How many numbers of addresses are usable for addressing in a Class C network?

a. 256

b. 255

c. 254

d. 258

Answer: c. 254

The number of addresses usable for addressing specific hosts in each network is always 2 power N - 2
(where N is the number of rest field bits, and the subtraction of 2 adjusts for the use of the all-bits-
zero host portion for network address and the all-bits-one host portion as a broadcast address. Thus,
for a Class C address with 8 bits available in the host field, the number of hosts is 254

Class A 0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255

Class B 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255

Class C 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255

Class D 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255

Class E 240.0.0.0 - 247.255.255.255

2. How are the data units at Application layer is called?

a. Message

b. Datagram

c. User Datagram

d. Signals

Answer:a.Message

The data unit created at the application layer is called a message, at the transport layer the data unit
created is called either a segment or an user datagram, at the network layer the data unit created is
called the datagram, at the data link layer the datagram is encapsulated in to a frame and finally
transmitted as signals along the transmission media

3. What protocol is used by DNS name servers? Justify.

a. TCP

b. SNMP

c. UDP d. It can use any routing protocol

Answer:c. UDP

DNS uses UDP for communication between servers. It is a better choice than TCP because of the
improved speed a connectionless protocol offers. Of course, transmission reliability suffers with UDP

4. Which of the following is used to direct a packet inside an internal networks?

a. Routers

b. Modem

c. Gateway

d None of the above

Answer: a.Routers

Routers are machines that direct a packet through the maze of networks that stand between its
source and destination. Normally a router is used for internal networks while a gateway acts a door for
the packet to reach the outside of the internal network

Define Network?
A network is a set of devices connected by physical media links. A network is recursively is
a connection of two or more nodes by a physical link or two or more networks connected by
one or more nodes.

2. What is Protocol?
A protocol is a set of rules that govern all aspects of information communication.
3. What is a Link?
At the lowest level, a network can consist of two or more computers directly connected by
some physical medium such as coaxial cable or optical fiber. Such a physical medium is
called as Link.

4. What is a node?
A network can consist of two or more computers directly connected by some physical
medium such as coaxial cable or optical fiber. Such a physical medium is called as Links and
the computer it connects is called as Nodes.

5. What is a gateway or Router?

A node that is connected to two or more networks is commonly called as router or Gateway.
It generally forwards message from one network to another.

6. Name the factors that affect the performance of the network?

a.Number of Users
b. Type of transmission medium
c. Hardware
d. Software

7. What is Round Trip Time?

The duration of time it takes to send a message from one end of a network to the other and
back, is called RTT.

8. List the layers of OSI

a. Physical Layer
b. Data Link Layer
c. Network Layer
d. Transport Layer
e. Session Layer
f. Presentation Layer
g. Application Layer
9. Which layers are network support layers?
a. Physical Layer
b. Data link Layer and
c. Network Layers

10. Which layers are user support layers?

a. Session Layer
b. Presentation Layer and
c. Application Layer

11. What is Pipelining ?

In networking and in other areas, a task is often begun before the previous task has ended.
This is known as pipelining.

12. What is Piggy Backing?

A technique called piggybacking is used to improve the efficiency of the bidirectional
protocols. When a frame is carrying data from A to B, it can also carry control information
about arrived (or lost) frames from B; when a frame is carrying data from B to A, it can also
carry control information about the arrived (or lost) frames from A.

13. What are the two types of transmission technology available?

(i) Broadcast and (ii) point-to-point

14. What is Bandwidth?

Every line has an upper limit and a lower limit on the frequency of signals it can carry. This
limited range is called the bandwidth.

15. Explain RIP (Routing Information Protocol)

It is a simple protocol used to exchange information between the routers.
16. What is subnet?
A generic term for section of a large networks usually separated by a bridge or router.

17. What is MAC address?

The address for a device as it is identified at the Media Access Control (MAC) layer in the
network architecture. MAC address is usually stored in ROM on the network adapter card
and is unique.

18. What is multiplexing?

Multiplexing is the process of dividing a link, the phycal medium, into logical channels for
better efficiency. Here medium is not changed but it has several channels instead of one.

19. What is simplex?

It is the mode of communication between two devices in which flow of data is unidirectional.
i.e. one can transmit and other can receive.
E.g. keyboard and monitor.

20. What is half-duplex?

It is the mode of communication between two devices in which flow of data is bi-directional
but not at the same time. ie each station can transmit and receive but not at the same time.
E.g walkie-talkies are half-duplex system.

21.What is full duplex?

It is the mode of communication between two devices in which flow of data is bi-directional
and it occurs simultaneously. Here signals going in either direction share the capacity of the
link.
E.g. telephone

22. What is sampling?

It is the process of obtaining amplitude of a signal at regular intervals.
23. What is Asynchronous mode of data transmission?
It is a serial mode of transmission.
In this mode of transmission, each byte is framed with a start bit and a stop bit. There may
be a variable length gap between each byte.

