HTML Tutorial

Introduction to HTML
What is an HTML File?

• HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
• An HTML file is a text file containing small markup tags
• The markup tags tell the Web browser how to display the page
• An HTML file must have an htm or html file extension
• An HTML file can be created using a simple text editor
Do You Want to Try It?

If you are running Windows, start Notepad.
If you are on a Mac, start SimpleText.
In OSX start TextEdit and change the following preferences: Open the "Format" menu
and select "Plain text" instead of "Rich text". Then open the "Preferences" window under
the "Text Edit" menu and select "Ignore rich text commands in HTML files". Your
HTML code will probably not work if you do not change the preferences above!
Type in the following text:
<html>
<head>
<title>Title of page</title>
</head>
<body>
This is my first homepage. <b>This text is bold</b>
</body>
</html>
Save the file as "mypage.htm".
Start your Internet browser. Select "Open" (or "Open Page") in the File menu of your
browser. A dialog box will appear. Select "Browse" (or "Choose File") and locate the
HTML file you just created - "mypage.htm" - select it and click "Open". Now you should
see an address in the dialog box, for example "C:\MyDocuments\mypage.htm". Click
OK, and the browser will display the page.
Example Explained
The first tag in your HTML document is <html>. This tag tells your browser that this is
the start of an HTML document. The last tag in your document is </html>. This tag tells
your browser that this is the end of the HTML document.
The text between the <head> tag and the </head> tag is header information. Header
information is not displayed in the browser window.
The text between the <title> tags is the title of your document. The title is displayed in
your browser's caption.
The text between the <body> tags is the text that will be displayed in your browser.
The text between the <b> and </b> tags will be displayed in a bold font.
HTM or HTML Extension?

When you save an HTML file, you can use either the .htm or the .html extension. We
have used .htm in our examples. It might be a bad habit inherited from the past when
some of the commonly used software only allowed three letter extensions.
With newer software we think it will be perfectly safe to use .html.
Note on HTML Editors:

You can easily edit HTML files using a WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get)
editor like FrontPage or Dreamweaver, instead of writing your markup tags in a plain text
file.
However, if you want to be a skillful Web developer, we strongly recommend that you
use a plain text editor to learn your primer HTML.
Frequently Asked Questions

Q: After I have edited an HTML file, I cannot view the result in my browser. Why?
A: Make sure that you have saved the file with a proper name and extension like
"c:\mypage.htm". Also make sure that you use the same name when you open the file in
your browser.
Q: I have edited an HTML file, but the changes don't show in the browser. Why?
A: A browser caches pages so it doesn't have to read the same page twice. When you
have modified a page, the browser doesn't know that. Use the browser's refresh/reload
button to force the browser to reload the page.
Q: What browser should I use?

A: You can do all the training with all of the well-known browsers, like Internet
Explorer, Firefox, Netscape, or Opera. However, some of the examples in our advanced
classes require the latest versions of the browsers.
Q: Does my computer have to run Windows? What about a Mac?

A: You can do all your training on a non-Windows computer like a Mac.
HTML Elements
HTML documents are text files made up of HTML elements.
HTML elements are defined using HTML tags.
HTML Tags
• HTML tags are used to mark-up HTML elements
• HTML tags are surrounded by the two characters < and >
• The surrounding characters are called angle brackets
• HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b>
• The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag
• The text between the start and end tags is the element content
• HTML tags are not case sensitive, <b> means the same as <B>
HTML Elements
Remember the HTML example from the previous page:
<html>
<head>
<title>Title of page</title>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
This is an HTML element:
<b>This text is bold</b>
The HTML element starts with a start tag: <b>

The content of the HTML element is: This text is bold
The HTML element ends with an end tag: </b>
The purpose of the <b> tag is to define an HTML element that should be displayed as
bold.
This is also an HTML element:
<body>
</body>
This HTML element starts with the start tag <body>, and ends with the end tag </body>.
The purpose of the <body> tag is to define the HTML element that contains the body of
the HTML document.
Why do We Use Lowercase Tags?

