Industry Guidebook:

Renewable Energy

February 2009

Produced for the WEIC Task Force of the Colorado Workforce Development Council by
Corporation for a Skilled Workforce
Purpose of This Guidebook
This Renewable Energy Industry guidebook was developed as a resource for workforce practitioners and
intermediaries, and their partners, as they design and implement sector initiatives in their regions.
Sector strategies, or regionally targeted industry strategies as they are sometimes known, have become
a well established and effective strategy to enhance the economic competitiveness of regions and
states. The intent of this guidebook is to provide data, information, resources and trends about the
industry sector at the national and state levels; so that public partners can gain a more in depth
knowledge of the sector. It is not intended to be a comprehensive listing of all Colorado resources and
organizations, but rather a starting point for more research at the state and regional level. Users are
encouraged to spend time reviewing this guide and exploring the links to state level reports, industry
web sites and other resources. The links are rich with data and industry information, and many change
over time as sector trends and issues change. Successful intermediaries and sector public partners
should strive to be as knowledgeable as possible about the target industry and its challenges so that
they can more effectively communicate with their business partners and better understand the needs of
the industry. This guidebook is intended to provide a strong foundation to start you on this journey of
sector knowledge acquisition.
 Table of Contents
Overview of Industry ........................................................................................ 1
Did You Know? ................................................................................................................................ 1
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1
Wind ......................................................................................................................................... 3
Solar.......................................................................................................................................... 4
Biomass/biofuel ....................................................................................................................... 5
Incentives and Policy Proposals ....................................................................... 6
National Policy Trends .................................................................................................................... 6
Proliferation of Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS)............................................................. 6
State Policy & Incentives................................................................................................................. 8
Industry Trends and Challenges ....................................................................... 9
National Trends ............................................................................................................................... 9
Increasing cost of oil................................................................................................................. 9
Increased consumer awareness of and demand for sustainably produced products............. 9
Demand for overall power is growing...................................................................................... 9
Linking renewable energy to energy efficiency ..................................................................... 10
Backlog of demand for manufactured components .............................................................. 10
Colorado Trends ............................................................................................................................ 10
Wind Trends ........................................................................................................................... 10
Solar Trends............................................................................................................................ 11
Biofuel Trends ........................................................................................................................ 11
Industry Subsector Challenges...................................................................................................... 12
Wind Challenges ..................................................................................................................... 12
Solar Challenges ..................................................................................................................... 12
Biofuel Challenges .................................................................................................................. 12
Workforce Issues ............................................................................................ 14
National Workforce Issues ............................................................................................................ 14
Green Jobs .......................................................................................................................... 14
Projecting Workforce Demand .............................................................................................. 15
Overall Shortage of Workers ........................................................................................................ 16
Increasing interest in corporate social responsibility and sustainability by incoming workers ... 18
Colorado Workforce issues ........................................................................................................... 19
Increased collaboration among educational institutions to train future workforce ............. 19
Resources........................................................................................................ 20
National Associations .................................................................................................................... 20
Colorado Associations ................................................................................................................... 20
Centers .......................................................................................................................................... 21
Newsletters ................................................................................................................................... 22
Sources ........................................................................................................... 23
Reports .......................................................................................................................................... 23
Endnotes ....................................................................................................................................... 23
Overview of Industry

Did You Know?

Just as not all green jobs are radically new jobs, green jobs are found in a variety of sectors, not
just the renewable energy sector.
Generally, 80% of jobs created in the solar and wind sectors will be in manufacturing and 20% in
construction and installation.
Solar photovoltaic power uses more labor per installed megawatt than other renewable energy
sources, so solar power produces a larger demand for a skilled workforce.
Because the renewable energy sector is heavily dependent on manufacturing industry, the
manufacturing sectors skilled labor shortage is relevant to the renewable energy sectors ability to
grow.
Large surveys by organizations such as Society for Human Resource Management and American
Management Association show that many employees desire more explicit action by their employers
on issues of sustainability, and, crucially, they want to be involved in those actions.

Introduction
The term renewable energy has been used to loosely define those energy industries that do not rely on
a finite fossil fuel energy source, such as coal, petroleum, or natural gas, and which generally emit
carbon dioxide during production. The key concept in renewable energy is an overall reduction in
harmful gas generation, including but not limited to CO2, and accessing power sources that are not
limited in nature. Because the term renewable is not defined by government policy or occupational
code, variation exists among policy makers, private industry and others at to which industries exactly are
renewable. This is important because job projections, investment dollars and economic impact
forecasts are dependent upon which industries are counted. There is general agreement that the
following sources are renewable:
Wind
Solar
Geothermal
Biomass/bio fuel
Variation exists among stakeholders and policy makers as to whether the following three should be
considered to be renewable sources. (This guidebook does not consider these sources to be part of the
renewable energy sector.)
Coal gasification. Coal gasification describes the process of capturing the CO2 that is emitted during
the process of using coal to create electricity (which is the primary source of electricity in the US).
The capture of CO2 so that it does not pollute the environment is what is known as clean coal
technology. Critics say that the CO2 is still produced, even if it is stored, so clean coal is not truly
renewable energy. There are also a number of safety questions about storing the CO2. (For a more
complete discussion of this energy source, please see the industry guidebook on Energy Extraction)
Hydro power. While the source of electricity comes from water, a natural resource, production of
electricity from water still produces CO2. In addition, there are concerns about ecosystem
disruption resulting from the diversion of water for hydro power purposes.

