madrid and Barcelona. His recitals were so well received

that he began to perform throughout Spain, and in 1916 made a

successful tour of Latin America.

33
 Since the repertoire as he knew it was limited, Segovia looked to the

works of great composers for pieces suitable for transcription and

arranged commissions from contemporary composers. During his lifetime,

he produced dozens of transcriptions and editions of a wide variety of

works. His 1924 debut in Paris offered him an opportunity to introduce

composers such as Manuel de Falla and Manuel Ponce to the guitar, both

who soon after created new works for the instrument.

As knowledge of the technical aspects of guitar playing was not

widespread, Segovia directly assisted the composers with whom he worked

and gradually increased the body of literature for the instrument.

Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, his popularity rose with the guitar’s

repertoire, and he traveled throughout the world, captivating audiences

and uniformly garnering praise from critics. His popularity was such that

the enviable problem of how to make the instrument heard in large

concert halls now arose. He demanded and got complete silence from sell-

out crowds of often more than a thousand, stating that the “real music

lover wants to hear the small instrument speaking straight to the heart of

the people”. 21

When civil war erupted in Spain in 1936, Segovia was forced to

leave the country, resettling first in Montevideo, Uruguay, and later in

21 Guitar Player magazine, November 1983

34
New York City. He toured throughout the Americas during these war years

and returned to Spain in 1950.

Segovia’s extraordinary recording career began in 1925, and

spanned more than 60 years. The astounding discography includes works

by Bach, Scarlatti, Granados, Albeniz, Ponce, Moreno-Torroba,

Castelnuovo-Tedesco and Villa-Lobos, to name only a few, and is contained

in more than forty long-play albums.

In order to ensure that the guitar could continue to thrive, Segovia

sought to provide a unifying medium for those interested in the guitar. He

did this by contributing to the international musicological journal, Guitar

Review, in which he published many technical articles and in which his

autobiography first appeared in serial form. He strove to exert influence

on the authorities at conservatories, academies, and universities to include

the guitar in their instruction programs on the same basis as the violin,

piano, cello, and other instruments. By the late 1980’s, more than 1,600

schools of music in the United States offered guitar in their curricula.

Throughout his life, Segovia worked regularly at various

universities, taught many master classes, and gave numerous private

lessons. Although he did not systematize a guitar method, he became the

principal influence on several generations of guitarists. Among his most

notable students are John Williams, Christopher Parkening, Oscar Ghiglia

35
and Julian Bream. Most of the guitar works contained in opus 170 have

some connection to Segovia. A man of regular habits, Segovia practiced 5

hours daily in 75-minute increments, emphasizing with students the need

to practice scales to maintain sound technique. Segovia claimed to have

never consciously sought popularity, and on occasion, publicly spoke

against artists doing so, but he nevertheless became a performer whose

name was guaranteed to fill the largest concert halls anywhere in the

world. Among his honors are the Grand Cross of Isabella and Alfonso, an

honorary doctorate from Oxford, and a Grammy Award. His contributions

to the instrument stand as one of the most profound achievements in the

history of 20 century music.

A NAL YSIS

The Tonadilla is the fifth work in the Opus 170 cycle. Melodically

more accessible than all but a few of its counterparts, it is still not

indicative of the style of the composer’s larger body of guitar works,

remaining closer to the style of the other Greeting Cards. Castelnuovo-

Tedesco pays a special tribute, beyond the musical setting of the name

Andrès Segovia, to their friendship and collaboration by quoting the

36
principal theme of the second movement of the Concerto in D, the work

that bound them together most profoundly.

Castelnuovo-Tedesco also took special pains to achieve this level of

accessibility and thus ensure that his friend would enjoy and want to play

this piece, validating the notion that the composer understood that

Segovia had tastes that required his musical language to stay within

certain bounds. In constructing the themes for the work, Castelnuovo-

Tedesco altered his typical alphabetical scale by including the letters CH,

LL, and Ñ, while omitting the letter W. He came to use this method after

first struggling and being displeased with initial attempts that used themes

created by the English alphabet system. 22

A modified ternary form (A B A2) provides the underlying structural

element for the work, eighty-eight measures long and marked Andantino

(Quiet and dreamy). Regular phrase structures are interrupted by

connective transitional material that are of irregular length and that break

the rhythmic and metric flow of the subsections with tempo changes and

ritardandos. The A and B sections contrast one another in intensity while

retaining the basic commonalities of texture, rhythm and meter. The A

section has phrase groups that feature some repetition whereas the B

22 from Castelnuovo-Tedesco’s autobiography,Un Vita di Musica.

37
section does not. Castelnuovo-Tedesco exhibits one his most characteristic

traits of style in his use of harmony that is, at once, both ambiguous and

yet functional. The work has traditional related tonal centers, but rarely

arrives at these centers by conventional means. The progressions move

discreetly, often chromatic and unanticipated they reveal a composer

whose skill at voice-leading is formidable.

Table 2.1 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #5, Tonadilla

Section Measures Themes / Tonal Areas

A Ascending Andrès
1-14
Introduction D major

A Ascending Segovia
15-24
Subsection II D major

A Ascending Andrès
25-31
Subsection III D major

B Descending Andrès
32-39
Subsection I F# minor, B dominant

B Quotation Theme
40-43
Subsection II C major

B Descending Segovia
44-53
Subsection III A minor

A2 Ascending Andrès
54-66
Subsection I A major

A2 Ascending Segovia
67-76
Subsection II A major
A2 Ascending Andrès
77-82
Subsection III D major

38
 Ascending Segovia
Closing 83-86
D major

The A section, 31 measures in length and comprised of 3

subsections, begins with a 14-bar phrase group, marked quasi un

introduzione, that features phrases of 4, 4 and 6 measures. The first 2

phrases create an antecedent and consequent pair. Each departs from the

ascending Andrès theme before respectively cadencing in D major and F#

minor. The ascending Andrès theme, set in 6 quarter-note values, is

harmonized by Castelnuovo-Tedesco in a manner that indirectly leads to D

major. The consequent phrase is followed by a 6-bar closing phrase,

marked Piu mosso, quasi cadenza that introduces the perpetual triplet

rhythm of the next section.

Figure 2.1.1 Ascending Andrès Theme

The heading Tonadilla appears at measure 15 and is marked both

Quiet, but very fluent and pp, l’accompaquemento. Material for this

section is based on the ascending Segovia theme and follows traditional

39
harmonic function. Presented in antecedent and consequent 4-bar

phrases, both set the theme as the first note of triplet groups that spread

over 7 beats. The tones of the theme are set out dynamically against the

backdrop of quiet flowing triplets.

Figure 2.1.2 Ascending Segovia Theme

The 2-bar phrase that bridges this subsection to the subsequent one

is the first use of the musical quotation of thematic material from the

second movement of the Concerto in Re. The quotation, marked

espressivo a piacere (cantando), occurs in the work 3 times.

Figure 2.1.3 Concerto in Re Theme

40
 The ascending Andrès theme is the departure point for the A

section’s last subsection. 7 measures in length, the subsection has

divisions of 2, 2 and 3 bars. The ascending Andrès theme is presented

over 2 bars and repeated. The now familiar progression from A minor to D

major moves to an open cadence in F# major at measure 29, in

anticipation of the tonalities that follow in the B section.

The B section, also comprising 3 subsections, begins with a phrase

group based upon the descending Andrès theme. Here, the harmonic

language reaches its greatest level of turbulence and instability, leading to

a resolving statement of the quotation theme in measure 40.

Figure 2.1.4 Descending Andrès Theme

The B section closes with its third subsection, using the descending

Segovia theme as a point of departure for this phrase group that is set in

an A minor tonality.

41
Figure 2.1.5 Descending Segovia Theme

The A2 section begins at measure 54 and rounds out the ternary

structure. Though of similar length and design, it differs appreciably from

its predecessor. Marked Un poco appassionato, the first subsection of the

A2 section contains the same thematic material and phrase design as the

quasi introduzione section. As in the A section, the first 2 phrases create

an antecedent and consequent pair. Again as in the A section, each

departs from the ascending Andrès theme, but respectively cadence in A

major and C# minor rather than D major and F# minor. The subsection

again closes with an ascending triplet quasi cadenza phrase.

The second subsection again has material that is based on the

ascending Segovia theme and is harmonized in a similar fashion.

Castelnuovo-Tedesco accompanies the theme with a murmuring tremolo

rather than triplets of the prior incarnation. Mirroring its predecessor, the

ascending Andrès theme is the departure point for the A2 section’s third

42
subsection. The accompaniment retains the tremolo texture and cadences

in A major.

The work closes with a 4-bar section featuring delicate restatements

of the ascending Segovia theme that cadence conclusively in D major.

43
 Opus 170, No .6, Rond el on the name of Sigfried

Behrend

Background

Siegfried Behrend was arguably the most influential German

guitarist of the 20th century. Active as a composer, performer, pedagogue

and scholar, Behrend cultivated a collaborative relationship with

Castelnuovo-Tedesco that began in the early 1950s and lasted until the

composer’s death. In this era, Behrend and Castelnuovo-Tedesco carried

on an extensive correspondence that now resides in a collection held by

the Library of Congress. Behrend exhibited a wide variety of musical

tastes in his own compositions and in his dedication to performing new

works. He worked closely with Castelnuovo-Tedesco on large-scale

projects like the Vogelweide, opus 186, and on the volumes of Platero y

Yo.23

23 The letters from Castelnuovo-Tedesco to Sigfried Behrend are currently housed in a

collection held by Kunst Akademie in Berlin and, at the time of this writing, remain
inaccessible as the collection has not yet been processed.

44
Analysis

Behrend received Greeting Card No. 6 entitled Rondel in 1954 and

the work was published by Bote and Bock in 1957. Having been written

shortly after the Tonadilla, it is stylistically very different from that work

and reflects the less conservative musical tastes of the recipient. Further,

the length, complexity and technical difficulty of this piece show that the

composer had a great deal of respect for Behrend’s musicianship.

The work is 178 measures in length. Set to a buoyant 6/8 meter

and marked allegro con spirito, it requires endurance, as the performer

has to sustain a high level of energy. Traditional in its formal design (A B

A C A D A), the musical language is at times angular and challenging.

Castelnuovo-Tedesco chose to limit the chromaticism of some the works in

the cycle by reducing the number of thematic statements and distancing

them from one another. He chose the opposite approach for the Rondel

and renders a work with shifting tonalities and modernistic qualities. Each

section is constructed primarily of balanced and regular phrases. The

work grows in complexity, reaching its climax in section D.

45
Table 2.2 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #6, Rondel

Section / Phrases Measures Themes / Tonal Areas

A
1-8 Ascending Sigfried / A major
Phrases I & II

A
9-17 Ascending Sigfried / D major
Phrases III & IV

A Consequent Extension
18-21
Phrase V / D major

A Transitional Phrase /
22-27
Phrase VI F# dominant

B Ascending Behrend
28-35
Phrase I & repeat / C# Diminished

B
36-42 A-flat major
Phrase Pair II
B
Transitional Phrase, 43-56 C major
Phrase III & repeat
A
Phrases I & II, 56-68 Ascending Sigfried / A major
Extension
C Descending Sigfried
68-73
Phrase I A major

C Descending Behrend
74-81
Phrase II C major

C
82-89 Descending Behrend Extension /
Phrase III

C Quasi Cadenza / Chromatic

89-93
Phrase IV Ascending Passage

A
93-97 Ascending Sigfried / A major
Phrase I

Ascending Sigfried Retrograde

D 97-119
/ A major, F# minor

46
 Ascending Behrend /
D 119-126
A major, G half diminished

Ascending Behrend Retrograde /

D 126-134
G half diminished

Ascending Sigfried Retrograde

D 134-141
/ A major, D major, E major

Descending Behrend
D 141-145
G major, G dominant
Descending Behrend Retrograde
D 145-156 / C major, Bb major, Eb major,
Db major, E dominant
Ascending Sigfried
A 156-172
A major

Descending Sigfried
Coda 173-178
A major

The opening phrase of the Rondel is constructed with the ascending

Siegfried theme in a 2-measure statement that is immediately repeated.

Serving as its principal idea, this theme returns throughout the work in

both unaltered and varied forms. A tonally grounded 4-measure

consequent phrase follows those statements and establishes the key of A

major.

47
Figure 2.2.1 Ascending Sigfried Theme

Transposed up a perfect fourth, a version of nearly identical

material begins in measure 9 and establishes D major by measure 17. A 2-

bar cadential extension and repetition follow. Chords built upon the tonic,

flatted seventh, flatted sixth and flatted second scale degrees reveal an

obvious and typical early 20th century influence. The 6-measure section

that follows, sets up the tonality of F# major. Castelnuovo-Tedesco makes

the abrupt modulation sound smooth by placing it in a chromatic setting

and by steadfastly keeping within his motivic framework.

The B section, which begins in measure 28, comprises 3 pairs of

phrases and a transitional phrase that occurs between the second and

third pair. The section uses the ascending Behrend theme as its point of

departure. Each letter in the theme has a rhythmic value of a dotted

quarter note and has 2 accompanying eighth notes. The theme, which is

spread out over 4 bars and has a fully diminished tonality, repeats

directly, as in section A.

48
Figure 2.2.2 Ascending Behrend Theme

The second phrase pair begins in measure 36. The first 3 measures

of the pair are identical, but they cadence differently. The antecedent

phrase retains the A-flat major tonality of the section while the consequent

phrase abruptly modulates to C major for its cadence. The section closes

with a transitional phrase and following third phrase pair in the key of C

major. Section A returns in an abbreviated form at measure 56 in the first

reprise of the rondo statement.

Section C begins at measure 68 with repeated 2-bar statements of

the descending Sigfried theme in a manner that mirrors its ascending

version counterpart in section A. The passage, also like its counterpart

has a chromatic but overriding tonality of A major.

Figure 2.2.3 Descending Sigfried Theme

49
 An extension of 1-bar directly links the desending Behrend theme

that, like its ascending version counterpart, is spread out over 4 bars in

dotted quarter notes with accompaniment and is immediately repeated.

The theme is set over G dominant harmony.

Figure 2.2.4 Descending Behrend Theme

An antecedent and consequent 4-bar phrase pair beginning at

measure 22 cadence in the tonalities of C major and E dominant

respectively. A chromatically ascending 4-bar transitional phrase marked

Piu mosso(,) crescendo e animando (quasi cadenza) prepares the return of

an extremely abbreviated 4-bar presentation of the section A material.

Section D, which begins at measure 97, has the greatest level

chromaticism and tonal instability of all the sections in the Rondel. Unlike

the previous sections, with the exception of the first phrase group,

presentation of the thematic material moves directly from one iteration to

the next without the inclusion of tonally grounded extension phrases. The

50
section opens with a 2-bar statement of the ascending Sigfried theme in

retrograde that is repeated immediately. A pair of 4-bar extension phrases

in A major and F# minor respectively follow at measure 111. From this

point onward the D section remains in its ultra-chromatic state, creating

tonal centers through assertive and repetitious means rather than

traditional harmonic constructs. A 4-bar phrase setting the ascending

Behrend theme against A dominant and G half diminished harmony is

repeated and then followed by its retrograde version accompanied by the

same pitch collection beginning in measure 119. The descending Sigfried

theme in retrograde is presented and immediately repeated in a 2-bar

phrase against the harmonic backdrop of A and D major at measure 134.

The leaps in the theme along with its inherent ambiguity, created by the

G# versus G natural relationship, continue to generate a sense of

instability. A 2-bar phrase at measure 138 based on the same material

moves the theme upward a perfect fourth. The final 4 notes are altered to

outline E dominant harmony though the basic shape of the phrase is still

recognizable. Measure 140 brings back the descending Behrend theme

presented over a 2-bar span and repeated with a slight variation in its

accompanying figure. Unlike its previous incarnation that was presented

over a 4-bar span and more fully harmonized, the theme in these 2

phrases is unaccompanied except for an arpeggio outlining G major and G

51
dominant chords respectively at the halfway point. The differing

presentations of this thematic material again exemplify the way in which

the composer creates a greater sense of instability in section D than in the

prior sections. The descending Behrend theme in retrograde follows in

measure 144 and is the last in section D. Like its predecessor, it is set over

2 bars and repeated against different harmony. The phrases are

harmonized by progressions moving from C major to Bb major and Eb

major to Db major respectively. A 4-bar closing phrase marked allargando

un poco and then quasi cadenza begins at measure152. The material in

this phrase using E dominant harmony is derived from fragments of the

desdending Behrend and retrograde descending Sigfried themes, heard

only moments earlier, as well as inverting the material of the previous

quasi cadenza passage.

