Information: Walkair V2.0 Umn:Ted
Information: Walkair V2.0 Umn:Ted
Information: Walkair V2.0 Umn:Ted
WALKair V2.0
UMN:TED
A50010-Z3-C100-1-7618
UMN:TED Information
WALKair™ V2.0
2 A50010-Z3-C100-1-7618
Information TED
WALKair™ V2.0
Contents
1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 5
1.1 System Overview ................................................................................................. 5
1.1.1 Brief Description of the System Components ...................................................... 6
1.1.2 Operation and Maintenance................................................................................. 7
1.1.3 System Parameters for Maximum Configuration ................................................. 7
2 Base Station......................................................................................................... 8
2.1 General ................................................................................................................ 8
2.2 Base Station/Sector Components........................................................................ 8
2.3 Hardware ............................................................................................................. 8
2.3.1 BS Powering ........................................................................................................ 9
2.3.2 Basic Unit (BU) .................................................................................................. 10
2.3.3 IF Multiplexer ..................................................................................................... 14
2.3.4 RFU.................................................................................................................... 15
2.3.5 Antenna.............................................................................................................. 16
3 Terminal Station................................................................................................. 17
3.1 General .............................................................................................................. 17
3.2 Terminal Station - Components ......................................................................... 17
3.3 Hardware ........................................................................................................... 18
3.3.1 Terminal Station Basic Unit (BU) ....................................................................... 19
3.3.2 CPE Interface LED............................................................................................. 21
3.4 RFU and Antenna .............................................................................................. 22
4 Air Protocol ........................................................................................................ 23
4.1 General .............................................................................................................. 23
4.2 Air Protocol Allocation Mechanism..................................................................... 24
5 Management, Operation and Maintenance........................................................ 25
5.1 General .............................................................................................................. 25
5.2 LCI Terminal ...................................................................................................... 25
5.3 Management Features....................................................................................... 25
5.3.1 Configuration...................................................................................................... 25
5.3.2 Maintenance ...................................................................................................... 26
6 Specifications..................................................................................................... 27
7 Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... 32
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Figures
Fig. 1.1 General System Diagram ................................................................................ 5
Fig. 1.2 Basic WALKair Components ........................................................................... 6
Fig. 2.1 Base Station Installation - Typical Configuration ............................................. 8
Fig. 2.2 Base Station (BS) - Functional Diagram ......................................................... 9
Fig. 2.3 Base Station/Basic Unit - General View ........................................................ 10
Fig. 2.4 Base Station/Basic Unit - Functional Diagram .............................................. 11
Fig. 2.5 BU-BS Front Panel........................................................................................ 12
Fig. 2.6 BU-BS Rear Panel ........................................................................................ 13
Fig. 2.7 IF Multiplexer Front Panel (8-Port Model Shown) ......................................... 14
Fig. 2.8 IF Multiplexer Rear Panel.............................................................................. 14
Fig. 2.9 RFU Functional Diagram............................................................................... 15
Fig. 2.10 Base Station Antenna.................................................................................. 16
Fig. 3.1 Terminal Station Equipment .......................................................................... 17
Fig. 3.2 Terminal Station Installation - Typical Configuration ..................................... 18
Fig. 3.3 Terminal Station (TS) - Functional Diagram.................................................. 18
Fig. 3.4 BU-TS Front Panel ........................................................................................ 20
Fig. 3.5 BU-TS Rear Panel (48 VDC Power Option).................................................. 20
Fig. 3.6 BU- TS Rear Panel (220 VAC Power Option) ............................................... 20
Fig. 3.7 RFU-TS and Integrated Antenna .................................................................. 22
Fig. 4.1 WALKair Access Method Scheme ................................................................ 23
Fig. 4.2 WALKair FDMA ............................................................................................. 23
Fig. 4.3 WALKair TDMA ............................................................................................. 24
Tables
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WALKair™ V2.0
1 Introduction
o Sector
120
10-km Radius
o Sector
60
Base Station
Terminal Station
The Base Station, which is located on the network side, provides coverage to a
o
10-kilometer radius (referred to as a cell, extending in a 360 radius).
A cell can consist of 3 or 6 sectors. A sector (which can be seen as a slice of the cell)
o o
can provide coverage of 60 or 120 . The coverage angle is a function of the antenna
ordered with the system.
The base station provides Telecom service to Terminal Stations (TSs) which are
installed at the customer premises and connected to the CPE (such as PBXs, fax
machines, PCs).
WALKair implements a proprietary, patent-pending air protocol for communication
between the base station and terminal stations. The access method is based on a
TDMA/FDMA/FDD scheme.
