Otolaryngology: Open Access Jangala et al.

, Otolaryngol (Sunnyvale) 2016, 6:4

DOI:10.4172/2161-119X.1000248

Research Article Open Access

Microbial Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance in Children and Adolescents

with Chronic Rhinosinusitis in South Indian Population
Madhavi Jangala1,2, Raja Meganadh Koralla1, Santoshi Kumari Manche1,2 and Jyothy Akka2*
1MAA Research Foundation, Somajiguda, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
2Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
*Corresponding author: Jyothi Akka, Emeritus Professor, Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Begumpet, Hyderabad,
Telangana, India, Tel: 919848015168, E-mail: [email protected]
Received date: June 14, 2016; Accepted date: July 19, 2016; Published date: July 26, 2016
Copyright: 2016 Jangala M, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Abstract

Objective: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common multifactorial upper respiratory disease with a key role of
microbes in worsening of disease and its associated co-morbidities. Further, significant region specific variation in
patient demographics and antibiotic resistance of causative bacteria are reported to pose difficulty in diagnosis and
treatment. In India, studies on the etiology and antibiotic resistance in chronic rhinosinusitis are very meager,
especially in children. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of common causative microbes and
their antibiotic resistance in children and adolescents with chronic rhinosinusitis in South Indian population.

Subjects and methods: The present study was conducted on 89 children and 99 adolescents with chronic
rhinosinusitis who visited MAA ENT Institute, Hyderabad, South India. The study samples were collected under the
nasal endoscopic guidance from the middle meatus at first visit and sinuses at surgery. Conventional and VITEK-2
methods were used for identification and antibiotic sensitivity of the microbes. Chi-square test and multinomial
logistic regression was applied to determine statistical differences between the variable using PASW v. 18.0 software
(SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).

Results: The male-female ratio was 2:1 with an average children age of 8.9 3.65 years and 16.1 1.23 years
in adolescents. The risk for adenoids was seen in 49.2 % of children (OR; 2.6: 95% CI: 1.63-4.06) while allergic
fungal sinusitis (18.1%, OR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.12-6.57) and nasal polyps (26.6%, OR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.07-4.86) was
commonly seen in adolescents. About 26.6% of adolescents with fungal positivity also showed bacterial infection.
Aspergillus flavus (68%) was the most common fungi identified. Bacterial culture rate was positive in 46.8% of the
total subjects of which Streptococcus aureus was the most common bacteria (59.1%) followed by Streptococcus
pnuemoniae (21.2%), Klebsiella sp. (11.4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.4%) and hemolytic streptococci
(1.1%). No Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains could be identified. Streptococcus pneumonia
(63.2%) was commonly identified in younger children and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (80%) was mostly seen in
adolescents. The frequency of bacterial positivity in adolescents with CRS when compared to CRS children was
high and varied between different associated co-morbidities. High antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus
was seen towards gentamicin (73%) and co-trimoxazole (64%), Streptococcus pnuemoniae to gentamicin (58%), co-
trimoxazole (68%) and meropenem (32%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa to co-trimoxazole (100%), cefatoximine (60%)
and cefatazidime (50%) while Klebsiella sp. to gentamicin (80%) and co-trimoxazole (60%). Streptococcus aureus
showed high sensitivity to cefatoximine (95.8%) and Streptococcus pnuemoniae for ofloxacin (100%), ciprofloxacin
(89.5%) and cefazolin (89.5%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed high sensitivity for amikacin (100%) and
ciprofloxacin (80%) and Klebsiella sp. for amikacin (100%)

Conclusion: Significant regional specific variation in bacterial etiology that differed with age, severity and co-
morbidities was observed in children and adolescents with chronic rhinosinusitis. High antimicrobial resistance in the
cultures of chronic rhinosinusitis patients at their first visit and also at sinus surgery warrants urgent need for early
initiation of personalized interventions for better management of the infectious disease.