The pieces final 22 measures resolve the instability of section D.

They build in momentum and energy and bring the work to rousing close.

A reprise of the now familiar section A, marked Tempo 1 and con spirito

occurs in measure 156. The repeated 2-bar statement mirrors the opening

of the work and leads to an 8-bar extension whose first 4 measures mirror

the material from measure 111. Castelnuovo-Tedesco again uses

descending arpeggiated triads in 4-bar phrase marked Piu mosso quasi

cadenza as measure 168 leads to the coda. The coda, marked mosso and

52
humorous recalls the descending Sigfried theme in consecutive

statements.

53
 Opus 170, No .7Hab ane ra sul nome di Bru no

Tonazzi

Background

Born September 15, 1924, in Trieste, Bruno Tonazzi was one of

Italy’s most renowned teachers and musicologists. His studies with Andres

Segovia at the Academia Chigiana led to his introduction to and

collaborative relationship with Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco. Tonazzi did

revisions and fingerings for 5 of the Greeting Cards, including numbers

10, 15, 34 and 36 in addition to the Habanera based on his own name.

Analysis

The work is 105 measures in length and has a modified ternary

structure at its core. Castelnuovo-Tedesco sets only three of the four

possible name themes, choosing not to include the descending Tonazzi

theme. The ascending and descending Bruno themes serve in an

introductory capacity to the main habanera theme in sections A and A2

respectively. Why Castelnuovo-Tedesco used the English language

alphabet for this work is a question that is open for conjecture. Had he

54
used the Italian version of both of the names Bruno and Tonazzi, he would

have arrived at sequences with greater inherent tonal stability than those

created by the English language version. Despite the composer’s own

contrary remarks regarding the appropriateness of using awkward

sequences, he, on more than one occasion, decided to employ thematic

material that was more rather than less chromatic and that had a greater

feeling of modernity.

Table 2.3 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #7, Habanera

Section Measures Themes / Keys

Ascending Bruno Theme

A
1-18 and Derivatives
Phrases I-IV
Bb, F
Ascending Bruno Theme
A
19-36 Derivatives
Phrases V-VII
Bb, G
Ascending Tonazzi Theme
B 37-45
/G Phrygian, Bb major
Ascending Tonazzi Theme /
B 46-61 G Phrygian, Ab major, G
major
Descending Bruno Theme /
A2 62-73
E major

Bruno Theme Derivatives

A2 74-105
/Bb major

55
 The A section is 36 measures long and begins with the ascending

Bruno theme in a 4 measure phrase that features a progression moving

from Bb to G and then from Bb to E, the principal key areas for the piece.

The theme itself implies the mode mixture that becomes the hallmark for

the section and, by extension, the work.

Figure 2.3.1 Ascending Bruno Theme

The section is constructed primarily by pairing phrases that

alternately establish a tonality and then modulate. It is largely

symmetrical, having a division of 2 larger subsections at measure 19. The

phrase structure for each of the subsections however, is not identical. The

first subsection features two 4-bar phrase pairs that are connected by a 2-

bar vamp. The second subsection features one 4-bar phrase pair followed

by a 10-bar phrase that extends the material of the second phrase of the

pair. The first subsection has basic tonalities of Bb and F major while the

second subsection has Bb and G major.

Based on the ascending Tonazzi theme, the B section is 25-bars long

and has an underlying structure comprised of two nearly symmetrical

56
subsections and a closing extension and has an overarching G Phrygian

tonality. The theme is presented over a 2-bar length and is repeated with

the exception of an altered bass note. It is harmonized initially with the

open string E minor 7 sonority of the guitar and moves to the sonority of a

Bb major chord, both over a pedal tone on the note A. The repeat of the

theme has a bass line that moves down a half-step rather than staying on

the pedal tone. Effective voice leading creates harmony that sounds as

though it is in stepwise descent while the progression moves the distance

of a tri-tone. Subsection 1 continues with a 5-bar extension drawn from

the second measure of the theme and moving with major triads through

the first 3 scale degrees of G phrygian.

Figure 2.3.2 Ascending Tonazzi Theme

Subsection 2, at measure 46, mirrors the design of its predecessor,

departing from the ascending Tonazzi theme transposed down the interval

of a major second. The repeated theme is followed by a 6-bar extension

57
that moves in triads through scale degrees 6-8 in G Phrygian and leads to

a closing extension establishing G major.

Figure 2.3.3 Descending Bruno Theme

Section A2 differs from section A in substantive ways but remains

recognizably connected to its counterpart in the ternary structure. Where

the A section began by tonally centering around Bb, section A2 begins by

centering around E, an eventuality foreshadowed in the work’s opening 4

bars. The section departs from the descending Bruno theme. Where the A

section offered several possible tonal directions in the presentation of its

thematic material, the thematic material at the beginning of section A2

stays within one tonal framework. Both sections set up new tonal centers

after the opening 8 bars. Section A2 begins an exact repetition of 17 bars

of material from section A at measure 74. The work closes with a

transposition of the closing material from section A. Originally in a G

Phrygian tonality, section A2 returns to Bb major to close the work.

58
 Opus 170, No .10, Tanka on the name of Isao

Takahashi

Background

Isao Takahashi was the recipient of Greeting Card No. 10, entitled

Tanka. Takahashi was introduced to the Castelnuovo-Tedesco through

their mutual friend Sigfried Behrend, and carried on a correspondence

that lasted from 1953 until the composer’s death. A guitar aficionado,

Takahashi was ophthalmologist by trade who introduced Castelnuovo-

Tedesco, through correspondence, to Dr. Albert Schweitzer with whom he

had worked in Africa. 24 Takahashi was one of Japan’s most influential

figures associated with the guitar; he published a monthly journal

dedicated to the instrument and became one of the country’s leading

pedagogues. In a letter to Castelnuovo-Tedesco he referred to the receipt

of Tanka as being among “the greatest event(s) of my life”. 25

24 Greeting Cards 18a and 18b for organ, Chorale-Prelude and Fugue, respectively, are
composed upon the name Albert Schweitzer.
25 Letter from Isao Takahashi to Mario Castelnuovo-Tedsesco. 1955. Library of Congress
Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco collection.

59
Analysis

Tanka is an ancient Japanese poetic form. In choosing this as the

title for this work, Castelnuovo-Tedesco reveals his breadth of knowledge

and wide ranging cultural interests. The piece conjures an atmosphere of

introspection and contemplation that parallels the aesthetic cores of its

namesake. The work, 60 measures in length, employs a modified binary

form that is disguised by its amorphous and liquid qualities despite the

use of regular phrase structures. Castelnuovo-Tedesco creates the tonal

centers in the work more through assertion than through typical tonal

functionality.

Table 2.4 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #10, Tanka

Section Measures Themes / Tonal Areas

A
Ascending Isao
Introduction 1-2
F Dominant, E Dominant
Phrases 1-2
Ascending Takahashi Theme
A Extension Theme
3-19
Phrases 3-10 A minor, F, C Dominant,
Bb Dominant
A Ascending Isao
20-27
Phrases 11-14 A minor, E

B Descending Isao
28-31
Phrases 1-2 F#

B Descending Takahashi
32-44
Phrases 3-8 D minor, E

60
 B Extension Theme
45-50
Phrases 9-11 A, A minor, E
Ascending Takahashi
Coda
51-60 Ascending Isao
Phrases 1-4
Descending Isao

The ascending Isao motive opens the work. The succession of tones

F, E flat, A and B are answered first by F7 and then E7 chords. This

introductory passage is marked very slow (almost improvising) and seems

to ponder several different tonal possibilities.

Figure 2.4.1 Ascending Isao Theme

The ascending theme built on the name Takahashi (e, A, G, A, E, d

sharp, E and F) hints at the A minor 3 tones of the theme hint at dominant

preparation and the deceptive cadence, both which are featured in the

section. The theme itself is presented in bar 3 and the first beat of

measure 4.

61
Figure 2.4.2 Ascending Takahashi Theme

The material that follows, through measure 20, is related by motive

and tonality. Measures 4 through 8 continue to use a pedal tone on the

note A (also suggested in the theme) and outline tonic and dominant

harmony. The pedal tone moves to the note F in measure nine before

coming to a half cadence in measure 10. Modulating harmony marks the

remainder of the section. Imitative two measure groups beginning in

measures 11 and 13 move briefly through F minor and then prepare E flat

major respectively. These phrases, while still mimicking the melodic

contour and harmonic rhythm of the original theme, have reversed the

registers of the melody and pedal tone and are described as secondary

themes in the analytical table. Another pair of imitative 2-bar phrases

closes the section. They return the pedal tone to the low register and have

a somewhat ambiguous E flat major tonality. The second phrase has a 1-

measure extension that sets up the return of A minor.

62
 A closing section begins at measure 20, marked Un poco agitato,

that returns to the A minor tonality and introduces sixteenth note

rhythms for the first time. This passage reaches the A section’s greatest

level of intensity before recalling the ascending Isao theme in a

ponderous, transitional phrase.

The B section begins with the descending Isao theme that recalls the

improvisatory nature of the opening of the work. Like its A section

counterpart, this theme also can suggest several tonal directions.

Figure 2.4.3 Descending Isao Theme

The descending Takahashi theme begins at measure 32. Set in an

asserted D minor tonality, the passage is filled with ambiguity through the

use non-functional chromaticism. The theme is set in a perpetual eighth-

note figure. Perpetual sixteenth-note rhythm consequent phrases feature

the use of a tremolo figure and lead to the work’s climactic section.

63
Figure 2.4.4 Descending Isao Theme

Marked, Un poco mosso – a piacere – quasi cadenza, the 5-bar

phrase that begins at measure 40 features a tonally unstable sounding

sequence that descends slowly and chromatically before ascending to a

dramatic pause at the end of measure 44. Secondary themes paralleling

those from the A section continue to cultivate the sense of unrest through

the process of abrupt modulation at the end of three successive phrase

groups.

The coda, which begins at measure 50, recalls the ascending

Takahashi theme in an imitative phrase pair that employs the recurrent

tremolo figure. This is followed by phrase pairs first of the ascending Isao

and then the descending Isao themes, allowing the work to fade into

nothingness.

64
 Opus 170, No .14, Ninna Nanna, a Lullaby for

Eugene

Background

Eugene Robin Escovado is unique among the Greeting Card

recipients in that he received three works contained in the Opus. All of

the other dedicatees, with the exception of Albert Schweitzer who had a

fugue added to his organ prelude, received only one such work. The

Ninna-Nanna also differs from the other works in the Opus by virtue of the

fact that its dedicatee was not the intended performer. Escovado, who was

not a guitarist, his primary instrument being the piano, studied

composition with Castelnuovo-Tedesco in Los Angeles. He became one of

the composer’s most devoted students, and the two formed a deep and

enduring friendship. This work was composed in celebration of

Escovado’s twenty-sixth birthday and presented to him in manuscript and

in the form of a performance by Segovia. The manuscript has since been

lost, along with those of the other two Greeting Cards written for him.

65
When Escovado moved from Los Angeles to New York in the fall of 1958, a

steady correspondence ensued. 26

Analysis

Ninna Nanna is one of 10 from the Opus that are based upon one

rather two or three names. Generally speaking, these works have thematic

material that is more accessible than those works with the multiple names.

The reason behind this is quite simple, following the logic that fewer notes

can lead to less complicated themes that can in turn exhibit more direct

tonal relationships. The harmonic language features widespread use of

mode mixture atmospheric progressions, but remains functional at its

core. The work is set in a modified ternary form, having sections that

contrast one another in spirit while remaining linked thematically. The A

section uses a periodic structure and is harmonically stable. The B section

has asymmetrical phrasing and emphasizes harmonic movement.

26 Personal correspondence from Robin Escovado to the author. August 2004.

Escovado donated his correspondence with the composer, along with original and
photocopied manuscripts of Castelnuovo-Tedesco’s scores to the University of California at
Berkley Music Library in the mid 1990’s.

66
Table 2.5 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #5, Ninna Nanna

Section Measures Themes / Keys

Ascending Eugene
A 1-16 and Derivatives
A, C and E

Closing / Closing / Transition Motive

17-23
Transition A minor/major

B Derivative of Descending Eugene

24-35
Subsection I C#m, C and Em

B Closing / Transition Motive

36-40
Transition E minor

B Derivative of Ascending Eugene

41-46
Subsection II Em and G major/minor

B Closing / Transition Motive

47-48
Transition A mixolydian

Descending Eugene
B
49-56 and Derivatives
Subsection III
D phrygian/minor and F

Closing / Transition Motive

Closing / Transition 57-60
Em and Am

Ascending Eugene
A2 61-76 and Derivatives
A, C and E

Closing / Transition Motive

Closing 77-87
Am

67
Figure 2.5.1 Ascending Eugene Theme

The A section comprises a 4 phrase 16-bar period form followed by

a seven-bar closing phrase. Marked Very quiet and tender, the work

opens with the ascending Eugene theme as a point of departure for two 4-

measure phrases. The tonality moves from A lydian through A minor to D

minor in second inversion in the first phrase. Set over the pedal tone A,

the D minor harmony has a feeling of the Spanish folkloric flatted second

scale degree. The second phrase has an identical motivic design with a

varied underlying harmony moving from A major to second inversion C

major to G dominant seventh. The third phrase moves to the tonality of E

major. The broader harmonic movement from A to E through the G7

harmony is simultaneously atmospheric and functional. Marked movendo

a poco, the phrase inverts the direction of the basic motive while retaining

the Spanish influence in the harmony. The fourth phrase is a more fully

harmonized imitation of the third that adds a greater level of intensity by

placing the first note of each motivic cell a third higher than its

predecessor. A 7-bar passage whose material serves in both closing and

68
transitional roles, establishes A minor before moving through A major to

prepare for the C-sharp minor tonality of the first phrase of the B section.

The 33 measure B section has restless modulating qualities and an

asymmetrical phrase structure that stand in contrast to the A section. It

has 3 subsections of unequal length that are connected by transitional

phrases. Marked dolce e malinconico, evidence that Castelnuovo-Tedesco

took great care in the its design, can be found in the fact that the

descending Eugene theme does not occur until more than halfway through

the section, even though the initial B section material is based on that

theme. The theme implies Phrygian tonality that is comparatively unstable

and is masterfully anticipated by more stable motives that imitate its

intervallic shape. The first part of the B section is comprised of three 4-

measure phrases based upon the theme. The phrases move through the

tonalities of C sharp minor, C major and E minor respectively. This

subsection is followed in measure 36 by a 5-bar extension, marked a

piacere-cantando, that is based on the closing phrase and remains in E

minor.

The second subsection occurs at measure 42 where a 6-bar phrase

based on the ascending Eugene theme moves through B dominant and A

minor harmony over an E pedal tone before moving to G minor through D

69
dominant and G major. A 2-bar transitional phrase establishes A

dominant harmony at measure 47.

Figure 2.5.2 Descending Eugene Theme

The third subsection begins at measure 49 with the presentation of

the descending Eugene theme that extends into two 4-bar phrases. The

first phrase features a D Phrygian / D minor harmony while the second is

rooted in F. The closing phrase again creates the flavor of the flat second

scale degree by beginning in E minor. Mode mixture establishes E

dominant harmony and sets up the A2 section at measure 61.

The A2 section is identical to its counterpart except for the closing

chord of the second phrase, that ends on a first inversion D minor chord

with an added sixth scale degree rather than G dominant. The closing

section extends the transitional theme by gradually moving downward

over a 2-octave range while remaining grounded in A minor.