We have just said that HTML tags are not case sensitive: <B> means the same as <b>. If
you surf the Web, you will notice that plenty of web sites use uppercase HTML tags in
their source code. We always use lowercase tags. Why?
If you want to follow the latest web standards, you should always use lowercase tags. The
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase tags in their HTML 4
recommendation, and XHTML (the next generation HTML) demands lowercase tags.
Basic HTML Tags
The most important tags in HTML are tags that define headings, paragraphs and line
breaks.
The best way to learn HTML is to work with examples. We have created a very nice
HTML editor for you. With this editor, you can edit the HTML source code if you like,
and click on a test button to view the result.
Try it Yourself - Examples

A very simple HTML document
This example is a very simple HTML document, with only a minimum of HTML tags. It
demonstrates how the text inside a body element is displayed in the browser.
Simple paragraphs
This example demonstrates how the text inside paragraph elements is displayed in the
browser.
(You can find more examples at the bottom of this page)
Headings
Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags. <h1> defines the largest heading. <h6>
defines the smallest heading.
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
HTML automatically adds an extra blank line before and after a heading.
Paragraphs
Paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag.
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<p>This is another paragraph</p>
HTML automatically adds an extra blank line before and after a paragraph.
Don't Forget the Closing Tag

You might have noticed that paragraphs can be written without end tags </p>:
<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is another paragraph
The example above will work in most browsers, but don't rely on it. Future version of
HTML will not allow you to skip ANY end tags.
Closing all HTML elements with an end tag is a future-proof way of writing HTML. It
also makes the code easier to understand (read and browse) when you mark both where
an element starts and where it ends.
Line Breaks
The <br> tag is used when you want to break a line, but don't want to start a new
paragraph. The <br> tag forces a line break wherever you place it.
<p>This <br> is a para<br>graph with line breaks</p>
Try it yourself
The <br> tag is an empty tag. It has no end tag like </br>, since a closing tag doesn't
make any sense.
<br> or <br />

More and more often you will see the <br> tag written like this: <br />
Because the <br> tag has no end tag (or closing tag), it breaks one of the rules for future
HTML (the XML based XHTML), namely that all elements must be closed.
Writing it like <br /> is a future proof way of closing (or ending) the tag inside the
opening tag, accepted by both HTML and XML.
Comments in HTML
The comment tag is used to insert a comment in the HTML source code. A comment will
be ignored by the browser. You can use comments to explain your code, which can help
you when you edit the source code at a later date.


Note that you need an exclamation point after the opening bracket, but not before the
closing bracket.
Recap on HTML Elements

• Each HTML element has an element name (body, h1, p, br)
• The start tag is the name surrounded by angle brackets: <h1>
• The end tag is a slash and the name surrounded by angle brackets </h1>
• The element content occurs between the start tag and the end tag
• Some HTML elements have no content
• Some HTML elements have no end tag
Basic Notes - Useful Tips

When you write HTML text, you can never be sure how the text is displayed in another
browser. Some people have large computer displays, some have small. The text will be
reformatted every time the user resizes his window. Never try to format the text in your
editor by adding empty lines and spaces to the text.
HTML will truncate the spaces in your text. Any number of spaces count as one. Some
extra information: In HTML a new line counts as one space.
Using empty paragraphs <p> to insert blank lines is a bad habit. Use the <br> tag instead.
(But don't use the <br> tag to create lists. Wait until you have learned about HTML lists.)
HTML automatically adds an extra blank line before and after some elements, like before
and after a paragraph, and before and after a heading.
We use a horizontal rule (the <hr> tag), to separate the sections in our tutorials.
More Examples
More paragraphs
This example demonstrates some of the default behaviors of paragraph elements.
Line breaks
This example demonstrates the use of line breaks in an HTML document.
Poem problems
This example demonstrates some problems with HTML formatting.
Headings
This example demonstrates the tags that display headings in an HTML document.
Horizontal rule
This example demonstrates how to insert a horizontal rule.
Hidden comments
This example demonstrates how to insert a hidden comment in the HTML source code.
Basic HTML Tags