WALKair supports operation in the 3.5-GHz- and 10.5-GHz-bands. These bands are
recommended in Europe for PMP systems by ETSI. WALKair is fully compliant with the
ETSI TM4-DE/TM-04020-TDMA standard for point-to-multipoint digital radio system
3 to 11 GHz.
WALKair features a modular architecture that helps reduce startup costs minimize
initial investment and maximize gradual growth capabilities.
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WALKair™ V2.0
NMS RFU +
Antenna Antenna
Workstation . ISDN
PBX
RFU . PRI
. Frame
BU
Relay
To:
Telecom backbone
ISP IF MUX
RFU +
Antenna
ISDN
BRI
Voice & BU
Data Ethernet Workst
Base Station Located at the network side, the base station provides service to
(BS) a cell (a circular coverage area of up to 10-km radius). The base
station provides the interfaces to the telecom switches.
Terminal Station Located at the customer premises, the terminal station interfaces
(TS) with the Customer Premises Equipment (CPE), including LAN
bridges/routers and PBXs.
The Air Protocol The air protocol is a patent-pending; proprietary protocol
developed to optimize the air traffic between the exchange and
CPE sides.
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Parameter Value
Max. number of sectors per cell up to 6
Max. number of BU-BSs per sector up to 8
Max. number of TS per BU-BS up to 16
Max. number of telecom interfaces per base station BU up to 3
Max. number of CPE interfaces per TS BU up to 3
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2 Base Station
2.1 General
Located at the network side, the base station provides service to a coverage area of up
o
to 10 km, extended in a 360 radius (referred to as a cell). The base station provides
the interfaces to the telecom switches. The base station consists of several sectors,
which cover the cell (3 or 6 sectors can cover a single cell, depending on the type of
antenna).
COAX CABLE
RFU - BS
ANTENNA
IF-MUX
TELECOM
INTERFACES
IF CABLE
ETHERNET
BU1 . . . BU8
RS232
RACK
LCI
COMPATIBLE
FOR ETSI & 19
2.3 Hardware
The configuration of the sector is modular, and can contain from 1 to 8 Basic Units
(BU), an IF Multiplexer, an RF unit and an antenna.
All equipment complies with the ETSI 300-019 standard (indoor: class 3.2;
outdoor: class 4.1E).
Each BU-BS operates independently from other BU-BSs, therefore minimizing
downtime and allowing for quick recovery in the event of equipment failure.
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The following functional diagram shows the basic components of the Base Station.
TELECOM FRAMER
TELECOM
TELECOM FRAMER
TELECOM
MODEM IF-MUX
CPU
LCI
IF IF
EXTENSION BUS
Tx Chain
TELECOM FRAMER
TELECOM
Diplexer
Antenna
Diplexer
IF & Dual Synthesizer
MODEM Power
CPU
LCI
IF IF Rx Chain
EXTENSION BUS
RFU
2.3.1 BS Powering
The BS is powered by a DC standard source (48 V) connected to the indoor unit and
applied to the outdoor equipment via coaxial cable.
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The Base Station Basic Unit (BU) is a modular device encased in a compact (1U)
housing. The BUs main board has three sockets for the telephony/data interface
daughter boards. Each slot can be equipped with a different type of telecom network
interface. A BU can be installed with one, two or all three telecom network interfaces.
Daughter boards can be changed/added at any time, to support a "grow as you need"
modularity.
The following telephony interface daughter boards can be ordered:
• E1, G.703, at speed of 2.048 Mbps; traffic range may vary in 64 Kbps increments,
from 64 Kbps to 2.048 Mbps.
The BU converts the telecom voice/data into IF signals, which are output to the IF
Multiplexer. In the Upstream direction, the BU converts the IF signals back into
voice/data for output to the telecom switch.
Each BU transmits and receives one 1.75 MHz carrier and, by employing TDMA,
handles the traffic of several remote Terminal Station (typically 2-10, maximum 16).
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T e le c o m
In te rfa c e T e le c o m In t e r f a c e c a r d
FRAM ER
T e le c o m
In te rfa c e T e le c o m In t e r f a c e c a r d
T e le c o m
In te rfa c e T e le c o m In t e r f a c e c a r d
M ODEM
E th e rn e t/
M odem
CPU
LC I
IF
S y s te m
E x te n s io n
2.3.2.1 Modem
The Modem features operation at high bit rates of 4.48 Mbps and symbol rates of
-9
1.12 MHz. It delivers a net payload of 4.096 Mbps at a low BER of 10 . The modem is
highly efficient, with a spectral efficiency of 2.5 bit/sec/Hz. It implements 64QAM and
Trellis coding.