Industry Guidebook: Renewable Energy 1

 Nuclear power. While nuclear power generation does not emit CO2, it does produce hazardous
waste. The questions related to long term storage of this waste have yet to be resolved after
decades of policy debate.
As mentioned above, due to the variability in the definition of renewable industries, various agencies
and industry groups posit various industry size, revenues and jobs in the renewable energy industry. A
well-regarded and commonly referenced account- (by both private and public sector entities) of green
job growth and size comes from the American Solar Energy Society in a report produced in 2008 called
Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency: Drivers for 21st Century. This report focused on jobs generated
by renewable energy industries and jobs in the energy efficiency field, which is closely related. (Note,
other industry groups and reports focus specifically on the renewable energy area and not energy
efficiency.) The report defines the renewable energy (RE) industry as hydro, biomass, geothermal, wind,
photovoltaics, and solar thermal. For example, a renewable energy job is installing solar panels on a
residential building. The authors of the study state that the energy efficiency (EE) industry is harder to
define because it is not an industry per se. To estimate the size of the EE industry, the authors used
insulation sales, energy service company industry sales, US recycling and reuse industry sales, and then
estimated portions of other industries that relate to energy efficiency, such as Energy Star appliances
(but not all appliances). For example, a technician working on a heating, cooling and ventilation system
would be considered a job in the energy efficiency field.
According to the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency: Drivers for 21st Century report, in 2006 the RE
industry was a $39.2 billon industry, and generated 452,000 direct and indirect jobs. In 2006, the EE
industry generated $932.6 billion in sales and 8,046,000 direct and indirect jobs. Combined, this
represents over 8.5 million jobs generated. The combined $970 billion in revenue is larger than the
$905 revenues of Exxon, Wal-Mart and GM combined in 2006.
The renewable energy industry is driven by increasing demand for power coupled with a growing
recognition that US consumption of fossil fuels petroleum and coal, primarily will both fail to meet
demand and produce one fourth of all the CO2 emissions globally. Even absent a radical decrease in US
imports of fossil fuels, exploding demand from India and China will drive up the cost of these fossil fuel
based energy sources. While the Middle East has been the traditional supply source for crude oil, Russia
has become the number two crude oil supplier. Notably, Russia is not a member of OPEC and therefore
not subject to production quotas. Russia also holds the most natural gas reserves and is the largest
natural gas producer. Over the last decade, the national discourse has linked US dependence on
imported oil to national security issues.
The term green jobs has been used for shorthand for jobs in the renewable energy and energy
efficiency sector. Like the renewable energy sector itself, there is no precise definition of green jobs.
What is clear, however, is that many of the green jobs in the renewable and energy efficiency sector
are not radically new jobs. Many are traditional manufacturing jobs now focused on producing, for
example, a generator for a wind machine, rather than a gas fueled airplane. Many jobs in biofuel draw
from the biochemistry discipline to generate new plant variations to use in fuel production. Welders,
pipefitters, architects, and the like are needed to build energy efficiency buildings or retrofit them. A
more complete discussion of green jobs follows in the workforce section of this guidebook.
This guidebook focuses on three renewable energy sources relevant to Colorado:
Solar Energy: The energy of the suns rays that can be converted into other forms of energy, such as
heat or electricity. Photovoltaic, which converts the energy into electricity, is the most common
form of installed solar capacity. Low temperature solar thermal collectors are used for heating
water, heating and cooling buildings, and heating swimming pools.

Industry Guidebook: Renewable Energy 2

 Wind Power: The harnessing of wind by turbines that convert the energy into electricity.
Biomass: Biomass includes plants grown for the production of fuel. Plants commonly grown for this
purpose include corn, switchgrass, sugarcane and willow. The fuels generated include bioethanol,
biodiesel, biogas, and biobutanol.

W ind
The wind sector is booming. While wind represents only 1% of the electricity generated in the US, the
industry has been growing at double digit rates over the last few years. According to the American Wind
Energy Association, the US wind power fleet now numbers 16,818 megawatts (MW) and spans 34 states.
In contrast, in 1999, there was only 2,500 MW of installed capacity in the US American wind farms will
generate an estimated 48 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh) of wind energy in 2008, just over 1% of US
electricity supply, powering the equivalent of over 4.5 million homes. Installations nationwide in the last
quarter of 2007 alone (2,930 MW) surpassed the amount installed in all of 2006 (2,454 MW).

Wind power has two major segments: large scale wind farms, typically linked to a utility company, and
small wind, which are primarily one or two turbine installations. Large scale companies include GE
Energy, Seimens and Vestas. Excl Energy, based in Colorado, has the largest capacity at 2,635
megawatts. Independent power producers (IPPs) own over 75% of the wind farms nationwide. The
sector is driven by developers who buy the land on which the turbines will sit, raise capital, arrange
electricity buyers, and maintain the turbines. Current estimates put the price of wind-powered
electricity at $45 per megawatt hour. 1

Industry Guidebook: Renewable Energy 3

Public policy in the form of tax credits and the
Department of Energys (DOE) Wind Powering
America program help to drive the industry
growth. The federal government over the last
decade has offered the production tax credit
(PTC). This tax credit is given to power
generation companies on a per kilowatt basis
of renewable energy produced. Since this tax
credit must be approved by legislators, it
requires Congressional action. The tax credit
was extended in fall 2008 through December
31, 2009. This need for Congressional action,
in turn, limits investment in the sector. The
importance of this tax credit and renewable
portfolio standards (discussed below) to the
growth of the industry cannot be overstated. The chart above shows the recent growth of wind capacity
installation as it relates to availability of the tax credit. 2

Solar
Like wind, the solar market is a tiny percentage of the overall energy generation market. However, the
solar energy market is exploding. Photovoltaic converting the suns energy to electricity installation
is growing at double digit percentages. There is over 250 MW of installed capacity right now in the US
26,000 sites were installed in 2007 alone. Factors driving this explosive growth are:
A Federal tax credit that was increased in 2006 for commercial taxpayers
A credit for residential taxpayers that took effect in 2006
Consumer concern about rising electricity prices
Impact of Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) which require increasing amounts of solar
energy be used
Residential installations averaging 4.7 kW connected to the grid account for about 1/3 of all
installations. Commercial installations averaging 67 kW are a solidly growing sector. McKinsey
estimates that global installed capacity could rise to 20 or 40 times what it is today, reaching upwards of
200 gigawatts from 10 gigawatts today.
The solar sector contains a handful of various subsectors:
The manufacturers of the silicon wafers and panels that are at the heart of collecting the suns
energy.
The installers who put up small scale panel arrays, primarily on residences or small buildings.
The utilities investing in enormous panel arrays.
Start-up companies driven to produce the next innovation in solar energy capture.
The manufacturing component of the solar energy industry consists of three technologies at present: 3
Silicon wafer based (requiring a huge amount of the commodity silicon). This type is
predominant, but somewhat costly to make and install.

Industry Guidebook: Renewable Energy 4

 Thin film photovoltaics (generate electricity directly from light). While this type uses less silicon,
it is less efficient at translating the suns energy into electricity than silicon wafer based PV.
Solar thermal power. Solar thermal power is the lowest cost type of PV. However, this type
requires vast quantities of open space to aggregate energy absorption, which means
installations are often far from end users, increasing transmission costs.
Due to materials and transmission costs, solar electricity currently costs more to the consumer than l
electricity generated from traditional resources. The challenge is to bring the per kilowatt cost down to
be competitive with regular electricity prices. The solar market has two dominant business models.
One business model is utility driven: utilities install vast solar arrays and provide solar generated
electricity to their installed customer base. The variation on this theme is connecting homeowners who
have a solar array on their property to the electricity grid and providing some cost benefit for doing so.
The other model avoids utilities. A company installs a solar array on a site, leading to lower electricity
costs for the homeowner. The company retains ownership of the array and essentially leases it to the
homeowner. In return, the homeowner dedicates a stream of payments to the solar array leasing
company, generated from savings he or she received by using the solar array.