If you lookup the basic HTML tags in the reference below, you will see that the reference
contains additional information about tag attributes.
You will learn more about HTML tag attributes in the next chapter of this tutorial.
Tag Description
<html> Defines an HTML document
<body> Defines the document's body
<h1> to <h6> Defines header 1 to header 6
<p> Defines a paragraph
<br> Inserts a single line break
<hr> Defines a horizontal rule

<blockquote>
Text quoted from some source.
</blockquote>
<address>
Address 1<br>
Address 2<br>
City<br>
</address>
Source : http://www.w3schools.com/html/html_quick.asp
HTML Layout
Everywhere on the Web you will find pages that are formatted like newspaper pages
using HTML columns.
HTML Layout - Using Tables

One very common practice with HTML, is An HTML <table> is used to divide a part
to use HTML tables to format the layout of of this Web page into two columns.
an HTML page.
The trick is to use a table without borders,
A part of this page is formatted with two and maybe a little extra cell-padding.
columns, like a newspaper page.
No matter how much text you add to this
As you can see on this page, there is a left page, it will stay inside its column borders.
column and a right column.
This text is displayed in the left column.
Same Layout - Color Added

One very common practice with HTML, is An HTML <table> is used to divide a part
to use HTML tables to format the layout of of this Web page into two columns.
an HTML page.
This text is displayed in the right column.
A part of this page is formatted with two
columns, like a newspaper page. The trick is to use a table without borders,
and maybe a little extra cell-padding.
As you can see at this page, there is a left
column and a right column. No matter how much text you add to this
page, it will stay inside its column borders.
Examples
Dividing a part of an HTML page into table columns is very easy to do. To let you
experiment with it, we have put together this simple example.
HTML Fonts
The <font> tag in HTML is deprecated. It is supposed to be removed in a future version

of HTML.
Even if a lot of people are using it, you should try to avoid it, and use styles instead.
The HTML <font> Tag

With HTML code like this, you can specify both the size and the type of the browser
output :
<p>
<font size="2" face="Verdana">
This is a paragraph.
</font>
</p>
<p>
<font size="3" face="Times">
This is another paragraph.
</font>
</p>
Try it yourself
Font Attributes
Attribute Example Purpose
size="number" size="2" Defines the font size
size="+number" size="+1" Increases the font size
size="-number" size="-1" Decreases the font size
face="face-name" face="Times" Defines the font-name
color="color-value" color="#eeff00" Defines the font color
color="color-name" color="red" Defines the font color
The <font> Tag Should NOT be Used
The <font> tag is deprecated in the latest versions of HTML (HTML 4 and XHTML).
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has removed the <font> tag from its
recommendations. In future versions of HTML, style sheets (CSS) will be used to define
the layout and display properties of HTML elements.
The Right Way to Do It - With Styles

Set the font of text
This example demonstrates how to set the font of a text.
Set the font size of text

This example demonstrates how to set the font size of a text.
Set the font color of text

This example demonstrates how to set the color of a text.
Set the font, font size, and font color of text

This example demonstrates how to set the font, font size, and font color of a text.
Where to Learn More About Style Sheets?

First off: Finish the last chapters in our HTML tutorial !!! In the following chapters we
will explain why some tags, like <font>, are to be removed from the HTML
recommendations, and how to insert a style sheet in an HTML document.
Why use HTML 4.0?
HTML 3.2 Was Very Wrong !

The original HTML was never intended to contain tags for formatting a document.
HTML tags were intended to define the content of the document like:
When tags like <font> and color attributes were added to the HTML 3.2 specification, it
started a nightmare for web developers. Development of large web sites where fonts and
color information had to be added to every single Web page, became a long, expensive
and unduly painful process.
What is so Great About HTML 4.0 ?

In HTML 4.0 all formatting can be removed from the HTML document and stored in a
separate style sheet.
Because HTML 4.0 separates the presentation from the document structure, we have
what we always needed: Total control of presentation layout without messing up the
document content.
What Should You do About it ?

