Cayman Islands Second Round Review (2017)

Global Forum onTransparency andExchange
ofInformation forTaxPurposes
Peer Review Report ontheExchange ofInformation

onRequest
Cayman Islands
2017 (Second Round)
Global Forum
on Transparency
and Exchange
of Information for Tax
Purposes:
Cayman Islands
2017 (Second Round)
PEER REVIEW REPORT ON THE EXCHANGE
OF INFORMATION ON REQUEST
August 2017
(reflecting the legal and regulatory framework
as at May 2017)
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member countries or those of the Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange
of Information for Tax Purposes.
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Please cite this publication as:

OECD (2017), Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes:
Cayman Islands 2017 (Second Round): Peer Review Report on the Exchange of Information on
Request, OECD Publishing, Paris.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264280168-en
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ISBN 978-92-64-28016-8 (PDF)
Series: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 3
Table of contents
About the Global Forum 5
Abbrevations and acronyms 7
Executive summary11
Preface 19
Overview of Cayman Islands 23
PartA: Availability of information 29

A.1. Legal and beneficial ownership and identity information 29
A.2. Accounting records 65
A.3. Banking information 75
PartB: Access to information 81

B.1. Competent authoritys ability to obtain and provide information 81
B.2. Notification requirements, rights and safeguards 90
PartC: Exchanging information 95

C.1. Exchange of information mechanisms 96
C.2. Exchange of information mechanisms with all relevant partners101
C.3. Confidentiality 102
C.4. Rights and safeguards of taxpayers and third parties 104
C.5. Requesting and providing information in an effective manner 106
Annex1: Jurisdictions response to the review report 117

Annex2: List of Jurisdictions EOI mechanisms118
Annex3: List of laws, regulations and other material received 122
PEER REVIEW REPORT SECOND ROUND CAYMAN ISLANDS OECD 2017

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Annex4: Authorities interviewed during on-site visit 123

Annex5: List of in-text recommendations 124

ABOUT THE GLOBAL FORUM 5
About the Global Forum
The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax

Purposes is a multilateral framework for tax transparency and information
sharing, within which over 140 jurisdictions participate on an equal footing.
The Global Forum monitors and peer reviews the implementation of
international standard of exchange of information on request (EOIR) and
automatic exchange of information. The EOIR provides for international
exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administra-
tion or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. All Global
Forum members have agreed to have their implementation of the EOIR stand-
ard be assessed by peer review. In addition, non-members that are relevant
to the Global Forums work are also subject to review. The legal and regula-
tory framework of each jurisdiction is assessed as is the implementation of
the EOIR framework in practice. The final result is a rating for each of the
essential elements and an overall rating.
The first round of reviews was conducted from 2010 to 2016. The Global
Forum has agreed that all members and relevant non-members should be
subject to a second round of review starting in 2016, to ensure continued
compliance with and implementation of the EOIR standard. Whereas the first
round of reviews was generally conducted as separate reviews for Phase1
(review of the legal framework) and Phase2 (review of EOIR in practice),
the EOIR reviews commencing in 2016 combine both Phase1 and Phase2
aspects into one review. Final review reports are published and reviewed
jurisdictions are expected to follow up on any recommendations made. The
ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international
standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes.
For more information on the work of the Global Forum on Transparency
and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes, please visit www.oecd.org/
tax/transparency.

Abbrevations and acronyms
AML Anti-Money Laundering

AML/CFT Anti-Money Laundering/Countering the Financing of
Terrorism
CDD Customer Due Diligence
CFATF Caribbean Financial Action Task Force
CRS Common Reporting Standard
DTC Double Tax Convention
EOI Exchange of information
EOIR Exchange of information on request
FATCA Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act
First Round First round of EOIR reviews which was carried out from
2010-16
Global Forum Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information
for Tax Purposes
Multilateral OECD Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance
Convention in Tax Matters
PRG Peer Review Group of the Global Forum
TIEA Tax Information Exchange Agreement
Second Round Second round of EOIR reviews to be carried out from
2016-20
2010 Terms of Terms of Reference related to Exchange of Information
Reference (ToR) on Request (EOIR), as approved by the Global Forum in
February 2010.
2016 Assessment Assessment Criteria Note, as approved by the Global
Criteria Note Forum on 29-30October 2015.

8 Abbrevations and acronyms
2016 2016 Methodology for peer reviews and non-member

Methodology reviews, as approved by the Global Forum on
29-30October 2015.
2016 Terms of Terms of Reference related to Exchange of Information
Reference (ToR) on Request (EOIR), as approved by the Global Forum on
29-30October 2015.
Terms specific to the Cayman Islands
AML Guidance The CIMAs Guidance Notes on the Prevention and

Notes Detection of Money Laundering in the Cayman Islands
dated August 2015
CIMA Cayman Islands Monetary Authority
CITIA Cayman Islands Tax Information Authority
DCI The Cayman Islands Department of Commerce and
Investment
DITC Department for International Tax Cooperation
FRA The Cayman Islands Financial Reporting Authority
established under Section3 of the Proceeds of Crime Law
(2016 Revision)
Financial Any business carrying on relevant financial business and
Services Provider subject to regulation by the Cayman Islands Monetary
Authority
Registrar Cayman Islands Registrar of Companies, Partnerships
and Trusts
TBLB Trade and Business Licensing Board
TIA Law Tax Information Authority Law
2010 Report Cayman Islands Phase1 Report assessing the legal imple-
mentation of the standard for transparency and exchange
of information in tax matters which was adopted and pub-
lished by the Global Forum in September 2010.
2011 Report Cayman Islands supplementary Phase1 Report assess-
ing both the legal implementation of the standard for
transparency and exchange of information in tax matters
and, in particular, the amendments that had been effected
since the 2010 Report, which was adopted and published
by the Global Forum in August 2011.

2013 Report Cayman Islands Phase2 Report assessing both the legal
implementation and the effectiveness in practice of the
standard for transparency and exchange of information
in tax matters which was adopted and published by the
Global Forum in March 2013.

Executive summary 11
Executive summary
1. During the First Round, the peer review process of the Cayman
Islands was undertaken across three reports: the 2010 Report, the 2011 Report
and the 2013 Report. The 2010 and 2011 Reports assessed the legal and
regulatory framework of the Cayman Islands for compliance with the interna-
tional standard for transparency and exchange of information against the 2010
ToR. The 2013 Report was evaluated against the 2010 ToR for both the legal
implementation of the EOIR standard as well as its operation in practice. The
2013 Report concluded that the Cayman Islands was rated Largely Compliant
overall. This report analyses the implementation of the EOIR standard by
the Cayman Islands in respect of EOI requests processed during the period
of 1April 2013-31March 2016 against the 2016 ToR. This report concludes
that the Cayman Islands continues to be rated overall as Largely Compliant.
2. The following table shows the comparison with the results from the
Cayman Islands 2013 Report:
Comparison of ratings for Phase2 Review (2013) and

Current EOIR Review (2017)
Element Combined Report (2013) EOIR Report (2017)
A.1 Availability of ownership and identity information LC LC
A.2 Availability of accounting information LC LC
A.3 Availability of banking information C C
B.1 Access to information C LC
B.2 Rights and Safeguards C C
C.1 EOIR Mechanisms C C
C.2 Network of EOIR Mechanisms C C
C.3 Confidentiality C C
C.4 Rights and Safeguards C C
C.5 Quality and timeliness of requests and responses C C
OVERALL RATING LC LC
C = Compliant; LC = Largely Compliant; PC = Partially Compliant; NC = Non-Compliant

12 Executive summary
Progress made since previous review
3. The 2013 Report made recommendations in respect of two essential

elements: elementsA.1 and A.2. The two recommendations for elementsA.1
concerned immobilised bearer shares held by recognised custodians out-
side of the Cayman Islands and the implementation of a regular system of
monitoring for ownership information. There was also a recommendation
issued regarding a system of oversight for accounting record requirements
in elementA.2.
4. The Cayman Islands has taken action to address some of the recom-
mendations in the 2013 Report. First, in respect of elementA.1, Legal and
beneficial ownership and identity information, in May 2016, the Cayman
Islands introduced legal amendments abolishing all bearer shares and requir-
ing any bearer shares to be converted to registered shares by 13July 2016.
Any company that had bearer shares was required to file a declaration with
the Registrar by 31January 2017 identifying any bearer shares that were
converted to registered shares. As of May 2017, 12companies have filed such
a declaration.
5. The A.1 recommendation relating to the monitoring of legal own-
ership information has been addressed by a combination of monitoring
activities commenced over the review period by the Registrar and the DCI
(as the oversight body for those entities that are registered with the TBLB).
In 2013, the Registrar commenced converting all manual files to electronic
copies and in the course of this process has commenced a programme of
desktop inspections and onsite visits. The DCI also implemented an onsite
inspection programme over the review period.
Key recommendations
6. Since the 2013 Report the Cayman Islands legal framework contin-
ues to be determined to be in place in respect of all elements. In respect of
the practical implementation of the standard, elementsA.3, B.2, C.1, C.2, C.3,
C.4 and C.5 continue to be rated as Compliant and elementsA.1, A.2 and B.1
are rated as Largely Compliant, with recommendations.
7. In regards to the recommendation under elementA.1, the 2016 ToR
introduced a requirement under which beneficial ownership on relevant enti-
ties and arrangements should be available. Over the review period, there were
several legal requirements to maintain beneficial ownership information in
the Cayman Islands and these requirements are generally well implemented
in practice. However, in the case of domestic companies, of which there are
approximately 11000 out of a total of approximately 110000registered
entities, a direct obligation for the maintenance of beneficial ownership

information only came into force in March 2017, the practical implementa-
tion of which will be monitored by the Registrar from July 2017 onward.
Therefore, the system of monitoring of the new specific requirement for all
companies to maintain beneficial ownership information remains untested in
practice. The Cayman Islands is recommended to monitor the 2017 amend-
ments to its company laws to ensure that beneficial ownership information is
available for all relevant entities. As a result, elementA.1 remains determined
to be in place and rated as Largely Compliant.
8. In respect of the recommendation under elementA.2 pertaining to
the availability of accounting information, although there are sound legal
requirements in place for all entities to maintain accounting information,
the lack of oversight and non-enforcement of the accounting obligations led
to issues in practice in providing accounting information in one case over
the review period. Therefore, a recommendation remains that the Cayman
Islands implement an effective system of oversight to support the legal
requirements which ensure the availability of accounting information in all
cases. As a result, elementA.2, continues to be determined to be in place and
rated as Largely Compliant.
9. In regards to elementB.1, in one case over the review period, a
Cayman Islands entity refused to provide information in response to a notice
from the Competent Authority requesting information that was not held in the
Cayman Islands. Although the Competent Authority referred this case to the
Director of Public Prosecutions, the case was not pursued. No other enforce-
ment actions were taken. Therefore, in those cases where information is not
maintained in the Cayman Islands, the Cayman Islands should ensure that its
enforcement powers are sufficiently exercised to ensure that it has access to
all information in all cases. As a result, elementB.1 is determined to be in
place and is now rated as Largely Compliant.
Overall rating
10. The Cayman Islands was rated overall as Largely Compliant in the
First Round of reviews. Given the recent amendments in respect of the avail-
ability of beneficial ownership information that are too new to evaluate for
elementA.1; the oversight and provision of accounting information where
not held onshore, which has an effect on elementA.2; and the issues with
enforcement of its access powers as described for elementB.1, the overall
rating in the second round of reviews remains Largely Compliant. A follow
up report on the steps undertaken by the Cayman Islands to address the rec-
ommendations made in this report should be provided to the PRG no later
than 30June 2018 in accordance with the procedure set out under the 2016
Methodology.