70
 Opus 170, No .15, C anto d elle Azzo rre sul no me di

Enos

Background

Joseph Enos was an organist and composer whose career centered

Los Angeles area. The nature of the relationship between Castelnuovo-

Tedesco and Enos is unclear at the time of this writing, but both had

connections to the entertainment industry. Several sources cite radio

performances by Enos for the radio division of RCA in the 1940’s.27 He

wrote musical compositions published by the firm Boosey and Hawkes28

and concert program from 1948 places him at the Canyon Hotel outside of

Yellowstone National Park. 29

Castelnuovo-Tedesco’s reasons for choosing to set Canto delle

Azzore for the guitar are not known, but given the accessible nature of the

work and its proximity in time to the Ninna-Nanna,30 it is not

unreasonable to assume that he intended the work for Segovia.

27 Index Cards from the RCA collection held in the Motion Picture, Broadcasting, and
Recorded Sound Division of the Recorded Sound Reference Center at the Library of
Congress.
28 Correspondence between Enos and the publisher place him in Hollywood, California in
the 1940’s.
29 Yellowstone Museum Archival Collection.
30 See footnote 26, describing the performance of Ninna Nanna by Andrés Segovia.

71
Analysis

The Canto delle Azzorre is among the most tonally accessible works

contained in the Opus. Castelnuovo-Tedesco chose to use only one name

for the derivation of thematic material, resulting in a relatively small pitch

set. Because of its modified ternary form, the work’s structural design is

representative of the larger collection of works, but is not as easily

discernable as sections A and A2 are asymmetrical and feature substantial

variation.

Table 2.6 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #15, Canto delle Azzorre

Section / Phrase(s) Measures Themes / Tonal Areas

A Ascending and Descending Enos,

1-8
Phrases I & II D minor

A 3rd Theme
9-16
Phrases III & IV F, D minor

A
17-23 Transitional Theme
Transitional Phrase

B
24-31 D major
Phrases I & II

B
32-40 F# minor
Phrases III & IV

A2 Ascending Enos
41-44
Introductory Phrase A dominant

Descending and Ascending Enos,

A2 45-56
D minor

72
 3rd Theme
A2 57-70
F, D minor

Coda 71-86 D major

The work opens with a balanced antecedent and consequent phrase

pair, each 4-bars in length. The first phrase departs from the ascending

Enos theme. The collection of the first 3 pitches from this theme spell a C

sharp diminished chord and are followed by the note D, leading the

composer to choose a D minor tonality for the work. The phrase closes on

a half cadence.

Figure 2.6.1 Ascending Enos Theme

The second phrase departs from the descending Enos theme. The

collection of tones F, A, G# and E are suited for subdominant and

dominant harmony of D minor. The phrase cadences in D minor in

leading to the second pair of antecedents and consequent phrases which

feature new thematic material that stays within the tonality of D minor.

73
Figure 2.6.2 Descending Enos Theme

A 7-bar transitional phrase leads to a 16-bar, period form B section

at measure 24. Marked quiet and fluent, the section is characterized by

subtly shifting harmonies presented against the backdrop of bass pedal

tones as well as sustained tones at the top of the texture. Although the

section has the basic tonality of D major, atmosphere is stressed rather

than function, causing the progressions to move ambiguously and

chromatically.

The 30-bar A2 section begins at measure 41, and although it reprises

virtually all of the material from section A, it differs from its predecessor

in substantive ways. The ascending Enos theme again opens the section,

but rather than being part of the first phrase in a period structure, it is

now set in a 4-bar phrase that is both transitional and introductory.

Marked piu mosso and a piacere, the theme is transposed up an octave

and features rhythmic and metric elasticity. Measure 41, marked Tempo I,

begins a series of 5 additional 4-bar phrases that are closely related to

74
their A section counterparts. The primary differences between them are

in their number, ordering and some harmonic changes.

The work closes quietly with a 16-measure coda that recalls

thematic material from the B section.

75
 Opus 170, No . 33, Canzo ne S iciliana sul nome di

Gangi

Background

Mario Gangi is a guitarist whose career has centered in Rome. Born

in 1923, studies with his father led his diploma from and ultimately an

appointment to the St. Cecilia Academy. He, like fellow recipients Ruggero

Chiesa and Angelo Gilardino, has been one of Italy’s most important guitar

teachers. 31

Analysis

Mario Gangi was the recipient of Greeting Card No. 33 entitled

Canzone Siciliana. Marked “Dolce e quieto (come una ninna nanna)”, this

work is one of several “lullaby pieces” in the cycle. Serene, simple and

beautiful, the thematic material is among the most accessible the Opus has

to offer. Castelnuovo-Tedesco chose to set only the name Gangi, resulting

in a very small and harmonically stable series. With two small and closely

31 Dictionary of Italian Guitarists, Milan, 2004.

76
related motives at its core, the piece has an organic quality and sense of

purpose that is easy to recognize.

In Castelnuovo-Tedesco’s system (assuming a 25 letter alphabet),

the letters A, G, N, T and Z retain their pitch classes in both ascending and

descending forms. Additionally, all 5 of the letters fit into two pitch

classes. A, N and Z represent the pitch class A; G and T represent the pitch

class E flat. The first 4 letters of both versions of the Gangi motives fall

into the A and E flat pitch classes. The letter I represents the pitch class F

in its ascending form and the pitch class C sharp in it’s descending form.

Taken together, the motives have only 4 pitch classes. When heard in

succession, they offer tri-tone intervals resolved by whole-steps. Having

motives with such uniformity is uncommon in this system and its

improbability could not have been lost the composer. This could explain

his choice to not set the name Mario, as it that does not offer the same

level of uniformity. Castelnuovo-Tedesco uses the thematic material as a

point of departure that leads to a variety of tonal centers. The harmonic

design of the work reflects the tri-tone relationship inherent in the themes

and moves G minor to G major through the course of the work.

77
Table 2.7 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #33, Canzone Siciliana

Section Measures Themes / Tonal Areas

Ascending Theme
A 1-12
/ G minor

Ascending Theme
A 13-20
/ D major

Extension Phrase
A 21-32
/ A diminished

Descending Theme
B 33-44
/ C# major

Descending Theme
B 45-52
/ G# major

Extension Phrase
B 53-64
/ A# diminished

Ascending and Descending

Coda 65-84
Themes / G major

The work is structured in 3 sections and features balance and

symmetry in its design. The first section is 32 bars long and derives its

material from the ascending theme. The phrase structure is atypical of the

32-bar form in that it is not periodic. The section comprises 2 and 4-bar

phrases that are grouped into subdivisions of 12, 8 and 12 bars

respectively. The first and second phrases are thematically related and

lead to a 12-bar extension phrase first marked, agitato and then quasi

cadenza.

78
Figure 2.5.1 Ascending Gangi Theme

The B section mirrors its predecessor in its design but derives its

material from the descending motive. Castelnuovo-Tedesco inverts the

shape of the phrases that grow from the thematic material and crafts a

form that is transparent and motivically organic.

Figure 2.7.2 Descending Gangi Theme

The closing section is 19 bars long and uses both the ascending and

descending motives in consecutive presentation. Here, as in the rest of the

work, the harmonic progressions that stem from the thematic material are

ambiguous in terms of their functionality and lead to tonal centers that

project states of relative hierarchical neutrality.

79
 Opus 170, No . 34, Ballatella on the name of

Christopher Parke ning

Background

Christopher Parkening (b. 1947) is one of the foremost guitarists of

our time. He has given recitals worldwide and has received three Grammy

nominations for best classical performance. Parkening attributes his early

exposure to the guitar to his cousin, Jack Marshall, who was a Los Angeles

studio musician in the early 1960's. Then at the age of eleven he saw

Andres Segovia give a concert, and fell in love with the classical guitar.

Parkening was first able to study with Segovia in 1964; he was the

youngest of nine students from all over the world chosen to study with

him at his first United States master class held at the University of

California at Berkeley. His studies with the Spanish master led to his

introduction to Castelnuovo-Tedesco. By age nineteen Mr. Parkening had

won numerous international guitar contests, and was recognized as the

true heir to Segovia's crown. A record contract soon followed, along with a

rigorous touring schedule.

A letter from the composer that accompanied the receipt of the

Ballatella follows.

80
 Dear Chris,

I just told you that I had a surprise for you. And here it is! Of
course it is just a joke... or rather a hobby of mine. I have my own
25 tone system , which allows me ( when I am a good mood...) to
send Greeting Cards to my friends and interpreters. Whatever the
value of the music can be (and it is certainly very little..) I have
written in this way, pieces on the names of Heifetz, Piatigorsky,
Gieseking, Iturbi, Segovia (perhaps you know the Tonadilla on his
name, which he even recorded): so you can see that you are in good
company!

And take it as an early Christmas card from your old friend.

-Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco

Analysis

The Ballatella possesses a form and design that is unique in the

opus. The work opens and closes with sections whose melodic material is

very chromatic and filled with intervallic leaps. Sandwiched between these

sections is one whose characteristics are more stable and accessible. The

themes created by the dedicatee’s names are angular and disjunct, while

Castelnuovo-Tedesco seems to embrace this angularity in the Ballatella. In

the majority of the works sections, he emphasizes the unconventional

elements of the thematic material by presenting the themes successively.

There are several instances in other Opus 170 works, where he has

approached this circumstance by harmonizing angular themes against

81
ostinato figures while presenting them in slower harmonic rhythms and in

so doing steers the tonal framework in more recognizably conservative

directions. In addition to being set in succession, the Ballatella themes

move quickly by against simple and sparse harmonic progressions in an

ultra-chromatic fashion and in a quintuple meter.

Table 2.8 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #34, Ballatella

Section Measures Themes / Tonal Areas

Ascending Christopher and

A 1-8 Parkening Themes / E
major
Descending Christopher
A 9-16 and Parkening Themes / D
minor
Transitional Phrases /
Transition 17-22
modulating sequences

Ascending Chris /
B 23-32
E major

Descending Chris /
B 33-49
C major, E major
Ascending Christopher and
A2 50-59 Parkening Themes / E
major
Ascending Christopher and
C 60-67 Parkening Themes in
Retrograde / A major
Descending Christopher
C 68-77 and Parkening Themes in
Retrograde / A major
Descending Chris in
Coda 78-80
Retrograde / A major

82
Figure 2.5.1 Ascending Christopher Theme

Figure 2.5.2 Ascending Parkening Theme

The work opens with 16-bar section comprising 4 phrases that

include all 4 of the work’s principal themes. The ascending Christopher

and Parkening themes are presented in succession and then repeated in

octave transposition to open the work. A sparse E major tonality

accompanies the themes. These phrases are followed immediately by the

descending Christopher and Parkening themes presented in the same

fashion as their counterparts set against the backdrop of D minor tonality.

Despite the chromaticism and unusual meter of the section, Castelnuovo-

Tedesco again employs the periodic structure as his basic building blocks.

83
Figure 2.8.3 Descending Christopher Theme

Figure 2.8.4 Descending Parkening Theme

A transitional phrase at measure 16 marks a change in the harmonic

language of the work. Sequential material based on the cadential passage

of the descending Parkening theme offers the first sustained progression

of functional harmony and leads to a 27-bar B section based on ascending

and descending Chris motives. These fragments of the larger theme offer

Castelnuovo-Tedesco a shorter more pliable series from which to work.

The passage departing from the ascending Chris motive centers around an

E major tonality, while the passage departing from the descending motive

centers primarily around a C major tonality.

A reprise of the section A material occurs at measure 50 where the

ascending Christopher and Parkening themes are reintroduced. The

84
themes are harmonized differently in section A2, switching tonic and

subdominant harmonies. It is a testament to the level of chromaticism

inherent in the theme that the order of the chords can be changed with

minimal net effect to the character of the theme.

Section C begins at measure 60 and returns to the periodic design of

the opening section. Here, each of the 4 principal themes are offered in

retrograde, set over a length of 2 measures and then repeated. The entire

section is set over pedal tones on the note A and establishes its tonality by

assertion. A very brief coda based on the descending Chris theme in

retrograde brings the work to a close.

85
 Opus 170, No . 35, Sarabande on the name o f R ey

de la To rre

Background

Hector Garcia recalls his friend, fellow Cuban born guitarist, Rey de

la Torre (1917-1944), meeting Castelnuovo-Tedesco through concert

engagements in Southern California. 32

Analysis

Greeting Card No. 36, Sarabande was written in Theme and

Variations form, and is one the most conservative works in the group. In

it, Castelnuovo-Tedesco exhibits a fondness and affinity for the use of

classical structures as vehicles for composition. The unusual qualities of

the melody, when coupled with this traditional and regular form, result in

style that is at once odd and familiar.

The motives for Sarabande, like the No.5, Tonadilla are derived

from the Spanish language scale. Castelnuovo-Tedesco was not consistent

in his method, as works for other recipients of Spanish origin did not.

32 Personal interview with Hector Garcia by the author.

86
 The ascending and descending motives are both harmonized in D

minor and are set consecutively in antecedent and consequent 4-bar

phrases in a triple meter. This 8-bar section, marked Grave e pomposo, is

repeated except for the last note which, having been changed from E to D

closes the period form on the tonic. There are five 8-bar variations that

follow.

87
 Opus 170, No . 37, Romanza s ul nome di Oscar
Ghiglia

Background

Romanza, was written over the course of one evening. Oscar

Ghiglia, accompanied by his father, had traveled to Southern California to

present a recital in North Hollywood. Invited to meet with Castelnuovo-

Tedesco in his Beverly Hills home, he spent an afternoon visiting with and

playing for the composer. Paulo Ghiglia sketched a portrait of the

composer as he sat and listened to his son play. Castelnuovo-Tedesco

liked the drawing so much that he used it as part of his publicity

materials. (Also present at the afternoon visit were Michael Lorimer and

fellow recipient Ronald Purcell.)

Castelnuovo-Tedesco came to Ghiglia’s recital the next evening and

presented him with the manuscript. The gift came as a surprise. The title

is reflective of the composer’s perception of Ghiglia’s playing and is also a

homage to the work Romance, by Nicolo Pagannini. 33 Eduardo Caliendo, a

guitarist from Southern Italy, did the fingering for the work.

33 Personal interview with Oscar Ghiglia by the author.

88
 Oscar Ghiglia was born in 1938 in Livorno, Italy. Growing up in an

artistically active household, the talents and interests of his parents

influenced him profoundly. Ghiglia’s mother was an accomplished pianist

and his father and grandfather were noted painters. Initially, he believed

he would follow the path of his father and produced several hundred

watercolors and some oil paintings, but a seminal moment occurred when

his father asked him to pose for a painting holding a guitar. Fascinated by

the instrument, his career path was forever and inexorably changed. 34

His studies at Santa Cecilia Conservatory in Rome led to the

participation in the summer master classes of Andrès Segovia in Siena,

Italy and Santiago de Compostela, Spain, where he was a classmate of

fellow Greeting Card recipient Isao Takahashi. Ghiglia credits Segovia as

the major influence and inspiration during his formative years. His

graduation from the Conservatory in 1962 was followed by several

important awards: First Prize in the Orense Guitar Competition, First Prize

in the Santiago de Compostela Guitar Competition and First Prize in the

Radio France International Guitar Competition.35

In 1964, Andrés Segovia invited Ghiglia to be his assistant in master

classes in California. Since then, Oscar Ghiglia has given concerts and

34 Interview of Oscar Ghiglia by the author

35 Biographical information submitted by Oscar Ghiglia for this treatise.

89
master classes throughout the world, as well as appearing extensively in all

parts of North and South America and Europe. He is a frequent performer

in the Far East, Israel, Argentina, New Zealand and the South Pacific, and

has recorded for Angel and Nonesuch Records.