Do not use presentation attributes inside your HTML tags if you can avoid it. Start using
styles! Please read our CSS tutorial to learn about style sheets.
Do not use deprecated tags. Visit our complete HTML 4.01 Reference to see which tags
and attributes that are deprecated.
Prepare Yourself for XHTML

XHTML is the "new" HTML. The most important thing you can do is to start writing
valid HTML 4.01. Also start writing your tags in lower case. Always close your tag
elements. Never end a paragraph without </p>.
NOTE: The official HTML 4.01 recommends the use of lower case tags.
If you want to read about how this web site was converted to XHTML, please visit our
XHTML tutorial.
Validate Your HTML Files as HTML 4.01

An HTML document is validated against a Document Type Definition (DTD). Before an
HTML file can be properly validated, a correct DTD must be added as the first line of the
file.
The HTML 4.01 Strict DTD includes elements and attributes that have not been
deprecated or do not appear in framesets:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC

"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
The HTML 4.01 Transitional DTD includes everything in the strict DTD plus deprecated
elements and attributes:

"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
The HTML 4.01 Frameset DTD includes everything in the transitional DTD plus frames
as well:

"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Frameset//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/frameset.dtd">
Test Your HTML With the W3C Validator

Input your page address in the box below
(like http://www.w3schools.com/)
HTML Styles
With HTML 4.0 all formatting can be moved out of the HTML document and into a
separate style sheet.
Examples
Styles in HTML
This example demonstrates how to format an HTML document with style information
added to the <head> section.
Link that is not underlined
This example demonstrates how to make a link that is not underlined, using a style
attribute.
Link to an external style sheet

This example demonstrates how to use the <link> tag to link to an external style sheet.
How to Use Styles

When a browser reads a style sheet, it will format the document according to it. There are
three ways of inserting a style sheet:
External Style Sheet
An external style sheet is ideal when the style is applied to many pages. With an external
style sheet, you can change the look of an entire Web site by changing one file. Each
page must link to the style sheet using the <link> tag. The <link> tag goes inside the head
section.
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
href="mystyle.css">
</head>
Internal Style Sheet
An internal style sheet should be used when a single document has a unique style. You
define internal styles in the head section with the <style> tag.
<head>
<style type="text/css">
body {background-color: red}
p {margin-left: 20px}
</style>
</head>
Inline Styles
An inline style should be used when a unique style is to be applied to a single occurrence
of an element.
To use inline styles you use the style attribute in the relevant tag. The style attribute can
contain any CSS property. The example shows how to change the color and the left
margin of a paragraph:
<p style="color: red; margin-left: 20px">
This is a paragraph
</p>
To learn more about styles, visit our CSS tutorial.
Style Tags
Tag Description
<style> Defines a style definition
<link> Defines a resource reference
<div> Defines a section in a document
<span> Defines a section in a document
<font> Deprecated. Use styles instead
<basefont> Deprecated. Use styles instead
<center> Deprecated. Use styles instead
Joke
Customer: Hello, it's me!
Support: It's me too!
Customer: No, Esmie. E, s, m, i, e!
Support: Sorry!
HTML Head
Examples
The title of a document
The title information inside a head element is not displayed in the browser window.
One target for all links
This example demonstrates how to use the base tag to let all the links on a page open in a
new window.
The Head Element

The head element contains general information, also called meta-information, about a
document. Meta means "information about".
You can say that meta-data means information about data, or meta-information means
information about information.
Information Inside the Head Element

The elements inside the head element should not be displayed by a browser.
According to the HTML standard, only a few tags are legal inside the head section. These
are: <base>, <link>, <meta>, <title>, <style>, and <script>.
Look at the following illegal construct:
<head>
<p>This is some text</p>
</head>
In this case the browser has two options:
• Display the text because it is inside a paragraph element

• Hide the text because it is inside a head element
If you put an HTML element like <h1> or <p> inside a head element like this, most
browsers will display it, even if it is illegal.
Should browsers forgive you for errors like this? We don't think so. Others do.
Head Tags
Tag Description
<head> Defines information about the document
<title> Defines the document title
<base> Defines a base URL for all the links on a page
<link> Defines a resource reference
<meta> Defines meta information
Tag Description
<!DOCTYPE> Defines the document type. This tag goes before the <html> start
tag.
HTML Meta
Examples
Document description
Information inside a meta element describes the document.
Document keywords
Information inside a meta element describes the document's keywords.
Redirect a user
This example demonstrates how to redirect a user if your site address has changed.
The Meta Element