Keywords: Chronic rhinosinusitis; Allergic fungal sinusitis; Nasal Introduction

polyps; Adenoids; Antibiotic sensitivity; Functional endoscopic sinus
surgery; Chronic suppurative otitis media Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common multifactorial
inflammatory disorder of the upper airway system that drastically
affects the patients quality of life across all ages and socioeconomic
conditions of millions of people worldwide [1]. About 5-15% of the
worldwide population is affected with chronic rhinosinusitis yet

Otolaryngol (Sunnyvale) Volume 6 Issue 4 1000248

ISSN:2161-119X Otolaryngology, an open access journal
Citation: Jangala M, Koralla RM, Manche SK, Akka J (2016) Microbial Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance in Children and Adolescents
with Chronic Rhinosinusitis in South Indian Population. Otolaryngol (Sunnyvale) 6: 248. doi:10.4172/2161-119X.1000248

Page 2 of 6

paucity of data exists in relation to etiopathogenesis, especially in nasal allergy were mainly by the symptoms such as nasal discharge,
children [2]. Various demographic and socioeconomic factors are nasal itching and sneezing for more than 5 times a day. Diagnosis of
reported to cause differences in CRS manifestation which affects adenoids was made when greater than 50% of nasopharyngeal space
management and recurrence rate of the disease [3,4]. Clinico- occupied by soft tissue in the X-ray neck lateral view. The confirmation
pathophysiological mechanisms such as immaturity of the immune of diagnosis was by X-ray in subjects less than 13 yrs and computed
system, smaller ostia of the sinuses, increased respiratory tract tomography scan in subjects more than 13 yrs. Subjects who have not
infections and adenoidal hypertrophy in children while tissue been on antibiotic therapy during the first visit and who have stopped
remodeling and greater irreversible scarring due to inflammation in their antibiotic use for atleast 3 weeks before surgery were included in
adults contribute to the disease worsening in chronic rhinosinusitis [5]. the study. CRS subjects with immune compromised conditions, cystic
Further, presence of nasal pathogens leads to longer mean duration of fibrosis and nasocominal infections were excluded. The study samples
symptoms and greater severity of the inflammation [6]. The role of were collected in the first visit if purulent discharge was present in the
bacteria differed with respect to different chronic rhinosinusitis middle meatus and in patients when discharge was not seen in the
comorbidities which further increase variation in disease management middle meatus due to blockage of sinus opening the samples were
in children as well as in adults [7,8]. collected at the surgery under the nasal endoscopic guidance. Surgical
interventions were done when the condition could not be managed by
the therapeutic interventions. Identification and antibiotic sensitivity
Sinusitis and its associated complications are more frequently
of the microbes were performed by the conventional and VITEK-2
treated with antibiotics to prevent the onset of complications and the
method. Data related to detailed medical history, clinical findings and
need for surgical interventions [9]. Antibiotic treatment can promote
the findings of endoscopic examination, computed tomography
subsequent growth of various bacteria, often to new multidrug
scanning and microbiological assessments were recorded and the data
resistant strains, on the mucosal epithelium with frequencies and
obtained was analyzed using PASW ver. 18.0 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, US).
changes that may vary with the use of different antibiotics, between age
Continuous data was presented as means and standard deviations.
groups and clinical entities [10,11]. Misdiagnosis of the symptoms in
Chi-square test and multinomial logistic regression was used to
many cases with upper respiratory tract infections, indiscriminate
determine statistical differences between the age, sex, co-morbidities,
prescribing of antibiotics by general practitioners including broad-
type of microbial pathogen and their antibiotic sensitivity and
spectrum antibiotics, and ease of obtaining antibiotics has promoted
resistance. The study was performed after approval of the institutional
the microbial resistance for many antibiotics [12,13]. The susceptibility
research ethics committee for biomedical research.
trends among common pathogens appear to have stabilized over the
past years as measures have been taken up in many countries but high
prevalence of multidrug resistance remains as a major concern [13,14].
Also, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently Results
estimated that antimicrobials usually prescribed often to treat acute The mean age of children was 8.9 3.65 years and 16.1 1.23 years
respiratory tract infections in children and adults are still at in adolescents. Male preponderance of 2:1 was noticed in both children
inappropriately high rates. Continuing research is therefore needed to and adolescents. 51.6% of the CRS children with adenoids were
refine physician awareness and to evaluate regional differences in affected with allergic rhinitis, 32.2 % cases with CSOM and 16.6% cases
antibiotic resistance that may result in variations with significant with asthma. Allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS) was commonly found in
effects upon disease progression and management. adolescents (18.1%) of which 57.1% of cases had nasal polyposis while
19.9% had asthma. Allergic Rhinitis was the most common co-
In India, very meager studies are been reported on etiology of morbidity in both the age groups. Allergic rhinitis with nasal polyps
chronic rhinosinusitis, especially in children. The choice of antibiotics was present in 21.2% of CRS subjects and 4.2% of CRS subjects had
is discretionary and usually not made based on microbial culture and allergic rhinitis with nasal polyps and asthma. Of the total subjects,
sensitivity results which promotes the high risk for bacterial resistance. 36.7% of cases underwent primary and 10.1% of cases had revised
Misconceptions exist about the use and indications of antibiotics and functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). The distribution of risk
lack of knowledge regarding antibiotic resistance is prevalent in India factors and co-morbidities of CRS in children and adolescents is given
[15]. The purpose of this study was to determine the etiology, and the in Table 1.
prevalence of major bacterial and fungal pathogens and antibiotic
resistance of the identified bacteria in children and adolescents of
Adolescent p- Odds Ratio
South Indian population. Characteristic Total Children
s value (95% CI)

