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    ChE 11 - Lecture 1

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    Judy Marl Bingcolado Elarmo
    This document provides information about a chemical engineering course on material and energy balances in industrial processes. The course covers topics like combustion of fuels, production of sulfuric acid and cement. It is a 2-lecture, 1-lab unit course with objectives of developing skills to solve mass and energy balances in industrial processes. The course outline includes principles of combustion of gaseous, liquid and solid fuels as well as processes involving sulfur, nitrogen, lime and cement. Concepts discussed in more detail include theoretical oxygen, theoretical air calculations and percent excess air needed for complete combustion. Practice problems are provided as examples.

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    ChE 11 - Lecture 1

    Uploaded by

    Judy Marl Bingcolado Elarmo
    109 views18 pages
    This document provides information about a chemical engineering course on material and energy balances in industrial processes. The course covers topics like combustion of fuels, production of sulfuric acid and cement. It is a 2-lecture, 1-lab unit course with objectives of developing skills to solve mass and energy balances in industrial processes. The course outline includes principles of combustion of gaseous, liquid and solid fuels as well as processes involving sulfur, nitrogen, lime and cement. Concepts discussed in more detail include theoretical oxygen, theoretical air calculations and percent excess air needed for complete combustion. Practice problems are provided as examples.

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    ChE 11_Lecture 1

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    This document provides information about a chemical engineering course on material and energy balances in industrial processes. The course covers topics like combustion of fuels, production of sulfuric acid and cement. It is a 2-lecture, 1-lab unit course with objectives of developing skills to solve mass and energy balances in industrial processes. The course outline includes principles of combustion of gaseous, liquid and solid fuels as well as processes involving sulfur, nitrogen, lime and cement. Concepts discussed in more detail include theoretical oxygen, theoretical air calculations and percent excess air needed for complete combustion. Practice problems are provided as examples.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    109 views18 pages

    ChE 11 - Lecture 1

    Uploaded by

    Judy Marl Bingcolado Elarmo
    This document provides information about a chemical engineering course on material and energy balances in industrial processes. The course covers topics like combustion of fuels, production of sulfuric acid and cement. It is a 2-lecture, 1-lab unit course with objectives of developing skills to solve mass and energy balances in industrial processes. The course outline includes principles of combustion of gaseous, liquid and solid fuels as well as processes involving sulfur, nitrogen, lime and cement. Concepts discussed in more detail include theoretical oxygen, theoretical air calculations and percent excess air needed for complete combustion. Practice problems are provided as examples.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 18

    Chemical Engineering Department

    Xavier University- Ateneo de Cagayan


    Engr. Dexby P. de Guzman
    Thought for the Day
    Our Great Desire is that Each one of You Keep us
    His Eagerness to the End, so that the Things you
    Hope for Will Come True
    Hebrews 6:11

    DP de Guzman/ ChE Department/ XU-AdC 2


    Course Description
    This course deals on material and energy balances in
    industrial processes.
    This includes
    combustion of gaseous, liquid and solid fuels
    production of sulphuric acid
    nitrogen compounds
    lime and cement

    DP de Guzman/ ChE Department/ XU-AdC 3


    Units and Equivalent Hours
    2 lecture units, 1 unit computing lab
    2 hours lecture, 3 hours computing lab

    Prerequisite: Chemical Engineering Calculations 1


    (ChE 10)

    DP de Guzman/ ChE Department/ XU-AdC 4


    Course Objectives
    After completing this course, the student must be able
    to:
    1. Develop necessary skills and techniques in solving mass
    and energy balances in fuel combustion and industrial
    processes.
    2. Learn to apply the mass and energy balance techniques
    learned from particular industries to other related
    industries.