An adaptive equalizer, integrated into the modem, supports NLOS fading and time
variations.
2.3.2.2 Framer
The framer converts the telecom signals (PCM format) into air packets using updated
location data from the CPU.
The framer is responsible for constructing the airframe according to the air protocol.
The framer multiplexes the traffic channels, control channel and overhead bits of the
airframe into one bit stream. This bit stream is modulated by the modem.
The framer supports the logic and procedures defined by the air protocol. A sophisti-
cated interface between the framer and the main CPU is used to provide the enhanced
capabilities of the air protocol.
2.3.2.3 IF Block
The IF module generates the IF signal and interfaces between the baseband received
from the modem and the IF frequency signal output to the RFU. This block is also
responsible for supplying the DC power to the RFU. The IF and DC signals are carried
on the coaxial cable to the RFU.
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2.3.2.4 CPU
The CPU block is responsible for handling of the air protocol and the Local Craft
Interface (LCI) and the management protocol (future use). The CPU block contains the
CPU, data storage and software storage (FLASH memory). Up to two software
versions can reside simultaneously on the FLASH, allowing download of new software
versions to the TS without service interruption
a b c
Port 2 Port 1 Port 0
XXXXXXXX
Rx Tx
a s d f g
Note: Some of the BU front panels may have the following signs instead of Tx/Rx:
Tx (Output from the BU)
Rx (Input to the BU)
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I SYS CLK
I I I
N OUT
N
Input Vol: 48VDC
OUT
Input Curr: 5
EXTENSION BUS BSXXXXXX
Amp
h j k l
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2.3.3 IF Multiplexer
OUT
EXTENSION BUS
IF IN/O UT XXXXXXXXXX
PWR
The IF Multiplexer combines the IF signals from/to the various BUs and the 48 VDC
feeding into a single coax cable that goes up to the roof top, where the RF unit and
antenna are located. Up to 8 BUs may operate together combined by the same IF
Multiplexer.
The input/output of the IF Multiplexer are:
• Tx 1000 to 1150 MHz
• Rx 650 to 800 MHz
The IF Multiplexer has 8 SMA port pairs (IN and OUT), each of which can be
connected to a single BU-BS. Two extension bus ports are provided for connecting the
IF Multiplexer to a BU-BS for management purposes (intended for future use).
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2.3.4 RFU
T x C h a in
Diplexer
Diplexer
IF &
D u a l S y n th e s iz e r
P ower
R x C h a in
The RFU converts the IF to RF, amplifies the signal to its correct level and transmits it
through the antenna. The RFU is mounted near the antenna, and is connected to it by
means off a single LMR600 coaxial cable.
The RFU contains a diplexer, which allows a single cable to connect the BU to the RFU
including Rx signals and Tx signals.
All RFUs are isolated from the indoor equipment and operate with the same BU and IF
Multiplexer. The RFU is connected to the indoor equipment with a single coaxial cable
(LMR400).
The RFU has a radio transmitter with up to 27 dBm power and a radio receiver with
-9
sensitivity of -87 dBm (@ BER 10 ). Radio transmissions are fully compliant with ETSI
TM4.
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2.3.5 Antenna
⇒ 60 , 16 dBi, 40 x 20 x 5 cm
o
⇒ 60 , 19 dBi, 75 x 20 x 15 cm
o
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3 Terminal Station
3.1 General
The Terminal Station (TS) is located at the customer premises and is connected to the
Customer Premises Equipment (CPE).
The TS is comprised of two units, the BU-TS and the TS/RFU, interconnected by a
single LMR400 cable.
RFU and
Antenna
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RFU + ANTENNA
CABLE
TS
TELECOM INTERFACES
PC
Serial LCI
3.3 Hardware
The following functional diagram shows the basic TS components.
Telecom
Interface Telecom Interface card
FRAMER
Telecom
Interface Telecom Interface card
Telecom
Interface Telecom Interface card
MODEM
LCI CPU
INTEGRATED
IF &
Power
RFU AND
IF ANTENNA
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3.3.1.1 Modem
The modem is implemented on the motherboard, which is identical on all BUs. The
interface cards and the IF module are implemented on daughter boards, and therefore
allow maximum flexibility.
-9
The RF Modem features a high bit rate of 4.48 Mbps, a low BER of 10 , a net payload
of 4.090 Mbps and a high spectral efficiency of 2.5 bit/sec/Hz. It implements 64QAM
and Trellis coding.