Oscar Ghiglia has also been a dedicated teacher throughout his

career. Very few well-known guitarists today have not at one time or

another been in his classes and taken advantage of his expertise. He

established the classical guitar summer program at the Aspen Music

Festival and taught there for twenty years. Recently he was retired from

the Basel Music-Akademie where he taught post-graduate students. He

continues to give summer courses in Europe, America and the Middle East,

and regularly gives summer classes at the Festival d'Arc in southern

France, at the Academia Chigiana in Siena, Italy, and at the Festival

Gargnano (Italy).36

Analysis

Romanza features a blend of inherent chromaticism with traditional

form and harmony. 70 measures in length, the work is structured in an

arch-shaped modified ternary form (A B A2). A lilting 6/8 meter and a D

minor tonality that implies a connection to Ibero-North African style set

36 Biographical information submitted by Oscar Ghiglia for this treatise.

90
the mysterious and exotic mood of the work. For ease of use and because

of the modulation at the end of section A1, Castelnuovo-Tedesco chose to

use 2 flats for the key signature.

Table 2.9 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #37, Romanza

Section Measures Themes / Tonal Areas

Ascending Ghiglia
A 1-32
/ D minor
Descending Ghiglia Theme
Descending Oscar Theme
B 33-54 Ascending Ghiglia Theme
Ascending Oscar Theme
/ Various Tonalities
Ascending Ghiglia
A2 55-66
/ D minor

Coda 67-70 Quasi Timpani

The opening section is 32 bars long and has thematic material

derived from the ascending Ghiglia theme. The choice of D minor as the

basic tonality causes the theme to dwell on the flatted second scale degree

and invoke Spanish folkloric qualities. Castelnuovo-Tedesco uses D minor

as the basic tonality for the theme. Two statements are made with

connecting material that serves as the primary source for closing and

91
cadential material. The opening section is repeated in a re-orchestrated

version with the melody transposed down an octave.

Figure 2.9.1 Ascending Ghiglia Theme

The second section is 21 bars in length and features one statement

of each of the 4 thematic strains in 4-bar phrases followed by a 5-bar

transitional phrase. The first phrase uses the descending Ghiglia theme

(d#, d, c#, d#, b, c# and a) over B major harmony.

Figure 2.9.2 Descending Ghiglia Theme

The second phrase uses the descending Oscar theme (G#, E, g, a2

and F) to return to D minor via the tonalities of E and A. Castelnuovo-

Tedesco extends the idea of the arch by using the ascending version of the

Ghiglia theme in the third phrase position of this section.

92
Figure 2.9.3 Descending Oscar Theme

Being the main thematic material of the first section, the listener

recalls this in the midst of seemingly unrelated material resulting in a

rondo-like effect. Phrase 3 is set over the harmony of F to Bb. The fourth

phrase uses the ascending Oscar theme (Bb, d, B, A and C#) and again

moves from E to A.

Figure 2.9.4 Ascending Oscar Theme

The third section of the work mirrors the first in most respects. The

primary differences are in the third and fourth phrases where we hear

imitative overlapping restatements of the melodic material and a re-

harmonization of the cadential section. Section one cadences in D minor

while section three cadences in Bb major. There is not a repeat of the

period form in the third section but rather it leads to a 4-bar coda that

brings the work to its close.

93
 The coda, marked quasi timpani, blends descending whole-tone and

Neapolitan features and calls for diminishing dynamic levels as the piece

fades and dies away.

94
 Opus 170, No . 38, Homag e to Purcell, F antasia sul

nome di Ronald ( 1932) e He nry ( 1659- 1695)

Purcell

Background

The Homage to Purcell is No. 38 in the cycle. Written in 1966,

Castelnuovo-Tedesco honors contemporary guitarist, composer and

musicologist Ronald Purcell in this work, as well as the English baroque

composer Henry Purcell. 37 Ronald Purcell studied composition with Mario

Castelnuovo-Tedesco from 1961–68. In the period predating the

composition; their lessons had been focusing on the creation of melodies

and lyric song forms. It was in this context that Purcell had become aware

of the Greeting Cards as Castelnuovo-Tedesco demonstrated his approach

to setting difficult and/or unusual melodic material. Purcell learned of the

works for Almeida, Ghiglia, and Parkening as Castelnuovo-Tedesco had

asked him for recommendations regarding the pieces he had written for

37 Henry Purcell was not as widely known in the mid-20th century as he is today.

The Homage to Purcell serves as one of many testaments to Castelnuovo-Tedesco’s

intellectual curiosity and broad range of interests.

95
them. He had no knowledge that the composer was writing the Homage to

Purcell for him, and the work came as a great surprise and honor.

Ronald Purcell recalled Castelnuovo-Tedesco composing mostly at

the keyboard, “noodling” and “singing to himself”. This was the context in

which Castelnuovo-Tedesco introduced Purcell to the Greeting Cards and

his “alphabetical system”. Ronald Purcell premiered the Homage to

Purcell but never recorded it.38

Ronald Purcell earned degrees in composition, musicology and

pedagogy. He studied the guitar with fellow Greeting Card recipients

Andrès Segovia and Alirio Diaz. This led to composition studies with

Castelnuovo-Tedesco who, in turn, surprised him with the musical tribute.

The years subsequent to the composition of the Greeting Card have

witnessed great successes for Purcell. With many articles, recordings and

editions to his credit, he is recognized as one of the guitar’s leading

scholars and pedagogues. 39

Analysis

The Homage to Purcell is 124 measures long and has a 3-part form

based on the single presentation of each of its themes before giving way to

38 Personal interview between the Ronald Purcell and the author.

39 Personal vitae sent to the author from Ronald Purcell.

96
a march and fugue, derived from the ascending and descending versions

of the Purcell theme. The first part (section A) sets the ascending themes

and is mirrored by the second part (section B) that sets the descending

themes. The third part (section C) is comprised of the march, fugue and

coda. This work has many moments that can only be described as being

part of the 20th century idiom, as each of the themes has incongruent

leaps and tonal implications that the composer chose to highlight when

the more conservative approach would have been to downplay them by

altering their presentation. For instance, the second and fourth themes in

the work dedicated to Segovia are smoothed by connective material.

There, Castelnuovo-Tedesco sets those themes as the first note of triplet

figures, giving him two notes per serial tone to create smooth harmonic

and melodic transitions. In this work, the theme that is arguably the least

disposed to traditional tonal formulas is set first and is unadorned.

Tedesco is traditional in his use of form however, steadfastly maintaining

his devotion to regular phrase structure.

Table 2.10 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #38, Fantasia

Section Measures Themes / Tonal Areas

Ascending Ronald Theme

A 1-8
D minor

97
 Ascending Purcell Theme
A 9-16
D minor

Ascending Henry Theme

A 17-34
A major, C# minor

Descending Ronald Theme

B 35-42
C# major

Descending Purcell Theme

B 43-50
A minor

Descending Henry Theme

B 51-76
Bb major
Ascending Purcell Theme
C
77-91 Descending Purcell Theme
alla Marcia
C major, C# minor
C Descending Purcell Theme
92-116
Fugato G major

C Descending Purcell Theme

117-124
Coda G major

The work opens with an 8-bar phrase in a 2/4 meter that uses the

ascending Ronald theme as a point of departure. The collection of pitches

in that motive suggests both dominant and minor seventh harmony on the

note A causing Castelnuovo-Tedesco to choose D minor as its tonality. The

motive is set over 2 measures and is followed by 3 additional fragments

with like rhythms. Brief harmonic respite occurs on the implied chords D

minor and F major before the arrival of an inconclusive cadence on A

major.

98
Figure 2.10.1 Ascending Ronald Theme

The second phrase, based on the ascending Purcell motive, mirrors

the first in its design. The collection of pitches in this set cumulatively

spells a half diminished chord on the root of C sharp and fits well into the

D minor tonality.

Figure 2.10.2 Ascending Purcell Theme

The ascending Henry theme is introduced at measure 17 and is the

point of departure for a period form phrase group consisting of four 4-bar

phrases and an extension. This material represents the bulk of the A

section, being twice the length of the opening phrases in real time as the

meter has changed to 4/4. Castelnuovo-Tedesco uses an A major tonality

for most of this section but modulates to C# major at measure 32. An

extension of 1 measure is added to the last phrase of the period and

99
bridges sections A and B. The extension further highlights the feeling of

transition by being the first disruption of the symmetrical design of the

phrasing.

Figure 2.10.3 Ascending Henry Theme

The B section begins at measure 35 and has a similar design to the A

section. The section opens with an 8-bar phrase based on the descending

Ronald theme and returns to a 2/4 meter. Set in modulating tonalities

that surprisingly cadence back in C# major, the phrase is especially

illustrative of the fluidity of the work’s harmonic language.

Figure 2.10.4 Descending Ronald Theme

The second phrase, based on the descending Purcell motive, is also

8-bars in length. The collection of pitches in this set cumulatively spell a G

100
dominant chord that Castelnuovo-Tedesco uses in harmonizing the phrase

in A minor through its relation to the relative major.

Figure 2.10.5 Descending Purcell Theme

The final phrase group of the B section is based on the descending

Henry theme and begins at measure 51. An abrupt modulation to Bb

major and a shift to a 6/8 meter characterize the arrival of this theme. The

group is comprised of 3 phrases that are 8-bars in length and are followed

by a 2-bar extension. Castelnuovo-Tedesco maintains the symmetry

between Sections A and B by adding additional measures that compensate

for the shift in meter.

Figure 2.10.6 Descending Henry Theme

The C section is thematically derived from the descending Purcell

theme. It begins at measure 77 with a sub-section marked Un poco piu

101
mosso (alla Marcia) that is comprised of 3 phrases that are 4-bars in

length and are followed by a 3-bar extension. The sub-section, which

modulates through several keys, serves as introductory material to a lively

3-voice Fugato section that begins in measure 92. The most prominent

tonal center for section C is G major. The work closes with a coda at

measure 117 that is marked Più sostenuto (quasi Corale).

102
Opus 170, No . 39, Canciòn C ubana on t he name of

Hector Garcia

Background

Hector Garcia was born in Havana, Cuba where he completed his

education and received Master of Guitar and Master of Music degrees from

Peyrellade Conservatory. Upon graduation, Mr. Garcia furthered his

education through studies with the eminent musicologist-guitarist, Emilio

Pujol, in Barcelona, Spain, and later was appointed as assistant to Maestro

Pujol in the master classes held annually in Cervera, Spain. 40 Garcia, as is

the case with other Greeting Card recipients, met Castelnuovo-Tedesco

while playing recitals in the Los Angeles area. The composition of Cancion

Cubana came as a complete surprise to Garcia, who recalls receiving the

work with an accompanying letter. 41 Mr. Garcia holds emeritus status

from the University of New Mexico and currently resides in Miami, Florida.

40 Biography submitted by Hector Garcia.

41 Personal interview with Hector Garcia by the author.

103
Analysis

Castelnuovo-Tedesco used the Spanish language model of the

chromatic scale in creating the themes for Cancion Cubana, whose most

prominent feature is its recurrent habañera rhythm, appearing in the first

measure and maintaining a near constant presence. The work, 113

measures in length, is constructed with regular phrase structures in a

unique binary form, featuring A and B sections whose design produces

mirror images that center on the ascending and descending themes. The

Ibero-American flavor is further accentuated through the composer’s use

of hemiola and folkloric harmony.

Table 2.11 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #39, Cancion Cubana

Section/Phrase Measures Themes / Tonal Areas

A Ascending Hector
1-8
Introduction B diminished
1st Habañera Theme
A
9-16 Ascending Garcia
Phrase 1
A minor
A 1st Habañera Theme
17-24
Phrase 2 G, E minor

A 2nd Habañera Theme

25-32
Phrase 3 A minor, E

A 2nd Habañera Theme

33-41
Phrase 4 E minor, G

104
 A
42-56 Ascending Hector
Closing

B Descending Hector
57-64
Introduction C# half diminished

3rd Habañera Theme

B
65-72 Descending Garcia
Phrase 1
D major to F major
3rd Habañera Theme
B
73-80 Descending Garcia
Phrase 2
F major
B 2nd Habañera Theme
81-88
Phrase 3 D minor

B 2nd Habañera Theme

89-98
Phrase 4 A minor

B
99-102 Descending Hector
Closing

B Descending and Ascending

103-113
Coda Garcia Themes

The ascending Hector theme opens the work in an 8-measure

section marked Quasi un’introduzione that begins by outlining an

ambiguous and unstable C# diminished tonality. Divided into 2-measure

segments using the habañera rhythm, the first segment states theme, the

second restates the theme in octave transposition while the third segment

brings the section to an open cadence which the fourth segment resolves

in the key of A minor.

Figure 2.11.1 Ascending Hector Theme

105
 A period structure of four 8-bar phrases represents the bulk of the A

section. The first two phrases, rooted in A minor and E minor tonalities

respectively, have thematic material derived from the melodic contour of

the ascending Hector theme and close with cadential material based on the

ascending Garcia theme.

Figure 2.11.1 Ascending Garcia Theme

The third and fourth phrases have a new, more rhapsodic melodic

theme that evokes a folkloric vocal style. Both phrases feature a design of

two 2-bar segments followed by a 4-bar segment and reintroduce triplet

rhythms from the introduction. They both begin with harmony that is

suggestive of folk idioms through the flatted second scale degree before

moving upward chromatically.

106
Figure 2.11.1 Descending Hector and Garcia Themes

Designed in an identical fashion to its counterpart, the B section

differs from the A section primarily through the inverted thematic

material that in turn dwells more in major tonalities. The closing section is

truncated, giving way to a coda after only 3 measures of material at

measure 102. (A mistake by the editor may have occurred in the form of

a misspelled thematic note in measure 111.42)

42 This statement is speculative as no manuscript copy of the work was available at the
time of this writing.

107
 Opus 170, No . 40, Cancion V ene zuelana sul nome

di Alirio Diaz

Background

Alirio Díaz ranks as one of the greatest guitarists of the 20th

century. He was born on November 12, 1923 in the small village of

Caserio La Candelaria, Venezuela. From a large family of modest origins,

he was the eighth child in a family of eleven children. His cultural

heritage was one that held a deep and abiding love for music as his family

was exceptionally musical. His father played the cuatro, the guitar and the

maracas. His mother, brothers and sisters were singers and were also

proficient on stringed instruments.

Diaz began playing his father's cuatro at seven years of age and his

sister’s guitar at eleven. His background in Venezuelan folk and popular

music engendered in him the acuity to listen, and strengthened his

rhythmic and improvisational skills. He began his studies of the classical

guitar by reading Fernando Carulli's Método de Guitarra, and in his teen

years, Diaz traveled to several different cities in Venezuela to further his

musical studies. Most notable among these experiences were his studies

with bandleader, composer and teacher, Laudelino Mejías. His association

with Mejías’ Banda Sucre led to success and notoriety through

108
performances for the state radio. In 1945, he moved to Caracas where he

registered at the Escuela Superior de Música, and began formal guitar

lessons with Raul Borges. Graduating in 1950, Diaz gave his first public

concerts in Venezuela, and soon after received a grant to complete his

musical studies at the Madrid Conservatory under Regino Sainz de la

Maza. A year later, he continued his studies with Andrés Segovia becoming

his assistant and later his successor, chairing the master classes at the

Academia Chigiana in Siena, Italy. Diaz then embarked on his touring and

recording career.

He married an Italian national and settled in Rome, where he was

named cultural attaché by the Venezuelan government, and so worked for

a time at the Embassy. Diaz’ autobiography, Al divisar el humo de la aldea

nativa (1984), tells of his early years and of the influence of his family and

the friends in La Candelaria who helped him shape his life in music. 43

Analysis

Cancion Venezuelana is Greeting Card No. 40 and is written on the

name of Alirio Diaz. Again revealing the composer’s expertise as

miniaturist, this evocative and captivating work is 72 bars in length. It has

a modified ternary structure that has sections that contrast each other in

43 Al divisar el humo de la aldea nativa (1984) Caracas

109
their mood, harmonic centers and intensity. Castelnuovo-Tedesco created

a tonal palette for the work based on Latin American folk elements and

impressionistic harmony. He chose a meter of 2/4 for the work, setting all

the motives in 2-bar rhythms that end on beat one of the second bar. The

work uses a dotted accompanimental rhythmic motive throughout that

recalls elemental features of South American dance; the majority of the

piece is set as a drone, giving it a primitive and rustic quality. The motives

created by the names Alirio and Diaz present a variety of musical

problems. The collection of pitches in the ascending Alirio motive suggests

augmented and dominant harmony and has several wide and disjunctive

leaps. The descending Alirio motive suggests both augmented and

diminished harmony with similar intervallic problems. Both of the Diaz

motives have pitch collections that form relatively stable triadic chords.