Biom ass/ biofuel

A young, growing industry, biomass is about a $3 billion dollar industry, with about 200 companies. Big
players include traditional energy companies such as BP and Chevron, and agriculture players such as
Archer Daniels Midland. Biomass is the use of natural products to produce gasoline or diesel fuel. The
most common form is ethanol gas, made from corn. It is important to note that ethanol gasoline
industry is heavily dominated by established players in the agribusiness and petroleum industries. While
biofuels may be considered a young industry, the agribusiness and petroleum industries are mature.
Government subsidies and technological breakthroughs are common, resulting in many entrants to the
field. In particular, the industry is helped by tax credits put into law in the 2005 Energy Act. Accenture,
the consulting firm, expects that the industry will exceed production of 120 liters of ethanol and 23
billion liters of biodiesel before 2020.
The 2005 Energy Act established minimum biofuel use and production. There are about 100 ethanol
plants nationwide producing about 3.7 billion gallons of ethanol gas, with more plants under
construction. E85 is car gasoline made with 85% ethanol. About 6 million cars in the US are equipped to
use E85.
The industry and policy environment is shifting away from using food stock like corn to produce ethanol
gas to using more environmentally friendly cellulose based items such as wood. Critics and policy
makers tied the rising cost of commodity corn to ethanol production, saying that energy demands for
the food stock competed with human food consumption needs. Further, critics charged that any energy
savings generated by using ethanol, not petroleum, were wiped out due to the increased use of water to
support the corn cultivation and the volume of energy needed to convert the corn to ethanol. Despite
this, the government did not lower its biofuel production quotas outlined in the 2005 Energy Act.
Biodiesel is made from animal fats or vegetable oil. Biodiesel is mixed with regular diesel to produce
B20 (20% biodiesel) or left alone as B100 (100 biodiesel). It requires no major modification of diesel
engines to use it instead of regular diesel. 4

Industry Guidebook: Renewable Energy 5

Incentives and Policy Proposals

National Policy Trends

Demand for renewable energy sources has grown dramatically, especially over the last five years. This
demand is driven by both private sector consumers and by state and local public sector actors. Because
the expansion of renewable energy sources is dependent on large amounts of capital to build the
harnessing machinery and distribution infrastructure, energy companies and utilities have historically
made relatively little investment in this area compared to investments in oil and coal, because the
demand had always been considered too little to justify the investment. The public sector has utilized
legislation to create enough demand to generate investment by utilities and energy companies; the
renewable portfolio standard is the most common form of this legislation.

P roliferation of R enew able P ortfolio Standards (R P S)

A Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) articulates a percentage ratio among the variety portfolio of
energy sources an entity uses. It is legislated by a public sector body to direct how its government
operations will use energy. The public sector uses a huge amount of energy: electrical uses for lighting,
heating, and cooling; transportation fuels for local bus systems and employee cars; materials usage such
as paper; water usage in its buildings. It pays millions of dollars for its utility and transportation costs.
An RPS essentially guarantees a certain market volume of demand to the utilities and energy companies
that fall within its geographic reach, thus incentivizing private sector investment in building capacity and
supply. In an RPS, a state may indicate that a certain percent of its energy must come from wind power,
for example. A city may require an increasing percentage usage of solar power over a certain number of
years.
Over the last several years, an increasing number of states have enacted RPSs to galvanize investment in
renewable energy sources. According to the Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency, a
project of the North Carolina Solar Center and the Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC) funded by
the US Department of Energy, 42 states presently have an RPS.
Colorados RPS for utilities is:
5% of its retail electricity sales 2008-2010;
10% of its retail electricity sales 2011-2014;
15% of its retail electricity sales 2015-2019; and
20% of its retail electricity sales 2020 and for each following year.
For investor-owned utilities, at least 4% of the standard must be generated by solar-electric
technologies.
Along with state level renewable portfolio standards, there are several relevant federal government tax
incentives for investment in renewable power.

Wind
The present law allows for an income tax credit of 2.1 cents/kilowatt-hour for the production of
electricity from utility-scale wind turbines. The credit was extended until December 2009 as part of
the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of fall 2008. Under present law, a federal-level investment
tax credit (ITC) is available to help consumers purchase small wind turbines for home, farm, or

Industry Guidebook: Renewable Energy 6

 business use. Owners of small wind systems with 100 kilowatts (kW) of capacity and less can receive
a credit for 30% of the total installed cost of the system, not to exceed $4,000. For turbines used for
homes, the credit is additionally limited to the lesser of $4,000 or $1,000 per kW of capacity. The
ITC, written into law through the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, is available for
equipment installed from October 3, 2008 through December 31, 2016. 5

Solar
The solar investment tax credit (ITC) provisions passed in fall 2008 extends for 8 years the 30-
percent tax credit for both residential and commercial solar installations; eliminates the $2,000
monetary cap for residential solar electric installations, creating a true 30-percent tax credit
(effective for property placed in service after December 31, 2008); and allows Alternative Minimum
Tax (AMT) filers, both businesses and individuals, to take the credit. 6

Biofuels
There are several tax incentives related to biodiesel. The biodiesel fuel credit, which is more
germane for traditional end-users because it does not require the end-user to register, is claimed as
a general business credit when an end-user purchases and uses biodiesel directly from a biodiesel
producer (i.e., the credit may not be claimed if the biodiesel was purchased from a retail sale). 7 The
small agri-biodiesel producer tax credit program is a volumetric based income tax credit for the
production of agri-biodiesel (biodiesel made from first-use vegetable oils and first-use animal fats).
The credit is 10 cents per gallon, up to 15 million gallons per year. 8 The blenders excise tax credit is
one penny per percent of biodiesel in a fuel blend. It is taken at the blender level, generally
petroleum distributers. 9
The Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of fall 2008 included four provisions relating to biodiesel.
Income tax credits, the blenders excise tax credit, and the small producer tax credit all were
extended for one year and will now expire Dec. 31, 2009. A provision allowing all biodiesel to be
eligible for the $1 per gallon tax incentive was added, effective Jan. 1, 2009. The $1 renewable
diesel tax credit was modified, and disallowed renewable diesel produced with petroleum products
from benefiting. 10
The Energy Act of 2005 mandates 36 billion gallons of renewable fuel be added to the national fuel
supply each year beginning 2022. Currently, this requirement is met mostly through E-85 gasoline,
which contains 10% ethanol.

Biomass
The Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of fall 2008 extends the tax credits for closed-loop and
open-loop biomass facilities until Dec. 31, 2010. In addition, new biomass power generation units
placed in service to connect existing qualified open-loop biomass and closed-loop biomass facilities
are treated as qualified facilities, to the extent of the increased amount of electricity produced by
the new units. This provision is effective for property placed in service after Oct. 3, 2008. The act
also extends the 50 percent bonus depreciation to property used to produce cellulosic biofuels,
rather than just cellulosic ethanol. The provision is effective for property placed in service after Oct.
3 2008. 11

Industry Guidebook: Renewable Energy 7

State Policy & Incentives
The Governors Energy Office (GEO) expanded its Solar Rebate Program, which promotes solar energy
installations and the solar industry in Colorado. The Solar Rebate Program was created with the goal of
extending rebates on residential solar technologies to Colorado residents state-wide. Funding for this
program was effectively doubled by partnering with cities, utilities, and non-profit organizations through
a matching grant program. These matching grant funds are provided to selected program partners to
assist them with setting up their own local solar rebate programs. For more information, visit
http://www.coseia.org/newsite/index.php?id=96

The Governors Energy Office also offers a rebate program for the wind industry by partnering with four
utility companies to offer a rebate for Small Wind Turbine installations. Homeowners and businesses
who are customers of one of these four utilities and are interested in installing a small wind turbine can
contact their utility for specific program details.
http://www.colorado.gov/energy/renewables/small-wind-incentive.asp.