Sex 188 89 (47.3) 99 (52.7)

Study, Subjects and Methods 130 1.056
Male 61 (68.5) 69 (69.7) 0.876
(69.1) (0.568-1.962)
188 CRS subjects including 89 children and 99 adolescents who
underwent treatment at MAA ENT Hospitals, Hyderabad were Female 58 (30.9) 28 (31.5) 30 (30.3)
considered for the study. Clinical diagnosis was based upon presence of
two or more symptoms of nasal obstruction, nasal congestion, anterior Risk
Factors/Co-
nasal discharge, posterior nasal drip, facial pain, cough; atleast one of morbidities
the endoscopic signs of nasal polyps, mucosal obstruction and/or
mucopurulent discharge mainly from middle meatus, oedema and Adenoids 63 (33.5) 44 (49.4) 19 (19.2) <0.001
2.6
mucosal changes within the ostiomeatal complex and/or sinuses as (1.63-4.06)

seen through computed tomography. The criteria for the diagnosis of

Otolaryngol (Sunnyvale) Volume 6 Issue 4 1000248

ISSN:2161-119X Otolaryngology, an open access journal
Citation: Jangala M, Koralla RM, Manche SK, Akka J (2016) Microbial Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance in Children and Adolescents
with Chronic Rhinosinusitis in South Indian Population. Otolaryngol (Sunnyvale) 6: 248. doi:10.4172/2161-119X.1000248

Page 3 of 6

102 0.81 of bacterial positive cases in CRS subjects with allergic rhinitis. About
Allergic rhinitis 43 (48.3) 59 (59.6) 0.143 77% of isolates from adolescents with nasal polyps showed bacterial
(54.2) (0.62-1.06)
positivity. The prevalence of gram positive bacteria also differed with
2.7 co morbidities, S. aureus was seen in 72.7% and S. pneumonia was seen
Fungal Sinusitis 26 (13.8) 8 (9) 18 (18.1) 0.035
(1.12-6.57)
18.1% in CRS subjects with adenoids while in case of CRS subjects
2.3 with CSOM, S. aureus was identified in 45.4% and Streptococcus
Nasal Polyps 38 (20.2) 12 (13.5) 26 (26.3) 0.045
(1.07-4.86) pneumonia in 36.3% cases.
1.06
Tonsillitis 78 (41.5) 38 (42.7) 40 (40.4) 0.769
(0.75-1.48)

0.75
Otitis Media 79 (42.0) 32 (36) 47 (47) 0.139
(0.54-1.07)

1.73
Asthma 23 (12.2) 14 (15.7) 9 (9.1) 0.186
(0.79-3.80)

History of
sinus surgery

No Surgery 100
48 (53.9) 52 (52.5) 0.615 ref a
required (53.2)

0.950 (0.514 -
Sinus Surgery 69 (36.7) 34 (38.2) 35 (35.4) 0.87
1.755)

Sinus Surgery 1.582 (0.576 -

19 (10.1) 7 (7.9) 12 (12.1) 0.374
Revision 4.351)

Table 1: Demographic and clinical characteristics of children and

adolescents with chronic rhinosinusitis (N=188), a p-value significance
is based on multinomial logistic regression (2-sided), p-value
significance is based on Fisher's Exact Test (2-sided), Odds ratio
computed based on chi-square test.

