A Project Report

On

Performance Analysis of Spread Spectrum System (Direct

Sequence) over Fading Channel Models .
and Multi-Carrier CDMA

by
Md Saif H2016124031
Mounesh H2016124024

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, PILANI (RAJASTHAN)

Hyderabad Campus
(Mar 2017)
Abstract:
This paper in the first part deals with the Spread spectrum communication technique,
Direct Sequence and its analysis of performance over multipath fading channels.
Different channels are considered for comparison like AWGN Channel, Rayleigh
Channel and Rician channel. BPSK modulation is used as modulation scheme for
CDMA using Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum modulation. Simulink model is
developed for with different models mentioned above and their performance is
measured based on BER. Second part deals with multi Carrier CDMA which is
combination of both CDMA and OFDM. Just an overview is described about MC-
CDMA.
Content

Introduction
Multi path Fading
Channel Models
Multiple access Techniques
Spread spectrum
Types of Spread Spectrum
Pseudo random Sequence
DS-Sequence Spread Spectrum
Multi carrier CDMA
Results of DS-Spread Spectrum
Discussion on results and future work

Appendix

Simulink model for DS-SS with Rayleigh Channel

Simulink model for DS-SS with Rician Channel
INTRODUCTION:

Wireless communication channel due to multipath propagation phenomenon is

prone to various transmission obstacles like noise, interference, fading, and other
distortions. These multiple path signals cause variation in signal strength of received
signal. Therefore, it is important to study the effects of multipath propagation
phenomenon in designing the wireless communication systems. Spread spectrum
system is a special system which is known to overcome multipath propagation
problems. To know its effect against fading environment the performance of spread
spectrum communication system is tested under fading channel environment like
Rayleigh and Rician.
MULTIPATH FADING IN WIRELESS CHANNEL:

Fading is fluctuations in signal strength at the receiver. Fading is due to interference

caused by multiple forms of same signal arrives at the receiver at different times.The
multipath propagation of signal is mainly caused because of three propagation
mechanisms: reflection, diffraction and scattering. These multiple signal paths cause
a variation in power level of the received signal. Based on the model of medium
called channel; shape of the received signal is obtained from the transmitted signal.

Types of fading:
o Large scale fading represents the path loss of a signal affected by large
objects, like hills, forests, buildings, etc. between a transmitter and receiver.
It occurs when a mobile transmitter and/or receiver moves over long a
distance, resulting in rapid fluctuations in the received signals envelope.

o Small scale fading refers to large changes in the amplitude and phase of a
signal caused by a small change in the position of the transmitter or receiver
(on the order of half a wavelength). This effect is due to constructive and
destructive interference of the transmitted signal that occurs at very high
carrier frequencies (900 MHz or 1.9 GHz for cellular).

Rayleigh and Rician fading are used to model small scale fading. There are line of
sight (LOS) or direct paths and non-line of sight (NLOS) paths where the transmitted
signal is reflected by obstacles. If there is no line of sight path among the multiple
paths between a transmitter and receiver, a Rayleigh fading model is used. Rician
fading is used when there is a strong line of sight path between the transmitter and
receiver.

Rayleigh Fading Channel:

In urban areas with many buildings, vehicles and other large objects, transmitted
signals arrive at the receiver over multiple paths. The combination of these multiple
received signals causes fading. A Rayleigh fading channel occurs when there are
many different signal paths between the transmitter and receiver, none of which is
dominant. It means all the paths will fluctuate and have an effect on the overall signal
at the receiver.
The Rayleigh probability density function of the received signal envelope, ( ), is
given by:

: is the envelope amplitude of the received signal

: is the variance of the random variable

Rician Fading Channel:

A Rician fading channel occurs when the received signal is a combination of a

significant line of sight path and multiple fading paths between a transmitter and
receiver. The line of sight path is the strongest signal path that travels directly from
the transmitter to receiver. Because of the line of sight path, the effect of Rician
fading on the transmitted signal will be less than in the case of Rayleigh fading.
The Rician probability density function of the received signal envelope is given by

: is the envelope amplitude of the received signal

: is the variance of the random variable

A= Mean of LOS path signal

Need for multiple access:

The radio channel is a communication medium shared by many users in one

geographic region. Mobile stations compete with one another for the frequency
resource to transmit their information streams. Without any other measures to
control simultaneous access of several users, collisions can occur (a multiple access
problem) since collisions are very undesirable for a connection-oriented
communication like mobile telephony, the individual subscribers mobile stations
must be assigned dedicated channels on demand. To divide the available physical
resources of a mobile system, i.e. The frequency bands, into voice channels, special
multiple access procedures are used.

FDMA:

The bandwidth is divided into separate frequency bands. In case of bursty traffic, the
efficiency can be improved in FDMA by using a dynamic sharing technique to
access a particular frequency band; channels are assigned on demand.
TDMA:

The bandwidth is timeshared as shown. Channel allocation is done dynamically.

CDMA:

In CDMA, a particular user has access to the entire bandwidth for the entire time
duration. The basic principle of CDMA is that different codes are used to distinguish
between the different users. CDMA uses spread Spectrum techniques for Multiple
access
Different Spread Spectrum techniques include:

1. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

2. Frequency Hop Spread Spectrum

The term "spread spectrum" refers to the expansion of signal bandwidth, by several
orders of magnitude in some cases, which occurs when a key is attached to the
communication channel. Spread spectrum is an RF communications system in which
the baseband signal bandwidth is intentionally spread over a larger bandwidth by
injecting a higher-frequency signal. As a direct consequence, energy used in
transmitting the signal is spread over a wider bandwidth, and appears as noise. The
ratio (in dB) between the spread baseband and the original signal is called processing
gain. Typical SS processing gains run from 10dB to 60dB.