To support the biofuel industry and increase adoption of biofuels by consumers, the Governors office
runs a Biofuels Coalition (GBC) which represents Colorado organizations, businesses, government
agencies, environmental groups, and others that are involved in the production, distribution, promotion,
and usage of biodiesel and ethanol. The GBC aims to educate Colorados almost 300,000 vehicle owners
to the benefits and availability of E-85 and biodiesel. Additionally, the GBC wants to maximize the
number of installations of E85 and biodiesel pumping facilities within Colorado by furnishing funds that
will go directly for equipment. The CBC makes grants available to fueling stations.
http://www.colorado.gov/energy/renewables/governors-biofuels-coalition.asp

Colorado New Energy Communities program is a funding strategy to bring $10 million in state matching
funds to support renewable energy and energy-efficiency projects in local communities. Energy Impact
Assistance funds are available up to a maximum of $2 million per project.
http://www.dola.colorado.gov/NewEnergyCommunities/#overview.

Business and tax incentives are being used to grow the clean energy sector in northern Colorado. Ft.
Collins is leading an effort to become a zero energy district, known as FortZED. In early 2008, the US
Department of Energy (DOE) announced that the City of Fort Collins and its partners will receive $6.3
million in federal grant money, pending appropriation from Congress, to research, develop, and
demonstrate new electric grid technologies. The project will result in a 20 - 30 percent peak electric load
reduction. Fort Collins project was one of only nine demonstration projects to be selected by the DOE.
The effort is a cooperative project between the City of Fort Collins, Larimer County, Colorado State
University, InteGrid Lab, Community Foundation of Northern Colorado, Advanced Energy, Woodward,
Spirae, Eaton, the Brendle Group, and New Belgium Brewing Company. These community partners,
along with the Governors Energy Office, the Fort Collins Downtown Development Authority and other
local contributors, have committed $4.9 million in matching funds, including cash and in-kind services, to
make the DOE grant a reality. http://www.nccleanenergy.com/initiatives.html

Industry Guidebook: Renewable Energy 8

Industry Trends and Challenges

National Trends
Aside from the public sector use of regulations and legislation to drive market growth, a number of
other trends are driving growth in the renewable energy sector.

I ncreasing cost of oil

Since Hurricane Katrina in 2005, oil and gas prices have been steadily rising, topping $100 a barrel in
summer 2008. Since oil is used in virtually every manufacturing process and is a primary cost driver in
transportation, the private sector has experienced a major increase in its cost basis, irrespective of
industry sector. Private sector companies have begun to generate increased demand for renewable
energy, in conjunction with their move to improved energy efficiency. Although prices have dropped
dramatically over the latter part of 2008, the long term trend of increasing oil costs holds.

I ncreased consum er aw areness of and dem and for sustainably produced

products
Consumers are increasingly interested in purchasing products which have been made sustainably or are
sustainable with less harm to the environment than traditional products. Furniture is an example- the
wood used is from a forest which is managed for long term growth, the fabric is made from organically
grown cotton, and the item is shipped in materials that can be recycled. Similarly, consumers are
considering how their power is generated. When offered the opportunity, they wish to purchase
green energy through their utility, or buy ethanol gasoline.

Dem and for overall pow er is grow ing

Even with efforts to reduce energy and improve efficiency, overall demand for power will continue to
grow. The US Energy Information Administration (EIA) predicts that total primary energy consumption,
including energy for electricity generation, will grow by 0.7 percent per year from 2006 to 2030. Fossil
fuels account for 55 percent of the increase. Coal use will increases in the electric power sector, where
electricity demand growth and current environmental policies favor coal-fired capacity additions. 12
According to the EIA, delivered energy use
(excluding losses in electricity generation)
will grows by 0.7 percent per year from
2006 to 2030. The growth in electricity use
is driven by growing demand in the
residential and commercial sectors. With
the growing market penetration of electric
appliances, residential electricity use will
increase slightly faster than the total
number of households, and commercial
electricity use will outpace the growth in
commercial floorspace. With different
assumptions about population and
economic growth, average annual growth
in delivered energy use from 2006 to 2030

Industry Guidebook: Renewable Energy 9

 ranges from 0.3 percent in the low growth case to 1.0 percent in the high growth case.
Thus renewable energy sources are being tapped to replace fossil fuel based sources, and to meet
increasing demand.

Linking renew able energy to energy efficiency

Often, an increase in energy efficiency precipitates converting to renewable energy. This linkage is part
of the reason why the some industry analysts combine renewable energy and energy efficiency into one
mega industry grouping. For example, some retailers are lowering their electricity costs and reducing
wasted cooling efforts by planting green roofs. Green roofs, which contain living material on the roof,
lower cooling costs by reducing the temperature of the building through absorption of solar heat, which
reduces need for air conditioning. Green roofs also produce oxygen to combat CO2 emissions, serve as
gathering space for wildlife, and capture water for various uses. Homeowners efforts to reduce energy
wastage include replacing old windows and heating systems, and taking the opportunity to switch to
solar powered heating.

Backlog of dem and for m anufactured com ponents

Because the installed base of machines to produce renewable energy is still so small, the manufacturing
demand for component parts is considerable. According to AWEA, the wind industry is facing a two year
backlog of orders for turbines, which are the key driver in wind generators. Half of all wind components
are imported. Similarly, while the technology for solar power keeps improving, demand for panels
outstrips manufacturing capacity.

Colorado Trends
W ind Trends
Like the national market, the wind market in Colorado is exploding with growth. Nationally, Colorado
ranks sixth in terms of installed wind power capacity, behind Texas, California, Minnesota, Iowa and
Washington. The additional installation of 776 MW of installed capacity in 2007 brought Colorado up to
1,067 MW of installed capacity at the start of 2008. 13
Due to the states RPS, which is driving investment by Colorado utilities in renewable power, Colorado
has attracted a huge amount of wind manufacturing investment from international companies. Vestas,
a Danish company, has invested millions with Xcel, the states largest utility, to increase wind farm
capacity in Colorado. According to coverage in the Rocky Mountain News, since its announcement in
early 2007 to build a plant in Windsor, Vestas has: 14
Opened the first U.S. wind-blade manufacturing facility in Windsor in March, employing 650.
In August announced it will spend $290 million to build two more plants in Brighton that will
make blades and turbine units.
Later in August chose Pueblo as the site of a factory to build the towers that support its wind
turbines, the biggest in the world.
In fact, by 2010, Vestas plan to spend $680 million at its Colorado plants and employ 2,450 people. Even
with the economic downturn in late 2008, Xcel continues to plan for expansion in 2009. A bid for work
for 150 new megawatts generated proposals far in excess of the 150 needed.
In a cluster effect, Vestas has pulled wind-power companies to Colorado. In June, Siemens Energy, an
arm of the giant German multinational, said it will establish its U.S. wind turbine research center in

Industry Guidebook: Renewable Energy 10

Boulder. Soon after, Connecticut-based Hexcel, a producer of carbon fiber and advanced materials that
supplies parts to Vestas, said it will build a plant in Windsor next year.
In addition, Xcel and TriState Generation, another Colorado utility, signed an agreement in late 2008 to
develop additional transmission lines in Colorado. Under the agreement, Xcel and Tri-State will consider
three projects building lines from the San Luis Valley to farmland near Lamar to the Front Range. Those
lines could support future solar plants in the San Luis Valley, or wind farms near Lamar, or even Xcel's
coal-fired power plant near Pueblo scheduled to come online in late 2009 or early 2010. 15 Lack of
transmission capacity is a major wind power challenge, as the further power travels along a transmission
line, the more of its energy it loses. Northeast Colorado is the windiest portion of the state, but quite
removed from population centers. Lawmakers in 2006 passed a bill to help alleviate the problem by
offering incentives for the construction of transmission lines.