24. What is Synchronous mode of data transmission?

It is a serial mode of transmission.In this mode of transmission, bits are sent in a
continuous stream without start and stop bit and without gaps between bytes. Regrouping
the bits into meaningful bytes is the responsibility of the receiver.

25. What are the different types of multiplexing?

Multiplexing is of three types. Frequency division multiplexing and wave division
multiplexing is for analog signals and time division multiplexing is for digital signals.

26. What are the different transmission media?

The transmission media is broadly categorized into two types
i)Guided media(wired)
i)Unguided media(wireless)

27. What are the duties of data link layer?

Data link layer is responsible for carrying packets from one hop (computer or router) to the
next. The duties of data link layer include packetizing, adderssing, error control, flow
control, medium access control.

28. .What are the types of errors?

Errors can be categorized as a single-bit error or burst error. A single bit error has one bit
error per data unit. A burst error has two or more bits errors per data unit.

29. What do you mean by redundancy?

Redundancy is the concept of sending extra bits for use in error detection. Three common
redundancy methods are parity check, cyclic redundancy check (CRC), and checksum.
30. Define parity check.
In parity check, a parity bit is added to every data unit so that the total number of 1s is
even (or odd for odd parity).Simple parity check can detect all single bit errors. It can
detect burst errors only if the total number of errors in each data unit is odd.In two
dimensional parity checks, a block of bits is divided into rows and a redundant row of bits is
added to the whole block.

31. Define cyclic redundancy check (CRC).

C RC appends a sequence of redundant bits derived from binary division to the data unit.
The divisor in the CRC generator is often represented as an algebraic polynomial.

32. What is hamming code?

The hamming code is an error correction method using redundant bits. The number of bits
is a function of the length of the data bits. In hamming code for a data unit of m bits, we
use the formula 2r >= m+r+1 to determine the number of redundant bits needed. By
rearranging the order of bit transmission of the data units, the hamming code can correct
burst errors.

33.Define stop and wait ARQ.

In stop and wait ARQ, the sender sends a frame and waits for an acknowledgement from
the receiver before sending the next frame.

34. What do you mean by network control protocol?

Network control protocol is a set of protocols to allow the encapsulation of data coming from
network layer protocol that requires the services of PPP

35. What do you mean by CSMA?

To reduce the possibility of collision CSMA method was developed. In CSMA each station
first listen to the medium (Or check the state of the medium) before sending. It cant
eliminate collision.

36. What do you mean by Bluetooth?

 It is a wireless LAN technology designed to connect devices of different functions such as
telephones, notebooks, computers, cameras, printers and so on.

37. What is IP address?

The internet address (IP address) is 32bits that uniquely and universally defines a host or
router on the internet.The portion of the IP address that identifies the network is called
netid. The portion of the IP address that identifies the host or router on the network is
called hostid.

38. What do you mean by ALOHA ?

It is the method used to solve the channel allocation problem .It is used for:
i)ground based radio broadcasting
ii)In a network in which uncoordinated users are competing for the use of single channel.
It is of two types:
1.Pure aloha
2.Slotted aloha

39. What is Firewalls?

It is an electronic downbridge which is used to enhance the security of a network. Its
configuration has two components.
i)Two routers
ii)Application gateway
the packets traveling through the LAN are inspected here and packets meeting certain
criteria are forwarded and others are dropped.

40. What is Repeaters ?

A receiver receives a signal before it becomes too weak or corrupted,regenerates the
original bit pattern,and puts the refreshed copy back onto the link.It operates on phycal
layer of OSI model.

41. What is Bridges?

They divide large network into smaller components.They can relay frames between two
originally separated LANs.They provide security through partitioning traffic.They operate on
physical and data link layer of OSI model.
42. What is ICMP?
ICMP is Internet Control Message Protocol, a network layer protocol of the TCP/IP suite used
by hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram problems back to the sender. It
uses the echo test / reply to test whether a destination is reachable and responding. It also
handles both control and error messages.
.

43. What is FDM?

FDM is an analog technique that can be applied when the bandwidth of a link is greater than
the combined bandwidths of the signals to be transmitted.

44. What is WDM?

WDM is conceptually the same as FDM, except that the multiplexing and demultiplexing
involve light signals transmitted through fiber optics channel.

45. What is TDM?

TDM is a digital process that can be applied when the data rate capacity of the transmission
medium is greater than the data rate required by the sending and receiving devices.

46. List the steps involved in creating the checksum.

a. Divide the data into sections
b. Add the sections together using 1's complement arithmetic
c. Take the complement of the final sum, this is the checksum.