A total of 88 bacterial isolates were recovered of which 94.3% were

positive for single culture and 5.7% had multiple cultures. 80.6% of the Figure 1: Distribution of microbes identified in CRS subjects with
cultures were Gram-positive cocci, 22.7% gram-negative rods and 5.6% respect to age.
were mixed cultures of gram positive cocci and gram negative rods.
Co-infection of bacteria and fungus was noted in 4.4% of adolescents.
S.aureus was the most frequently cultured organism (59.9%), followed
by S. pneumonia (21.5%), P. aeruginosa (11.4%), Klebsiella sp. (11.4%)
while no methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains could be
identified. Klebsellia sp. was identified more frequently (60%) in
polymicrobial infections. Aspergillus flavus was the most common
fungi identified. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common
pathogen in both the age groups, Streptococcus pneumonia was
commonly identified in younger children and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa was mostly seen in adolescents at their first visit. The
distribution of microbes with respect to age in CRS subjects is given in
Figure 1. The prevalence of bacteria with respect age and severity is
given in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Prevalence of bacteria identified in CRS subjects with

Bacterial culture rate was positive in 46% of the total subjects and respect to co-morbidities.
varied with comorbidities, 44.7% of cases presented with allergy, 47.1%
with nasal polyps, 54.5% asthma, 30.4% otitis media, 36.7% adenoids,
42.9% tonsillitis subjects. 57% of allergic fungal sinusitis subjects had Antibiotic resistance was observed in all the gram positive and gram
nasal polyps. The bacterial prevalence in CRS subjects with regard to negative bacterial isolates which differed with comorbidities and
comorbidities and age is given in Figure 3. In CRS children with severity of the disease (Figure 4). High antibiotic sensitivity of
adenoids the microbial culture rate was 35.5% of which S. aureus was Staphylococcus aureus was seen against cefatoximine (95.8%),
present in 72.7% of cases and S. pneumonia was seen in 18.1% of cases. Streptococcus pnuemoniae for ofloxacin (100%), cefazolin (89.5%),
In subjects with CSOM, bacterial positivity was found in 29.7% of the and cefatoximine (89.5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa for amikacin
cultures of which S. aureus was 45.4% and Streptococcus pneumonia (100%) and ciprofloxacin (80%) and Klebsiella pnuemoniae for
was identified in 36.3% cases. Staphylococcus aureus was seen in 59% amikacin (80%). All the Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained at

Otolaryngol (Sunnyvale) Volume 6 Issue 4 1000248

ISSN:2161-119X Otolaryngology, an open access journal
Citation: Jangala M, Koralla RM, Manche SK, Akka J (2016) Microbial Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance in Children and Adolescents
with Chronic Rhinosinusitis in South Indian Population. Otolaryngol (Sunnyvale) 6: 248. doi:10.4172/2161-119X.1000248