Solar Trends
Photovoltaic solar installation in Colorado more than doubled from 2006 to 2007. Since Xcel Energy is
the largest utility in the state, its actions relative to renewable energy have a significant impact on the
states overall solar activity. In 2007, one of the largest solar installations in the nation occurred: an 8
MW solar installation in Alamosa for Xcel Energy. To encourage more residential customers to use solar,
Xcel launched a program two years ago that offered customers a $2.50-per-watt renewable energy
credit and a $2.00-per-watt rebate for residential solar systems. The credit comes from Xcel's operating
costs, while the rebate is funded by a surcharge that Xcel collects from all customers. According to the
company, the intention was to help cover half the cost of solar installations for customers. In October
2008, Xcel cut its renewable energy credit from $2.50 per watt to $1.50 per watt, citing the enactment
of a federal 30% residential solar investment tax credit that month. The Governor pushed back on Xcel,
noting that the federal credit is not available until 2010, but Xcel kept its policy unchanged. 16
While the utilities dominate large scale investment, the solar market in Colorado is crowded with start-
ups over 100 companies operate in the Front Range. Counties in Colorado have also used fiscal policy
tax incentives to encourage consumer uptake of solar power. Boulder county voters in November
passed a ballot measure allowing the county to offer loans to homeowners who want to install solar
panels. The loan could be repaid with property taxes over time. 17 However, the economic downturn of
late 2008 may force companies to consolidate or go out of business.

Biofuel Trends
Use of biofuels continues to grow in Colorado. Colorado has five ethanol plants in Yuma, Windsor and
Sterling. Nearly 100 stations are currently open and selling E85 and/or biodiesel, 75% of which received
support from the Governors Biofuels Coalition. In 2007, the stations reporting to the Governors
Biofuels Coalition sold 2.614 million gallons of biofuels. From January 1st - June 30th, 2008, 3.74 million
sold gallons have been reported.
As in the rest of the nation, Colorado investor interest and public fascination with ethanol fuel has
cooled considerably over the last two to three years with increased disinterest in using corn-based
ethanol. Also, the positive effect of high gasoline prices making renewable energy attractive
disappeared with the dramatic decrease in gasoline prices in late 2008. In 2007, Panda Ethanol
announced it would build a plant in Yuma, but it has yet to close on financing. Other plants in Colorado
are holding their own, however. Yuma Ethanol, for example, has contracted with agri-giant Archer
Daniels Midland to market 50 million gallons per year of its product. It has arrangements with local
farmers to buy corn and with feedlots to sell distillers grain (an animal feed), shielding the plant from
some of the economic fluctuations experienced elsewhere. 18

Industry Guidebook: Renewable Energy 11

 Next generation ethanol think cellulosic ethanol is still primarily at the research and demonstration
stage. In August, 2008, Vancouver, British Columbia- based Lignol Energy Corp. announced it will locate
its cellulosic ethanol demonstration plant in Grand Junction. The $88 million plant, which received a $30
million dollar grant from the DOE, will convert beetle-kill and other wood residues into motor fuel. It
will be operated by Suncor Energy (USA) Inc. 19 The Colorado Agricultural Value Added Development
Board of the Colorado Department of Agriculture has awarded $150,000 in Advancing Colorados
Renewable Energy (ACRE) grants to organizations for biodiesel-related projects. In partnership with
Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colo., the International Center for Appropriate and Sustainable
Technology (iCast) in Lakewood, Colo., was awarded $100,000 to assist with the implementation of two
farm-scale oilseed crushing and biodiesel production facilities. During the past two years, iCast has been
using a mobile biodiesel demonstration unit, dubbed Seeds Into Diesel (SID), to educate farmers and
ranchers in Colorado and Wyoming about how to make biodiesel on the farm. 20
After three years in the waste vegetable oil recycling business, Rocky Mountain Sustainable Enterprises
LLC is in the final planning stages to build a 4.5 million gallon/year biodiesel plant in Morgan County,
Colorado. In late October 2008, the company received word its application for a $500,000 grant from
the USDA Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Program had been approved.

Industry Subsector Challenges

W ind Challenges
Questionable energy storage capacity. Wind power turbine installations have met with criticism
that they cannot act as a means to serve as a large-scale energy resource due to unreliability of
wind patterns and the technological difficulties associated with storing energy created in non-peak
usage periods.
Vulnerability to tax policy. Government subsidies and the increasing use of RPSs have driven growth
in the industry. Historically, the possibility of discontinuation of government tax breaks has reduced
investment in the industry.

Solar Challenges
Cost. Solar power still has a cost barrier to cross. Its generation costs are higher than conventional
electricity. In addition, installation of a residential system is costly upfront with a long payback time.
Vulnerability to sourcing instability. Solar power also suffers from dependence on the commodity
market for silicon, which is also used by the semiconductor industry.

Biofuel Challenges
Cost effectiveness questionable. Because biofuel gets about 30% less gas mileage than regular
gasoline, and is costly to produce, it is only economically viable when gas is over $3.00 per gallon. In
general, ethanol production is energy intensive, countering any energy savings created by using food
stock rather than fossil fuels. Biofuel relies on the cultivation of massive amounts of land, which
raises questions about sustainable water use and soil use. Biofuels must move to sources that are
not food stocks in order to have adequate supply. Given government mandates on biofuel
production and use, this issue is critical.
Vulnerability to tax policy. The industry is dependent on government investment and tax incentives.
If those are removed, the industrys growth will contract.

Industry Guidebook: Renewable Energy 12

 Poor distribution model to get to market. Distribution of biofuel both ethanol and biodiesel is
low due to lack of infrastructure. Both kinds of biofuel require separate transportation and storage
facilities than gasoline and diesel , meaning tanks and pipeline used for gas cannot be used for
ethanol gas. However, because large petroleum companies are the primary distributors of ethanol
gasoline, increased distribution of these gas alternatives is heavily linked to this industrys
investment. E85 is available at less than 1% of gas stations nationally.