As we explained in the previous chapter, the head element contains general information
(meta-information) about a document.
HTML also includes a meta element that goes inside the head element. The purpose of
the meta element is to provide meta-information about the document.
Most often the meta element is used to provide information that is relevant to browsers or
search engines like describing the content of your document.
Note: W3C states that "Some user agents support the use of META to refresh the current
page after a specified number of seconds, with the option of replacing it by a different
URI. Authors should not use this technique to forward users to different pages, as this
makes the page inaccessible to some users. Instead, automatic page forwarding should
be done using server-side redirects" at
http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/struct/global.html#adef-http-equiv.
Keywords for Search Engines

Some search engines on the WWW will use the name and content attributes of the meta
tag to index your pages.
This meta element defines a description of your page:
<meta name="description" content="Free Web tutorials on HTML, CSS, XML, and

XHTML">
This meta element defines keywords for your page:
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, DHTML, CSS, XML, XHTML, JavaScript,

VBScript">
The intention of the name and content attributes is to describe the content of a page.
However, since too many webmasters have used meta tags for spamming, like repeating
keywords to give pages a higher ranking, some search engines have stopped using them
entirely.
You can read more about search engines in our Web Building Tutorial.
Unknown Meta Attributes

Sometimes you will see meta attributes that are unknown to you like this:
<meta name="security" content="low">
Then you just have to accept that this is something unique to the site or to the author of
the site, and that it has probably no relevance to you.
You can see a complete list of the meta element attributes in our
Complete HTML 4.01 Tag Reference.
HTML Uniform Resource Locators
HTML Links
When you click on a link in an HTML document like this: Last Page, an underlying <a>
tag points to a place (an address) on the Web with an href attribute value like this: <a
href="lastpage.htm">Last Page</a>.
The Last Page link in the example is a link that is relative to the Web site that you are
browsing, and your browser will construct a full Web address like
http://www.w3schools.com/html/lastpage.htm to access the page.
Uniform Resource Locators

Something called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is used to address a document (or
other data) on the World Wide Web. A full Web address like this:
http://www.w3schools.com/html/lastpage.htm follows these syntax rules:
scheme://host.domain:port/path/filename
The scheme is defining the type of Internet service. The most common type is http.
The domain is defining the Internet domain name like w3schools.com.
The host is defining the domain host. If omitted, the default host for http is www.
The :port is defining the port number at the host. The port number is normally omitted.
The default port number for http is 80.
The path is defining a path (a sub directory) at the server. If the path is omitted, the
resource (the document) must be located at the root directory of the Web site.
The filename is defining the name of a document. The default filename might be
default.asp, or index.html or something else depending on the settings of the Web server.
URL Schemes
Some examples of the most common schemes can be found below:
Schemes Access
file a file on your local PC
ftp a file on an FTP server
http a file on a World Wide Web Server
gopher a file on a Gopher server
news a Usenet newsgroup
telnet a Telnet connection
WAIS a file on a WAIS server
Accessing a Newsgroup
The following HTML code:
<a href="news:alt.html">HTML Newsgroup</a>
creates a link to a newsgroup like this HTML Newsgroup.
Downloading with FTP

<a href="ftp://www.w3schools.com/ftp/winzip.exe">Download WinZip</a>
creates a link to download a file like this: Download WinZip.
(The link doesn't work. Don't try it. It is just an example. W3Schools doesn't really have
an ftp directory.)
Link to your Mail system

<a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a>
creates a link to your own mail system like this:
[email protected]
HTML Scripts
Add scripts to HTML pages to make them more dynamic and interactive.
Examples
Insert a script
This example demonstrates how to insert a script into your HTML document.
Work with browsers that do not support scripts

This example demonstrates how to handle browsers that do not support scripting.
Insert a Script into HTML Page