There is an inherent difficulty in setting these motives because of the leap

of 2 octaves from A to Z.

110
Table 2.12 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #40, Cancion
Venezuelana

Section / Phrase Measures Themes / Tonal Areas

Ascending Alirio Theme

Introduction 1-4
A Phrygian
Ascending Alirio Theme
A 5-20 Ascending Diaz Theme
A Phrygian
Descending Alirio Theme
B 21-32 Descending Diaz Theme
F# minor, A major
B Descending Alirio Theme
33-48
Extension A major
Ascending Diaz Theme
Transition 49-56 Descending Diaz Theme
F major, F# minor
Ascending Alirio Theme
A2 57-68
Ascending Diaz Theme

Coda 69-72

The 4-bar introduction features the ascending Alirio motive in two

statements. The first statement is the motive alone while the second is

transposed an octave higher and is set over an A chord that, through its

context, exhibits elements of both dominant and Phrygian harmony.

The 16-bar A section, comprised of four 4-bar phrases, follows the

introduction whose principal tonality A Phrygian. Antecedent and

consequent phrases are presented and then placed in octave transposition

111
and repeated. The antecedent phrase is created by successively placing

harmonized versions of the ascending Alirio and Diaz motives.

Figure 2.12.1 Ascending Themes

The B section, which begins at measure 21, is comprised of 12 and

16 measure subsections that both feature regular phrasing. The first

subsection has 3 phrases, each 4 measures in length. The first phrase, an

antecedent, sets the descending Alirio and Diaz themes and is directly

repeated. The third phrase, a consequent, inverts the consequent phrase

of the section. The second subsection is 16 measures in length and

divides into equal 8 measure phrases. Each phrase is comprised of a series

of 3 sequential 2-bar motives based on the descending Alirio theme and is

followed by a 2-bar cadence.

Figure 2.12. Descending Themes

112
 An 8-bar transitional passage based on the ascending and

descending Diaz themes respectively begins at measure 49 and bridges

sections B and A2. The section, marked Subito mosso e agitato, features

tremolo figures that sustain the tone A. The tonalities realized for each of

the themes, F major for the ascending Diaz theme and F# minor for the

descending Diaz theme, are implied in pitch collections. The juxtaposition

of the tonalities and the dynamic intensity of the moment generate an air

of instability.

The A2 section bears a close resemblance to its counterpart,

featuring exact repetition of the antecedent phrase from section A. The

consequent phrase features a slight variation on its predecessor. The work

closes with a 4-bar coda that is reminiscent of the ascending Alirio theme.

113
 Opus 170, No . 41, Canciòn A rgentina sul nome di

Ernesto Bitetti

Background

Ernesto Bitetti met Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco in May of 1966.

Having traveled to the United States from Argentina to perform recitals, he

had been engaged to play several concerts in Southern California. During

the intermission of his concert in Hollywood, the composer arrived in the

“Green Room” and introduced himself, causing the guitarist to be both

greatly surprised and honored. Bitetti had played Castelnuovo-Tedesco’s

Concerto in D in Argentina and had sent the composer press clippings.

Bitetti stayed in Southern California for a month and visited the

Castelnuovo-Tedesco home on three or four occasions. Castelnuovo-

Tedesco presented Bitteti with manuscript copies of most his works for the

guitar, leading to the inclusion of works by the composer on a records

entitled Milonga and Samba Argentina . Bitteti received the Cancion

Argentina by post in Argentina, and began programming it immediately

afterwards and many times since. Bitetti recalled that very few edits were

114
necessary in the Cancion Argentina as Castelnuovo-Tedesco had already

written for the guitar for 30 years.44

Analysis

The underlying design of the work is straightforward and clear.

Comprising five consecutive period structures each with regular phrasing

patterns, the work also exhibits characteristics of a symmetrical rondo

structure through its presentation of the thematic material. As in

previously discussed works, mode mixture and non-traditional progression

characterize the Canciòn Argentina’s harmonic language. Castelnuovo-

Tedesco used the 28-note Spanish language chromatic scale to derive the

themes for the work.

44 Correspondence to Ernesto Bitetti from Mariio Castelnuovo-Tedesco is held by

the Astengo Foundation in Rosario, Argentina.

115
Table 2.13 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #41, Cancion Argentina

Section Measures Themes / Tonal Areas

Ascending Ernesto
A 1-16 Descending Ernesto
G minor, A minor, G major
Ascending Bitetti
B 17-32 G minor, Ab major C minor,
Eb major, D major
Descending Ernesto
A2 33-48 Ascending Ernesto
E minor, G minor
Descending Bitetti
D 49-64 C# Augmented, E major,
Eb major
Ascending Ernesto
A 65-80
Descending Ernesto

The opening period structure and rondo theme set both the

ascending and descending themes based on the name Ernesto. The section

has a basic tonality of G, and features richly chromatic harmony and

employs mode mixture. The descending Ernesto theme modulates, hinting

at A minor/major through E dominant.

Figure 2.13.1 Ascending Ernesto Theme

116
Figure 2.13.2 Realized Ascending Ernesto Theme

Figure 2.13.3 Descending Ernesto Theme

Figure 2.13.4 Realized Descending Ernesto Theme

The B section begins at measure 17 and uses the ascending Bitetti

theme as a point of departure. The basic rhythm changes from a Latin

dance inspired motive to that of a perpetually moving figure. The

harmonic progression moves from G minor through a variety of keys

before arriving at Eb major. Mode mixture and chromaticism characterize

the harmony.

117
Figure 2.13.5 Ascending Bitetti Theme

The A2 section begins at measure 33 and is the center of the

symmetrical arch shaped form. The section differs from the A section by

virtue of its reversal of the order and frequency of its 2 themes. The

harmonization of the themes is a varied.

Section C arrives at measure 49, departing from the presentation of

the descending Bitetti theme. Its rhythm, phrase structure and harmonic

scheme mirrors that of section B.

Figure 2.13.6 Descending Bitetti Theme

The work closes with the final presentation of section A material,

rounding out the form in a fashion that is identical to the opening.

118
 Opus 170, No .42, Estu dio sul le nom e di Manuel

Lopez R amos

Background

Manuel Lopez Ramos was born in Buenos Aires in 1929. He was a

student and disciple of Andrés Segovia, and through that connection

received Greeting Card No. 42, Estudio. Inquiries regarding the work

elicited the following responses.45

It is with much pleasure that I will respond to your inquiries.

To begin with, I can tell you that I never met the Maestro in person.
In 1948, I had in my hands his wonderful sonata that I studied and
began to play in Buenos Aires. All the works published by Schot
(Sonatas de Ponce, etc...) no one had played in my country. I was
able to recognize, in spite of my inexperience, the greatness of the
Italian master and his genius for composing on the guitar, perhaps
like no other. I must tell you that the Maestro wrote the Estudio
based on my name after I sent him my recording of the Sonata and
of the Quintet with the Parranin Quartet. At first I did not send him
my recordings, thinking that my work would pale in comparison to
the recordings of the great Segovia. But, my wife insisted that I send
him my recordings. The Maestro wrote me some letters analyzing
and praising my recordings. (This coming week I will send you a
book of memoirs I wrote on these experiences along with a CD. In
this book you will be able to read the C. Tedesco's thoughts on my
recordings). 46

The Maestro's commentary filled me with pride. I then

received the Estudio to which we now refer. I must be sincere with
you. This work was never entirely to my satisfaction and because it
was so short it was not made part of my recitals. Of course, I was

45 See footnote 3, questionnaire.

46To date, the material has not be received

119
 grateful to the master's deference to me and so I digitized it. Later it
was edited. I never did record the work and I am unaware if any
other guitarist has done so.

The other questions I can answer more directly. I never did

meet the Maestro personally. I am a student (so much so I don't play
in public anymore) of the work of C. Tedesco. I recorded with my
sister Marga Lopez (famous actress of the Mexican cinema) Platero Y
yo in a version that if I say so myself, is rather unique (..forgive my
immodesty). A few months back there appeared a commercial
release from the recording house LUZAM (which sells in Mexican
record stores) with the most beautiful Quintet of which I made
earlier reference (recorded in 1965). Next to be released will be a
second recording of the Sonata and Platero Y yo. In the meantime I
read and study the Caprichos de Goya (master work) and
Escarraman, also an extraordinary and inspired work.

Regarding question no. 5 and 6, I must tell you the Maestro

(in the Estudio ) did not show the same inspiration that he
displayed, for example, in the work dedicated to Segovia (with his
name). Of course it has a value, but since he never knew me in
person it could not reflect my personality. I think he meant to thank
me for sending him my recordings.

Unfortunately, I never had an epistolary relationship with the

Maestro. I believe that by then he was ill and he died shortly
thereafter (1968). It was an enormous loss for music and for the
guitar.

Analysis

Manuel Lopez Ramos was the recipient of Greeting Card No. 42,

entitled Estudio, a work that is imbued with a sense of elegance, simplicity

and balance derived from the clarity of its design. Featuring a 94-measure

form that exhibits absolute symmetry, it is divided into two sections that

120
are mirror images of each other. They each begin with unadorned,

declamatory, duple meter statements of their 3 name motives in

succession and continue with subsections based on the individual motives

in a fast sextuple meter. They each conclude with identical 4-bar phrases.

A 4-bar coda brings the piece to its close.

Table 2.14 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #42, Estudio

Section/Phrase Measures Themes / Tonal Areas

Ascending Manuel, Lopez and

A 1-3 Ramos Themes
No Clear Tonal Center
Ascending Manuel Theme
A 4-17
A major

Ascending Lopez Theme

A 18-33
A major, D minor

Ascending Ramos Theme

A 34-41
Bb major

Closing Phrase
A 42-45
D minor
Descending Manuel, Lopez and
B 46-48 Ramos Theme
No Clear Tonal Center
Descending Manuel Theme
B 49-62
Bb major, A major

Descending Lopez Theme

B 63-78
F augmented, Bb major

Descending Ramos Theme

B 79-86
D minor

121
 Closing Phrase
B 87-90
Bb major

Closing Phrase Extension

Coda 91-94
D minor

The A section in Estudio is based on the ascending versions of the

Manuel, Lopez and Ramos themes. A 3-bar introduction in common time

gives way to a fast sextuple meter and the body of the section in the form

of subsections of 14, 16, and 8 bars, respectively. Perpetual rhythm is the

main characteristic feature of the body of the section. The ascending

Manuel subsection sets its 6-note theme in equal rhythms and has a basic

tonality of A major. The ascending Lopez subsection sets its 5-note theme

in unequal triple to duple rhythmic pairs and moves tonally from of A

major to D minor. The ascending Ramos subsection sets its 5-note theme

in unequal duple to triple rhythmic pairs and moves tonally from D minor

to Bb major. A 4-bar closing re-establishes the D minor tonality.

Figure 2.14.1 Ascending Themes

122
 The B section has the same design and characteristic features as its

counterpart. Its 2 principal tonal centers are Bb major and D minor. The

harmonic language is ripe with Catelnuovo-Tedesco’s characteristic

ambiguity that hints at multiple tonal centers.

Figure 2.14.2 Descending Themes

The closing phrase and coda reinforce the notion of shared Bb

major and D minor tonality.

123
 Opus 170, No . 43, A ria da C hiesa s ul nome di

Ruggero Chies a

Background

Ruggero Chiesa (1933-1993) was a renowned teacher, editor and

musicologist. He attended the Academia Chigiana in Siena from 1956 to

1960, where he studied the guitar with Alirio Diaz and the vihuela with

Emilio Pujol. In later years he succeeded Pujol in teaching the courses in

"Transcription from Ancient Tabulatures" at the Academia Chigiana.

Chiesa taught at the Conservatorio Giuseppe Verdi in Milan and was

founder and director of il Fronimo, the guitar magazine of the Milanese

Music Publisher, Suvini Zerboni, from 1972 until his death. 47

Analysis

Clarity of design and mode mixture are the primary characteristic

features of the Aria da Chiesa. The work is constructed in an perfectly

symmetrical ternary form that is 54 measures in length and whose A

47 Il Fronimo, 2004.

124
sections are identical, except for the last 2 bars that cadence in different

tonalities.

Table 2.15 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #43, Aria da Chiesa

Section Measures Themes / Tonal Areas

Ascending Ruggero Theme

/ G minor
Ascending Chiesa Theme
/ D minor
A 1-18
Descending Ruggero Theme
/ G major
Descending Chiesa Theme
/ C minor
Arpeggio Themes
B 19-36 F half diminished, C minor,
Eb major, G dominant, D major
Identical to the first section A with
the exception of the concluding
A 37-54
cadential passage
/ ends in D major
The A section is 18 measures in length and contains each of the

work’s 4 principal themes, presented consecutively in 4-bar phrases. After

a 2-bar introduction, the first phrase sets the ascending Ruggero theme

against a progression that simply moves from G major to G minor.

125
Figure 2.15.1 Ascending Ruggero Theme

The second phrase begins at measure 6 and sets the ascending

Chiesa theme against the backdrop of a harmonic progression that moves

G major to D minor.

Figure 2.15.2 Ascending Chiesa Theme

The third phrase conversely sets the descending Ruggero theme

with harmony that moves from D minor to G major at measure 10.

Figure 2.15.3 Descending Ruggero Theme

126
 The fourth phrase begins at measure 14 and sets the descending

Chiesa theme against the backdrop of a harmonic progression which

moves through C minor, A dominant and G dominant harmonies that close

the section by cadencing back in C minor.

Figure 2.15.4 Descending Chiesa Theme

The center portion of the symmetrical structure, the B section is also

18 measures in length, but its phrase structure is unlike that of its

predecessor, consisting of a pair of 7-bar phrases that are followed by a 4-

bar phrase. The 7-bar phrases are tonal inversions of each other and

feature long arpeggio figures followed by the repeated chord motive

derived from the opening of the work. The 4-bar phrase that closes the B

section is also derived from the repeated chord motive. The section moves

through a variety of tonalities before arriving at D dominant harmony in

anticipation of the return of the section A2 material.

The A2 section mirrors section A exactly with the exception of a final

cadence that brings the work to its close in D major.

127
 Opus 170, G reeting Card #44, B rasileira on the

name of Lau rindo Almeid a

Background

Castelnuovo-Tedesco dedicated Brasileira to Laurindo Almeida

(1917-1995). The 44th in the cycle, the work was one of nine Greeting

Cards composed in 1967. Almeida, a Brazilian born Grammy award

winning jazz guitarist and composer, kept a residence in Los Angeles

where he was a frequent visitor to the Castelnuovo-Tedesco home. 48

Analysis

Brasileira is a 111-measure work that has an underlying rondo

structure at its core. The occurrences of the main thematic material are

connected with episodic passages that are tonally functional and grow out

of their rhythmic material. The work is presented in duple meter and

features a type of syncopation that is reminiscent of those typically found

in Brazilian rhythms.

48 Personal interview with Ron Purcell.

128
Table 2.16 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #44, Brasileira

Section Measures Themes / Tonal Areas

Ascending and Descending

A 1-16 Laurindo and Almeida Themes
/ F major, D major
B Episode Theme
17-32
Episode I / D major
Ascending and Descending
A2 33-56 Laurindo and Almeida Themes
/ Various Keys
C Episode Theme, Climactic Themes
57-98
Episode II / Various Keys
Ascending and Descending
A3 99-106 Laurindo and Almeida Themes
/ A Dominant

Coda 107-111 Episode Theme

The opening section is sixteen bars long and is divided into four 4-

measure phrases. The first and second phrases are upon the ascending

Laurindo and Almeida themes, while the third and fourth phrases are

based on the descending versions. While the first and third phrases

present the themes without harmonization, the second and fourth phrases

are harmonized.