Advantages of Spread Spectrum (SS) Techniques:

a) Reduced interference: In SS systems, interference from undesired sources is

considerably reduced due to the processing gain of the system.

b) Low susceptibility to multi-path fading: Because of its inherent frequency

diversity properties, a spread spectrum system offers resistance to degradation in
signal quality due to multi-path fading. This is particularly beneficial for designing
mobile communication systems.

c) Co-existence of multiple systems: With proper design of pseudo-random

sequences, multiple spread spectrum systems can co-exist.

d) Immunity to jamming: An important feature of spread spectrum is its ability to

withstand strong interference, sometimes generated by an enemy to block the
communication link. This is one reason for extensive use of the concepts of spectrum
spreading in military communications.
Spreading Codes [PN, Gold sequence]:

Several spreading codes are popular for use in practical spread spectrum systems.
Some of these are Maximal Sequence (m-sequence) length codes, Gold codes,
Kasami codes and Barker codes. The codes used in this paper are PN sequence[M-
sequence]
These are longest codes that can be generated by a shift register of a specific length,
say, L. An L-stage shift register and a few EX-OR gates can be used to generate an
m-sequence of length 2L -1. PN code generator is shown below

PN code generator

Properties of PN Sequence:

Cross-Correlation: The correlation of two different codes. This should be as small

as possible (i.e. equal zero).

Auto-Correlation: The correlation of a code with a time-delayed version of itself.

In order to reject multipath interference, this function should equal 0 for any time
delay other than zero. The periodic autocorrelation function of m-sequence, R(k) of
is two-valued and is given by:
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum:

In this technique, the Pseudo random sequence is applied directly to data entering
the carrier modulator. The modulator therefore sees a much larger bit rate, which
corresponds to the chip rate of the PRN sequence. The result of modulating an RF
carrier with such a code sequence is to produce a direct-sequence-modulated spread
spectrum with ((sin x)/x) frequency spectrum, centered at the carrier frequency.

The main lobe of this spectrum (null to null) has a bandwidth twice the clock rate of
the modulating code, and the sidelobes have null-to-null bandwidths equal to the
codes clock rate. spectrum, centered at the carrier frequency.

A DSSS system can reduce the effects of interference on the transmitted information.
An interfering signal may be reduced by a factor which may be as high as the
processing gain. That is, a DSSS transmitter can withstand more interference if the
length of the PN sequence is increased. The output signal to noise ratio of a DSSS
receiver may be expressed as: (SNR)o = PG. (SNR)I, where (SNR)I is the signal to
noise ratio before the dispreading operation is carried out.

Block Diagram showing Spreading and De-spreading


Diagram showing the spread of spectrum and processing gain=

A major disadvantage of a DSSS system is the Near-Far effect as shown below

This effect is prominent when an interfering transmitter is close to the receiver than
the intended transmitter. Although the cross-correlation between codes A and B is
low, the correlation between the received signal from the interfering transmitter and
code A can be higher than the correlation between the received signal from the
intended transmitter and code A. So, detection of proper data becomes difficult
Figure below shows the Direct Sequence Spread Coherent Phase Shift Keying
transmitter and receiver. At transmitter modulation is done in two stages. During the
first stage data sequence is multiplied with PN (Pseudo random Noise) sequence.
The baseband signal is further converted in second stage to Direct- Sequence Spread
Binary Phase Shifted Keyed (DS/BPSK) signal. The information signal (message)
which is narrow band bipolar sequence is multiplied by a spreading sequence (PN
sequence) with a much higher data rate called chip rate. Thus, a narrow band data
sequence is converted into a wide band signal like noise.

Direct Sequence Spread Coherent Phase Shift Keying transmitter and receiver

The receiver consists of synchronized PN sequence and the coherent detector, the
output of which provides the estimate of original sequence.
Spread spectrum systems are specifically designed to overcome a jamming situation
This characteristic is the real beauty of SS. Intentional or un-intentional interference
and jamming signals are rejected because they do not contain the SS key. Only the
desired signal, which has the key, will be seen at the receiver when the despreading
operation is exercised

You can practically ignore the interference (narrowband or wideband) if it does not
include the key used in the dispreading operation. That rejection also applies to other
SS signals not having the right key, which allows different SS communications to
be active simultaneously in the same band (such as CDMA). Note that SS is a
wideband technology.
A specific example of the use of spread spectrum technology is the North American
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Digital Cellular (IS-95) standard.

CDMA Tx and Rx are Shown Below

CDMA Transmitter

CDMA Receiver
Results showing DS-Sequence Spread Spectrum Modulation under different
Channel models
Discussion on results:
For higher values of /0 , BER of fading channel environment (Rayleigh and
rician) is close to idealistic AWGN (no fading) which shows the importance of
spread spectrum.
DSSS with Rician Channel model has lower BER compared to Rayleigh since
Ricean channel is modelled with stronger LOS than the multipath components.
DSSS System with Rayleigh channel model is worst in performance as compared to
Ricean since because of fading the signal is so weak that the main component is not
noticed among multipath components.

Future Work:

We want to implement multi carrier CDMA which uses both characteristics of

CDMA and OFDM to get higher data rates over wireless communication.

References:

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Appendix:

1(a) Simulink model for DS-SS under Rician Channel

1(b) Simulink model for DS-SS under Rayleigh Channel