Summary of determinations, ratings and recommendations
Factors underlying
Determination recommendations Recommendations
Jurisdictions should ensure that ownership and identity information, including information on
legal and beneficial owners, for all relevant entities and arrangements is available to their
competent authorities (ToR A.1)
Legal and regulatory
framework
determination: The
element is in place.
EOIR rating: Largely Over the review period, whilst The Cayman Islands is
Compliant the Cayman Islands had a recommended to monitor
legal framework in place the practical implementation
for beneficial ownership of the 2017 amendments to
information to be maintained its company laws to ensure
by almost all entities, there that beneficial ownership
may have been a gap information is available for all
regarding a small number of relevant entities.
ordinary resident and non-
resident companies that did
not engage a service provider.
In 2017, the Cayman Islands
introduced legal amendments
to its company laws clarifying
that all companies are now
required to maintain beneficial
ownership information.
Jurisdictions should ensure that reliable accounting records are kept for all relevant entities
and arrangements (ToR A.2)
framework
determination: The

Factors underlying
EOIR rating: Largely Except for those entities The Cayman Islands is
Compliant that are subject to licensing recommended to implement
with the CIMA, no system an effective system of
of monitoring of compliance oversight and enforcement to
with accounting record support the legal requirements
keeping requirements is in which ensure the availability
place. In one case over the of accounting information in all
review period, the Cayman cases.
Islands was unable to access
accounting information that
was held outside the Cayman
Islands by an exempted
entity to provide to its treaty
partner. Therefore, the lack
of a comprehensive system
of oversight of accounting
obligations for all entities may
not ensure that accounting
information will be available in
all cases.
Banking information and beneficial ownership information should be available for all account-
holders (ToR A.3)
framework
determination: The
EOIR rating:
Compliant
Competent authorities should have the power to obtain and provide information that is the
subject of a request under an exchange of information arrangement from any person within
their territorial jurisdiction who is in possession or control of such information (irrespective
of any legal obligation on such person to maintain the secrecy of the information) (ToR B.1)
framework
determination: The

Factors underlying
EOIR rating: Largely In one case over the review In those cases where
Compliant period, the CITIA was information is not maintained
unable to access accounting in the Cayman Islands, the
information where the Cayman Islands should ensure
information was not held in the that its enforcement powers
Cayman Islands and no one are sufficiently exercised to
within the Cayman Islands was ensure that it can access all
obliged to provide it. Although information in all cases.
the CITIA successfully
accessed and exchanged all
of the requested information
in all other cases over the
review period, as the Cayman
Islands did not make use of
its enforcement powers, this
could become a wider problem
in practice.
The rights and safeguards (e.g.notification, appeal rights) that apply to persons in the
requested jurisdiction should be compatible with effective exchange of information (ToR B.2)
framework
determination: The
EOIR rating:
Compliant
Exchange of information mechanisms should provide for effective exchange of information
(ToR C.1)
framework
determination: The
EOIR rating:
Compliant
The jurisdictions network of information exchange mechanisms should cover all relevant
partners (ToR C.2)
framework
determination: The

Factors underlying
EOIR rating:
Compliant
The jurisdictions mechanisms for exchange of information should have adequate provisions
to ensure the confidentiality of information received (ToR C.3)
framework
determination: The
EOIR rating:
Compliant
The exchange of information mechanisms should respect the rights and safeguards of
taxpayers and third parties (ToR C.4)
framework
determination: The
EOIR rating:
Compliant
The jurisdiction should request and provide information under its network of agreements in
an effective manner (ToR C.5)
Legal and regulatory The assessment team is not in a position to evaluate whether
framework this element is in place, as it involves issues of practice that
determination: are dealt with in the implementation of EOIR in practice.
EOIR rating:
Compliant

Preface 19
Preface
11. This report is the fourth review of the Cayman Islands conducted by
the Global Forum. The Phase1 Report, as adopted in June 2010, assessed the
Cayman Islands in respect of its legal and regulatory framework. Subsequent
to its Phase1 report, the Cayman Islands underwent a Phase1 supplementary
report to reflect improvements with respect to its accounting requirements.
The Phase1 supplementary report was adopted in August 2011. The Phase2
Report which assesses both the legal implementation of the standards and the
effectiveness in practice was adopted in March 2013 (reflecting the legal and
regulatory framework in place as of January 2013).
12. The Phase2 review was conducted according to the ToR approved by
the Global Forum in February 2010 (2010 ToR) and the Methodology used in
the first round of reviews. The 2013 Report was published without rating of
the individual essential elements or any overall rating, as the Global Forum
waited until a representative subset of reviews from across a range of Global
Forum members had been completed in 2013 to assign and publish ratings for
each of those reviews. Cayman Islands 2013 Report was part of this group of
reports. Accordingly, the 2013 Report was republished in November 2013 to
reflect the ratings for each element and the overall rating for Cayman Islands.
Information on the previous reviews is listed in the table below.
Summary of reviews
Period under Legal framework Date of adoption
Review Assessment team review as of (date) by Global Forum
Phase1 Laurence Simon-Michel, Senior Tax N/A June 2011 June 2010
Report Inspector in the French tax administration
(Direction Gnrale des Finances Publiques);
Oshna Maharaj, Manager of International
Development and Treaties for the South
African Revenue Service; and Caroline
Malcolm (Global Forum Secretariat)

20 Preface
Period under Legal framework Date of adoption

Review Assessment team review as of (date) by Global Forum
Supplementary Laurence Simon-Michel, Senior Tax N/A May 2011 August 2011
Phase1 Report Inspector in the French tax administration
(Direction Gnrale des Finances Publiques);
Oshna Maharaj, Manager of International
Development and Treaties for the South
African Revenue Service; and Caroline
Malcolm (Global Forum Secretariat)
Phase2 Philippe Cahanin, from the French Tax 1Jan 2009- 18January 2013 March 2013
Report Administration (Direction Gnrale des 31Dec 2011
Finances Publiques); Oshna Maharaj,
Manager of International Development and
Treaties for the South African Revenue
Service; and Mary OLeary and Mikkel
Thunnissen (Global Forum Secretariat)
EOIR Report Virginia Tarris, Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 1April 2013- [August] 2017
United States; Mukhta Toofanee, International 31March 2016
Taxation Section, Mauritius; and Mary OLeary
(Global Forum Secretariat)
13. This evaluation is based on the 2016 ToR, and has been prepared in
accordance with the 2016 Methodology. The evaluation is based on informa-
tion available to the assessment team including the EOI arrangements signed,
laws and regulations in force or effective as at 24May 2017, Cayman Islands
EOIR practice in respect of EOI requests made and received during the three
year period from 1April 2013-31March 2016, Cayman Islands responses
to the EOIR questionnaire, information supplied by partner jurisdictions, as
well as information provided by Cayman Islands authorities during the on-
site visit that took place from 9-11January, 2017 in George Town, Cayman
Islands. The report was then discussed and approved by the PRG at its meet-
ing in July 2017 and adopted by the Global Forum in August 2017.
14. For the sake of brevity, on those topics where there has not been any
material change in the legal implementation or in its practice in the Cayman
Islands or in the requirements of the Global Forum ToR since the 2013
Report, this evaluation does not repeat the analysis conducted in the previous
evaluation, but summarises the conclusions and includes a cross-reference
to the paragraphs where a detailed analysis is provided in the previous 2013
Report.

Preface 21
Brief on 2016 ToR and methodology
15. The 2016 ToR were adopted by the Global Forum in October 2015.
The 2016 ToR break down the standard of transparency and exchange of
information into 10essential elements and 31enumerated aspects under three
broad categories: (A)availability of information; (B)access to information;
and (C)exchanging information. This review assesses the Cayman Islandss
legal and regulatory framework and the implementation and effectiveness of
this framework against these elements and each of the enumerated aspects.
16. In respect of each essential element (except elementC.5 Exchanging
Information, which uniquely involves only aspects of practice) a determina-
tion is made regarding Cayman Islands legal and regulatory framework that:
(i)the element is in place, (ii)the element is in place but certain aspects of the
legal implementation of the element need improvement, or (iii)the element
is not in place. In addition, to assess Cayman Islands EOIR effectiveness in
practice a rating of: (i)compliant, (ii)largely compliant, (iii)partially compli-
ant, or (iv)non-compliant is assigned to each element. These determinations
and ratings are accompanied by recommendations for improvement where
appropriate. An overall rating is also assigned to reflect Cayman Islands
overall level of compliance with the EOIR standard.
17. In comparison with the 2010 ToR, the 2016 ToR includes new princi-
ples with respect to:
beneficial ownership information;
coverage of enforcement measures and record retention periods for
ownership, accounting and banking information;
ownership and accounting information for foreign companies;
rights and safeguards;
incorporating the 2012 update to Article26 of the OECD Model Tax
Convention and its Commentary; and
completeness and quality of outgoing EOI requests and responses.
18. Each of these new requirements are analysed in detail in this report
as set out below.

22 Preface
Brief consideration of FATF evaluations and ratings
19. The FATF evaluates jurisdictions for compliance with AML/CFT

standards. Its reviews are based on a jurisdictions compliance with 40 differ-
ent technical recommendations and the effectiveness regarding 11 immediate
outcomes, which cover a broad array of money-laundering issues.
20. The definition of beneficial owner included in the 2012 FATF stand-
ards has been incorporated into elementsA.1, A.3 and B.1 of the 2016 ToR.
The 2016 ToR also recognise that FATF materials can be relevant for carrying
out EOIR assessments to the extent they deal with the definition of beneficial
ownership, as that definition applies to the standard set out in the 2016 ToR
(see ToR, annex 1, part I.D). It is also noted that the purpose for which the
FATF materials have been produced (combatting AML/CFT) are different
from the purpose of the standard on EOIR (ensuring effective exchange of
information for tax purposes), and care should be taken to ensure that assess-
ments under the 2016 ToR do not evaluate issues that are outside the scope of
the Global Forums mandate.
21. While on a case-by-case basis, an EOIR assessment may use some of
the findings made by the FATF, the evaluations of the FATF cover issues that
are not relevant for the purposes of ensuring effective exchange of informa-
tion on beneficial ownership for tax purposes. In addition, EOIR assessments
may find that deficiencies identified by the FATF do not have an impact on
the availability of beneficial ownership information for tax purposes; for
example because mechanisms other than those that are relevant for AML/
CFT purposes exist within that jurisdiction to ensure that beneficial owner-
ship information is available for tax purposes.
22. Nevertheless, it is noted that these differences in the scope of reviews
and in the approach used may result in differing outcomes.

