Source rock if heated will become limestone/shales 1 percent organic matter.

0.5 total organic carbon maybe reach to 10 percent of organic matter

Preservation of organic matter is important to complete petroleum system

Terrestrial source rock=coal

Marine rock=oil prone

Source rock can be reservoir rock=shale gas reservoir (under conditions)

Source rock

Reservoir rock

Seal rock

Overburden rock

Oil migrates to reservoir rock by sandstone like sponge to trap oil

Sandstone common reservoir rock. like limestone/dolostone/coral reefs

Oil moves thru pore space

Seal rock/ cap rock

Impermeable rock/commonly shale/ anhydrite/ salt that forms barrier/cap above reservoir rock so
that fluid cant move beyond that reservoir.

A critical component.

Retaining fluid thru geologic time = 10^-6 to 10^-8 darcies

Overburden above source rock.

The thickness/age of overburden provides history of the rate burial of source rock toward and thru
the increasing temp domains of basins. ( temp for cracking kerogens into hydrocarbon)

Exploration technique

Magnetic technique

Gravimetric survey

Seismic method

Magnetic tech. the distribution of magnetic mineral in upper 20-30 km of earth crust.

Or to estimate the thickness of earth crust

Or to constrain temp in the crust using the curie isotherm-the temp at which minerals lose their
strong magnetic properties.

Magnetic measurement record variations of magnetic field due to lateral variability in the
magnetization of the crust

Can be collected from earths surface, air, sea, borehole environment

Gravimetric survey one of the first method used to explore ong

Use gravitational field to locate horizontal/vertical variations in the density of subsurface rocks.

The condition is must clearly thru differences in density

Extremely sensitive instruments ( measure tiny variations in gravitational field)

1. Regional geological mapping

2. Detection of karsts (irregular limestone)and voids
3. Determination/improvement of terrestrial geoid
4. Oil n gas exploration
5. Mineral exploration
6. Measure sediment thickness
7. The archaeological surveys

Seismic based on propagation of seismic waves. Also involve in variations om data.

1. Refraction
2. Reflection
3. Multi channel analysis of surface wave
4. Resonance
5. Borehole

Yield into subsurface

1.Measure the shortest time required for an induced seismic pulse to travel from source location to
a receivers. (refraction- preferred cause accurately mapping depth to competent bedrock)

2.Record the waves that reflect from subsurface layers. Ideal for mapping geology at >50m. the
most advanced tech. (reflection)

3.Evaluate the shear wave velocities of subsurface thru analysis of dispersion of Rayleigh surface
wave-ground roll. Without the need of borehole . 2d/3d./1d (MASW)

4.Based on the frequency analysis of seismic record for high resolution seismic investigation. For
subsurface 1-15 m deep. But can be smaller <0.1m for testing of concrete/asphalt/ 100m geological
investigations (Resonance/ testing and imaging using seismic acoustic resonance)

5. measure the arrival of seismic wave emitted from surface down the borehole. cross-hole tech.
uses as seismic source in borehole. p and s wave obtained. Accurate map produced. Include cross
hole, down hole, seismic tomography methodologies.

Seismic tech value chain

1. Acquisition
2. Processing/imaging
3. Interpretation/evaluation
4. Reservoir characterization

Exploration is a deep hole drilled into earth surface (to locate new source of hydrocarbon like ong)
Appraisal to understand the potential of hydrocarbon reservoir before commercial production.
Appraisal wells drilled to ensure that the discoveries made during exploration field have enough
hydrocarbon that can last long. Provide infos like physical of hydrocarbon like production rate from
the field, flow of fluids and volume of fluids.

Upstream/exploration and production (search, recover, produce)

Midstream (transport from ep to processing plant)

Downstream ( refine/process to marketing)

Oil and gas field life cycle:

1. Exploration
2. Appraisal
3. Development
4. Production
5. Abandonment

1. To search gas/oil by magnetic surveys, seismic survey, wildcat

2. To define oil/gas volume/chars/physical dimension/development potential
a. Coring
b. Well logging
c. Well test
3. To build subsurface and surface facilities
4. To extract/process/export oil/gas
5. To plug well permanently/ remove surface facilities and restore to its original condition
(must be sealed so no hydrocarbon can escape)

Onshore- located far from civilization.

Initially stored in wooden barrel and transport using horse carriage.

After invention of gasoline and diesel, truck/train are used.