Page 4 of 6

revision surgery were resistant to cotrimoxazole, 75% to amoxicillin In a recent metanalysis study by Thanasumpun et al. [22] conducted
clavunate and 50% to gentamicin. However, no difference in the on endoscopically derived bacterial cultures of adults with chronic
antibiotic sensitivity was observed between the children and rhinosinusitis reported Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus followed
adolescents. by Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenza and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa to be the most common aerobes and Peptostreptococcus
species and bacteroides species as the common anaerobes [22]. In
pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis, polymicrobial infections and positive
cultures of three major bacteria: Haemophilus influenzae (37.3%),
Streptococcus pneumoniae (28.4%) and Moraxella catarrhalis (11.8%)
were in Taiwan population whereas in chronic rhinosinusitis children
of German population Streptococcus pneumoniae (33%) was the
predominant followed by Haemophilus influenzae
(27%), Staphylococcus aureus (13%), Moraxella catarrhalis (11%) and
Streptococci (7%) [23,24]. In children of Chinese population both
alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus (20.8%) and Haemophilus influenzae
(19.5%) predominated followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae
(14.0%), Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus (13.0%), Staphylococcus
aureus (9.3%) and anaerobes (8.0%) [25]. Unlike the above reported
studies, the present study identifies Staphylococcus aureus (35%) to be
the most common pathogen in both the age groups while other
bacteria identified were S. pneumonia (22.3%) and P. aeruginosa (9%)
showing variation with respect to severity and age of the chronic
Figure 3: Distribution of bacterial species identified in CRS subjects rhinosinusitis subjects. 64.7% subjects undergoing sinus surgery were
with respect age and time of visit. positive for S. aureus. Polymicrobial infection was seen in only in 2.7%
of study subjects. Also, no anaerobes were identified in children and
adolescents with CRS which is not in agreement with the study
conducted by Slack et al. [26].
Methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is known to
be a common causative pathogen for chronic rhinosinusitis with
greater recurrence rate and high prevalence and rising incidence in
almost all countries [27]. According to a meta analysis study conducted
by Macoul et al. the prevalence of MRSA was 1.8%-20.7% for CRS
subjects [28]. The present study could not identify any MRSA strains
and other predominant bacteria as reported in other studies in chronic
rhinosinusitis children and adolescents. Also, a study from Karnataka,
South India, reported only 3% of MRSA strains in CRS which indicates
lesser burden of MRSA in community acquired infectious diseases in
South Indian population [29].
Nasopharyngeal carriage of the S. pneumoniae was associated with
younger age and considered to protect against colonisation by major
pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae
and thereby reducing their likelihood of causing invasive disease [30].
Reduction of pneumococcal carriage in children and increase in the
Figure 4: Antibiotic resistance of bacteria identified in CRS subjects. incidence of S. aureus related infections was also attributed due to
immunization with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine [31]. The present
study finds Streptococcus aureus in 42.6% of bacterial isolates
Discussion identified from younger children and 55.7% of subjects, who
underwent sinus surgery, thereby supports the study conducted by
Chronic Rhinosinusitis (CRS) is the common upper respiratory Shaikh et al. [32].
disorder but continues to remain as a neglected disorder, especially in
Multiple co-morbidities like adenoids, otitis media, allergic rhinitis,
developing countries [16]. Bacterial infection plays a key role in
asthma and nasal polyps are associated with chronic rhinosinusitis [1].
worsening of CRS that can lead to asthma exacerbation, otitis media,
Significant correlation was seen between bacterial isolation rate of
recurrent polyps and refractory symptoms during post-sinus surgery
adenoid cultures to sinusitis grade and chronic suppurative otitis
[17]. The predominance of aerobic and anaerobic organisms cultured
media [33,34]. Pathogens isolated from adenoids were also resistant to
in children was reported to be different from adults and also with
antibiotics that allowed infection to persist with an increased incidence
reference to site of isolation [18]. In the present study, identical
of acute and unresolved otitis media [35]. Recent evidence suggests
potential pathogens were noticed in middle meatus and sinus aspirates
that the degree of atopy, is not associated with progression to chronic
which is in agreement with the earlier reports [19-21].
rhinosinusitis in pediatric age group but asthma is significantly
associated which suggests a link between upper and lower airways and

Otolaryngol (Sunnyvale) Volume 6 Issue 4 1000248

ISSN:2161-119X Otolaryngology, an open access journal
Citation: Jangala M, Koralla RM, Manche SK, Akka J (2016) Microbial Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance in Children and Adolescents
with Chronic Rhinosinusitis in South Indian Population. Otolaryngol (Sunnyvale) 6: 248. doi:10.4172/2161-119X.1000248