Overview of Cayman Islands
23. The Cayman Islands is a self-governed overseas territory of the

United Kingdom located in the Caribbean, about 240km south of Cuba.
This overview provides some basic information about the Cayman Islands
that serves as context for understanding the analysis in the main body of the
report. This is not intended to be a comprehensive overview of the Cayman
Islands legal, commercial or regulatory systems.
Legal system
24. The Cayman Islands is a parliamentary democracy with judicial,

executive and legislative branches. Under the Cayman Islands (Constitution)
Order 2009, the Head of State is the Queen of England, who is represented by
a Governor. The Governor, as well as presiding over the Executive (known
as the Cabinet), retains fundamental reserve powers and responsibility for
defense, external relations and internal security. In addition to the Governor,
the Cabinet is comprised of six elected Ministers, and two non-voting ex
officio members being the Attorney General and Deputy Governor. The
Premier, who is also a member of Cabinet, is the political leader and head
of the elected government leading the majority party and/or coalition. The
other branches of government include: a unicameral legislature known as
the Legislative Assembly that is comprised of 18 elected members and the
judiciary.
25. The Cayman Islands is a common law jurisdiction deriving its law
from both English common law and Cayman Islands statutes. Decisions of
English Courts or statutes are regarded as highly persuasive on the jurisdic-
tions courts. Whilst rarely exercised, the U.K. Government also retains
power to pass legislation binding on the jurisdiction.
26. The judicial system is comprised of four tiers, the first three of which
sit in the Islands. The Summary Court is presided over by a magistrate or
justices of the peace. The Grand Court is the permanent court of record. The
Court of Appeal is the superior court of record consisting of a president and
no fewer than two other Justices of Appeal. The final right of appeal on a

24 Overview of Cayman Islands
point of law and with the leave of the Court of Appeal rests with the Judicial
Committee of the Privy Council, which sits in London, United Kingdom.
27. A complete list of all the relevant legislation and regulations, as well
as non-binding statements of guidance and principles is set out in Annex3.
28. International instruments such as TIEAs, DTAs and the Multilateral
Convention which provide for exchange of information are incorporated into
domestic law by being added as schedules to the TIA Law by an affirmative
act of the legislature. Domestic law must be construed in a manner consistent
with the terms of these scheduled instruments and does not override them. In
the legal hierarchy they are regarded as being at the same level as domestic
law.
Tax system
29. The Cayman Islands tax system is predominantly based on indirect

taxes, as there is no direct tax on income, capital gains or sales. Therefore,
there is neither a domestic tax database nor a central tax administration for
domestic purposes in the Cayman Islands. Government revenues are derived
from the imposition of fees on the financial services industry, custom duties,
work permit fees, and tourist accommodation charges. In 2014, the tax to
GDP ratio was 21.1%.
30. The EOI for tax purposes legally rests with the CITIA, which is
responsible for all aspects of international cooperation in tax matters pursu-
ant to the TIA Law. Under the TIA Law, the CITIA has been granted powers
to access relevant information for the purposes of responding to an EOI
request. The CITIAs responsibilities include managing the Cayman Islands
reporting obligations pursuant to the EU Savings Directive, the U.S. FATCA,
a similar regime for the U.K. and its Crown Dependencies and the OECD
Common Reporting Standard. The functions of the CITIA are carried out
by the Director and staff of the DITC under delegated authority from the
Minister for Financial Services.
Financial services sector
31. The Cayman Islands economy is a service-based economy dependent

on the industries of tourism and financial services. The jurisdictions GDP
per capita was USD56129 in 2014. Since 2010, the central governments
outstanding debt to GDP ratio has consistently declined falling to 18.5% in
2015. The currency is the Cayman Islands dollar, fixed at KYD1 = USD1.20.
32. The Cayman Islands financial sector comprises banks and deposit-
taking institutions (credit unions and building societies), insurance, investment

funds, companies, partnerships, trusts, structured finance, vessel and aircraft

registration and remittances services. In terms of contribution to GDP, the
financial services industry contributed 41.2% to the Cayman Islands GDP
in 2015. At the end of 2015, there were 175banks registered in the Cayman
Islands. As of December 2015, there were 10940registered mutual funds with
master funds (being a subset of the mutual funds) totalling 2805. As of
December 2016, listing on the Cayman Islands Stock Exchange stood at 1046
with a market capitalisation of USD195.3billion.
33. The Cayman Islands remains the second largest offshore captive
insurance domicile in the world with 739 licensed insurers in 2015. The net
worth of international insurers stood at USD15.5billion.
34. In 2014, the Cayman Islands attracted foreign capital of at least
USD4100billion in the form of banking assets, direct investment and port-
folio investment. It is noted that:
98% of the total consolidated claims of USD1074 on Cayman
Islands banks are made by banks from other jurisdictions and origi-
nate from ten jurisdictions, with the United States accounting for
32%;
96% of the total inward direct investment of USD557billion origi-
nated from ten jurisdictions, with the United States accounting for
52%; and
90% of the total inward portfolio investment of USD2575billion
originated from five jurisdictions, with the United States accounting
for 46% of all total foreign capital investment.
35. As of April 2017, there were 49190 Cayman Islands Reporting
Financial Institutions registered on the IRS FATCA FFI Registration System
pursuant to the Tax Information Authority (International Tax Compliance)
(United States of America) Regulations2014. This figure currently represents
17.5% of the global total, making the Cayman Islands the principle jurisdic-
tion for FATCA registrations.
36. The CIMA, established by the Monetary Authority Law oversees
the regulatory framework for financial sector services, including licensing
and supervision. In addition to implementing and administering the relevant
statutes, regulations and rules, the CIMA has also developed non-binding
statements of guidance and principles to assist those working in the industry
to meet their legal obligations on obtaining, updating and retaining relevant
information and records concerning ownership, identity, accounting and bank
information.

26 Overview of Cayman Islands
37. The Monetary Authority Law (2016 Revision) establishes the CIMA
as the regulator of various financial services businesses as listed in the table
below.
CIMA Regulated entities

CIMA-regulated entities (31/3/2017)
Banks Class A (Domestic) Branches 0
Subsidiaries 9
Privates and Affiliates 2
Class B (Offshore) Branches 10
Subsidiaries 32
Privates and Affiliates 15
TOTAL 68
Trust companies Unrestricted 57
Restricted 61
Nominee 28
Controlled subsidiaries 37
Private trust companies 119
TOTAL 302
Company managers Companymanagers 113
Corporate services providers 23
TOTAL 136
Building societies 1
Cooperative societies 2
Money services 5
Mutual funds Registered 7218
Master 2810
Administered 346
Licensed 89
TOTAL 10463
Mutual fund administrators Full 81
Restricted 21
Exempted 1
TOTAL 103
Securities investment business Licensees 35
Excluded persons 2516
TOTAL 2551

CIMA-regulated entities (31/3/2017)

Insurers Class A (Domestic) Locally 9
incorporated
Approved external 20
Class B (Offshore) Captives 684
Class C 25
Class D 3
Insurance managers 29
TOTAL 770
Overall number of entities under
14393
CIMA supervision
38. In respect of its AML framework, the CFATF, in the course of car-
rying out its third round of mutual evaluations, last published a Mutual
Evaluation Report for the Cayman Islands in November 2007. A series of
follow up reports were subsequently published detailing the actions that
the Cayman Islands had taken to address the recommendations in the 2007
Report. The CFATF shall be conducting the next mutual evaluation review of
the Cayman Islands commencing in the fourth quarter 2017 and the plenary
discussion of the report is expected to take place in November 2018.
Recent developments
39. In March 2017, the Cayman Islands enacted amendments to its

CompanyLaw, Limited Liability CompanyLaw and CompanyManagement
Law explicitly requiring all companies in the Cayman Islands to maintain an
updated register of beneficial ownership. These legal amendments also pro-
vide for the implementation of a centralised platform of beneficial ownership
to be in place by June 2017.

PartA: Availability of information
40. SectionsA.1, A.2 and A.3 evaluate the availability of ownership and
identity information for relevant entities and arrangements, the availability
of accounting information and the availability of bank information in the
Cayman Islands.
A.1. Legal and beneficial ownership and identity information

Jurisdictions should ensure that legal and beneficial ownership and identity information
for all relevant entities and arrangements is available to their competent authorities.
41. The 2013 Report found that elementA.1 was determined to be In

place. The Cayman Islands continues to have a sound legal framework for
ownership information to be made available in respect of all relevant entities
through a combination of the various entity laws as well as the AML regime.
All of the legal obligations are supported by adequate sanctions in the case
of non-compliance.
42. In respect of the practice for elementA.1, two recommendations
were issued in the 2013 Report and as a result, elementA.1 was rated
Largely Compliant. The two recommendations for elementA.1 concerned
the enforcement of penalties for non-compliance in those cases where bearer
shares were held by an overseas custodian and the implementation of a regu-
lar system of monitoring compliance with the rules for ownership for those
cases where the entity was not covered by the oversight programme of the
CIMA.
43. The Cayman Islands has addressed the two A.1 recommendations as
follows. First, in May 2016, the Cayman Islands introduced legal amendments
abolishing all bearer shares and requiring any bearer shares to be converted
to registered shares by 13July 2016. Any company that had bearer shares was
required to file a declaration with the Registrar by 31January 2017 identify-
ing any bearer shares that were converted to registered shares. In regards
to monitoring of legal ownership information for entities other than those
regulated by the CIMA, this recommendation has also been addressed by a
combination of monitoring activities implemented by the Registrar as well as

30 PartA: Availability of information
the DCI (as the oversight body for those entities that are registered with the
TBLB), since the time of the 2013 Report.
44. In addition to the requirements for legal ownership information to be
available, the 2016 ToR now require that beneficial ownership information be
held. All entities covered by the AML Regime are required to maintain ben-
eficial ownership on behalf of all of those clients for whom they act. Whilst
this generally extended to most entities, there nevertheless may have been a
possible deficiency in respect of a small number of ordinary resident and non-
resident companies as well as general partnerships which did not need to hold
a business licence nor enter into a relationship with a service provider cov-
ered by the due diligence requirements set out under the AML Regulations.
45. As a result, legislative amendments were passed in March 2017 to
ensure that all companies are now obliged to maintain an updated register of
beneficial ownership. These amendments also facilitate the implementation
of a centralised platform of beneficial ownership information by the end of
June 2017 which shall be maintained by the Registrar. This platform will
provide timely access to adequate, accurate, and current beneficial owner-
ship information on corporate and legal entities in the Cayman Islands.
Whilst a small gap may continue to exist in regards to beneficial ownership
for general partnerships, as most of those will be required to obtain a busi-
ness licence with the TBLB in order to carry on business and/or enter into a
relation with a service provider covered by the due diligence requirements set
out under the AML Regulations, this will ensure that beneficial ownership is
maintained. Nevertheless, in cases where a general partnership carries on an
activity (local agricultural and artisanal industries) whereby it is not required
to be licensed by the TBLB, and therefore beneficial ownership information
may not be known, an in-text recommendation has been made in this regard.
46. Although the legal framework is now in place for beneficial owner-
ship, in practice, as the legal requirements only came into force in March
2017, and the centralised platform of beneficial ownership information is not
due to be fully implemented until June 2017, the practical implementation of
the legal amendments could not be assessed. A monitoring recommendation
in respect of these legal requirements has been made in this regard. As a
result, elementA.1 is determined to be In place but continues to be rated as
Largely Compliant.
47. During the current peer review period the Cayman Islands received
161requests, and authorities have confirmed that many of these related to
ownership information with both legal and beneficial ownership informa-
tion being requested. Over the review period, the Cayman Islands did not
maintain a detailed statistical breakdown of its EOI requests. However,
for the purposes of this review, the Cayman Islands analysed the requests
received from its two principal requesting partners (which together represent

approximately 53% of all requests received over the review period), and
determined that 50% of those requests related to ownership and identity
information. Peer analysis indicates a high level of satisfaction with the
information received. In particular, peers indicated that the Cayman Islands
was expressly asked to provide beneficial ownership information on at least
two occasions and this information was provided to the satisfaction of the
requesting peers.
48. The updated table of determinations and ratings is as follows:
Legal and Regulatory Framework

Underlying Factor Recommendation
Deficiencies identified
in the implementation
of the legal and
regulatory framework
Determination: In Place
Practical implementation of the standard