129
Figure 2.16.1 Ascending Laurindo and Almeida Themes

Figure 2.16.2 Descending Laurindo and Almeida Themes

Castelnuovo-Tedesco sets the inherently chromatic themes with

progressions that do not follow the conventions of harmonic function. The

second phrase arrives at F major through A dominant, G minor and again

A dominant harmony. The fourth phrase arrives at D major through G

dominant, F augmented, C# minor, A minor 7 and A dominant harmony.

The B section begins at measure 17 and features a regular phrase

structure set over 16 bars. The work’s episodic material is tonally more

stable than each of the main thematic sections and serves to ground the

work in a traditional sense. The A2 section differs from its predecessor in

its harmonization and phrase design. Descending arpeggio passages of

130
irregular length emerge from the accompaniment and follow each of the

themes.

The climactic C section, the longest of the work, departs from the

same material that occurs at the beginning of section B. This leads to

material characterized by insistent ostinato figures and sustained

harmonic tension.

The A3 section is the shortest of the 3 thematic passages.

Castelnuovo-Tedesco again varies the harmonic progression of the

material and sets it primarily against the backdrop of A dominant

harmony. The work closes with a 5-bar coda that reprises the episode

theme in D major.

131
Opus 170, No . 46, J apanese Print o n the Name Ji ro

Matsud a

Background

Born Akinobu Jiro Matsuda in Himeji, Japan on the 28th of June

1933, he began his guitar studies at the age of fourteen. Matsuda

continued to develop as a guitarist while he studied at Kobe University,

where he graduated in 1957 with a degree in Economics. He gave his first

public recital, in Kobe in 1958, and a year later, at the Osaka International

Festival, Andrès Segovia commended his playing. In 1962, Matsuda made

the first of three concert tours in the United States where met

Castelnuovo-Tedesco through his connection to Andres Segovia. He

maintained a correspondence with Castelnuovo-Tedesco until the

composer’s death in 1968. In 1969, Matsuda traveled to Europe, where for

two years he studied with Segovia and Alirio Diaz. During this time he also

studied with John Williams at the Royal College of Music in London. 49

49 Personal vitae submitted to the author by Akinobu Matsuda.

132
 Personal correspondence between Akinobu Matsuda and the author

elicited the following commentary regarding his recollections of the

composer generally, and Opus 170 specifically. 50

I met him in his house in Los Angeles, when I was on my way for a
concert tour. By accident, I was informed there was Maestro
Segovia's concert and a reception for him at Maestro Castelnuovo-
Tedesco's house. I tried to reach one of my friends whose name was
Ron Purcell, a guitarist there, (I heard he was a student of
Castelnuovo-Tedesco) When I reached his house, M.Segovia had just
finished playing to Maestro Castelnuovo-Tedesco, (it was great pity)!
I found Maestro Heifetz etc. at the salon. Later Maestro
Castelnuovo-Tedesco wrote me a letter and he dedicated his music,
Greeting Card, to me. I had several letters from him revising his
music before it was published.

I have changed my name since receiving the Greeting Card and

never have had a chance to play it, but instead I gave some pieces of
Capricchos de Goya a world premiere in 1985 in Japan. I played
one of them in my recent CD, Obsequio a el Maestro. By the way, did
you buy my CD Sound of the Guitar, No 3, or do you know the
address of his sons? If so, please let me know their address. I would
like to send this CD to them.”

Questioned as to his recording of the work, Matsuda replied:

My wife and played I duet by him, which is Prelude and Fuga No.1.
It was, I think, a world premier. He heard this recording and gave
me a nice comment for it. I played often the "Platero and I" by him.
I recorded some pieces on the record, for Japan Columbia, with a
famous actor as a narrator.

50 See footnote #3, Questionnaire

133
 I think Tedesco was a genius. I presume you know Segovia wrote
about Maestro Castelnuovo-Tedesco for the competition of
composers after Maestro Castelnuovo-Tedesco had passed away.

Regarding the question as whether or not the composer attempted

to express elements of his (Matsuda’s) personality into the piece, he wrote:

He got an impression of me when I visited him. In the meantime,

when I have time, I will look for those documents, the Greeting
Cards and letters, and send the copies for you. Sorry being late to
answer to you. Akinobu Matsuda

Analysis

Japanese Print is a light-hearted, playful and clever composition.

Several currents run through the work. First, Castelnuovo-Tedesco uses a

very colorful harmonic palette for the work that employs a mode mixture

created through the use of multiple tonic areas. Second is his

juxtaposition of contrasting themes and by extension, sections that are

perceived most noticeably in their metrical shifts. The work is constructed

in a 90 measure modified ternary form featuring symmetrical A and A2

sections.

134
Table 2.17 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #46, Japanese Print

Section Measures Themes / Tonal Areas

Ascending and Descending

Introduction 1-4
Jiro Themes / F major
Ascending and Descending
A 5-30 Matsuda Themes / F major,
F# minor, D major
Ascending and Descending
B 31-63
Jiro Themes / various keys
Based on Ornamental
transition 64-68 Motive from the Matsuda
Themes / F major
Ascending and Descending
A2 69-93 Matsuda Themes / F major,
F# minor, C major
Ascending Jiro Theme and
Coda 94-99 A and A2 Closing Themes /
C major

The work opens with a 4-bar introductory phrase that is based upon

the ascending and descending Jiro themes. The ascending theme moves

sequentially upward, a major followed by a minor third and is punctuated

by an F major triad.

Figure 2.17.1 Ascending Jiro Theme

135
 The descending Jiro theme moves sequentially downward, a major

and then a minor third and is also punctuated by an F major triad.

Figure 2.17.2 Descending Jiro Theme

Section A, marked moderato, alla marcia (March of the Samurai),

begins at measure 5 and is based on the ascending and descending

Matsuda themes. Both of the themes are centered on the tone A. The

English alphabet version of the chromatic scale places the letter M as the

thirteenth in the series, and thus creates a situation where the tone A will

be used 3 times in each form of the theme. Castelnuovo-Tedesco presents

the ascending theme in a tonality of F major and the descending theme in

the tonality of F-sharp minor. By placing these materials consecutively the

immediate appearance is that of mode mixture, but as the progression for

the section unfolds, harmonies relating to both of the initial tonalities are

offered.

136
Figure 2.17.3 Ascending Matsuda Theme

Figure 2.17.3 Ascending Matsuda Theme

The B section recalls the introductory material thematically and

stylistically. Marked Andantino grazioso (In the garden) and offering

contrast, the section differs rhythmically and metrically from that of

section A. The phrase structure is regular, consisting of 8 phrases each 4-

bars in length. The rhythmic style of the section is comparatively free,

featuring a mix of long lyrical lines and scale passages. The B section is

harmonically less stable than the A section, moving through tonalities of G

major, E major, C# minor, F major, C major, A-flat major, B-flat major and

A major. A transitional passage based on the ornamental motive from the

Matsuda theme leads to the A2 section.

The A2 section begins at measure 69, reprising measures 5 through

20 from section A in exact repetition. Whereas the section A moves to D

137
major at its close, section A2 move to C major in preparation for the coda

and the close of the work.

The coda reprises in condensed form the basic juxtaposition of the

contrasting sections. It features a 3-bar phrase with a based on the

ascending Jiro theme that closely resembles the opening of the B section,

followed directly by a 3-bar phrase based on the closing of the A and A2

sections that are in turn based upon the Matsuda theme. The phrases

have tonalities of G major and C major respectively, bringing the work to

its close via a somewhat rare direct and conventional harmonic

relationship.

Suggestions for Performance

Castelnuovo-Tedesco does not offer the interpreter instructions

regarding pulse relationships in the work’s metrical shifts. The differing

tempo markings and contrastive premise of the work suggest that the

maintenance of such a relationship is unnecessary. Inconsistency in the

counting of bars and meter at measure 30 serves to further emphasize this

point.

138
 Opus 170, No . 47, Volo d'A ngeli sul nome di

Angelo Gilardi no

Background

Angelo Gilardino was born in Vercelli, Italy, in 1941, where his early

studies of the guitar, cello and composition led first to a career as a

concert guitarist and later to that of composer and musicologist.

Contacted by Castelnuovo-Tedesco in 1966, Gilardino corresponded with

the composer frequently until his death in March of 1968. During the

course of the correspondence the composer had come to respect the talent

and intellect of the young Gilardino enough to recommend him to the

publishing house Edizioni Musicali Bèrben to direct their 20th Century

Guitar Music Series. The position thrust Gilardino into prominence in the

area of publishing works for the guitar, which, in turn parlayed into

successes in the fields of composition, musicology and education. 51

Gilardino has held teaching posts at the Liceo Musicale G.B. Viotti in

Vercelli, the Conservatorio Antonio Vivaldi in Alessandria and the

Accademia Superiore Internazionale Lorenzo Perosi in Biella. In 1997, he

51 See Appendix D

139
was appointed the artistic director of the Andrés Segovia Foundation and

the Segovia Museum in Linares, Spain. 52

Personal correspondence between Gilardino and the author elicited

the following commentary regarding his recollections of the composer

generally and Opus 170 specifically. 53

I received his first letter on 1966 totally out of the blue. I

couldn't believe it, because at that time I was a young (24 years old)
guitarist unknown beyond the borders of my native region, I did not
belong to the guitar mainstream - the Segovia line - and I had little
hope of breaking my isolation. The arrival of his first letter marked
the beginning of a new era in my career. He wrote in a friendly
manner, although from our correspondence I did not know what
was in store for me. Only after his death, I learned the truth.
Edizioni Musicali Bèrben had decided to expand their programs by
creating a new series of original 20th century guitar music and had
asked him whom to appoint for the leadership of the forthcoming
collection. There were many big nominations for that appointment,
but - with my ignoring all the matter, Mario suggested my totally
unknown name, and then he promoted me from one day to another
to the level of a first ranked person in the guitar world. It would
have become the most important series of guitar music of 20th
century! Subsequently, I knew that before the beginning of our
correspondence he had attended a concert of mine in Italy, whose
program included his "Sonata - Omaggio a Boccherini" , a piece of
which I had realized my own edition. I had never seen him, so I
couldn't recognize him.

Also, after having read my first compositions, he foretold that

despite my achievements as a concert player, in time I would
become a composer. Fourteen years later, in 1981, I gave up a
rewarding career as a player and I entered my full-time activity as a
composer.”

52 Personal vitae submitted to the author by Angelo Gilardino

53 see Footnote #1, Questionnaire

140
 Asked about his reaction when he received the Greeting Card, he

wrote:

Despite the warm flow of our correspondence, an average of two

letters a week from either side, I did not expect he would have
written one of his Greeting Cards upon my name, so I was once more
surprised when I received the envelope from Beverly Hills. He was
slowly sending me all of his manuscript guitar music, blueprinted,
and when that large envelope arrived, I thought it was another of
his works he wanted me to read from the original and not from a
printed source. I did not open it immediately; I was preparing a
concert for that evening and I took the sealed envelope with me.
After the concert, in my hotel room before going to rest, I broke the
envelope; it was a bad idea. I couldn't sleep and in the morning I
was still awake.

Gilardino responded to the questions about the premiere of the

work in the following way.

I did of course (premiere the work) a couple of weeks later. He was

not in the audience but I think I sent a recording to him. Anyway, I
knew already what he thought of me as a player. I can't say
anything precise about date and place of that performance because I
have lost (that information), in one of my many removals, a lot of
my documents.

In response to questions regarding his impressions of the work, and

the significance of the title, Gilardino responded in the following way.

141
 The Volo D’Angeli is a serious and thoughtful piece, despite its
rather sketchy appearance. Surely, it is one of the most significant
items in the series of the Greeting Cards.

Indeed, it is a musical description of my character as an artist. He

wrote "Andantino malinconico" and, not casually, most of my music
is inspired to Melancholy, Darkness, etc: I have written "Musica per
l'angelo della Melancholia" and the title of my concerto for guitar
and orchestra is "Lecons de Ténèbres".

Yes, the title Volo D’Angeli is significant beyond the name word play
We have an agreement to meet after life. It has been sealed by him
with a Christmas greeting card reproducing an ancient Tuscan
painting entitled "Incontro in Paradiso".

Analysis

The Volo d’Angeli employs a 127 measure symmetrical modified

binary structure as its form. The A and B sections are of similar lengths

and feature several phrase structures of identical design and thematic

ordering. A closing section briefly reprises each of the 4 themes. A coda

alternates between the 2 principal themes as it fades dynamically into

nothingness.

142
Table 2.18 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #47, Volo d’Angeli

Section Measures Themes / Tonal Areas

A
Ascending Angelo
Introduction 1-4
A dominant
Subsection I
A Ascending Angelo
5-12
Subsection II D Phrygian

A Ascending Angelo
13-30
Subsection III D Phrygian

A Ascending Gilardino
31-46
Subsection IV Eb major, A minor
B
Introduction 47-50 Descending Angelo
Subsection I
B Descending Angelo
51-58
Subsection II A minor

B Descending Angelo
59-83
Subsection III A minor

B Descending Gilardino
84-91
Subsection IV F# minor

B Descending Angelo
92-97
Subsection V A major/dominant
Ascending Angelo
Ascending Gilardino
Descending Angelo
Closing Section 98-113
Descending Gilardino
D minor, Bb major
A minor
Ascending Angelo
Coda 114-127 Descending Angelo
A major

143
 The work opens with a 4-bar introduction that strings together

octave transpositions of the ascending Angelo theme. Marked Andantino,

vagamente, Castelnuovo-Tedesco allows the vagaries of the implied

tonalities of the theme to rest openly before the onset his harmonization.

A repeated antecedent and consequent pair in D Phrygian follow the

introduction and lead to an 18-bar passage that is characterized by its

perpetual rhythm.

Figure 2.18.1 Ascending Angelo Theme

The ascending Gilardino theme is introduced at measure 31,

bringing the A section to its close. Castelnuovo-Tedesco uses the theme as

point of departure for the 8-bar section and employs the keys of Eb major

and A minor, both of which are implied in its collection of pitches.

Figure 2.18.2 Ascending Gilardino Theme

144
 The B section is constructed in similar fashion to section A, opening

with an introduction that leads to a repeated antecedent and consequent

phrase pair that in turn leads to a perpetual rhythm passage. The

thematic material is chromatically inverted and harmonic implications are

different. The material based on the descending Angelo theme is set

primarily in A minor.

Figure 2.18.3 Descending Angelo Theme

The descending Gilardino theme is set in F# minor and, as in the A

section, is the derivative material for the fourth subsection.

Figure 2.18.4 Descending Gilardino Theme

145
 Unlike section A, a fifth subsection occurs in section B. Returning to

the descending Angelo theme and anticipating the work’s closing section,

Castelnuovo-Tedesco sets the theme in A major.

The closing section revisits all 4 of the principal themes in

consecutive 4-bar phrases. The tonalities of the ascending themes are

unchanged from their earlier presentation while both of the descending

themes are presented against the backdrop of A major.

The coda alternates between the ascending and descending Angelo

themes presented in octave transpositions and in an unadorned manner.

146
 Opus 170, No . 48, Canzo ne C alabres e sul nome di

Ernest Calab ria

Background

Ernest Calabria (1928-1994) began his career as a professional

musician in his late teens. During these early years, he was very active in

the popular music scene. He played with a jazz trio and, soon after, began

his study of classical guitar, gaining a reputation as a touring musician

and session guitarist. Calabria worked extensively as a studio musician,

playing on Broadway, radio, television, in nightclubs54 and on cruise

ships55 .He gave guitar recitals for the Classical Guitar Society of New York

and performed with the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra, and the Little

Society of New York. He recorded a classical album of Paganini’s Sonatas

for violin and guitar.