Page 5 of 6

independent of allergic etiology [36]. In the present study, the References

prevalence of adenoids was more common in CRS children while nasal
polyps were more commonly seen in CRS adolescents. Allergic rhinitis 1. Bachert C, Pawankar R, Zhang L, Bunnag C, Fokkens WJ, et al. (2014)
ICON: Chronic rhinosinusitis. World Allergy Organ J 7: 25.
was the predominant comorbidity seen in children as well as in
adolescents. Further, an association higher rate of Staphylococcus 2. Jarvis D, Newson R, Lotvall J, Hastan D, Tomassen P, et al. (2012) Asthma
in adults and its association with chronic rhinosinusitis: The GA2LEN
aureus was seen with allergic rhinitis as reported by Refaat et al. [37]. A survey in Europe. Allergy 67: 91-98.
significant correlation between allergy, asthma, rhinosinusitis and high
3. Soler ZM, Mace JC, Litvack JR, Smith TL (2012) Chronic rhinosinusitis,
positive rate of bacteria was also observed which is in accordance with race and ethnicity. Am J Rhinol Allergy 26: 110-116.
earlier reports [38-40]. Increase in bacterial positivity in allergic 4. Smith WM, Davidson TM, Murphy C (2009) Regional variations in
rhinitis subjects with nasal polyps and asthma was found which is chronic rhinosinusitis, 2003-2006. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 141:
similar to the observation made by Ramakrishna et al. [41]. A very 347-352.
high frequency of bacterial positivity was noticed in CRS adolescents 5. Sacre-Hazouri JA (2012) [Chronic rhinosinusitis in children]. Rev Alerg
with nasal polyps. However, the study could not identify any microbes Mex 59: 16-24.
in the isolates from CRS children with nasal polyps. 6. Kristo A, Uhari M, Kontiokari T, Glumoff V, Kaijalainen T, et al. (2006)
Nasal middle meatal specimen bacteriology as a predictor of the course of
With regard to allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS), Ferguson et al, noted a acute respiratory infection in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 25: 108-112.
geographical variability in the incidence of AFS and fungal species 7. Scheid DC, Hamm RM (2004) Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in adults:
associated with the disease process. In the Southern United States, part I. Evaluation. Am Fam Physician 70: 1685-1692.
dermatiaceous fungi are the most common when compared with the 8. Beule A (2015) Epidemiology of chronic rhinosinusitis, selected risk
Northern United States, while Aspergillus species was the cause in factors, comorbidities and economic burden. GMS Curr Top
most cases reported in the Middle East [42]. However, none of the Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 14: Doc11.
allergic fungal sinusitis case was noticed in the northwest of Turkey 9. Kenealy T, Arroll B (2013) Antibiotics for the common cold and acute
[43]. In the present study, prevalence of 13.8% of allergic fungal purulent rhinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 6: CD000247.
sinusitis was noted in the study subjects and was more commonly seen 10. Slack CL, Dahn KA, Abzug MJ, Chan KH (2001) Antibiotic-resistant
in adolescents (68%). Asperigillus flavus being the most common fungi bacteria in pediatric chronic sinusitis. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
noted in both the age groups. Incidence of fungal sinusitis with nasal 20: 247250.
polyposis was reported to be 7% by Braun et al. [44]. Telmesani [45] 11. Davies J, Davies D (2010) Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance.
reported allergic fungal sinusitis with nasal polyposis as 12.1% and Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 74: 417-433.
with asthma as 30% to 40% [45]. In the present study, a very high 12. Llor C, Bjerrum L (2014) Antimicrobial resistance: Risk associated with