    DP de Guzman/ ChE Department/ XU-AdC 5


    Course Outline
    I. Principles of Combustion
    1.1 Terms and Definitions
    1.2 Introduction to Heat Effects
    II. Gaseous Fuels
    III. Liquid Fuels
    IV. Solid Fuels
    V. Sulfur and its Compounds
    VI. Nitrogen based products
    VII. Lime and Cement

    DP de Guzman/ ChE Department/ XU-AdC 6


    Fuel Combustion
    - An important step in almost any chemical process industry
    where heat generation is desired.
    - Is a unit process in which oxidation reaction takes place.
    - However, not all oxidation reactions are termed as
    combustion
    Oxidation of benzene to benzaldehyde
    Oxidation of hydrogen chloride to chlorine
    - Is a chemical reaction in which one of the reactants is oxygen
    from the air and the other is a fuel.

    DP de Guzman/ ChE Department/ XU-AdC 7


    Complete Combustion
    C + O2 CO2
    H2 + O2 H2O
    S + O2 SO2

    CwHxOySz + [2w + x/2 + 2z y] O2


    wCO2 + x/2 H2O + zSO2

    DP de Guzman/ ChE Department/ XU-AdC 8


    Theoretical Oxygen
    - Oxygen required for complete combustion.
    - There are two methods of determining theoretical O2

    Method 1
    - The individual balanced equation for the oxidation of each
    combustible is written. The theoretical oxygen is the sum of all
    oxygen used in each complete combustion.

    Theo O2 = () ( 2)

    DP de Guzman/ ChE Department/ XU-AdC 9


    Method 2
    - The components of fuel are broken down into corresponding
    atoms of C, S, H and O2 present.
    - The total moles of O2 is subtracted from the O2
    requirements to give the theoretical O2 from air.

    Theo O2 = atC + atS + atH/4 moles O2

    DP de Guzman/ ChE Department/ XU-AdC 10


    Example 1
    Determine the theoretical moles of dry air required for the
    combustion of one mole of refinery gases containing 6% H2S,
    5% H2, 57% C3H8, 2% CO2, and 30% C4H10.

    Answer: Theo O2 = 4.915 moles

    DP de Guzman/ ChE Department/ XU-AdC 11


    Theoretical Air
    Air that contains the exact amount of theoretical O2.
    Air for combustion calculations is assumed to be 21% O2 and
    79% N2 by volume.
    N2 in air is non-combustible (inert).

    DP de Guzman/ ChE Department/ XU-AdC 12


    Example 2
    A furnace is fired with petroleum oil containing 80% C, 13% H,
    3% S, 1% N and 3% O. Determine the moles theoretical air
    required for the combustion of one kg of oil.

    Answer: 0.4722 kg-moles theo. air


    Erratum: N is not included in the computation.

    DP de Guzman/ ChE Department/ XU-AdC 13


    Percent Excess Air
    - Theoretical air is not sufficient to get complete combustion.
    - Three phenomenon of incomplete or partial combustion are
    (1) CO and H2 formation in the flue gas, (2) soot in the
    exhaust gas, and (3) the presence of unburned combustibles
    in the refuse.
    - Excess air supply is needed for complete combustion.

    Excess O2 = Actual O2 supply Theo O2

    DP de Guzman/ ChE Department/ XU-AdC 14


    Percent Excess Air
    Excess O2
    % Excess Air= x 100%
    Theoretical O2

    Incomplete Combustion
    - Represent loss of heat

    DP de Guzman/ ChE Department/ XU-AdC 15


    Try This!
    1. The CO2 that will theoretically be formed when a mixture of
    50 g of CH4 and 100 g of O2 is ignited? B
    A. 34.4 g B. 68.8 g C. 103.1 g
    D. 137.5 g
    2. Ethane reacts with pure oxygen to form water and carbon
    dioxide. If 3 moles of ethane and 12 moles of oxygen is mixed, and
    80% of the ethane reacts, what is the percent excess of oxygen? A
    A. 14.3% B. 20.5% C. 30.2%
    D. 50%

    DP de Guzman/ ChE Department/ XU-AdC 16


    Answer Key
    1. B
    2. A

    DP de Guzman/ ChE Department/ XU-AdC 17


    Reference:
    Laurito, Evelyn R. (1994). Stoichiometry of Fuel Combustion and Related Process Industries. Quezon City:
    National Bookstore.

    DP de Guzman/ ChE Department/ XU-AdC 18

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