Calabria was a childhood friend of fellow Greeting Cards recipient,

Eugene di Novi who introduced him to Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco when

the New York based artist was visiting in Los Angeles. “Throughout his

54 Ernest Calabria was Harry Belafonte’s accompanist for 9 years and recorded 14
albums with him. During his career, he also accompanied Steve Allen, Burt Bachrach,
Dinah Shore, Tony Bennett, Josephine Baker, Marlene Dietrich, Diahann Carroll, Melba
Moore, Miriam Makeba, Nana Mascouri, Barbara Massey and Eartha Kitt.
55 From 1979 until 1992 he played solo guitar and with a ten piece orchestra on Holland-
America, Cunard and Sitmar Lines

147
long career as a musician, Ernie formed a number of close relationships

with family and friends, many of which extended over a lifetime. He had a

natural bent for making others feel good about themselves. He affirmed

life and art even as he met adversity.”56

Analysis

The Canzone Calabrese is a work characterized by its tuneful

simplicity, lyricism and clarity of design. Featuring a symmetrical 73-bar

modified ternary form, it has subsections of 24, 24 and 25 measures that

are related also in their phrase design. Canzone Calabrese also features a

lilting 6/8 meter that is reminiscent of a barcarolle, creating a musical

connection to both the recipient’s cultural heritage, and by extension, the

work’s title. Castelnuovo-Tedesco remarks, in a letter to Eugene Escovado,

that although he has set the name Ernesto earlier in the opus57, he treats it

differently in the Canzone Calabrese. 58

56 The Memorial Service for Ernest Calabria, Saint Peter’s Church,

December 20, 1994
57 Opus 170 #41 Cancion Artgentina was written Ernesto Bitteti.
58 Letter from Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco to Eugene Escovado dated April 29, 1967.
University of California at Berkeley.

148
Table 2.19 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #48, Canzone Calabrese

Section Measures Themes / Tonal Areas

Ascending Ernest and

Calabria Themes /
A 1-24
A major, C# minor, E major,
A major/minor
Descending Ernest and
B 25-48 Calabria Themes /
D minor, F major, F# minor
Ascending Ernest and
A2 49-73
Calabria Themes

Figure 2.19.1 Ascending Ernest Theme

The A section sets first the ascending Ernest and later the ascending

Calabria themes, and features phrases 6 (2+4), 6 (2+4), 8 (2+2+4), and 4

(2+2) measures in length. The first and second phrases each depart from

an unadorned version of the ascending Ernest theme that lead to the

passages in A major and C# minor. The third phrase reflects the ascending

Ernest theme but is melodically less angular as it returns to a tonality of A

that is ambiguous in its modality.

149
Figure 2.19.2 Ascending Calabria Theme

Section A’s fourth phrase most prominent feature is a harmonic

dwelling on the flatted second scale degree at it sets the ascending

Calabria theme.

Figure 2.19.3 Descending Ernest Theme

The B section, while featuring a phrase design that is identical to

that of section A while setting the descending Ernest and Calabria themes,

also inverts elements of section A’s harmony and modality. The first and

second phrases each depart from the descending Ernest theme and have

tonalities of D minor and F major. The third phrase is reflective of the

others and remains in the established F major harmonic area.

150
Figure 2.19.1 Descending Calabria Theme

The B section closes with a phrase based on the descending Calabria

theme that inverts the harmonic idea of its counterpart in section A

through a harmonic descent of a minor second.

Section A2, which is nearly identical to section A, differing only in

its final phrase, brings the work to its close.

151
 Opus 170, No . 50, T arantella Campana sul no me

de Euge ne di No vi

Background

Euguene Di Novi (b. 1928) is Toronto based Jazz pianist who studied

with Castelnuovo-Tedesco in the 1950-60s. 59 Some confusion arose over

the manner in which his name was published in Forlivesi score as the

recipient actually goes by Gene Dinovi. Dinovi is uncertain of the reason

that Castelnuovo-Tedesco scored the Tarantella Campana for the guitar. 60

Correspondence, letters and postcards, between Tedesco and Dinovi (in

Brooklyn, New York) in the late 1950’s and early 1960’s indicate the close

personal relationship Tedesco had with his student/friend. Not only does

it show Tedesco’s musical industriousness, but also his warmth, his humor,

and his dedication to his students.

November 9, 1955
269 Clark Drive
Beverly Hills, California

Dear Gene,

59 See Appendix E
60 Personal Interview of Gene Dinovi by the author.

152
 Thank you for your letter. You are always very touching in
your expressions of gratitude toward me, although, really, I don’t
deserve them. Anyway I am glad if I have been (as you say) an
inspiration to you (although I am not always an inspiration to
myself!)

But I can’t complain right now; I have been working steadily

these past few weeks, and I have just started a new opera (which of
course is going to keep me busy for many months!)

I hope to see you soon in L.A., and I will try to give you as
much time as you wish. In the meantime give my regards to Hal,
and believe me most friendly yours,

Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco

February 27, 1956

Beverly Hills

Dear Gene,

Thank you for your letter and for the check. Too bad Lena
didn’t decide to get treated in L.A. so you could have had some
more lessons! Anyway I hope nothing will interfere with your
European trip .

In the meantime let me know when the little one is born! And
all most friendly wishes to you and to your wife.

Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco

P.S. The opera (actually the operas as they are two now!) are
proceeding well (slowly but well..) the first one is on page 220, the
second on page 110. But as I figure out about 1200 for each one, it
will take a long time to complete them!!!

153
May 9, 1956
Beverly Hills

Dear Gene,

Thank you for your letter. And Marty had already sent me
your greeting. But, as a matter of fact,…you had slightly neglected
me!...and you didn’t even write me when the child was born! So I
send you my delayed congratulations and all best wishes!

I am glad you are enjoying your European trip and I imagine

you just have lots of unusual experiences- I envy you being in Paris
at this time of the year. When I was living in Italy (and was a rich
man) I always used to go to Paris for some weeks in the spring; and
sometimes miss it… They also used to have the most interesting
musical events at this time and I just see announced in the Guide
(der??)Concerts “the annual Festival of Paris”: so, if you have time,
you can have your choice.

As for myself, I am in comparatively good health; and quite

busy as usual…last week I was working (at the same time) on my two
operas while writing a new Guitar piece (Passalaglia and Fugue)
commissioned by Segovia and scoring a UPA cartoon, Etiquette. So,
at least, I can say that I am not lacking in variety. Besides I have
plenty of students, of all ages and…(I was about to say) of all sexes!
I have even two nuns! Otherwise, on the outside, Hollywood is just
as dull as ever! ( and the weather for over a month now, miserable.)

I hope to hear soon of your “Parisian impressions”. In the

meantime, give my regards to Lennie and believe me with all best
wishes.

Sincerely yours,

M. C. T.

154
Postcard #1

August 12, 1956, Florence

(Picture on card is a Panorama of Florence)

These are my last days in Florence. I should be home on the

21 .
st
See you soon!

Affectionate greetings,

Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco

Letter February 8, 1957

Dear Gene,

I was glad to hear from you again after such a long time, and
to know that you are well. Unfortunately, you will come back to L.A.
when I am about to leave or have already left! As a matter of fact
we plan to spend the summer in Italy this year, and to leave (via
Spain) around April 20th. But I should be back around the middle of
October, and I hope to see you then.

I have been very active this last year having written a

complete three act opera during 1956, and now I have started
another one (also in three acts) of which I have just finished the lst
Act today. If you to some record store try to hear the beautiful
recording of my 2nd Violin Concerto , played by Heifetz which has
been just released/ RCA Victor LM-2050—With all best wishes to you
and the family believe me most friendly yours,

Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco

155
Postcard #2 June 4, 1957

(Picture is of Florence from the Pont Vecchio.)

Dear Gene,

In a big envelope (containing all the mail arrived after I left) I

received yesterday your letter of May 1st. Yes, I am in Europe (we
left April 19, and we were (for two weeks)in Spain)and I am
planning to stay here until October 1st. I should be back in Los
Angeles around Oct. 15, and, at that time, I will be very glad to see
you and to start our lessons again. In the meantime all best wishes.

Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco

Postcard #3 June 6, 1959

Picture is of Florence and the Arno

I am afraid we will “cross again”! Around the middle of August,

when you are flying to Paris, I will be flying back to the States!
Anyway let me know to what address in France I can write you when
I have listened to your record. In the meantime all my wishes,

Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco

June 24, 1964

Florence

Dear Gene-

Thank you for you letter, for the kind thoughts and for the
kind thought for the adoption! Which accept, of course! Only that
my family. is becoming a little too large! Do you know that last year
during the rehearsals of “The Song of Songs”, a little girl who was

156
singing in the chorus suddenly asked me, Mr. Tedesco! May I adopt
you as my grandfather-and this idea pleased everybody so much
that suddenly I found myself with about 150 grandchildren?!! (the
whole orchestra and chorus!) Anyway, instead of praying –“Our
Father who art in Heaven-“ I will gladly say-“My son who art in
Heaven Avenue!”

As for your plans of studying one Bach Fugue every week, and
writing one yourself (Isn’t (it) too strict a diet?) although I went
through a stricter one in my own days…with the result that out of
the Conservatory, I didn’t write a Fugue again for the next 15 years!
Consult Gimpel (who is back, I know): he will probably suggest a
more “mixed fare…,and so would I…But we will talk about it when I
come back.

When…? Probably around the middle of August, because I

have promised my son to wait for him (and he is bound to come at
the beginning of August) : otherwise…I would take an earlier plane!
Florence is beautiful as usual but it is overcrowded and so noisy that
I have to carry cotton in my ears! And the climate is so suffocating
that next week we will move to Vollombrosa ( a mountain resort
nearby) with the hope of finding some fresh air and some silence…

In the meantime give my regards to Artie and to Gimpel. To

you the most affectionate greetings from “ Father Mario”.

Postcard #4 (Picture is of Vollombrosa) (not dated)

To give you an idea of Vollombrosa seen from the terrace of the

Paradasino (the Little Paradise) where Milton lived in the XVIIth
century, the Brownings in the XIX th and myself ,the XXth.

(The monastery was founded in the XIth century by Saint Giovani

Gualberto Antinori. That reminds me that I had a schoolmate of the
same name; but…he was not a Saint..and was not too bright.

M.C.T.

157
Analysis

Tarantella Campana, set in a quick 6/8 meter and 122 measures in

length, is a work in a modified binary form that has a high level of energy

and vigor that belies the composer’s failing health. While most of the

works in the cycle give equal emphasis to each of the name derived

motives, the ascending Eugene motive takes a role of prominence in the

Tarantella Campana. Castelnuovo-Tedesco had previously set the name

Eugene in Greeting Card No. 14, treating it in a very different manner. 61

Table 2.20 Analytical Diagram of Opus 170, #50, Tarantella

Campana

Section Measures Themes / Tonal Areas

A Ascending Eugene /
1-12
Subsection I C# minor

A Ascending Di Novi /
13-20
Subsection II F major

A Descending Di Novi /
21-24
Subsection II F# minor

A Descending Eugene /
25-28
Subsection II D minor

A Ascending Eugene /
29-40
Subsection III D minor

61 Letter from Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco to Eugene Escovado dated April 29, 1967.
University of California at Berkeley.

158
 A2 Ascending Eugene /
41-52
Subsection I C# minor

A2 Ascending Di Novi /
53-66
Subsection II F major

A2 Descending Eugene
67-76
Subsection III / D minor

A2 Descending Di Novi /
77-88
Subsection IV F# minor

A2 Ascending Eugene /
89-96
Subsection V D minor

Ascending and Descending

Coda 97-113
Di Novi Themes

Ascending Eugene and

Coda 114-122
Di Novi Themes

The A section sets each of work’s 4 themes, beginning with the

ascending Eugene theme which is presented in phrases of 4 and 8 bars

that have a basic tonality of C# minor.

Figure 2.20.1 Ascending Eugene and Di Novi Themes

A 16-bar subsection introduces each of the remaining 3 motives in

an episodic and modulatory setting. The ascending Di Novi motive is

heard twice. Set over 2 measures, it makes up the first half of antecedent

159
and consequent 4-bar phrases. The tonality of the antecedent phrase is F

major. 62 The consequent phrase moves from F major to A flat major. The

descending Di Novi motive follows. This is also set over 2 measures, but is

repeated immediately and is harmonized in C# major. A four-bar phrase

based on the descending Eugene motive closes this subsection.

Figure 2.20.2 Descending Eugene and Di Novi Themes

Section A’s final subsection is a transposed mirror image of the first

subsection, based on the ascending Eugene theme in a D minor tonality.

Because of the similarity of its design, section A2 is recognizable as a

variation of Section A that features alterations of the basic rhythmic values

and developmental expansion of thematic material. Castelnuovo-Tedesco

expands and rearranges the order of the thematic material contained in

the middle subsections (II, III and IV, counterpart of subsection II from

section A) of section A2, while retaining the basic characteristics of its

outer subsections.

62 Angelo Gilardino seems to suggest a fingering for a root position as opposed to a first
inversion F major chord.

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 Castelnuovo-Tedesco closes the work with a coda that acts as

dénouement in first setting both Di Novi themes and then the ascending

Eugene and Di Novi themes.

161
 Postscript

Conclusions

It is my belief that Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco is a composer whose

reputation will continue to grow as the reevaluation of the impact that

serial atonal composition, as ill-fated late 20th century common practice,

has had on our music and its institutions continues in academic circles.

The glow of that common practice is fading rapidly, though not before

chasing audiences from our concert halls and leaving composers and their

listeners with a sense of mutual suspicion. Castelnuovo-Tedesco and his

contemporaries who exposed themselves to ever-increasing criticism

because of their belief that tonal frameworks still offered fertile ground

for musical inspiration are being recognized for having made a courageous

stand. Additionally, the opus 170 Greeting Cards are especially important

in considering the totality of Castelnuovo-Tedesco’s work as they show an

innovative aspect of the composer that is generally overlooked by scholars

who are unwilling to recognize his contemporary awareness. Castelnuovo-

Tedesco’s gift for writing and setting lyrical melodies was put to test in the

Opus 170 Greeting Cards to a degree that exceeds most of his other works

and serves as testament to the rarity of his talent. Despite the angular

nature of many of the themes contained in the opus, Castelnuovo-

162
Tedesco’s voice remains centered in the works, steadfastly and

unmistakably.

It is my hope that this treatise will be of good service to those who

encounter it. The research and writing have been undertaken in a serious

and fair manner, but also with a deep appreciation and belief in the merits

of these works.

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 Appendices

Appendix A

Biography of Robin Eugene Escovado

I was born August 20, 1931 in Dallas, Texas. My mother’s family were
farm folk of Scotch descent of the name Guthrie. My maternal
grandmother was a Cunningham. My father was of Basque descent, with
some American Indian mixed in. His family name originally was
“Escovedo”, but the spelling was changed to “Escovado” a generation or
two before him. My paternal grandmother claimed to be the niece of the
notorious western outlaw, John Wesley Hardin, however there appears to
be no documentation of that connection.

On my mother’s side, there have been several individuals of musical

inclination, but of no training. There may be, however, on my father’s
side, a relationship with a musical branch of the Escovado family hailing
from the same small Texas community where my father (John Wayne
Escovado) was born. Pete Escovado, a currently well-known popular
performer is the only other “Escovado”, beyond my own family, of whom I
have ever heard. That he is a distant cousin is likely, but undocumented.

My mother and father divorced shortly after my birth. I have two older
brothers and one sister. My childhood was one of poverty, being born in
the great depression. My mother immediately remarried and during the
1930’s I was shuttled constantly between my mother and my father. My
brothers remained almost altogether with my father. My step-father was a
traveling upholsterer and was constantly on the move. I lived in small
towns, always for very short times, all over Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana.
I have no idea how many schools I attended. I had no friends and,
because we traveled lightly, had no toys. But I was precocious and an
early and avid reader. I was aware very early in my childhood of a
musical aptitude.

During a period that I was with my father, who, during all my travels, had
remained in Dallas, he took me and my two brothers to Southern

164
California in the summer of 1941. California was to be my home for the
next 17 years. For two years we lived in various migratory camps
throughout So. California’s Imperial and Coachella Valleys, picking dates,
oranges, cotton, etc. My mother, having divorced the upholsterer, soon
followed us and in 1943 I returned to her household.