An adaptive equalizer, integrated into the modem, supports NLOS and time variations.
3.3.1.2 Framer
The framer converts the E1 frames into air packets and is responsible for constructing
the airframe according to the air protocol. The framer multiplexes the traffic channels,
control channel and overhead bits of the airframe into one bit stream. This bit stream is
modulated by the modem.
The framer supports the logic and procedures defined by the air protocol. A sophisti-
cated interface between the framer and the main CPU is used provide the enhanced
capabilities of the air protocol.
3.3.1.3 IF Block
The IF module generates the IF signal and interfaces between the baseband received
from the modem and the IF frequency signal output to the RFU. This block is also
responsible for supplying the DC power to the RFU. The IF and DC signals are carried
on the coaxial cable to the RFU.
3.3.1.4 CPU
The CPU block contains the CPU, data storage and software storage (FLASH
memory). Up to two software versions can reside simultaneously on the FLASH,
allowing download of new software versions to the TS without service interruption.
The CPU block also contains software for handling the air protocol, the Local Craft
Interface and the management protocol (for future use).
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xxxxxxxx
Rx TR
xx INT EXT
Tx E1/P-ISDN
Tx Rx E1/P-ISDN
Tx Rx E1/P-ISDN
xxxxxxxx LCI
1 2 3
Fig. 3.4 BU-TS Front Panel
Note: Some of the BU front panels may have the following signs instead of Tx/Rx:
Tx (Output from the BU)
Rx (Input to the BU)
Inp ut Vo l: 36-72VDC
Inp ut Curr: 3Am p
TSXXXXX
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3.3.1.6 BU Powering
The BU-TS is powered by a 48 VDC source or the 110/220 VAC 50/60 Hz AC power
mains (depends on ordered configuration).
LED Description
EXT Indicates the status of the outdoor equipment
(Outdoor) (e.g., failure in the RFU or a lost connection with one of the TSs)
INT Indicates the status of the indoor equipment
(Indoor) (e.g., Loss of Signal on one of the E1s connected to the BU)
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The RFU converts the IF to RF, amplifies the signal to its correct level and transmits it
through the antenna. The antenna is integrated into the cover of the RFU.
The integrated RFU-antenna features simple installation, with a single coaxial cable
connecting it to the indoor BU-TS. The integrated RFU-antenna also features
adjustable tilt and elevation.
The RFU has a radio transmitter with up to 15 dBm power and a radio receiver with
-9
sensitivity of -87 dBm (@ BER 10 ). The transmissions of the radio unit fully comply
with ETSI TM4.
• RFU 3.5-GHz Planar Microstrip Antenna, 18 , 18 dBi, 25 x 25 x 8 cm.
o
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4 Air Protocol
4.1 General
WALKair implements a proprietary air protocol for communication between the base
station and terminal stations. The air protocol is based on a TDMA/ FDMA/FDD
scheme, which is illustrated in Fig. 4.1.
FDMA
TS 1
TDMA
Carrier # 1
60 x 64 Kb/s 1.75 MHz
PSTN / ISDN
Leased Line Real Time
Frame Relay
TS n Dynamic Allocation
Ethernet
ISDN Carrier # n
ATM 1.75 MHz
TS 16
1-16 x TS per carrier 1-16 x carriers
Each Base Station BU transmits and receives on one FDMA carrier. The entire avail-
able frequency band is divided into radio channels of 1.75 MHz, and each is assigned
to a BU-BS. FDMA is characterized by continuous access to the carrier in a given fre-
quency band. No synchronization is required among BUs, and each BU can use its
own band without interference. The FDMA implementation is illustrated in Fig. 4.2 .
Antenna
RFU
Up to 16 x 1.75 MHz carriers
Tx, Rx, DC
IF MUX
BU #1 f1 (1.75 MHz)
BU #2 f2 (1.75 MHz)
Up to 16 BUs f3 (1.75 MHz)
BU #3
(16 carriers)
. . .
BU #16 fn (1.75 MHz)
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Using TDMA, each BU handles the traffic of several remote Terminal Stations (typically
2-10, maximum 16) shared at a radio bandwidth of 1.75 MHz. In TDMA, the time is
divided into time slots. Each time slot is pre-assigned to a Terminal Station (TS).
During the assigned time slot, each TS is allowed to transmit freely. The time slot
assignments are periodic, and each period is called a cycle or frame. A TS could be
assigned to several time slots during a cycle. The TSs are synchronized on the base
station clock so that each one knows exactly when to transmit. The TDMA implemen-
tation is illustrated in Fig. 4.3.