A script in HTML is defined with the <script> tag. Note that you will have to use the type
attribute to specify the scripting language.
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
document.write("Hello World!")
</script>
</body>
</html>
The script above will produce this output:
Hello World!
Note: To learn more about scripting in HTML, visit our JavaScript School.
How to Handle Older Browsers

A browser that does not recognize the <script> tag at all, will display the <script> tag's
content as text on the page. To prevent the browser from doing this, you should hide the
script in comment tags. An old browser (that does not recognize the <script> tag) will
ignore the comment and it will not write the tag's content on the page, while a new
browser will understand that the script should be executed, even if it is surrounded by
comment tags.
Example
JavaScript:

</script>
VBScript:
<script type="text/vbscript">

</script>
The <noscript> Tag

In addition to hiding the script inside a comment, you can also add a <noscript> tag.
The <noscript> tag is used to define an alternate text if a script is NOT executed. This tag
is used for browsers that recognize the <script> tag, but do not support the script inside,
so these browsers will display the text inside the <noscript> tag instead. However, if a
browser supports the script inside the <script> tag it will ignore the <noscript> tag.
Example
JavaScript:

</script>
<noscript>Your browser does not support JavaScript!</noscript>
VBScript:
<script type="text/vbscript">

</script>
<noscript>Your browser does not support VBScript!</noscript>
Script Tags
Tag Description
<script> Defines a script
<noscript> Defines an alternate text if the script is not executed
<object> Defines an embedded object
<param> Defines run-time settings (parameters) for an object
<applet> Deprecated. Use <object> instead
HTML 4.0 Standard Attributes
HTML tags can have attributes. The special attributes for each tag are listed under each
tag description. The attributes listed here are the core and language attributes that are
standard for all tags (with a few exceptions):
Core Attributes
Not valid in base, head, html, meta, param, script, style, and title elements.
Attribute Value Description

class class_rule or style_rule The class of the element
id id_name A unique id for the element
style style_definition An inline style definition
title tooltip_text A text to display in a tool tip
Language Attributes
Not valid in base, br, frame, frameset, hr, iframe, param, and script elements.

dir ltr | rtl Sets the text direction
lang language_code Sets the language code
Keyboard Attributes
accesskey character Sets a keyboard shortcut to access an
element
tabindex number Sets the tab order of an element
HTML 4.0 Event Attributes
New to HTML 4.0 is the ability to let HTML events trigger actions in the browser, like
starting a JavaScript when a user clicks on an HTML element. Below is a list of attributes
that can be inserted into HTML tags to define event actions.
If you want to learn more about programming with these events, you should study our
JavaScript tutorial and our DHTML tutorial.
Window Events
Only valid in body and frameset elements.
onload script Script to be run when a document loads
onunload script Script to be run when a document unloads
Form Element Events

Only valid in form elements.

onchange script Script to be run when the element changes
onsubmit script Script to be run when the form is submitted
onreset script Script to be run when the form is reset
onselect script Script to be run when the element is selected
onblur script Script to be run when the element loses focus
onfocus script Script to be run when the element gets focus
Keyboard Events
Not valid in base, bdo, br, frame, frameset, head, html, iframe, meta, param, script, style,
and title elements.

onkeydown script What to do when key is pressed
onkeypress script What to do when key is pressed and released
onkeyup script What to do when key is released
Mouse Events
Not valid in base, bdo, br, frame, frameset, head, html, iframe, meta, param, script, style,
title elements.

onclick script What to do on a mouse click
ondblclick script What to do on a mouse double-click
onmousedown script What to do when mouse button is pressed
onmousemove script What to do when mouse pointer moves
onmouseout script What to do when mouse pointer moves out of an
element
onmouseover script What to do when mouse pointer moves over an
element
onmouseup script What to do when mouse button is released
HTML URL-encoding Reference
Below is a reference of ASCII characters in URL-encoding form (hexadecimal format).
Hexadecimal values can be used to display non-standard letters and characters in

browsers and plug-ins.
Try It
Type some text or an ASCII value in the input field below, and click on the "URL
Encode" button to see the URL-encoding.
This
is
a
text
URL Encode
URL-encoding from %00 to %8f