Industry Guidebook: Renewable Energy 13

Workforce Issues

National Workforce Issues

Green Jobs Job Spotlight: Mechanical
The term green jobs has been used as
Engineering Technicians
shorthand for jobs in the renewable energy Engineering technicians use the principles and
and energy efficiency sector. Like the theories of science, engineering, and mathematics
renewable energy sector itself, there is no to solve technical problems in research and
precise definition of green jobs. Many development, manufacturing, sales, construction,
consider all jobs in the renewable energy inspection, and maintenance. Their work is more
sector to be green jobs because the narrowly focused and application-oriented than
sector itself is environmentally friendly. that of scientists and engineers. Many engineering
What is clear, however, is that many of the technicians assist engineers and scientists,
green jobs in the renewable and energy especially in research and development. Others
efficiency sector are not radically new jobs. work in quality control, inspecting products and
Many are traditional manufacturing jobs processes, conducting tests, or collecting data. In
now focused on producing, for example, a manufacturing, they may assist in product design,
generator for a wind machine, rather than development, or production.
a gas fueled airplane. Many jobs in biofuel
Mechanical engineering technicians help engineers
draw from the biochemistry discipline to
design, develop, test, and manufacture industrial
generate new plant variations to use in fuel
machinery, consumer products, and other
production. Welders, pipefitters,
equipment. They may make sketches and rough
architects, and the like are needed to build
layouts, record and analyze data, make calculations
energy efficiency buildings or retrofit them.
and estimates, and report on their findings. When
Further, most companies, no matter their
planning production, mechanical engineering
core product, have traditional functions
technicians prepare layouts and drawings of the
such as accounting, HR, and purchasing.
assembly process and of parts to be manufactured.
This variation is a large part of the reason
They estimate labor costs, equipment life, and
that there are so many estimates of job
plant space. Some test and inspect machines and
growth related to the renewable sector.
equipment or work with engineers to eliminate
Just as not all green jobs are radically production problems.
new jobs, green jobs are found in a
About 35 percent of all engineering technicians
variety of sectors, not just the renewable
worked in manufacturing, mainly in the computer
energy sector. Market brand managers in
and electronic equipment, transportation
consumer packaged good industry must
equipment, and machinery manufacturing
understand not only the core principles of
industries. Another 25 percent worked in
marketing but also the environmental
professional, scientific, and technical service
impact of the packaging they choose to use
industries, mostly in engineering or business
for their products. Office
services companies that do engineering work on
housekeeping/cleaning companies may
contract for government, manufacturing firms, or
adopt environmentally friendly products
other organizations.
and market themselves as a green
company. Landscape architects who point Source: 2008-2009 Occupation Outlook Handbook,
clients to native vegetation, reducing water Bureau of Labor Statistics
usage, and wild-life friendly planting

Industry Guidebook: Renewable Energy 14

schemes are promoting an environmentally sustainable way of landscape upkeep. Most large
companies now have a chief sustainability officer whose job it is to understand the companys carbon
footprint and environmental stewardship activities.
As mentioned earlier in the report, according to the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency: Drivers for
21st Century report, in 2006 the RE industry was a $39.2 billon industry, and generated 452,000 direct
and indirect jobs. In 2006, the EE industry generated $932.6 billion in sales and 8,046,000 direct and
indirect jobs.

P rojecting W orkforce Dem and

One common method of trying to predict workforce demand in the various renewable energy sectors is
to start with estimating needed capacity installation of a renewable energy source such as wind turbines
or solar arrays. Energy efficiency goals are often used as a starting point for figuring out that targeted
capacity need. Since much of the cost of renewable energy comes from the manufacturing
infrastructure and parts, not the cost of the energy itself, analysts can then estimate the dollar
investment needed to reach that capacity goal. Using models which predict how many jobs are
generated from a certain dollar investment, a workforce projection can be articulated.

Wind
According to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, a goal to get to 20% of all electricity
nationwide being powered by wind over the next 20 years known in the industry as 20% by 2030
requires an installed wind capacity base of 300-350 GW.
The Renewable Energy Policy Project uses the following assumptions for the future wind
workforce: 21
Every 1000MW of installed capacity requires a $1 billion dollar investment in rotors, towers,
generators and other related investments.
Every 1000MW created of installed capacity could lead to 3,000 manufacturing jobs, 700
jobs in installation, and 600 in operations and maintenance.

Solar
In the early 2000s, the Renewable Energy Policy Project outlined a growth trajectory of the solar
industry for the nation in a report called Solar PV Report: Location of Economic Activity. 22 Since solar
photovoltaic power uses more labor per installed megawatt than other renewable energy sources,
solar power produces a larger demand for a skilled workforce. Because PV technology is primarily
distributed in nature, construction and installation of a facility generally provides direct employment
benefit to that locale. The industry projects direct employment of 260,000 people nationally to
meet a goal of 200 GW of installed capacity. The logic flow is outlined here:
Assume growth from 340 MW in 2005 to 9,600MW of installed capacity by 2015.
This capacity will use a $34 billion dollar investment.
Jobs will grow from 20,000 in 2005 to 62,000 in 2015.
Generally, 80% of jobs created will be in manufacturing and 20% in construction and
installation.

Industry Guidebook: Renewable Energy 15

 This report also suggests, as of 2005, that Colorado would receive an investment of $572
million dollars and the creation of 708 jobs. Due to the explosive growth in the sector just
over the last three years, this figure is probably overly conservative.

Biofuel
A large majority of biofuel production and distribution to the marketplace is done by traditional
energy companies. They face a continued need to hire additional workers as baby boomers retire,
but detailed modeling has not been conducted for this subsector.

Overall Shortage of Workers

Because the renewable energy sector is heavily dependent on manufacturing industry, the
manufacturing sectors skilled labor shortage is relevant to the renewable energy sectors ability to
grow. The following table outlines some occupations distributed across the traditional and renewable
energy sectors.

Renewable Industry
Overall Industry Demand Traditional Industry Demand
Demand
Electrical Power-Line Installers Control and valve installers Aeronautical engineers
and Repairers Supervisors/ Managers of Architects
Mechanics, installers, and construction trades and Materials science specialists
repairers extraction workers
Physicists
First and second line Supervisors/ Managers of
Chemists and biochemists
supervisors mechanics, installers, repairers
Agricultural specialists
Plant maintenance staff General & operations managers
Hydrologists and hydraulic
Skilled laborers Extraction workers
engineers
Electrical, mechanical, and civil Maintenance and repair workers
HVAC contractors
engineers Meter readers, utilities
Biologists and ecologists
Construction workers and skill Power plant operators
laborers Geologists, geochemists, and
Roustabouts, Oil and Gas geophysicists
Customer service
Service Operators, Oil, Gas, & Sales and marketing
representatives
Mining
Operating engineers and Business support services
Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck
construction equipment
Drivers
operators

In the renewable energy sectors specifically, here is a breakdown:

Wind Power Solar Power Biofuel

Meteorologists Electrical engineers Chemists, microbiologists,
Engineers Material science engineers biochemists
Construction workers Sales (retail and wholesale) Engineers and construction