.
Tx,Rx,DC .
IF MUX
. TDMA
BU #1 f1 - Single Carrier . 1 - 16 TS
RFU +
Antenna
With FDD (Frequency Duplexing Division), different frequencies are used for upstream
(towards the Base Station) and downstream (towards the TS) allowing full duplex
communications.
The air protocol supports access for a maximum of 16 Terminal Stations with maximum
combined traffic of 64 x 64 Kb/s data/voice channels in addition to 128 Kbps for
signaling.
The air access protocol includes the downstream air access protocol (BS → TS’s) and
to the upstream air access protocol (TS’s → BS). The downstream air access protocol
is built from one continuous transmission (broadcast) and has the capability of
providing accurate timing and control to the TS’s. The upstream air access protocol is
built from transmission bursts of the TS’s (TDMA).
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5.1 General
This section describes WALKair system management capabilities.
5.3.1 Configuration
The LCI terminal allows the user to configure:
• Network elements
• Radio parameters for establishing a link
• Administrative parameters such as serial numbers, clock source, status
• Service parameters such as allocation of the required distance between the BU-BS
port and the TS port.
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5.3.2 Maintenance
The LCI terminal allows the user to:
• Configure obtain status and provisioning information regarding a network element
• Perform system testing functions such as loopback tests on the telecom interfaces
• Obtain data regarding the current active alarms and errors
• Obtain version control information.
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6 Specifications
General Specifications
Radio access method Multiple carrier TDMA / FDD
Supported distance 10 km
Spectral efficiency 2.5 bit/sec/Hz
)
Flexible bandwidth per 64 Kbps to 2 x 2 Mbps*
single user *) It is possible to double the capacity per user by
using 2 Terminal Stations with IF-MUX and single
outdoor unit
)
System capacity per one 65 Mbps @ 14 MHz, Single polarity*
base station 130 Mbps @ 28 MHz, Single polarity*
)
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Dimensions
Indoor 44 cm (19”) Width, 4.4 cm (1U) Height, 23 cm Depth,
Weight: 3 kg.
Either rack mount, wall mount or desktop.
Outdoor 25 x 25 x 8 cm, including the antenna. Weight: 4 kg.
Either pole mount or wall mount.
A single Coaxial cable connects the indoor to outdoor
device, (maximum distance depends on cable type, e.g.,
and for LMR400 distances can be up to 150 m).
Power
Power consumption: 40 W
)
Power supply* : 48 VDC
or
110/220 VAC 50/60 Hz
*) Power is supplied, from an external power supply, to the
indoor device only
Environmental
o o
Indoor device -5 C to +45 C
(complies with ETS 300-019, class 3.2E standard)
o o
Outdoor device -45 C to +55 C
(complies with ETS 300-019, class 4.1E)
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Dimensions
Indoor One or more stackable 44 cm (19”) Width,
4.4 cm (1U) Height, 23 cm Depth and 3 kg Weight units.
These are rack mount devices.
Outdoor 36 x 15 x 24 cm, not including the antenna. Weight: 9.5 kg.
Pole mount device.
A single coaxial cable connects the indoor to outdoor device,
(maximum distance depends on cable type, e.g., for LMR400
distances can be up to 150 m)
Power
Power consumption for a single stackable unit: 40 W.
)
Power supply* : 48 VDC
*) Power is supplied, from an external power supply, to the
indoor device only
Environmental
o o
Indoor device -5 C to +45 C
(complies with ETS 300-019, class 3.2E standard)
o o
Outdoor device -45 C to +55 C
(complies with ETS 300-019, class 4.1E)
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7 Abbreviations
AC Alternating Current
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
BER Bit Error Rate
BRI Basic Rate Interface
BS Base Station
BU Base Station Basic Unit
BU Basic Unit
CPE Customer Premises Equipment
CPU Central Processing Unit
CRC Cyclic Redundant Check
DC Direct Current
DLC Data Link Control
EOC Embedded Operation Channel
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
FDD Frequency Duplexing Division
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
GHz Giga Hertz
IF Intermediate Frequency
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
ITU-T International Telecommunications Union
Telecommunications Standardization Sector
LAN Local Area Network
LCI Local Craft Interface
LLC Logical Link Control
LOS Loss of Signal
MAC Media Access Control
Mbps Mega Bits per Second
MHz Mega Hertz
PABX Private Branch Exchange
PAD Packet Assembler/Disassembler
PC Personal Computer
PCM Pulse Code Modulation
PM Performance Monitoring
PMP Point-to-Multi-Point
PRI Primary Rate Interface
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
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