Deficiencies identified
in the implementation Over the review period, whilst The Cayman Islands is
of EOIR in practice the Cayman Islands had a recommended to monitor
legal framework in place the practical implementation
for beneficial ownership of the 2017 amendments to
information to be maintained its company laws to ensure
by almost all entities, there that beneficial ownership
may have been a gap information is available for all
regarding a small number of relevant entities.
ordinary resident and non-
resident companies that did
not engage a service provider.
In 2017, the Cayman Islands
introduced legal amendments
to its company laws clarifying
that all companies are now
required to maintain beneficial
Rating: Largely Compliant

A.1.1. Availability of legal and beneficial ownership information

for companies
49. The Companies Law (2016 Revision) (Companies Law) is the central
piece of legislation governing the establishment and management of corpora-
tions in the Cayman Islands. Although the Companies Law was revised in
2016, the legal basis on which companies are incorporated remains the same
and is set out at paragraphs41-46 of the 2013 Report.
50. In the Cayman Islands, companies are classified as follows:
Ordinary Resident business is conducted mainly within the
Cayman Islands. As of March 2017, there were 6057 ordinary resi-
dent companies registered.
Non-resident business is conducted mainly outside of the Cayman
Islands, however some limited business may be conducted within the
Cayman Islands. As of March 2017, there were 4454 non-resident
companies registered.
Exempted these companies are restricted from trading in the
Cayman Islands except in furtherance of business carried on outside
of the Cayman Islands. Operating as an exempted company allows
an entity to obtain a certificate exempting it from any future Cayman
Islands tax for up to 30years. As of March 2017, there were 81489
exempted companies registered.
Limited Liability Company (LLC) Since the 2013 Report, the
Cayman Islands enacted the Limited Liability CompanyLaw (LLC
Law) 2016. This structure is effectively a hybrid of the entities
incorporated under the Companies Law and the Exempted Limited
Partnerships Law. As it is a feature of the LLC that it has separate
legal entity status, the members of the company cannot be held per-
sonally liable for the companys debts or liabilities. As of March 2017,
there were 321 LLCs registered.
51. There is also the possibility for foreign incorporated companies to
carry on business in the Cayman Islands. As of March 2017, there were 4366
foreign companies registered.
Legal ownership and identity information requirements

52. In the Cayman Islands, legal ownership information is available
through a combination of requirements under company laws and regulatory
laws. In addition, ownership information must be provided when a com-
pany registers with the Registrar and where a company carries on business
in the Cayman Islands and must obtain a business license from the TBLB.

A summary of the requirements under each of these categories is outlined

below. The following table1 shows a summary of the legal requirements to
maintain legal ownership information in respect of companies:
Legislation regulating legal ownership information of companies
Company Law
Type and LLC Act Tax Law Licensing requirements AML Law
Ordinary resident companies All None Some Some
Non-resident companies All None Some Some
Exempted companies All None Some All
LLCs All None Some All
Company law
53. As described in the 2013 Report (see paragraphs53-63), legal own-
ership and identity requirements for companies are mainly found in the
Companies Law. Ordinary resident and non-resident companies as well as
exempted companies are all subject to the Companies Law and are required
to maintain an updated register of members that contains the identity of the
members and details concerning when they became or ceased to be members.
This register must be kept at the companys registered office in the Cayman
Islands, unless it is an exempted company, in which case it may be kept at
any place, within or outside of the Cayman Islands. In all cases, penalties are
provided for companies that fail to maintain an updated register of ownership.
54. In the case of LLCs, there is a clear requirement for all LLCs to
maintain a register of members at its registered office in the Cayman Islands
and all changes must be updated within 21days (s.61(1), LLC Law).
55. Under the Companies Law, all companies are required to maintain all
books and records for a period of five years from the date on which they are
prepared (s.59(3), Companies Law and s.63(5), LLC Law).
56. In the case of a company being dissolved, the liquidator as the com-
panys representative would be required to ensure that this requirement is
complied with and that all records, including shareholder registers, could
1. The table shows each type of entity and whether the various rules applicable
require availability of information for all such entities, some or none. All
in this context means that every entity of this type created is required to main-
tain ownership information for all its owners (including where bearer shares are
issued) and that there are sanctions and appropriate retention periods. Some
in this context means that an entity will be required to maintain information if
certain conditions are met.

be made available in those cases. In the case of liquidation of a company,

the liquidator as the companys representative is required to ensure that this
requirement is complied with and that all ownership information will be
made maintained for a period of five years. While it is not mandatory for a
Caymanian company to engage a liquidator in the Cayman Islands, in prac-
tice, this is likely to be the case. In any event, as all liquidators are obliged
to file notices related to the liquidation of a Cayman entity in the official
Gazette, all liquidators will be known to the Cayman authorities.
57. Further, it is noted that the Registrar also maintains copies of all
documents for a period of ten years from when they have been filed.
Regulatory requirements
58. All companies, including foreign companies, (with the exception of
ordinary resident and non-resident companies) are mandated to have a reg-
istered agent within the Cayman Islands, which is a licensed and regulated
service provider. The Registrar has reported that, in practice, around 50% of
ordinary resident companies also have a registered agent which is a licensed
and regulated service provider. With the Companies Amendment Law now
requiring ordinary resident and non-resident companies to maintain their ben-
eficial ownership with either a local service provider or with the Registrar,
the number of ordinary resident and non-resident companies engaging a ser-
vice provider may increase. Such service providers are subject to the AML
Regulations which require updated ownership information on all clients to
be maintained. A comprehensive analysis of the requirements of the AML
Regime is set out at paragraphs89-97 of the 2013 Report and a summary is
provided below.
59. The AML Regulations are legally binding and set out the general
obligations on Financial Service Providers. The Guidance Notes on the
Prevention and Detection of Money Laundering and Terrorist Finance in the
Cayman Islands (AML/CFT Guidance Notes), issued by the CIMA, provide
more detailed guidance on what is required to meet the standards. Whilst the
AML/CFT Guidance Notes are nonbinding on prosecution for non-compli-
ance with the Money Laundering Regulations, pursuant to Regulation5(4) of
the AML Regulations, a Court is required to take into account any relevant
supervisory or regulatory guidance as well as any other relevance guidance
issued by a body (principally, the CIMA) that regulates a profession, business
or employment carried on by that person.
60. The AML Regulations contain the rules relating to the requirement
to maintain legal ownership information via the CDD procedures which are
applicable to all types of companies that provide relevant financial busi-
ness. Pursuant to section4(1) of the AML Regulations, all legal entities and

persons carrying on a relevant financial business are defined as a Service

Provider. Financial Service Providers include licensed banking and trust
businesses, insurance, investment management and company management
businesses. It is noted that all registered agents are licensed and regulated
service providers in the Cayman Islands.
61. Regulation7 provides that, as soon as reasonably practicable after
contact by a potential client, a Financial Services Provider must identify the
client. To comply with this requirement, the client must produce satisfactory
evidence of his identification. This requirement applies both in the case of a
particular business and for a one-off transaction.
62. Under Regulation5(3), a Service Provider who contravenes the AML
Regulations including the obligations in respect of identity information
and record-keeping, is liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceed-
ing KYD5000 (USD6000) or, on conviction on indictment to a fine, and
imprisonment not exceeding two years.
63. In general, the record-keeping procedures require a person to main-
tain the identification information for at least five years commencing with the
date of completion of the relevant business or of all activities taking place in
the course of the transaction in question.
Companies Registrar
64. The 2013 Report noted that all companies incorporated in the
Cayman Islands as well as foreign companies which are carrying on busi-
ness in the Cayman Islands, must register with the Registrar and provide an
annual return. However, only in the case of ordinary resident companies is
ownership information required to be filed. Nevertheless, every company is
required to maintain a register of members that contains the identity of the
members and details concerning when they became or ceased to be members.
In all cases, penalties are provided for failure by companies to register, pro-
vide an annual return or maintain an updated register of ownership. While
the Companies Law does not set out a requirement for foreign companies to
maintain ownership information, this is secured by the requirement for all
foreign companies to engage the services of a registered agent who will be
subject to the CDD requirements of the AML regime to maintain updated
65. Section159 of the Companies Law permits any member or creditor
of a company to apply to the court for re-instatement for a period of up to ten
years. Therefore, in practice, this will extend to requirements for all informa-
tion filed throughout the life of a company to be maintained for a period of
ten years from the date at which the company leaves the register, regardless
of when the document was created and filed.

Trade and Business Licensing Board

66. Generally, all local business, other than financial services which are
licensed and regulated by the CIMA, is licensed and regulated by the Trade
and Business Licensing Board (TBLB) which is a function of the Department
of Commerce and Investment (DCI). Every person carrying on a trade or
business mentioned in the Schedule to the Trade and Business Licensing (TBL)
Law (2007 Revision) must, unless exempted from this requirement, take out
an annual license in respect of each place where such business is carried on.
In addition, in cases where the company is less than 60% Caymanian owned
and controlled they will also require a Local Companies (Control) Licence
issued under the Local Companies (Control) Law.
67. In respect of exemptions whereby a licence shall not be required,
pursuant to section3 of the TBL Law, the law shall not apply to:
a. any trade or business licensed or registered to be carried on as a
trade or business under another Law without reference to this Law,
including where that other Law exempts a person to whom it applies
from registering, being licensed or paying a fee;
b. the sale of agricultural products by the Caymanian producers;
c. artisans, craftsmen and other persons who do not carry on a business
of their own but are themselves employed by other persons;
d. self-employed Caymanian fishermen; or
e. any corporation or body which satisfies the TBLB that it has been
formed for purposes of social or public welfare, religion, charity, art
or science and that it applies its income and profits solely for promot-
ing such purposes and does not permit the payment of any dividends
to its members.
68. A trade and business licence is a licence issued by the TBLB which
allows a person (including a company) to carry on business in the Cayman
Islands other than a business which is subject to licensing by the CIMA.
Licensing by the TBLB is only exempted for those cases where the local
company is carrying on business in a sector already regulated by the CIMA,
or for local agricultural producers, fishermen, and organisations formed for
charitable purposes. Therefore, in practice those companies subject to licens-
ing by the TBLB are usually local businesses outside of the financial and
corporate service sectors (such as contractors, restaurants and small trading
premises).
69. As at March 2017 there were 5414 businesses with a trade and busi-
ness licence. By entity type, the DCI reports that 2983 are companies, 2427
are sole proprietorships and 4 are general partnerships.