antibiotic overuse and initiatives to reduce the problem. Ther Adv Drug
prevalence of 57.1% of allergic fungal sinusitis with nasal polyposis was
Saf 5: 229-241.
observed. Asthma was observed in 19.9% of allergic fungal sinusitis
13. Sahm DF, Brown NP, Thornsberry C, Jones ME (2008) Antimicrobial
subjects. susceptibility profiles among common respiratory tract pathogens: A
Different survival strategies and mechanisms are adopted by the Global perspective. Postgrad Med 120:16-24.
pathogens causing difficulty in management of severe infections [11]. 14. Harris AM, Hicks LA, Qaseem A (2016) Appropriate antibiotic use for
Increase in evolution of antibiotic resistance usually to multiple drugs acute respiratory tract infection in adults: Advice for high-value care from
the American College of Physicians and the Centers for Disease Control
in almost all bacterial pathogens has enhanced the chances of survival
and Prevention. Ann Intern Med 164: 425-434.
and extension into the community [11,46]. Since the present study has
15. Agarwal S, Yewale VN, Dharmapalan D (2015) Antibiotics use and
observed ethnic variation in the prevalence of microbes and antibiotic misuse in children: A knowledge, attitude and practice survey of parents
resistance in isolates of both the age groups it signifies the importance in India. J Clin Diagn Res 9: SC21-24.
of microbial evaluation before initiations of any therapeutic 16. Wu AW, Shapiro NL, Bhattacharyya N (2009) Chronic rhinosinusitis in
interventions. children: What are the treatment options? Immunol Allergy Clin North
Am 29: 705-717.
Conclusion 17. Leiberman A, Dagan R, Leibovitz E, Yagupsky P, Fliss DM (1999) The
bacteriology of the nasopharynx in childhood. Int J Pediatr
To our knowledge this is the first study to report etiology and Otorhinolaryngol 49 Suppl 1: S151-153.
antibacterial resistance in chronic rhinosinusitis children and 18. Bernstein JM, Dryja D, Murphy TF (2001) Molecular typing of paired
adolescents in Indian population. The bacterial and fungal prevalence bacterial isolates from the adenoid and lateral wall of the nose in children
varied with respect to age, severity and co-morbiditites. High rate of undergoing adenoidectomy: Implications in acute rhinosinusitis.
antibiotic resistance in all the microbial isolates, Staphylococcus Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 125: 593-7.
aureus, Streptococcus pnuemoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 19. Uhliarova B, Karnisova R, Svec M, Calkovska A (2014) Correlation
Klebsiella pneumoniae warrants utmost need for early initiation of between culture-identified bacteria in the middle nasal meatus and CT
score in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. J Med Microbiol 63 :28-33.
personalized interventions and management measures in chronic
rhinosinusitis children and adolescents. 20. Ramakrishnan VR, Feazel LM, Abrass LJ, Frank DN (2013) Prevalence
and abundance of Staphylococcus aureus in the middle meatus of
patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, nasal polyps and asthma. Int Forum
Acknowledgement Allergy Rhinol 4: 267-271.
21. Corriveau MN, Zhang N, Holtappels G, Van Roy N, Bachert C (2009)
I thank ICMR for supporting me in the form of SRF grant. I would Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in nasal tissue with peptide nucleic
also like to thank Ms. B. Sunita G Kumar, CMD, MAA ENT Hospitals acid-fluorescence in situ hybridization. Am J Rhinol Allergy 23: 461-465.
for her support and cooperation in carrying out the work. I thank all 22. Thanasumpun T, Batra PS (2015) Endoscopically-derived bacterial
my labmates, JV Ramakrishna, D Dinesh and P Padmavathi for cultures in chronic rhinosinusitis: A systematic review. Am J Otolaryngol
helping me to carry out this work. 36: 686-691.