In 1946, in San Diego, when my mother fell heir to a relative’s piano, I had
my first piano lessons from a shy, elderly Mr. Lockhart who came once a
week to our house. I began composing from the beginning. Six months
later, my progress was so rapid that, having been recommended to him, I
began lessons with Charles Shatto, a pianist, organist, and composer, and
San Diego‘s foremost musician at that time. If ever there had been a
match “made in heaven”, this was one. I could not have fallen into better
hands, or a mentor better suited to my talent, of which Charles was
instantly aware. Charles Shatto had been a student of the French
composer, Charles Koechlin. Prior to my meeting with Shatto, he had been
married to Catherine Urner, an immensely gifted composer, who during
the 1920’s had been Koechlin’s mistress. When she returned to California,
she married Charles Shatto who was many years younger than she. He was
her student, and then Koechlin’s, who lived with Charles and Catherine
during his several sojourns to California. Catherine was killed and Shatto
severely burned in a tragic auto accident in 1942. It was through Shatto,
whose protégé I became, and with whom I lived for seven years, that I
came to know the music of Charles Koechlin. It was from his texts on
harmony and counterpoint that I acquired my academic training and it
was Koechlin‘s vision of musical beauty that I took as my own. Charles put
me through college and gave me the life that I have had.

I left Charles in 1954, and two years later, I moved from San Diego to Los
Angeles where I continued my studies with Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco,
who became teacher, foster-father, and lover to me during the last 12
years of his life. But this was to be mostly a long-distance relationship.
Mario, after all, had his Clara, a wonderful wife who also was my friend.
In 1958, I moved from Los Angeles to New York City. I lived there for 35
years, and had my first publications (though not many). Not having the
breadth of talent to be both composer and performer, and a distaste for
teaching, I was never able to make a living as a musician. During most of
the 1960’s I worked for the United Negro College Fund in charge of it
radio/TV publicity (the one salaried job that I most liked and believed in).
During that period, on behalf of the College Fund, I co-produced with
Milton Cross a weekly radio network program, “Negro College Choirs”.

165
Mario’s death in 1968, along with other traumas, triggered a profound
“change of life” crises, and I was unable to compose for nearly 10 years.
Seeking another profession, I went back to school and became a computer-
programmer. I adored it as an intellectual exercise, but hated the
corporate environments in which I had to work. I was never a “team
player” (a concept I despise!) and, thus, a poor employee. However, in
spite of many changes of jobs (fortunately, during the 1970’s,
programmers were in high-demand), I made a good living. In 1980, I
returned to composing. The advent of the personal computer was
instrumental in that. After almost a decade of inactivity, I found that my
powers had exponentially increased. I credit programming, which seems
to use much of the same circuitry, for keeping my aptitude alive and even
nurturing it.

However, and mostly involuntarily, I found that I had to learn how to

compose all over again, thanks mostly to the options that music software
make available. I wrote many hundreds of new “student works” during
the 1980’s, virtually all of which I since discarded as unworthy. But it had
not been a waste of time. Early in the 1990’s, soon after a return to the
West Coast, where I have since lived, I returned to my primary love, choral
music and have found a vastly improved fluency. My “angels” are still
singing to me.

Robin Eugene Escovado, San Bernardino, CA, 2005

166
Appendix B

Press Biography of Oscar Ghiglia

Oscar Ghiglia was born in 1938 in Livorno, Italy, to a pianist mother and a
painter father. While attending Rome's Santa Cecilia Convervatory, he
participated in Segovia's summer master classes in Siena and Santiago de
Compostela. His graduation from the Conservatory in 1962 was followed
by several important awards: First Prize in the Orense Guitar Competition,
First Prize in the Santiago de Compostela Guitar Competition and First
Prize in the Radio France International Guitar Competition.

In 1964, Andrés Segovia invited Ghiglia to be his assistant in master

classes in California. Since then, Oscar Ghiglia has given concerts and
masterclasses throughout the world. In addition to appearing extensively
in all parts of North and South America and Europe, he is a frequent
performer in the Far East, Israel, Argentina, New Zealand and the South
Pacific, and has recorded for Angel and Nonesuch Records.

While being active as a concert artist, Ghiglia has always favored teaching
as a sister profession. Very few well-known guitarists today have not at
one time or another been in his classes and profited from his lessons.
Oscar Ghiglia is currently professor of guitar at the Basel Music-Akademie
where he teaches post-graduate students and gives summer courses in
Europe, America and the Middle East. He established the classical guitar
summer program at Aspen, CO, and taught there for twenty years. He now
regularly gives summer classes at the Festival d'Arc in southern France, at
the Chigi Academy in Siena, Italy, and at the Festival Garnanno (Italy).

167
Appendix C

Press Biography of Ronald Purcell

Concert guitarist, pedagogue and chordphonic instrument specialist,

Professor Ron C. Purcell earned his degrees in composition, musicology
and pedagogy at the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music, California state
University, Northridge, Lisboa Conservatorio de Musica, Lisbon and the
Orfeo Catala Lleidata, Barcelona.

His major teachers have included Andres Segovia, Emilio Pujol, Macario
Santiago Kastner, Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco, and Alirio Diaz.

Dr. Purcell has produced recordings with Klavier Records and El Maestro
Records and has published two books and numerous performance editions
with Chanterelle, Columbia Picture Publishing Company (formerly Belwin-
Mills) and editions with Mel Bay Publishing Company. Dr. Purcell has
written many articles for various organizations and societies. He served as
the Guitar Foundation of America and as editor for the journal, American
String Teachers Assn., Guitar Division. Presently, he is president of the
American Guitar Society and director of the International Guitar Research
Archive (IGRA)

His guitar, lute and vihuela performance have taken him throughout the
United States, Central America, the Caribbean, Japan and Europe. He is a
frequent lecturer, national and international adjudicator, and organizer of
local, national and international guitar events.

168
Appendix D

Biography of Angelo Gilardino

Born at Vercelli, Italy, on 1941, he studied in the music schools of his

native town (guitar, cello and composition). His concert career, running
from 1958 to 1981, has strongly marked the evolution of the guitar as a
leading instrument of the 20th century music: new compositions dedicated
to him by authors from all the world, and premiered by him, number in
hundreds. Since 1967, Edizioni Musicali Bèrben entrusted him with the
leadership of the 20th century guitar music series which became the most
important in the world, bearing Gilardino’s name. Since 1981, he gave up
with his concert career in order to concentrate on his work as a composer,
as a teacher and as a musicologist.

Since then, he composed and published the collection of the sixty Studi di
virtuosità e di trascendenza, acknowledged by John W. Duarte as
“milestones of the new guitar repertory”, two Sonatas, two sets of
Variations (Variazioni sulla Follia, Variazioni sulla Fortuna), a Suite
(Musica per l'angelo della Melancholia ), other pieces such as Colloquio con
Andrés Segovia, Sonatine des fleurs et des oiseaux, Tríptico de las visiones,
Catskill Pond, La casa del faro, Sonata Mediterranea, Sonata del
Guadalquivir, etc.; four multi-guitaristic Concertos (Concerto d'estate,
Concierto de Córdoba, premiered at Córdoba Festival on 1994, Poema
d'inverno, Concerto d'autunno), and six Concertos with chamber
orchestra: Concerto for guitar (Leçons de Ténèbres, 1996), Concerto for
mandolin and guitar (Fiori di novembre, 1997), Concerto Italiano for four
guitars (1998), Concerto for flute and guitar (La casa delle ombre, 1999),
Liederkonzert for two guitars (2000) , Concerto for Guitar and Accordion
(En las tierras altas, 2001), plus chamber music with guitar, including two
Sonatina-Lied respectively for bassoon and guitar and violin and guitar.
His works are regularly performed in concert, recorded and featured as
test pieces in competitions.

As a teacher, he was appointed since 1965 to 1981 at the Liceo Musicale

“G.B. Viotti” at Vercelli and, since 1981 until 2004, he has been a
professor at the State Conservatory “Antonio Vivaldi” at Alessandria. Since
1984 until 2003 he has lead the post-graduate courses at the Accademia
Superiore Internazionale “Lorenzo Perosi” at Biella. He has given about
200 courses, seminars and masterclasses in various European countries,

169
invited by universities, academies, conservatories and festivals. On 1989,
the town of Lagonegro has awarded him with honorary citizenship as an
acknowledgement of his teaching activity for the Internazional Guitar
Festival. On 1993, the University of Granada, Spain, invited him to give a
course for the celebration of the 100th anniversary of Andrés Segovia’s
birth. On 1998, he has been awarded the Marengo Prize by the
Conservatory of Alessandria.

As a musicologist, he has given a powerful contribution to the guitar

repertoire of the first half of the 20th century with his discoveries and
publications of important works which were either unknown or considered
as lost, such as the Sonata para guitarra by Antonio José, the Variazioni by
Ottorino Respighi and a large corpus of guitar works written for Andrés
Segovia by Spanish, French and British composers during the Twenties and
the Thirties. Since 2002, he is the general editor of The Andrés Segovia
Archive, the series published by Edizioni Musicali Bèrben and devoted to
those works. He has also reconstructed the Concerto for guitar and
Orchestra of the Russian composer Boris Asafiev, published by Editions
Orphée. As a consequence of these rescues of his, a new powerful addition
has been gifted to the historical repertoire of the guitar in the 20th
century.

In 1997, he has been appointed as the artistic director of the “Andrés

Segovia” Foundation of Linares, Spain, the Segovia Museum.

The Italian Guitar Congress has awarded him the prize "Golden Guitar" for
three times (1997, 1998, 2000), respectively for his compositions, for his
teaching and for his musicological search.

He has written two books dealing with the principles of guitar technique.
He has published a handbook devoted to those composers who aim to
write for guitar, but who do not play this instrument. He has also
published a handbook of guitar history and a relevant number of essays
and articles.

The prizes received by his pupils in the international competitions, as well

as his memberships in the juries, are countless.

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 Appendix E

Biography for Gene Di Novi

Dinovi, Gene (Eugene Salvatore Patrick). Pianist, composer, singer, b

Brooklyn, 26 May 1928. He began his career as a teenaged bebop pianist
in jazz clubs along New York's fabled 52nd Street and played for several
bandleaders (Henry Jerome, Joe Marsala, Boyd Raeburn, Stan Hasselgard,
and others) in the late 1940s. He recorded as a sideman to Benny
Goodman (for Capitol), Brew Moore (Savoy), Aaron Sachs (Manor), Artie
Shaw (Columbia), and Lester Young (Alladin) in this period. A popular
accompanist with singers, DiNovi played in the early 1950s for Peggy Lee
and Tony Bennett, and 1955-63 for Lena Horne, latterly on an intermittent
basis.

While in Los Angeles at mid-decade with Lee, and again while working as a
pianist and arranger for TV there during the 1960s, he studied
composition and orchestration with Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco. He also
studied piano with Jacob Gimpel and conducting and composition with
Maria di Bonaventura in Los Angeles during the 1960s. After his first visit
to Toronto in 1971 as an accompanist to Carmen McRae, DiNovi made the
city his home in 1972.

DiNovi has divided his career there between extended solo piano
engagements at several of the city's more exclusive rooms (Charles One at
La Scala and, later in later years, lounges at the Royal York, Sutton Place,
and Four Seasons hotels) and studio work as an arranger and composer of
incidental music, jingles, and film scores. He starred in 1974 with the
singer Jodie Drake on CBC (Toronto) TV's 'Gene and Jodie' and has
presented programs and series about US popular song and songwriters on
CBC radio (including seasons intermittently 1975-81 on 'The Morning
Show' and its successor 'Morningside'), TV Ontario ('The Music Room,'
1980), and in concert.

DiNovi's own songs (to lyrics by Spence Maxwell, Bob Comstock, Johnny
Mercer, and others) include 'Brand New Day' and 'I Can Hear the Music'
and have been recorded by Maurice Chevalier, Doris Day, Percy Faith,
Peggy Lee, and Nancy Wilson. DiNovi also has composed The Scandanavian
Suite No. 1 (Sweden) (recorded in 1958 for Roulette), a Divertimento in
Blue (for Benny Goodman), Hommage à Satie, and several other classical

171
pieces. In 1984 he began touring in Canada with the clarinetist James
Campbell, playing mixed programs of jazz and classical music.

DiNovi's recordings during his Canadian years include Softly As I Leave

You (1977, PediMega Records # 1) of piano solos, Each Day Is Valentine's
Day (1984, PediMega Records #2) and Ruby & Gene Play George & Ira
Gershwin (1984, PediMega Records #3) of duets with the US cornetist Ruby
Braff, and Precious Moment (1990, Marshmallow 00204) with the Japanese
musicians Kohji Toyama (bass) and Yukio Kimura (drums). The last-named
was recorded in Yokohama after DiNovi performed solo at the Canadian
Pavilion at Expo 90 in Osaka. In 1991 he returned to a bebop setting with
Dave Young (bass) and Memo Acevedo (drums) at George's Jazz Room and
elsewhere; with Acevedo and Don (W.) Thompson, he recorded two more
albums for eventual release by Marshmallow.

172
Bibliography

G.M. Gatti: ‘Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco’, La critica musicale, i/10–11

(Florence, 1918), 197–205; repr. in Musicisti moderni d'Italia e di
fuori (Bologna, 1920, 2/1925), 41–52; Eng. trans. as ‘Some Italian
Composers of Today: I Castelnuovo-Tedesco’, MT, lxii (1921), 403–5
R.B. Hall: ‘An Interview with Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco’, Musical Leader
(1928)
W. Lyle: ‘The Shakespeare Songs of M. Castelnuovo-Tedesco’, The
Chesterian, xvii (1935–6), 140
A. Soltes: ‘A Fine Italian Hand: Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco’, Off the
Willows: the Rebirth of Modern Jewish Music (New York, 1970), 98–
105
J.L. Thiel: The Stylistic Trends Found in a Comparative Analysis of Three
Published Organ Works by Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco (diss., U. of
Missouri, 1970)
M.L. Holmberg: Thematic Contours and Harmonic Idioms of Mario
Castelnuovo-Tedesco, as Exemplified in the Solo Concertos (diss.,
Northwestern U., 1974)
P.A. Higham: Castelnuovo-Tedesco's Works for Guitar (diss., U. of Alberta,
1977)
N. Rossi: Catalogue of Works by Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco (New York,
1977)
B. Scalin: Operas by Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco (diss., Northwestern U.,
1980)
D.L. Alt: An Analysis of Five Shakespearean Settings by Mario Castelnuovo-
Tedesco (diss., U. of Iowa, 1980)
S. Prechtl: A Stylistic and Vocal Analysis of the Shakespeare Songs of Mario
Castelnuovo-Tedesco (diss., Indiana U., 1981)
A. Diaz: Al divisar el humo de la aldea nativa (1984) Caracas
C. Otero: Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco: su vida y su obra para guitarra
(Mexico City, 1987)
A. Gilardino: ‘Osservazioni sulla “Sonata-omaggio a Boccherini” de Mario
Castelnuovo-Tedesco’, Il Fronimo, no.71 (1990) 11–30

173
L. Afshar: ‘I 24 caprichos de Goya per chitarra op.195 di Mario
Castelnuovo-Tedesco e il loro rapporto con le incisioni di Goya’, Il
Fronimo, no.73 (1990), 11–26
N. Rossi: ‘A Tale of Two Countries: the Operas of Mario Castelnuovo-
Tedesco’, OQ, vii/3 (1990), 89–121
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1994)
O. Worthington: An Analysis and Investigation of Coplas by Mario
Castelnuovo-Tedesco (treatise, U. of Texas at Austin, 2001)
M. Hinsley: Text-Music Relationships in Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco’s
Vogelweide (treatise, U. of Texas at Austin, 2003)
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(Mexico City, 2003)

174
 Vita

David S. Asbury (b. 1963) is the youngest of five children born to

university professors (Charles and Barbara), and raised in Miami, Florida.

The only child to express intense musical interest, he was given a guitar on

his seventh birthday and has been playing ever since. He holds a Bachelor

of Music degree the North Carolina School of the Arts and a Masters of

Music degree from The University of Texas at Austin, his principal

teachers being noted pedagogues Aaron Shearer and Adam Holzman. He

has served on the faculty of Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas

since 1992. In January of 1993 he married Angela Preketes, a Doctor of

Veterinary Medicine and best friend since childhood. They have two

daughters, Frances and Meg.

Permanent address: 1608 South Main Street, Georgetown, Texas 78626

This dissertation was typed by the author.

175