70. Any company applying for a licence from the TBLB must provide
ownership information at the time of application. Updated ownership infor-
mation must also be provided annually upon renewal of the licence. A person
who contravenes this requirement is subject to a fine and will be liable upon
summary conviction to a fine of KYD10000 (USD12000) or to a term of
imprisonment of one year or both (s.17(2), TBLB Act).
Legal ownership information Enforcement measures and oversight

71. The 2013 Report affirmed that the CIMA carries out an active over-
sight of the legal obligations to maintain ownership information of companies.
Nevertheless, it was found that there may remain a narrow category of com-
panies (ordinary resident and non-resident companies that do not engage a
service provider) that will not be subject to any oversight by the CIMA. In
addition, the 2013 Report found that, while the penalties for failure to maintain
an updated register of members under the Companies Law had been recently
amended, these were untested in practice. Therefore, it was recommended that
the Cayman Islands should ensure that its monitoring and enforcement powers
were sufficiently exercised in practice to support the legal requirements ensur-
ing the availability of ownership and identity information in all cases.
72. Since the time of the 2013 Report, the CIMA continues to have a
comprehensive system of oversight in place. In addition, the Registrar and the
DCI have also implemented oversight and monitoring activities in respect of
the requirement under the Companies Law that companies maintain owner-
ship information. The oversight activities carried out by each of the CIMA,
the Registrar and the DCI are set out below.
Oversight by regulator
73. As at the time of the 2013 Report, the CIMA, being the financial
regulator, continues to have a comprehensive system of oversight of the legal
obligations to maintain ownership information with respect to companies
operating in regulated industries within the Cayman Islands. Regulated
sectors include banking, fiduciary services (which includes trust business
services providers and in particular, registered agents (with the exception of
individuals and private trust companies), and corporate management and
corporate service providers), insurance services, investment funds and funds
administrators and securities and investment business. As of March 2017,
14393entities were licensed with the CIMA.
74. As the licensing body for all of the regulated industries in the
Cayman Islands, the CIMA is responsible for monitoring the compli-
ance of its licensees with the applicable licensing laws. Further, all CIMA
licensees are considered finance service providers for the purpose of the

AML regime and the CIMA has a statutory duty to supervise and enforce
compliance by its licensees in respect of the requirements imposed by the
Cayman Islands AML regime. The oversight system in place by the CIMA
encompasses oversight for both legal and beneficial ownership information
requirements. Therefore, the oversight programme is discussed in detail
below under Enforcement measures and oversight of beneficial ownership
information.
Oversight activities by the Registrar

75. After implementation of a system of online registration in 2013,
the Registrar recognised the need to convert existing manual records to
electronic format in order to provide a seamless online service to service
providers. As a result, the Registrar initiated a process of converting all of its
previously held manual company files to an electronic format. In addition, an
objective of this process was to facilitate the timely sharing of information
with law enforcement and regulatory agencies from whom an increase in
requests had been noted (such as from the CITIA).
76. Subsequently, in late 2014, the Registrar commenced its plans for the
conversion project with a view for all manual records held to be converted
to electronic format. A project pilot was undertaken in mid-2016 which pro-
jected that it would take 3-5years to convert 100000 files or approximately
2000000 documents for the companies register. The department opted to
use its employees in order to minimise cost but contracted the services of an
expert project manager.
77. In preparation for the commencement of the project some 7000
plus companies were identified as being non-compliant for fees, returns, not
having a registered office (such as due to resignation of its service provider).
These companies were removed from the register by way of strike-off during
the course of 2016. As of May 2017 this process is still on-going.
78. In the course of this process, officials from the Registrar have
reported checking each file to verify compliance with filing requirements
and where required, obligations to submit ownership information (in the case
of ordinary resident companies). Officials from the Registrar have reported
an 80% compliance rate with annual return filing obligations over the review
period (April 2013-March 2016).
79. Further, officials from the Registrar have confirmed that in those
cases where a company has engaged a company registered agent, annual
returns are filed in batches as the agent may represent many clients. In those
cases the Registrar will also engage in spot checks of the information that has
been submitted. Where it has been found that all of the requested information
(such as an updated register of members for ordinary resident companies)

has not been provided, the staff member will reject the entire batch of annual
returns from that agent. Once correct information is filed, the agent will then
resend all of the batch and it will be uploaded.
80. In cases where companies were found to be in default of these obliga-
tions, officials from the Registrar have reported that in certain cases, fines
have been imposed. While the review period for this report covers the period
April 2013 March 2016, the Registrar maintains the number of entities it has
struck off by periods ending Jan, May, and October of each year. Therefore,
over the review period, the number of companies struck off for non-compli-
ance with registration or filing requirements in the order maintained by the
Registrar was as follows:
Company strike-offs by Registrar over review period

2013 2014 2015 2016
January 12 0 4227 101
May 49 139 12 117
October 357 371 291 7401
81. The large number of strike offs for the period ending October 2016 is
accounted for by the fact that many of those companies were struck off due
to retrospective checking of their files. The subsequent striking off of many
entities resulted from non-compliance even in previous years and not just for
that period. The types of breaches and corresponding penalties imposed for
such breaches over the review period are set out in the table below.
Breaches encountered and penalties imposed by Registrar

Penalty type Number of penalties imposed KYD amount
Failure to file the register of Directors and Officers 4467 2643670
Not maintaining threshold level of share capital 292 112747
No registered office 396 179275
Oversight activities by the DCI

82. In addition to the oversight activities that were implemented by the
Registrar over the review period for those entities that are licensed by the
TBLB, the DCI (as the body responsible for oversight of entities licensed with
the TBLB) conducted 206 on-site visits to ensure compliance with the various
laws and also conducted verification checks. In the event of non-compliance,
the TBLB deferred and/or refused applications. Using a two-tiered internal
audit system, the DCI processes all applications to ensure compliance with
requirements. This internal system provides a level of compliance in addition

to the final fortnightly review by the Registrar or DCI. The TBL law allows
limited administrative fines for non-compliance in some circumstances spe-
cific to this law. All sanctions recorded are filed electronically and manually.
The DCI has also conducted a number of public awareness campaigns and
sessions informing licensees of the requirements of their licence including
requirements to maintain updated ownership information.
Availability of legal ownership information in practice

83. During the current review period the Cayman Islands received
ownership information with both legal and beneficial ownership information
being requested. Over the review period, the Cayman Islands did not main-
tain a detailed statistical breakdown of the types of information requested.
However, for the purposes of this review, by conducting a sample analysis of
its two principal requesting partners (which together represent approximately
53% of all requests received over the review period), it can be shown that
50% of those requests related to ownership and identity information.
84. Therefore, in view of the combination of the above legal requirements
that continue to ensure the availability of legal ownership information, the
oversight activities in place by the CIMA, the Registrar and the DCI as well
as the positive practice in respect of providing company ownership over the
review period, it can be concluded that legal ownership information in respect
of all companies is available in the Cayman Islands.
Availability of beneficial ownership information

85. In addition to requirements for legal ownership information to be
maintained, the 2016 ToR now requires that beneficial ownership informa-
tion on all companies is now also available. The legal requirements securing
beneficial ownership in respect of all companies are ensured via a variety of
mechanisms in the Cayman Islands as set out below.
86. First, over the review period, requirements for beneficial ownership
information to be maintained were generally in place for all entities. The
vast majority of companies (all exempted and foreign companies and LLCs)
in the Cayman Islands are required to engage a licensed service provider,
and in those cases beneficial ownership information is required to be main-
tained under the AML regime. In addition, those companies that carry out
local business in the Cayman Islands and that are required to obtain a trade
and business licence are required to provide the DCI with a statement of the
number and par value of each class of shares beneficially owned by all share-
holders at the time of applying for a licence. In the case of any changes to that
information, these must be submitted to the DCI. However, it is noted that the

concept of beneficial ownership under the TBL Law may not extend to that
required under the 2016 ToR.
87. While local ordinary resident and non-resident companies are not
obliged to engage a registered agent, officials from the Cayman Islands have
estimated that, in practice, most of them engage a registered agent. In addi-
tion, almost all local ordinary resident and non-resident companies will have
been obliged to register with the DCI in order to obtain a trade and business
licence, which is another mechanism in ensuring the availability of some
beneficial ownership information. However, the extent to which the beneficial
ownership information collected at the time of registration with the DCI is in
line with that required by the standard is unclear.
88. However, in respect of this potential deficiency, pursuant to March
2017 amendments to the Companies Law, beneficial ownership registers are
now required to be maintained by all companies including ordinary resident
and non-resident companies. In addition to this requirement, the amendments
provide for a centralised platform of beneficial ownership, as maintained by
the Registrar, to be implemented by June 2017 providing competent authori-
ties with timely access to updated beneficial ownership information on all
companies. In regards to the practical implementation of these requirements,
the Cayman Islands has reported that the legal requirements are applicable
as of March 2017 and while there is a practical staged approach in relation
to the modes of access to the beneficial ownership information required to
be held, there is no transitional period for the legal requirement to have the
information available.
89. An analysis of each of these legal requirements for beneficial owner-
ship to be maintained in the Cayman Islands is documented below.
Entity Laws
90. In March 2017, the Cayman Islands enacted the Companies
(Amendment) (No.2) Law, 2016 (Companies Amendment Law) and the
Limited Liability Companies (Amendment) Law 2016 (LLC Amendment Law)
requiring companies incorporated in the Cayman Islands (with some excep-
tions) to establish and maintain beneficial ownership registers which may be
searched by the competent authority via the operation of a centralised plat-
form of beneficial ownership information. The provisions of the Companies
Amendment Law and the LLC Amendment Law are analysed below.

CompanyLaw
91. In regards to scope, section245(1) of the Companies Amendment
Law set outs the scope of the requirement to maintain a beneficial owner-
ship register and applies to all companies registered or incorporated in the
Cayman Islands with the exception (emphasis added) of legal entities that are:
a. listed on the Cayman Islands Stock Exchange or an approved stock
exchange in Schedule4;
b. registered or holding a licence under a regulatory law as defined in
section2 of the Monetary Authority Law (2016 Revision);
c. managed, arranged, administered, operated or promoted by an
approved person as a special purpose vehicle, private equity fund,
collective investment scheme or investment fund;
d. a general partner of a vehicle, fund or scheme referred to in para-
graph(c) that is managed, arranged, administered, operated or
promoted by an approved person; or
e. exempted by the Regulations.
92. Exemptions to this requirement will occur in those cases where
companies are already licenced and regulated by the CIMA. They will not
be subject to an additional requirement to maintain a beneficial ownership
register as the beneficial ownership information is held by the CIMA or a
CIMA regulated entity. In addition, investment funds will also not be subject
to this requirement but as all investment funds will be required to engage a
licensed service provider, beneficial ownership in respect of those entities
will be required under the requirements of the AML regime (see below for
further analysis on the beneficial ownership information requirements under
the AML regime).
93. Section247(1) of the Companies Amendment Law sets out that com-
panies to which the law applies shall take reasonable steps to identify any
individual who is a beneficial owner of the company. Section247(2) of the
Companies Law sets out that for the purpose of identifying individuals who
are beneficial owners under subsection (1), a company is entitled to rely, with-
out further enquiry, on the response of a person to a notice in writing sent in
good faith by the company, unless the company has reason to believe that the
response is misleading or false.
94. Section247(3) sets out that an individual shall be considered as the
beneficial owner of a company if he/she holds (directly or indirectly) more
than 25% of the shares in the company; and/or more than 25% in the voting
rights of the company and/or the right to appoint or remove the majority of
the board of directors of the company.

95. If no individual is found who meets the conditions listed in sec-

tion247(3), an individual shall be found to be the beneficial owner of the
company if the individual has the absolute and unconditional legal right
to exercise or exercises significant influence or control over the company
through the ownership interests other than solely by way of director, advisor
or manager (s.247(4), Companies Amendment Law).
96. In those cases where no individual is found to meet either the con-
ditions of 247(3) or 247(4), but the trustees of a trust or the partners of a
partnership meet one of the conditions in relation to the company, then the
individual shall be considered as the beneficial owner of the company where
the individual has the absolute and unconditional legal right to exercise or exer-
cises significant influence or control over the trust, partnership, or other entity
through the ownership interests other than solely by way of director, advisor
or manager (s.247(5), Companies Amendment Law). The Cayman Islands has
reported that the language of absolute and unconditional right was incorpo-
rated to make explicit that the reference is to identification of the individual
ultimate beneficial owner and not to someone acting on their behalf.
97. Cayman Islands authorities have reported that this language was
incorporated into the Companies Law to reflect the method for verifying
beneficial ownership set out under the FATF Guidance Notes to FATF rec-
ommendation10 and 24. In order to be able to properly apply the so termed
cascading measures as set out under the FATF Guidance Notes, the com-
pany must be able to understand and document the ownership structure
throughout the chain of owners in all cases including indirect ownership
though foreign companies.
98. In those cases where no individual is found to meet either of the
conditions set out under 247(3) and (4), in practice, the Cayman Islands
has reported that, in practice, the company must identify and submit to the
Registrar the relevant natural person who holds the position of senior manag-
ing official. The company is required to take all reasonable steps to identify
all relevant entities that exist in relation to the company (s.248(1), Companies
Amendment Law). Further, for the purpose of identifying relevant legal enti-
ties, a company is entitled to rely, without further enquiry, on the response of
a legal entity to a notice in writing sent in good faith by the company, unless
the company has reason to believe that the response is misleading or false.
Section248(3) sets out that a relevant legal entity, in relation to a company,
is a legal entity that:
a. is incorporated, formed or registered (including by way of continua-
tion or as a foreign company) in the Cayman Islands under the laws
of the Cayman Islands; and
b. would be a beneficial owner of the company if it were an individual.