Otolaryngol (Sunnyvale) Volume 6 Issue 4 1000248

ISSN:2161-119X Otolaryngology, an open access journal
Citation: Jangala M, Koralla RM, Manche SK, Akka J (2016) Microbial Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance in Children and Adolescents
with Chronic Rhinosinusitis in South Indian Population. Otolaryngol (Sunnyvale) 6: 248. doi:10.4172/2161-119X.1000248

Page 6 of 6

23. Huang WH, Fang SY (2004) High prevalence of antibiotic resistance in 35. Wald ER (2011) Acute otitis media and acute bacterial sinusitis. Clin
isolates from the middle meatus of children and adults with acute Infect Dis 52 Suppl 4: S277-283.
rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol 18: 387-391. 36. Compalati E, Ridolo E, Passalacqua G, Braido F, Villa E, et al. (2010) The
24. Fickweiler U, Fickweiler K (2005) [The pathogen spectrum of acute link between allergic rhinitis and asthma: The united airways disease
bacterial rhinitis/sinusitis and antibiotic resistance]. HNO 53: 735-740. Expert Review of Clinical Immunology 6: 413-442.
25. Hsin CH, Su MC, Tsao CH, Chuang CY, Liu CM (2008) Bacteriology and 37. Refaat MM, Ahmed TM, Ashour ZA, Atia MY (2008). Immunological
antimicrobial susceptibility of pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis: A 6 year role of nasal Staphylococcus aureus carriage in patients with persistent
result of maxillary sinus punctures. Am J Otolaryngol 31:145-9. allergic rhinitis. The Pan African Medical Journal 1: 3.
26. Slack CL, Dahn KA, Abzug MJ, Chan KH (2001) Antibiotic-resistant 38. Chalermwatanachai T, Velsquez LC, Bachert C (2015) The microbiome
bacteria in pediatric chronic sinusitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 20: 247-250. of the upper airways: Focus on chronic rhinosinusitis. World Allergy
27. Penttil M, Savolainen S, Kiukaanniemi H, Forsblom B, Jousimies-Somer Organ J 8: 3.
H (1997) Bacterial findings in acute maxillary sinusitis--European study. 39. Gelardi M, Iannuzzi L, Tafuri S, Passalacqua G, Quaranta N (2014)
Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 529: 165-168. Allergic and non-allergic rhinitis: relationship with nasal polyposis,
28. Rujanavej V, Soudry E, Banaei N, Baron EJ, Hwang PH, et al. (2013) asthma and family history. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 34: 36-41.
Trends in incidence and susceptibility among methicillin-resistant 40. Staikuniene J, Vaitkus S, Japertiene LM, Ryskiene S (2008) Association of
Staphylococcus aureus isolated from intranasal cultures associated with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and asthma: Clinical and
rhinosinusitis. American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy 27: 134137. radiological features, allergy and inflammation markers. Medicina
29. Panduranga KM, Vijendra SS , Nithin M, Nitish S (2013) Microbiological (Kaunas) 44: 257-265.
analysis of paranasal sinuses in chronic sinusitis - A South Indian coastal 41. Ramakrishnan VR, Hauser LJ, Feazel LM, Ir D, Robertson CE, Frank DN.
study Egyptian Journal of Ear, Nose, Throat and Allied Sciences 14: (2015) Sinus microbiota varies among chronic rhinosinusitis phenotypes
185-189. and predicts surgical outcome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 136: 334-342.
30. Charalambous BM (2007) Streptococcus pneumoniae: Pathogen or 42. Ferguson BJ, Barnes L, Bernstein JM, Brown D, Clark CE 3rd, et al. (2000)
protector? Reviews in Medical Microbiology 18: 73-78. Geographic variation in allergic fungal rhinosinusitis. Otolaryngol Clin
31. Olarte L, Hulten KG, Lamberth L, Mason EO, Kaplan SL (2014) Impact of North Am 33: 441-449.
the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on chronic sinusitis 43. Hidir Y, Tosun F, Saracli MA, Gunal A, Gulec M, et al. (2008) Rate of
associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae in children. Pediatr Infect Dis allergic fungal etiology of chronic rhinosinusitis in Turkish population.
J 33:1033-6. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 265: 415-419.
32. Shaikh N, Wald ER, Jeong JH, Kurs-Lasky M, Bowen A, et al. (2014) 44. Braun H, Buzina W, Freudenschuss K, Beham A, Stammberger H (2003)
Predicting response to antimicrobial therapy in children with acute 'Eosinophilic fungal rhinosinusitis': A common disorder in Europe?
sinusitis. J Pediatr 164: 536-541. Laryngoscope 113: 264-269.
33. Shin KS, Cho SH, Kim KR, Tae K, Lee SH, et al. (2008) The role of 45. Telmesani LM (2009) Prevalence of allergic fungal sinusitis among
adenoids in pediatric rhinosinusitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 72: patients with nasal polyps. Ann Saudi Med 29: 212-214.
1643-1650. 46. Fair RJ, Tor Y (2014) Antibiotics and bacterial resistance in the 21st
34. Rajeshwary A, Rai S, Somayaji G, Pai V (2013) Bacteriology of century. Perspect Medicin Chem 6: 25-64.
symptomatic adenoids in children. N Am J Med Sci 5: 113-118.

Otolaryngol (Sunnyvale) Volume 6 Issue 4 1000248

ISSN:2161-119X Otolaryngology, an open access journal