Volume bigger, barrel method cannot use anymore the pipeline (transfer liquid and gas)

Offshore pipeline is laid on the seabed to convey oil from offshore to platform to onshore facility

Kalua challenging, store at offshore first (FSO, FPSO or subsea storage) pastu transport pakai oil
tanker

Dulu gas dianggap by product yang disposed by burning or flaring. Only after gas can be monetized
(petrochemical plant, power plant) gas transportation required.

Gas cannot be stored easily like liquid. So has to deliver after processed by pipeline. Kalua jauh,
volume banyak, pipeline uneconomical.

Jadi gas transformed to liquid phase by condensing to -162C in atm to reduce its volume by 600
times -LNG

LNG can be transported in a designed cryogenic tank attached to vessel/truck

Pre treatment(purification)

1. Condensate removal
2. Co2 removal
3. Mercury and h2s removal
4. Dehydration (h2o removal)

Downstream/refining and marketing

Petrochemical plant

Process of converting raw material into higher value product. (physical and chemical)

Crude oil mixture of thousands of hydrocarbons

Malaysia refineries

1. Tganu(petronas)
2. Melaka
3. Melaka (petronas)
4. N9(shell)
5. N9 (esso)

Refinery process

1. Crude oil
2. Wash in desalter
3. Heated
4. Crude oil fractioner (distillation column)
5. High value product

Distillation column:

1. Light -LPG, gasoline, naphtha

2. Middle- kerosene, diesel, heavy oil
3. Heavy- asphalt, bunker fuel oil, heavy fuel oil
Petrochemical a chemical product that derives from petroleum.
Primary petrochemical-olefins, aromatic synthetic gas.

National oil company is an oil company that fully or in the majority owned by national government
(SAUDI ARAMCO, PETRONAS, PETROCHINA, PERTAMINA, PETROBAS, STATOIL)

International oil company is the largest publicly owned oil and gas companies (BP,ROYAL DUTCH
SHELL, CHEVRON, TOTAL, EXXONMOBIL)

Top 10 largest oil companies

1. China petroleum and chemical corp

2. China national petroleum corp
3. Shell
4. ExxonMobil
5. Saudi Aramco
6. Bp
7. Total
 8. Kuwait
9. Chevron
10. Lukoil

Opec ( organization of petroleum exporting countries)

To coordinate and unify petroleum policies

To ensure the stabilization of oil markets ( secure petroleum consumer)

1. Algeria
2. Angola
3. Ecuador
4. Guinea
5. Gabon
6. Iran
7. Iraq
8. Kuwait
9. Libya
10. Nigeria
11. Qatar
12. Saudi arabia
13. Uae
14. Venezuela

Factors affecting oil prices

1. Weather
2. Inventories
3. Global economic growth
4. Speculation hedging, investment
5. Exchange rate and inflation
6. Geopolitical risk
7. Capacity
8. Opec production decision
9. Non opec supply growth

Positive impact kalua minyak jatuh

1. Income tinggi
2. Output tinggi

Significance oil to Malaysia

1. Employment
2. Labour income
3. Value added

Malaysia overly independent on oil revenue. 57%. (transport and industrial sector) -need
alternatives

Asean Malaysia and Indonesia major oil exporter

Tapi indon declining jadi a net oil importer withdrew from opec in 2008

Malaysia to be a net oil exporter

1. Increase oil production- eor enhance

2. Increase investment in exploration and production
3. Subsidy elimination(suppress energy consumption)
4. Tech advances

The economic transformation programme (etp) focus on 12 NKEA- 2. Oil and gas

How to make Malaysia hub for oil services

1. Attract major international OFSE share to Malaysia

2. Build regional champions-rationalise favricators, enter ino jvs with world class companies

Igneous rock melting magma

Magma cooling igneous rock

Metamorphic rock melting magma

Igneous rock and sedimentary rock heat and pressure metamorphic rock

Igneous rock, sedimentary rock, metamorphic rock weathering and erosion sediment

Sediment compaction and cementation sedimentary rock

Igneous rock form from underground(slowly) and above ground(quickly)

Wind water can break rock into pieces

All rock is heated. Radioactive decay (the process that gives us power plant to make electricity),
pressure and friction

Heat bakes the rock with 300-700 degrees. (metamorphosis)

Earths tectonic plates move around, heat produced. When they collide, they build mountains
and metamorphose rock. it can be broken by stream. Sedimentary rock is produced.