99. Section249 sets out that all companies with the obligation to main-
tain beneficial ownership registers are required to give notice in writing to
the beneficial owners, relevant legal entities and any person that it knows or
has reasonable cause to believe is a registrable person in relation to it (from
here onward all beneficial owners, relevant legal entities and other persons
that may come within this obligation are referred to as registrable persons).
100. The company must give notice in writing to registrable persons
requiring them to correct any particulars that are not correct in respect of
ownership information set out in the notice (s.249, Companies Amendment
Law). Pursuant to section250, if a person knows him/herself/themselves to be
a registrable person but believes that the information in the companys benefi-
cial ownership is not correct and no notice has been received, they are required
to inform the company of the error within one month of learning of the error.
101. The Companies Amendment Law 2017 now establishes a require-
ment for all ordinary resident companies to either engage a corporate service
provider or the Registrar in order to assist them in establishing and maintain-
ing their beneficial ownership registers (s.252(3), Companies Amendment
Law). The company is required to determine all particulars of the beneficial
owners and provide these particulars in order to maintain the register of ben-
eficial ownership (s.253(1), Companies Amendment Law).
102. The information that the company will be required to supply in
respect of an individual will include the full name, the residential address,
date of birth, information identifying the individual from their passport
licence, drivers licence, or other government issued identification and the
date on which the person became or ceased being a registrable person of the
company (s.254(1), Companies Amendment Law).
103. Section255 sets out that the company is required to maintain the
register up to date and in the case of a change of the registrable persons, the
company must inform its service provider or the Registrar. If a person ceases
to be a registrable person in respect of a company, they may be removed from
the register on the expiration of five years from the date on which they ceased
to be a registrable person in relation to the company.
104. In regards to enforcement of these obligations to provide and main-
tain an updated beneficial ownership register, where the company has issued
a notice to a registrable person and the person does not comply, the company
shall send a restrictions notice to the registrable persons whose particulars are
missing with regard to the shares or other relevant interest of such registrable
persons in the company. The company will also send a copy of the restrictions
notice to the competent authority. The effect of a restrictions notice is that:
a. any transfer or agreement to transfer the interest is void;
b. no rights are exercisable in respect of the interest;

c. no shares may be issued in respect of the interest or in pursuance of

an offer made to the interest-holder;
d. except in a liquidation, no payment may be made of sums due from
the company in respect of the interest, whether in respect of capital
or otherwise; and
e. other than in a liquidation, an agreement to transfer any of the
following associated rights in relation to the relevant interest is void
a. a right to be issued with any shares issued in respect of the rel-
evant interest; or
b. a right to receive payment of any sums due from the company in
respect of the relevant interest.
105. A person who tries to take certain actions knowing that he/she is sub-
ject to the restriction described in the previous paragraph commits an offense.
He/she may be liable on conviction to a fine of KYD5000 (USD6000)
(s.268(4), Companies Amendment Law). A person who fails to comply with
a requirement to provide information as requested by a notice will be liable
on conviction on indictment to a term of two years imprisonment or a fine
of KYD10000 (USD12000) or both or on summary conviction to a term
of one year imprisonment or a fine of KYD5000 (USD6000) or both
(s.275(3), Companies Amendment Law).
106. If a company fails to establish or maintain a beneficial ownership
register, it shall be deemed to have committed an offence and shall be liable,
on conviction to a fine of KYD25000 (USD30000) and, if the failure con-
tinues, to an additional fine of KYD500 (USD600) for every day for which
the offence continues up to a maximum of KYD25000 (USD30000) (s.274,
Companies Amendment Law). The Registrar, as the authority that presides
over the Companies Law shall be the entity responsible for applying the fines
set out under the Companies Amendment Law.
LLC Law
107. The LLC Amendment Law was enacted in order to require LLCs
incorporated in the Cayman Islands to maintain registers of information
concerning their beneficial owners, whether individuals or legal entities. It
is noted that even prior to this amendment all LLCs were obligated to have
a registered agent in the Cayman Islands who is subject to the CDD require-
ments of the AML Regime to have beneficial ownership available in respect
of the LLC.
108. The amendment provides access to LLC registers by the competent
authority designated under the Companies Law (2016 Revision) by means of a

search platform to be established by that authority. Once the platform is fully

implemented, searches will be performed in response to a formal request by
a senior official of a law enforcement body designated under the Companies
Law (2016 Revision) that is certified by that official to meet the search crite-
ria set out in the Law.
109. Pursuant to section73 of the LLC Amendment Law, all LLCs
(with the exception of those LLCs regulated by the CIMA or managed by a
regulated entity) are obliged to obtain information about individuals who are
beneficial owners of the LLC.
110. Under section73(3), an individual is defined as a beneficial owner if
it meets one or more of the following conditions in relation to the LLC:
a. holds directly or indirectly, an LLC interest in the company repre-
senting a right to share in more than 25% of the capital, or as the
case may be, the profits of the company;
b. holds directly or indirectly, an LLC interest in the company repre-
senting more than 25% of the voting rights in the company;
c. holds the right, directly or indirectly, to appoint or remove a majority
of the managers of the company.
111. All LLCs to which the amendment applies are also required to take
reasonable steps to identify all relevant legal entities that exist in relation to
the LLC (s.74 LLC Amendment Law). A relevant legal entity is defined as a
legal entity that:
a. is incorporated, formed or registered (including by way of continua-
tion or as a foreign company) in the Cayman Islands under the laws
of the Cayman Islands; and
b. would be a beneficial owner of the LLC if it were an individual.
112. Relevant legal entities only refer to Caymanian entities and indi-
viduals. However, where interests are held indirectly via foreign incorporated
entities, the beneficial ownership information would be captured where it
meets the criteria set out under section73(3) of the LLC law as set out above.
Pursuant to section75, the LLC is required to inform all beneficial owners
and relevant entities via written notice that the persons notified must respond
within one month of receipt and state whether they are registrable persons
and supply all of the relevant particulars required if that is the case.
113. Registrable persons in relation to an LLC are defined as an individual
whom the LLC identifies as a beneficial owner and a relevant legal entity
identified by the LLC that holds an LLC interest in the LLC or meets one or
more of the specified conditions directly in respect of that LLC; and through

which any beneficial owner or relevant legal entity indirectly owns an LLC
interest in the limited liability company (s.77, LLC Amendment Law).
114. All LLCs to which the amendment applies are required to maintain
its register of beneficial ownership at the office of its registered agent and are
required to employ the services of a corporate service provider in order to
maintain the register (s.78, LLC Amendment Law).
115. Once this register has been established, the LLC is then required to
supply all of the relevant particulars to the corporate service provider. The
particulars that are required to be provided in respect of individuals include:
the name, residential address, date of birth and information identifying the
individual from their passport, drivers licence or government issued identifi-
cation documentation and the date on which the individual became or ceased
to become a beneficial owner in respect of that LLC. In respect of relevant
legal entities, the particulars, that are required to be supplied include its legal
name, details of its registered office, legal form of the entity and the date on
which it became or ceased to become a registrable person in respect of that
LLC (s.80 LLC Amendment Law).
116. In the event that a registrable person does not comply with the notice
from the LLC seeking beneficial ownership information, the LLC may issue
a restrictions notice on that person effectively restricting any dealings on
their rights in the company (e.g.restriction on transfer of right, payments and
the right to be issued further shares).
117. In the event of a change of beneficial ownership, there is a require-
ment to notify the LLC, giving the date on which such change occurred
and supplying all of the required information for the beneficial ownership
register within one month of such change occurring (s.83, LLC Amendment
Law). The information relating to all persons who are no longer registrable
persons for the purpose of the beneficial ownership register must neverthe-
less be retained on the register for five years. Section86 of the law sets out
the requirement for the establishment of a searchable centralised platform of
beneficial ownership information, facilitating access to the information by
the competent authority.
118. In the case that an LLC fails to establish or maintain an updated
beneficial ownership register, it shall be deemed to have committed an
offence and on summary conviction shall be subject to a fine of KYD25000
(USD30000) and if the failure continues to an additional fine of KYD500
(USD600) per day that they are in non-compliance to a maximum of
KYD25000 (USD30000) (s.100, LLC Amendment Law). Pursuant to sec-
tion101, any person that fails to comply with a notice from the LLC requesting
the beneficial ownership information may be subject on conviction on indict-
ment to two years imprisonment or to a fine of KYD10000 (USD12000) or

both or on summary conviction to imprisonment for one year or to a fine of

KYD5000 (USD6000) or both (s.101, LLC Amendment Law).
AML law requirements

119. The requirement to maintain beneficial ownership information as
contained in the AML Regulations is applicable to all types of companies
carrying on banking and trust businesses, insurance, investment manage-
ment and company management businesses. In particular, it applies to
registered agents which are required for all exempted and foreign companies
in the Cayman Islands. In addition, the amendments to the Companies Law
and LLC Law require companies and LLCs to maintain an updated ben-
eficial ownership information register that may be undertaken by either the
Registrar or a registered agent. It is anticipated that many ordinary resident
and non-resident companies will choose to comply with this requirement via
a registered agent.
120. A person who acts as the local registered agent is required to be
licensed under the Companies Management Law, and will also be a Service
Provider subject to the Money Laundering Regulations regarding ownership
and identity information described below. Even in those cases where a regis-
tered agent is not acting for a local company, it is now required to maintain an
updated beneficial ownership register under the Companies Law securing the
availability of beneficial ownership information in those cases.
121. Pursuant to regulation5(1) of the AML Regulations, when a busi-
ness is carried out either in or from the Cayman Islands, a service provider
who conducts a one-off transaction or forms a business relationship with an
applicant will be subject to identification and record-keeping requirements in
respect of that applicant and is required to update such information.
122. The Cayman Islands AML law mirrors the FATF definition of ben-
eficial owner. Section7(7) of the AML Regulations specifically sets out that
in those cases where the applicant for a business licence is a legal entity or
legal arrangement, evidence of identity must be obtained in respect of:
the person acting on behalf of, or with the authority of, the applicant
for business, together with evidence of such authority; and
the natural person who ultimately owns or controls the applicant for
business.
123. Section3 of the AML/CFT Guidance Notes sets out the identifica-
tion procedures in general and in detail for direct personal clients, corporate
clients, partnerships/unincorporated businesses, trust and fiduciary clients
and not-for-profit associations (including charities). For example, section3
includes these look through rules for service providers to obtain:

a. in the case of a corporate client, satisfactory evidence of the identity

of each of the principal beneficial owners of the corporate client,
being any person holding a 10% interest or more or with principal
control over the companys assets and any person (or persons) on
whose instructions the signatories on the account are to act or may
act where such persons are not full time employees, officers or direc-
tors of the company;
b. in the case of a partnership/unincorporated business, identification
evidence for at least two partners/controllers and/or authorised sig-
natories, in line with the requirements for direct personal clients.
124. Once this criteria has been met, the above requirements apply equally
to both direct and indirect interests in the entity. In general, the identification
procedures require a person, as soon as is reasonably practicable after contact
is first made between that person and an applicant for business concerning
any particular business relationship or one-off transaction, to ensure the pro-
duction, by the applicant for business, of satisfactory evidence of his identity.
125. Section3 of the AML/CFT Guidance Notes set out the key principles
that Financial Service Providers should follow in applying the identification
procedures. The CIMA has specific principles for direct personal clients,
corporate clients, partnerships/unincorporated businesses, trust and fiduciary
clients, not-for-profit associations (including charities), politically exposed
persons, high-risk countries and others (e.g.managed service providers).
Record-keeping procedures
126. In general, the record-keeping procedures require a person to main-
tain the identification information for at least five years commencing with the
date of completion of the relevant business or of all activities taking place in
the course of the transaction in question.
127. Pursuant to Regulation7, as soon as reasonably practicable after con-
tact is first made by an applicant, a Financial Services Provider is required
to identify any applicant for business concerning any particular business or
one-off transaction and take appropriate measures to require the applicant
to produce satisfactory evidence of his identity (s.(7)(1), AML Regulations).
128. In certain specific cases the regulations allow for a simplified set of
identity verification obligations to apply. Some of the key exceptions to the
requirement to maintain identity information include:
where the applicant for business (being the client of the introducer)
is already a financial services provider as set out under Regulation5;
where there are reasonable grounds for believing that the applicant
for business carries out an activity regulated by an overseas regulator

and the applicant for business is incorporated in or formed under the

law of a jurisdiction specified in Schedule3 to the regulations;
the transaction or business relationship is introduced by a third party
who is already a finance service provider and subject to the customer
identification measures and in this respect provides assurance that all
identification measures in respect of that applicant for business have
been carried out. In the cases of introduced business, identification
information has to be provided.
129. In the above listed cases, the relying service provider in the Cayman
Islands remains ultimately responsible for ensuring that in those cases, CDD
requirements are still complied with and that in the case of non-compliance,
sanctions would be enforceable by the CIMA on the local service provider.
Trade and Business Licensing Law

130. As set out above, every person carrying on a trade or business men-
tioned in the Schedule to the TBL Law, must, unless exempted from this
requirement, take out an annual licence in respect of each place where such
business is carried on. Exemptions generally occur in those cases where they
are already an entity regulated by the CIMA and therefore subject to the
requirements of the AML Regime to maintain ownership information.
131. The requirements for a licence are set out under article17 which
specifics that in cases where the applicant is a company; the application form
must provide information on all individuals who have a legal or beneficial
interest in the company. Nevertheless, the extent to which this will extend
to the definition of beneficial ownership information as required under the
standard is unknown. Further, the steps which the DCI undertakes to verify
this information are unclear. However, it is noted that, pursuant to the March
2017 amendments to the Companies Law, all companies are now subject to
explicit requirements under the Companies Law to maintain beneficial own-
ership information; this will ensure that beneficial ownership information in
line with the standard is available.
132. Pursuant to section18(6) of the TBL Law, the TBLB is obliged
to carry out due diligence procedures with regards to any director or any
person who has a beneficial interest in a trade or business for which an
application for the grant or renewal of a licence is made. This information is
required to be updated on an annual basis with the DCI upon renewal of its
trade and business licence.

Enforcement measures and oversight of beneficial ownership information

133. The CIMA, being the financial regulator, is the primary repository
of beneficial ownership information in the Cayman Islands with respect to
companies that fall under the definition of service provider for the purposes
of the AML regime. As a standard-setting body, the CIMA is responsible for
establishing the rules and guidelines governing the conduct of business in the
financial services and global business sectors. The CIMA is also tasked under
the AML Law with ensuring that the financial services sector in general, and
its licensees in particular, are not used for money laundering and terrorist
financing purposes. Management companies acting as corporate trustees or
providing management, nominee, or other services to exempted companies,
fall into this category of entities as they are required to be licensed by the
CIMA.
134. As the licensing body for all of the regulated industries in the
Cayman Islands, the CIMA is responsible for monitoring the compliance of
its licensees (including management companies) with applicable regulations.
Further, all CIMA licensees are considered finance services providers for
the purpose of AML and the CIMA has a statutory duty to supervise and
enforce compliance by its licensees in respect of the requirements imposed
by the Cayman Islands AML regime. The CIMA has a total staff of 194.
Within each of its regulatory divisions, there is a Supervision Unit, usu-
ally comprising 5 or 6 persons with the largest supervision team being in
the Mutual Funds division due to its size and importance in the business
framework of the Cayman Islands. In addition, in 2015, CIMA implemented
a specialised Supervision Unit with a dedicated staff of 6 persons responsible
for coordinating the supervision programme for each of the regulatory units.
The specialised Supervision Unit is responsible for developing an appropri-
ate action plan as to what actions they feel are necessary in the course of the
supervision programme of the CIMA.
135. Over the review period, the supervision programme of the CIMA
was carried out via a combination of desk based reviews and a systematic
programme of onsite inspections. The desktop reviews include a review of
all information submitted at the time of licensing as well as the information
submitted at the time of filing the annual return. In the case of beneficial
ownership information, this includes a review of all identification informa-
tion submitted as well as the organisation charts of entities detailing the
ownership structure.
136. The entities selected for the onsite inspection programme are selected
via a risk based analysis using factors such as the size of the entity, the mar-
kets they are engaging in, and the type of business and client portfolio. Over
the review period, the number of onsite inspections carried out by the CIMA
was 100-120 per year and averaging approximately 30onsite inspections per

regulatory section. During the review period (April 2013 March 2016), the
CIMA carried out a total of 295onsite inspections across the differing regu-
latory divisions, set out as follows:
Onsite inspections carried out by CIMA over review period

Fiduciary (including
all company formation and Investment
Supervisory division Banking registered agents) Insurance and securities
No. of onsite inspections 87 75 67 66
137. Usually entities are given a few weeks notice prior to an onsite
inspection. When the notice is sent, the entity is provided with a list of docu-
ments (such as internal procedures and guidelines for compliance with its
requirements under the regulatory and AML law) to be submitted to the
CIMA prior to the onsite inspection. This information is examined and
follow-up questions are prepared in those cases where more information is
sought or clarifications are required. The onsite inspection itself may take
from 3days to two weeks depending on the size of the entity. During the
course of the visit, officials from the CIMA meet with the management of
the licensee being inspected whereby they interview the officials, examine all
books and records, and take a sample of the client files and procedures. Upon
conclusion of this process, the CIMA officials proceed to draft a report where
they seek any clarifications as well as provide any recommendations for
breaches discovered in the course of the onsite visit. A draft of this report is
provided to the licensee, which is given the opportunity to clarify any factual
inconsistencies. The CIMA and the licensee will then agree upon the series
of requirements and recommendations and the timeline within which these
changes are to be effected. This process feeds into the desk based supervision
of the licensee whereby monthly reports on the progress of the licensee in
addressing the recommendations are filed with the CIMA.
138. In respect of legal and beneficial ownership information, CIMA
officials have reported that they review all ownership information via the
onsite inspection programme with a random sampling of about 10 to 15% of
the licensees client files. At the time of reviewing the client files, CIMA offi-
cials specifically look at the organisational structure of the entity and review
all of the identification information that has been collected in respect of that
entity. They also verify the means by which beneficial ownership information
was established, how it was verified and what type of person is listed as the
ultimate beneficial owner.
139. In respect of verification of beneficial owners, officials from the
Compliance Association have reported that service providers routinely adopt
the cascading measures approach as set out in the FATF guidance notes, in

particular, in respect of recommendation10. First they would tend to look

for the identity of natural legal persons who ultimately have a controlling
interest. For example in the verification of documents, officials from the
Compliance Association stated that most service providers have reported
having special passport verification machines in place in order to ensure that
copies of passports filed are authentic copies. Where doubt may arise as to
the natural persons with the controlling interest being the beneficial owners
(such as from google searches or use of other software) or where natural
person exerts control via ownership, the service provider would then look for
the ultimate beneficial owner exercising control via legal persons.
140. In regards to examining the obligations to maintain beneficial owner-
ship information, officials from the CIMA have reported that even in cases
where the licensee has relied on exemptions from the requirement to maintain
beneficial ownership information (in particular the group business exemp-
tion), the beneficial ownership information is still readily available in the
Cayman Islands with the group entity. Officials from the CIMA have also
reported that in cases where exemptions have been used, it is standard prac-
tice in the course of their oversight programme to test the mechanism that
the licensee relied on for an exemption from the requirement to provide ben-
eficial ownership information. The CIMA has also reported that Schedule3
to the AML regime, whereby there are named jurisdictions from which an
introducer may operate to depend on exemptions, is regularly reviewed inter-
nally and updated based on reports of the robustness of the legal framework
of those listed jurisdictions.
141. In regards to the monitoring and enforcement actions that are avail-
able pursuant to the Monetary Authority (Amendment) Law 2016 which was
enacted in March 2017, the CIMA now has the power to implement admin-
istrative fines. There are now a variety of fines within CIMAs regulatory
authority. There fines are divided into two categories: non-discretionary and
discretionary. Non-discretionary fines are those implemented at the divisional
level (e.g.for failure to file an annual return etc.). They generally are imposed
in cases of less serious breaches of regulatory laws. Those fines with a discre-
tionary aspect permit the CIMA to take into account the gravity of a breach
in order to determine the extent of the fine to be imposed. As this amendment
is in the final stages of the process to bring it fully into effect, the practical
implementation of these new fines could not be assessed. Nevertheless, as set
out above, it is noted that the CIMA had other enforcement powers at its use
over the review period which it imposed in practice.
142. Prior to this amendment, the main enforcement action available to
the CIMA was the right to impose conditions on the licensee. Therefore, once
these fines have been implemented in practice in June 2017, the CIMA will
have more flexibility to determine and apply the most appropriate sanction.

Over the review period (April 2013-March 2016), the form and number of
sanctions that were imposed by the CIMA were as follows:
Sanctions imposed by CIMA over review period

Revocations/ Appointment Cease and
Sector cancellations of controllers Winding up desist order Totals
Banking 3 3 3 0 9
Fiduciary 1 0 0 0 1
Insurance 1 0 0 1 2
Investments 23 6 3 0 32
Totals 28 9 6 1 44
143. Therefore, in view of both the system of oversight including desktop

audits and onsite visits as well as the enforcement actions that have been
taken by the CIMA, the CIMA has a comprehensive system of oversight
in place for all regulated entities. Finally, in regards to EOIR, the CIMA
received five EOIR requests over the review period. These five requests were
sent via notice in the regular manner as for any third party holding informa-
tion. Therefore, the content of the notice and mode of processing is the same
as for all other third party notices issued by the CITIA.
Availability of beneficial ownership information in practice

(Peer experience)
144. During the current review period, there were requests for beneficial
ownership information, and authorities from the CITIA have reported that
they proceeded to serve the service provider and the company. CITIA was
able to provide the information, and peer input confirmed that the peers
received beneficial ownership information as requested.
Conclusion on the availability of beneficial ownership information

145. In the Cayman Islands, the availability of beneficial ownership
information is secured via a variety of legal mechanisms. First, all types of
companies, with the exception of ordinary resident companies, are required
to engage a registered agent that comes under the scope of the AML regime
and is required to ascertain and maintain beneficial ownership information
as set out under the AML regime. The definition of beneficial owner is that
as set out under the FATF standard and the requirements of the AML guide-
lines and regulations ensure that all entities subject to the AML regime have
comprehensive internal processes in place in order to ascertain the ultimate
beneficial owner of any company with whom they do business.