ASCII Value URL-encode ASCII Value URL-encode ASCII Value URL-encode
æ %00 0 %30 ` %60
%01 1 %31 a %61
%02 2 %32 b %62
%03 3 %33 c %63
%04 4 %34 d %64
%05 5 %35 e %65
%06 6 %36 f %66
%07 7 %37 g %67
backspace %08 8 %38 h %68
tab %09 9 %39 i %69
linefeed %0a : %3a j %6a
%0b ; %3b k %6b
%0c < %3c l %6c
c return %0d = %3d m %6d
%0e > %3e n %6e
%0f ? %3f o %6f
%10 @ %40 p %70
%11 A %41 q %71
%12 B %42 r %72
%13 C %43 s %73
%14 D %44 t %74
%15 E %45 u %75
%16 F %46 v %76
%17 G %47 w %77
%18 H %48 x %78
%19 I %49 y %79
%1a J %4a z %7a
%1b K %4b { %7b
%1c L %4c | %7c
%1d M %4d } %7d
%1e N %4e ~ %7e
%1f O %4f %7f
space %20 P %50 € %80
! %21 Q %51 %81
" %22 R %52 ‚ %82
# %23 S %53 ƒ %83
$ %24 T %54 „ %84
% %25 U %55 … %85
& %26 V %56 † %86
' %27 W %57 ‡ %87
( %28 X %58 ˆ %88
) %29 Y %59 ‰ %89
* %2a Z %5a Š %8a
+ %2b [ %5b ‹ %8b
, %2c \ %5c Œ %8c
- %2d ] %5d %8d
. %2e ^ %5e Ž %8e
/ %2f _ %5f %8f
URL-encoding from %90 to %ff

ASCII Value URL-encode ASCII Value URL-encode ASCII Value URL-encode
%90 À %c0 ð %f0
‘ %91 Á %c1 ñ %f1
’ %92 Â %c2 ò %f2
“ %93 Ã %c3 ó %f3
” %94 Ä %c4 ô %f4
• %95 Å %c5 õ %f5
– %96 Æ %c6 ö %f6
— %97 Ç %c7 ÷ %f7
˜ %98 È %c8 ø %f8
™ %99 É %c9 ù %f9
š %9a Ê %ca ú %fa
› %9b Ë %cb û %fb
œ %9c Ì %cc ü %fc
%9d Í %cd ý %fd
ž %9e Î %ce þ %fe
Ÿ %9f Ï %cf ÿ %ff
%a0 Ð %d0
¡ %a1 Ñ %d1
¢ %a2 Ò %d2
£ %a3 Ó %d3
%a4 Ô %d4
¥ %a5 Õ %d5
| %a6 Ö %d6
§ %a7 %d7
¨ %a8 Ø %d8
© %a9 Ù %d9
ª %aa Ú %da
« %ab Û %db
¬ %ac Ü %dc
¯ %ad Ý %dd
® %ae Þ %de
¯ %af ß %df
° %b0 à %e0
± %b1 á %e1
² %b2 â %e2
³ %b3 ã %e3
´ %b4 ä %e4
µ %b5 å %e5
¶ %b6 æ %e6
· %b7 ç %e7
¸ %b8 è %e8
¹ %b9 é %e9
º %ba ê %ea
» %bb ë %eb
¼ %bc ì %ec
½ %bd í %ed
¾ %be î %ee
¿ %bf ï %ef
Ready to Publish Your Work?

Your First Step: A Personal Web Server
• If you want other people to view your pages, you must publish them.
• To publish your work, you have to copy your files to a web server.
• Your own PC can act as a web server if it is connected to a network.
• If you are running Windows 98, you can use the PWS (Personal Web Server).
• PWS is hiding in the PWS folder in your Windows CD.
Personal Web Server (PWS)

PWS turns any Windows computer into a Web server. PWS is easy to install and ideal for
developing and testing Web applications. PWS has been optimized for workstation use,
but has all the requirements of a full Web server. It also runs Active Server Pages (ASP)
just like its larger brother IIS.
How to Install a Personal Web Server (PWS):