47. Compare Error Detection and Error Correction:

The correction of errors is more difficult than the detection. In error detection, checks only
any error has occurred. In error correction, the exact number of bits that are corrupted and
location in the message are known. The number of the errors and the size of the message
are important factors.

48. What are the protocols in application layer ?

The protocols defined in application layer are
TELNET
 FTP
SMTP
DNS

49. What are the protocols in transport layer ?

The protocols defined in transport layer are
TCP
UDP

50. What do you mean by client server model ?

In client server model ,the client runs a program to request a service and the server runs a
program to provide the service.These two programs communicate with each other. One
server program can provide services to many client programs.

51. What is TELNET ?

TELNET is a client server application that allows a user to log on to a remote
machine,giving the user access to the remote system. TELNET is an abbreviation of terminal
Network.

52. What is Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP) ?

It is the main protocol used to access data on the World Wide Web .the protol transfers data
in the form of plain text,hypertext,audio,video,and so on. It is so called because its
efficiency allows its use in a hypertext environment where there are rapid jumps from one
document to another.

53. What is World Wide Web ?

Ans: World Wide Web is a repository of information spread all over the world and linked
together.It is a unique combination of flexibility,portability,and user-friendly features .The
World Wide Web today is a distributed client-server service,in which a client using a browser
can access a service using a server.The service provided is distributed over many locations
called web sites.

54. What is Beaconing?

The process that allows a network to self-repair networks problems. The stations on the
network notify the other stations on the ring when they are not receiving the transmissions.
Beaconing is used in Token ring and FDDI networks.

55. What is RAID?

A method for providing fault tolerance by using multiple hard disk drives.

56. What is NETBIOS and NETBEUI?

NETBIOS is a programming interface that allows I/O requests to be sent to and received
from a remote computer and it hides the networking hardware from applications.
NETBEUI is NetBIOS extended user interface. A transport protocol designed by microsoft
and IBM for the use on small subnets.

57. What is difference between ARP and RARP?

The address resolution protocol (ARP) is used to associate the 32 bit IP address with the 48
bit physical address, used by a host or a router to find the physical address of another host
on its network by sending a ARP query packet that includes the IP address of the receiver.
The reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) allows a host to discover its Internet
address when it knows only its physical address.

58. What is the minimum and maximum length of the header in the TCP segment and IP
datagram?
The header should have a minimum length of 20 bytes and can have a maximum length of
60 bytes.

59. What are major types of networks and explain?

Server-based network: provide centralized control of network resources and rely on server
computers to provide security and network administration
Peer-to-peer network: computers can act as both servers sharing resources and as clients
using the resources.

60. What are the important topologies for networks?

BUS topology: In this each computer is directly connected to primary network cable in a
single line.
Advantages: Inexpensive, easy to install, simple to understand, easy to extend.
STAR topology: In this all computers are connected using a central hub.
Advantages: Can be inexpensive, easy to install and reconfigure and easy to trouble shoot
physical problems.

RING topology: In this all computers are connected in loop.

Advantages: All computers have equal access to network media, installation can be simple,
and signal does not degrade as much as in other topologies because each computer
regenerates it.

61. What is mesh network?

A network in which there are multiple network links between computers to provide multiple
paths for data to travel.

62. What is difference between baseband and broadband transmission?

In a baseband transmission, the entire bandwidth of the cable is consumed by a single
signal. In broadband transmission, signals are sent on multiple frequencies, allowing
multiple signals to be sent simultaneously.

63. What is packet filter?

Packet filter is a standard router equipped with some extra functionality. The extra
functionality allows every incoming or outgoing packet to be inspected. Packets meeting
some criterion are forwarded normally. Those that fail the test are dropped.

64. What is traffic shaping?

One of the main causes of congestion is that traffic is often busy. If hosts could be made to
transmit at a uniform rate, congestion would be less common. Another open loop method to
help manage congestion is forcing the packet to be transmitted at a more predictable rate.
This is called traffic shaping.

65. What is multicast routing?

Sending a message to a group is called multicasting, and its routing algorithm is called
multicast routing.
66. What is Kerberos?
It is an authentication service developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Kerberos uses encryption to prevent intruders from discovering passwords and gaining
unauthorized access to files.

67. What is passive topology?

When the computers on the network simply listen and receive the signal, they are referred
to as passive because they dont amplify the signal in any way. Example for passive
topology - linear bus.

68. What are the advantages of Distributed Processing?

a. Security/Encapsulation
b. Distributed database
c. Faster Problem solving
d. Security through redundancy
e. Collaborative Processing

69. Name the factors that affect the reliability of the network?
a. Frequency of failure
b. Recovery time of a network after a failure

70. When a switch is said to be congested?

It is possible that a switch receives packets faster than the shared link can accommodate
and stores in its memory, for an extended period of time, then the switch will eventually run
out of buffer space, and some packets will have to be dropped and in this state is said to
congested state.