Industry Guidebook: Renewable Energy 16

Mechanical and electrical Electrical technicians workers
technicians Architects Equipment operators and
Scientists engineering technicians

Industry Guidebook: Renewable Energy 17

Increasing interest in corporate
social responsibility and Job Spotlight: Materials
sustainability by incoming Scientists
workers Chemists and materials scientists search for and
use new knowledge about chemicals. Such
Linked to the increasing focus on generating
research has led to the development of thousands
energy from greener sources is a broader
of products, such as synthetic fibers, paints,
interest by citizens and new workforce
adhesives, and electronic components. Chemists
entrants in sustainability and green
and materials scientists also develop processes
strategies. Companies in all sectors are
such as improved oil refining and petrochemical
aligning their corporate responsibility efforts
processing that save energy and reduce pollution.
to becoming more sustainable and green.
Applications of materials science include studies
The future workforce is a big driver in this
of graphite materials, superconducting materials,
critical change. Large surveys by organizations
integrated-circuit chips, and fuel cells. Research
such as the Society for Human Resource
on the chemistry of living things spurs advances in
Management (SHRM) and the American
medicine, agriculture, and food processing.
Management Association (AMA) show that
many employees desire more explicit action Materials scientists apply physics as well as
by their employers on issues of sustainability, chemistry to study all aspects of materials.
and, crucially, they want to be involved in Chemistry, however, plays an increasingly
those actions. Younger employees the dominant role in materials science because it
future workforce needed to replace retiring provides information about the structure and
baby boomers are especially interested in a composition of materials.
companys sustainability vision, goals and Materials scientists study the structures and
efforts. Younger potential employees tend to chemical properties of various materials to
search out the companys corporate social develop new products or enhance existing ones.
responsibility publications/practices as part of They also determine ways to strengthen or
their decision process, and they are actively combine materials or develop new materials for
willing to participate in corporate social use in a variety of products. Materials science
responsibility activities within the company. 23 encompasses the natural and synthetic materials
This emphasis on sustainability presents an used in a wide range of products and structures,
opportunity to the renewable energy sector from airplanes, cars, and bridges to clothing and
because its core products clearly household goods.
communicate value to employees seeking A bachelors degree in chemistry or a related
work related to sustainability. Renewable discipline is the minimum educational
energy companies can leverage this desire on requirement; however, research jobs require a
the part of the incoming working generation masters degree or Ph.D. Materials scientists are
to secure top talent. Likewise, traditional increasingly expected to work on interdisciplinary
energy companies are quickly deepening their teams, so some understanding of other
investment in renewable energy sources. disciplines, including business and marketing or
Depending on the perceived authenticity of economics, is desirable.
their efforts by sustainability focused workers,
these companies could compete very Source: 2008-2009 Occupation Outlook Handbook,
Bureau of Labor Statistics
effectively for the same engineering and
technical talent renewable energy companies
are targeting.

Industry Guidebook: Renewable Energy 18

Colorado Workforce Issues
I ncreased collaboration am ong educational institutions to train future
w orkforce
Several regions in the state have developed collaborative initiatives to train workers, drive business
investment, and grow local companies. Most have secured significant private sector funding.
The Northern Colorado Economic Development Corporation, for example, formed the Northern
Colorado Workforce Initiative that connects education and training, employers, and workers who can
be transitioned into new jobs. This initiative is specifically focused on helping to grow the renewable
energy sector in northern Colorado. According to the NCEDC, their region has:
40 clean energy businesses (29.0% increase, 2001-2006)
Roughly 1,300 clean energy workers (in 2006)
The 4th highest clean energy employment concentration in nation
In a further effort to support this sector, in September 2008, Colorado State University, Front Range
Community College in Fort Collins, and the University of Northern Colorado and Aims Community
College in Greeley created a formal, regional collaboration that reaches across counties to help train
future workers. The combination of research and teaching institutions is a powerful draw for local
employers, according to local press. For more information see
http://www.ncedc.com/industry_workforce_initiative.html
In Denver, the University of Colorado at Boulder (CU), Colorado State University (CSU), the Colorado
School of Mines (CSM) and the US Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory
(NREL) formed the Collaboratory in February 2007. The purpose of the collaboration is to perform
research in the development of new energy technologies and to transfer these discoveries as rapidly as
possible to the marketplace. The schools ability to teach and train the needed workforce is an
important component as well. The Collaboratory has formed two research centers, each with a number
of private sector partners. The first center is the Colorado Center for Biorefining and Biofuels, known as
C2B2. The center will develop new biofuels and biorefining technologies and transfer these advances as
rapidly as possible to the private sector. The second center, known as the Center for Revolutionary
Solar Photoconversion, or CRSP opened in 2008. The ultimate goal of the center is to find ways to
directly convert the sun's energy to low-cost electricity and fuels through new science and technologies.
More information can be found on the Colorado State Universitys website at
http://www.newsinfo.colostate.edu/index.asp?url=news_item_display&news_item_id=567489638.
Driven by the changing policy landscape, consumer marketplace, and business trends, educational
institutions traditionally focused on traditional energy sources are also implementing research centers
and innovation labs related to renewable energy sources. The Colorado School of Mines has long
trained future workforce for jobs in the traditional energy field. The Colorado School of Mines opened
the Colorado Energy Research Institute in 2004 to focus on the issue of renewable energy. CERI
conducts research and supports public/private partnerships. For more information, visit
www.ceri-mines.org.

Industry Guidebook: Renewable Energy 19

Resources

National Associations
American Solar Energy Society. Established in 1954, the Colorado-based American Solar Energy Society
(ASES) is the nonprofit organization dedicated to increasing the use of solar energy, energy efficiency,
and other sustainable technologies in the U.S. ASES leads national efforts to promote solar energy
education, public outreach, and advocacy. ASES publishes the award-winning SOLAR TODAY magazine,
organizes and presents the ASES National Solar Conference, and leads the ASES National Solar Tour the
largest solar energy event in the world. http://www.ases.org/

American Wind Energy Association. AWEA is a national trade association representing wind power
project developers, equipment suppliers, services providers, parts manufacturers, utilities, researchers,
and others involved in the wind industry. http://www.awea.org/
Page on website lists all wind projects in Colorado
http://www.awea.org/projects/Projects.aspx?s=Colorado

Clean Heat and Power Association. USCHPA brings together diverse market interests to promote the
growth of clean, efficient energy in the United States. It is a private, non-profit association, formed in
1999 to promote the merits of CHP and distributed generation and achieve public policy support.
http://www.uschpa.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=1

National Biodiesel Board. The NBB is the national trade association representing the biodiesel industry
as the coordinating body for research and development in the US. Founded in 1992, the NBB has
developed into a comprehensive industry association, which coordinates and interacts with a broad
range of cooperators including industry, government, and academia. NBB's membership is comprised of
state, national, and international feedstock and feedstock processor organizations, biodiesel suppliers,
fuel marketers and distributors, and technology providers. www.biodiesel.org/