• Browse your Windows installation to see if you have installed PWS.
• If not, install PWS from the PWS directory on your Windows CD.
• Follow the instructions and get your Personal Web Server up and running.
Read more about Microsoft's Personal Web Server.
Note: Microsoft Windows XP Home Edition does not come with the option to turn your
computer into a PWS!
Internet Information Server (IIS)

Windows 2000's built-in Web server IIS, makes it easy to build large applications for the
Web. Both PWS and IIS include ASP, a server-side scripting standard that can be used to
create dynamic and interactive Web applications. IIS is also available for Windows NT.
If you want to read more about ASP, you should study our ASP School.
Read more about Microsoft's Internet Information Services.
Your Next Step: A Professional Web Server

• If you do not want to use PWS or IIS, you must upload your files to a public
server.
• Most Internet Service Providers (ISP's) will offer to host your web pages.
• If your employer has an Internet Server, you can ask him to host your Web site.
• If you are really serious about this, you should install your own Internet Server.
Before you select an ISP, make sure you read W3Schools Web Hosting Tutorial !
ou Have Learned HTML, Now What?
HTML Summary
This tutorial has taught you how to use HTML to create your own web site.
HTML is the universal markup language for the Web. HTML lets you format text, add
graphics, create links, input forms, frames and tables, etc., and save it all in a text file that
any browser can read and display.
The key to HTML is the tags, which indicates what content is coming up.
For more information on HTML, please take a look at our HTML examples and our
HTML reference.
Now You Know HTML, What's Next?

The next step is to learn XHTML and CSS.
XHTML
XHTML is the "new" HTML. The latest HTML recommendation is HTML 4.01. This is
the last and final HTML version.
HTML will be replaced by XHTML, which is a stricter and cleaner version of HTML.
If you want to learn more about XHTML, please visit our XHTML tutorial.
CSS
CSS is used to control the style and layout of multiple Web pages all at once.
With CSS, all formatting can be removed from the HTML document and stored in a
separate file.
CSS gives you total control of the layout, without messing up the document content.

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Introduction to HTML

What is an HTML File?

Do You Want to Try It?

If you are on a Mac, start SimpleText.

Type in the following text:

Save the file as "mypage.htm".

HTM or HTML Extension?

With newer software we think it will be perfectly safe to use .html.

Note on HTML Editors:

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: What browser should I use?

Q: Does my computer have to run Windows? What about a Mac?

HTML documents are text files made up of HTML elements.

HTML elements are defined using HTML tags.

This is an HTML element:

<b>This text is bold</b>

The HTML element starts with a start tag: <b>

This is also an HTML element:

Why do We Use Lowercase Tags?

Basic HTML Tags

Try it Yourself - Examples

(You can find more examples at the bottom of this page)

Don't Forget the Closing Tag

<p>This <br> is a para<br>graph with line breaks</p>

<br> or <br />

Recap on HTML Elements

Basic Notes - Useful Tips

Basic HTML Tags

Attributes provide additional information to an HTML element.

HTML Tag Attributes

Attributes are always specified in the start tag of an HTML element.

<h1 align="center"> has additional information about the alignment.

Try it yourself: Center aligned heading

<body bgcolor="yellow"> has additional information about the background color.

Try it yourself: Background color

Use Lowercase Attributes

Always Quote Attribute Values

name='John "ShotGun" Nelson'

HTML Text Formatting

"Computer output" tags

Abbreviations and acronyms

Deleted and inserted text

Text Formatting Tags

"Computer Output" Tags

HTML Character Entities

The Most Common Character Entities:

Some Other Commonly Used Character Entities:

HTML uses a hyperlink to link to another document on the Web.

(You can find more examples at the bottom of this page)

The Anchor Tag and the Href Attribute

The syntax of creating an anchor:

<a href="url">Text to be displayed</a>

This anchor defines a link to W3Schools:

<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/">Visit W3Schools!</a>

The line above will look like this in a browser:

The Target Attribute

The Anchor Tag and the Name Attribute

Below is the syntax of a named anchor:

<a name="label">Text to be displayed</a>