Solar Energies Industry Association. The Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA) is the leading
national trade association for the solar energy industry. It works to expand markets, strengthen research
and development, remove market barriers, and improve education and outreach for solar energy
professionals. SEIA was founded in 1974. http://www.seia.org./

Colorado Associations
Alliance for a Sustainable Colorado. The mission of Alliance for Sustainable Colorado is to catalyze the
shift to a truly sustainable world by fostering collaboration among nonprofits, businesses, governments,
and academia. Alliance for Sustainable Colorado pursues sustainability through major program areas
that value education, coalition building, and the promotion of sustainable policies and practices.
http://www.sustainablecolorado.org/

Colorado Independent Energy Association. CIEAs members are independent power producers (IPPs)
who have been an integral part of Colorados energy industry for more than fifteen years. There are
more than fifty independent power projects in Colorado that supply electricity for consumers
throughout the region. http://www.ciea-colorado.org/

Industry Guidebook: Renewable Energy 20

 Colorado Solar Energy Industries Association. The Colorado Solar Energy Industries Association
represents the solar industry in Colorado. Membership is comprised primarily of active, passive, and
photovoltaic companies that provide both residential and commercial system products and services to
consumers and businesses. CoSEIA is the Colorado state chapter of the national Solar Energy Industries
Association (SEIA) , and was organized in 1989. http://www.coseia.org/newsite/index.php?id=49

Colorado Renewable Energy Society. The Colorado Renewable Energy Society (CRES) is a nonprofit
membership organization that works for the sensible adoption of cost-effective energy efficiency and
renewable energy technologies by Colorado businesses and consumers. It is the local chapter of the
American Solar Energy Society. www.cres-energy.org

Interwest Energy Alliance. Based in Colorado, the Interwest Energy Alliance is a trade association that
brings the nation's renewable energy industry together with the West's advocacy community. It has
used a consensus-based, collaborative approach to market development since its inception in 2002.
Together, its members support state-level public policies that harness the West's abundant and
inexhaustible renewable energy and energy efficiency resources. Currently, the primary states of focus
are Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming. http://www.interwest.org/

Centers
Colorado Energy Research Institute. The Colorado Energy Research Institute, located at the Colorado
School of Mines, leverages Colorados long tradition of energy leadership by bringing industry,
government, and academic interests together to tackle challenging energy issues. Established in 2004 by
state legislature. www.ceri-mines.org.

Colorado State Universitys Clean Energy SuperCluster. The mission of the CSU Clean Energy
Supercluster is to promote an institution-wide effort to develop and disseminate market-driven clean
energy solutions on a sufficient scale to significantly reduce the accumulation of greenhouse gases
that are forcing global climate change. http://www.energy.colostate.edu/

National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is the
nation's primary laboratory for renewable energy and energy efficiency research and development
(R&D). NREL's mission and strategy are focused on advancing the US Department of Energy's and our
nation's energy goals. http://www.nrel.gov/

Northern Colorado Clean Energy Cluster. The Northern Colorado Clean Energy Cluster is a business-led,
project-oriented group of regional partners seeking to have a global impact. Through mass
collaboration, the Cluster intends to position Northern Colorado as the "Go To" region for smart grid
technologies, renewable energy and energy efficiency, and cleaner and more efficient engines.
http://www.nccleanenergy.com/

Northern Colorado Economic Development Corporation. Has an extensive workforce initiative focused
on renewable energy sector. http://www.ncedc.com/industry_workforce_initiative.html

US Department of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Tribal Energy Program. Information rich
website with reports. http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/tribalenergy/wind.cfm

Industry Guidebook: Renewable Energy 21

 Rocky Mountain Institute. Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) is an independent, entrepreneurial,
nonprofit organization. It fosters the efficient and restorative use of resources to make the world
secure, just, prosperous, and life-sustaining. www.rmi.org

Newsletters
Biodiesel Magazine. http://www.biodieselmagazine.com/
Biomass Magazine. http://www.biomassmagazine.com/
Colorado Energy News. www.coloradoenergynews.com
SolarBuzz. http://www.solarbuzz.com/StatsCosts.htm
Solar Today. http://www.ases.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14&Itemid=22
Member newsletter published by the American Solar Energy Society.

Industry Guidebook: Renewable Energy 22

Sources

Reports
Renewable Energy And Energy Efficiency: Economic Drivers for the 21st Century. American Solar Energy
Society. 2007. Report on EE and RE industry at national level, with information on each industry.
Economics of Solar Power. McKinsey Quarterly. June 2008.
Solar PV Report: Location of Economic Activity. Renewable Energy Policy Project. 2005.
Wind Turbine Development: Location of Manufacturing Activity. Renewable Energy Policy Project. 2004.
FirstResearch: Wind Power Industry Focus. 2008.
FirstResearch: Biofuels Industry Report. 2008.
Transportation Fuels for the Future. Western Governors Association. February 2008.
Toward a 20% Wind Energy Supply in the United States. Larry Flowers. National Renewable Energy
Laboratory. 2007. http://www.nrel.gov/wind/pdfs/41579.pdf

Endnotes

1
FirstResearch:Wind Power. 2008
2
http://www.awea.org/newsroom/releases/AWEA_Market_Release_Q4_011708.html
3
McKinsey Solar Power Report. 2008
4
FirstResearch: Biomass report.
5
American Wind Energy Association. Website http://www.awea.org/legislative/. Accessed 1/7/09.
6
Solar Industries Energy Association. Website http://www.seia.org/cs/federal_issues. Accessed 1/7/09.
7
National Biodiesel Board. Website http://www.biodiesel.org/news/taxincentive/. Accessed 1/7/09.
8
Ibid.
9
Ibid.
10
Breathing Room. Kris Bevill. Biodiesel Magazine. January 2009.
11
U.S. Extends Biomass Tax Credits. Erin Voegele. BioMass Magazine. Oct. 15, 2008.
12
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/demand.html
13
AWEA 2007 Market Report. AWEA. 2008
14
Xcel, Vestas Put State on Wind Power Map. Gargi Chakrabarty. Rocky Mountain News. Dec. 31, 2008.
15
Xcel, Tri-State to Team on Building New Transmission Lines. Gargi Chakrabarty. Rocky Mountain News. Oct.
22, 2008.
16
Ibid.
17
Economy Squeezes out Solar: Installation Companies See Business Tumble; Xcel Credit Cut a Factor. Gargi
Chakrabarty. Rocky Mountain News. Dec. 30, 2008.
18
Heady Days of 06 Wane, but Ethanol Plants in Colorado OK. Gargi Chakrabarty. Rocky Mountain News. Dec.
31, 2008.
19
Ibid.
20
Colorado ACRE Awards Grants to Biodiesel Projects. Ryan C. Christiansen. Biodiesel Magazine. Jan. 2009.
21
Wind Turbine Development: Location of Manufacturing Activity. Renewable Energy Policy Project. 2004.
22
Solar PV Report: Location of Economic Activity. Renewable Energy Policy Project. 2005.
23
FirstResearch - IP

Industry Guidebook: Renewable Energy 23