146. In respect of oversight, the CIMA, as the body responsible for oversight
of the AML requirements, has a comprehensive system of oversight in place in
order to monitor the requirements to maintain beneficial ownership information.
In addition to a comprehensive oversight system comprising desktop reviews,
onsite inspections and face to face meetings with entities, it also has an array of
enforcement powers and has been active in applying sanctions in cases of non-
compliance with regulatory requirements over the review period.
147. Most local ordinary resident and non-resident companies that carry on
business in the Cayman Islands are also obliged to obtain a trade and business
licence from the TBLB at which time beneficial ownership information must
be provided. The DCI (the body responsible for administering the TBLB) also
has an oversight programme in respect of those requirements in place.
148. In March 2017, the Cayman Islands also amended its Companies Law
and LLC Law to require that all local companies (i.e.ordinary resident and
non-resident) and LLCs maintain updated registers of beneficial ownership
information. Further, the legal amendments require the entities to submit
this information into a centralised platform of beneficial ownership informa-
tion either via a registered agent or the Registrar. This system is due to be in
place by June 2017 and filing is expected to be made within 9months. Local
companies and LLCs that do not comply will be listed for strike off. Officials
from the Cayman Islands have reported that the Registrar shall be the body
responsible for oversight of the maintenance of the centralised platform of
beneficial ownership information.
149. Therefore, over the review period, legal mechanisms (and oversight)
were generally in place in the Cayman Islands for all companies. However,
there may have been a minor deficiency in those cases where ordinary
resident companies did not transact with a service provider or obtain a trade
and business license. It is noted that the amendments for the implementa-
tion of a central platform of beneficial ownership information, including
direct requirements for the maintenance of beneficial ownership registers
by all companies, were introduced in March 2017 with the oversight by the
Registrar to commence in June 2017. Therefore, as the practical implementa-
tion of these requirements cannot be tested in practice, the Cayman Islands
is recommended to monitor the 2017 amendments to its Companies and LLC
Laws to ensure that beneficial ownership information is available for all rel-
evant entities.
150. In regards to practice, the Cayman Islands received at least two
requests for beneficial ownership information over the review period, which
they were able to provide in both cases. This information was accessed either
from the service provider or from the entity itself. Peers have not indicated
any issues regarding the availability of beneficial ownership information
over the review period and therefore in cases where beneficial ownership

information has been requested both the legal framework and the oversight
of these legal obligations ensure that beneficial ownership information will
be available in respect of all companies in all cases.
ToRA.1.2: Bearer shares

151. At the time of the 2013 Report, the Companies Law provided for the
issuance of bearer shares. A custodian arrangement was in place whereby
custodians had to be either authorised custodians regulated by the CIMA
pursuant to either the Companies Management Law or the Banks and Trust
Companies Law or recognised custodians who are carrying on business
in a specified jurisdiction and who have been approved by the CIMA to act
as a custodian of bearer shares. At the time of the 2013 Report, there were
519Bank and Trust Licensees and 64CompanyManagement companies
acting as custodians for bearer shares issued by Cayman Islands companies.
152. However, it was noted that in cases where recognised custodians
operating in countries outside of the Cayman Islands failed to provide infor-
mation in respect of the bearer shares, given the fact that neither the CITIA or
the CIMA had territorial jurisdiction to impose penalties, issues may arise in
practice with respect to the availability of information in the Cayman Islands
regarding bearer shares that are in the hands of a recognised custodian out-
side of the Cayman Islands jurisdiction. As a result, the Cayman Islands was
recommended to ensure that information on the owners of bearer shares is
made fully available within the Cayman Islands in all cases.
153. The Companies (Amendment) Law, 2016 was enacted in May 2016
to prohibit the use, and abolish the issue of, any bearer shares as of 13May
2016. The law requires that any issued bearer shares had to be converted
to registered shares by 13July 2016 and mandated that any bearer shares
not converted as required are null and void. Each company that converted
bearer shares to registered shares was required to file a declaration with the
Registrar by 31January 2017, confirming that any bearer shares have been
converted. In addition, the Companies Management (Amendment) Law was
passed in October 2016 to remove references to the management of bearer
shares.
154. In practice, in order to notify companies of this legislative amend-
ment and the requirement to file a declaration about all converted bearer
share with the Registrar, officials from the Registrar reported that they noti-
fied all registered companies via email. The Registrar also issued a template
on its website for submission of bearer share information. The final date
to comply with this obligation was 31January 2017 and officials from the
Registrar have reported that 12companies reported that they had converted
previously held bearer shares to registered shares. In the event that any

company approaches the Registrar after this time, the shares are considered
null and void and instead their value shall be liquidated into the capital of the
company. There is no court mechanism by which bearer share holders who
had not converted in time may renew their rights pertaining to the previously
held bearer shares.
155. During the current review period, although a detailed statistical
breakdown of the types of information requested was not strictly maintained,
by conducting a sample analysis of its two principal requesting partners
(which together represent approximately 53% of all requests received over the
review period), the Cayman Islands determined that 50% of those requests
related to ownership and identity information. None of Cayman Islands peers
have reported that they have had difficulty obtaining information on the
ownership of a company due to the existence of bearer shares. Further, offi-
cials from the CITIA have indicated that in accessing ownership information
they have never encountered bearer shares having been issued by a Cayman
Islands company.
ToRA.1.3: Partnerships
156. There are three types of partnerships in Cayman Islands:
General Partnerships;
Limited Partnerships (LPs);
Exempted Limited Partnerships (ELPs).
157. As noted in the 2013 Report, ownership information in respect of
each type of partnership is available as follows:
158. General partnerships: A partnership (or other entity or arrange-
ment) which is not otherwise subject to regulation by the CIMA may only
carry on business in the Cayman Islands if it obtains a trade and business
license pursuant to the Trade and Business Licensing Law. Upon applica-
tion for a licence, the partnership must provide the name of the partners and
the address in the Islands from which the business is to be carried on. The
licensee is required to provide the partners names upon the annual renewal
of the licence. The penalty under s26 for making a false statement including
in respect to the true identity of the partners upon conviction is KYD5000
(USD6000) or imprisonment for 12months.
159. Where the General Partnership is carrying on a business of a type
which is required to be specifically licensed, such as a trust, banking or
investment business, then the obligations applicable to licensed entities as
well as the Money Laundering Regulations will apply.

160. Limited partnerships (LPs): Upon formation all LPs are required
to file ownership information on all partners with the Registrar of Limited
Partnerships (Registrar). Any change to the information provided to the
Registrar upon formation must be advised to the Registrar by way of declara-
tion by the general partners within 7days. Failure to file such a declaration will
result in every partner thereafter being a general partner subject to a penalty
of KYD500 (USD600) plus a further KYD50 (USD60) per day in default.
161. Exempted Limited Partnerships (ELPs): Upon formation, the general
partner of an ELP must file ownership information on all general partners
with the Registrar of Limited Partnerships (Registrar) and must update
the Registrar in the case of a change. In addition, all ELPs are required to
maintain an updated register of all partners. Should a general partner fail
to comply with this requirement without reasonable cause, the partnership
is subject to a penalty of KYD500 (USD600) and a further penalty of
KYD100 (USD120) per day in default.
162. In respect of oversight, it is noted that all ELPs are required to have
a registered agent which is a service provider for the purposes of the AML
regime; therefore ownership information must be maintained by the regis-
tered agent in respect of all partners. Whilst an LP is not required to have
a registered agent, in practice, officials from the Registrar have reported
that they do not accept registration of an LP except via a registered agent.
Therefore, all LPs in the Cayman Islands will also have a registered agent
who will be a service provider for the purposes of the AML regime and
ensure that information on all partners is being maintained. In practice, as
above noted for companies, the CIMA as regulator for licensed entities in the
Cayman Islands is also the body responsible for ensuring that service provid-
ers are in compliance with the obligations of the AML regime. As set out
above, the CIMA has a comprehensive system of oversight in place ensuring
that the requirements for ELPs and LPs are monitored in practice. In addition,
all LPs are also overseen by the Registrar whose oversight activities are set
out as follows.
163. At the time of the 2013 Report, it was noted that the Registrar did not
have a regular system of monitoring of compliance with the requirement to
keep ownership and identity information in respect of partnerships. Whilst
legislative amendments have increased penalties for non-compliance, these
are untested in practice. As noted above for companies, since the time of the
2013 Report, both the Registrar and the DCI (in overseeing the obligations
of entities licensed with the TBLB) have implemented oversight activities.
164. As outlined above under Legal ownership information Enforcement
measures and oversight, the Registrar is converting all files from paper to
soft copy and verifies each entitys compliance with ownership information
requirements during the conversion process. The project commenced with

the selection of the Partnership Register for conversion. This register was
selected to be converted first because of its low volume of documents. This
will allow any previously unidentified issues to be recognised and dealt with
in anticipation of the commencement of the conversion of the Companies
Register. Since the commencement of the project, over 9000partnership
documents have been converted, which is approximately 10% of the total
manual records held for partnerships.
165. In addition, the DCI has implemented desktop supervision of enti-
ties with a local business licence, as well as carrying out 206onsite visits
over the review period, including visits to partnerships carrying on business
in the Cayman Islands, although the DCI did not maintain a breakdown of
onsite visits according to entity type. In the course of these onsite visits, only
minor deficiencies were found and therefore, the imposition of sanctions was
not found to be required. Therefore, since the time of the 2013 Report, it is
the view of the assessment team that an adequate oversight programme has
been implemented in respect of partnerships and that the recommendation
regarding monitoring from the 2013 Report has been sufficiently addressed.
166. In addition to requirements for legal ownership information to be
maintained, the 2016 ToR now requires that beneficial ownership informa-
tion for all partnerships is available. The legal requirements to maintain
beneficial ownership information in respect of all partnerships is ensured via
a variety of mechanisms in the Cayman Islands. As both LPs and ELPs oper-
ate through a registered agent that will be a service provider for the purpose
of the AML regime, the beneficial ownership information on both LPs and
ELPS is secured via the CDD requirements under the AML regime which
have been set out above in respect of companies (see sectionA.1.1 Beneficial
ownership for companies).
167. In respect of general partnerships, a partnership (or other entity or
arrangement) which is not otherwise subject to regulation by the CIMA
may only carry on business in the Cayman Islands if it obtains a trade and
business license pursuant to the Trade and Business Licensing Law. As set
out above for companies, upon application for a licence, the partnership
is obliged to provide beneficial ownership information to the TBLB. This
information is required to be updated on an annual basis upon renewal of
its licence. Nevertheless, it may be the case that a general partnership may
operate in one of the areas exempted by the licensing laws (areas exempted
are Caymanian agriculture, Caymanian arts and crafts, and self-employed
Caymanian fishermen), in which case beneficial ownership information may
not be maintained. Therefore, the Cayman Islands is recommended to ensure
that beneficial ownership in respect of all partnerships, and in particular in
respect of general partnerships, is being maintained.

168. The oversight for beneficial ownership information on partnerships is

undertaken by the CIMA in respect of ELPs and LPs, both of which operate
via a registered agent who is a service provider for the purposes of the AML
regime and therefore will have all legal and beneficial ownership available
via CDD measures set out under the AML regulations. Oversight of general
partnerships (where they are required to obtain a business licence) is under-
taken by the DCI from whom the general partnerships obtain their trade
and business licence. Both the CIMA and the DCI have been found to have
satisfactory oversight programmes in place, both of which are outlined above
under sectionA.1.1 Availability of legal and beneficial ownership information
for companies. Similarly, these oversight programmes have been found to
be comprehensive in respect of ensuring that legal and beneficial ownership
obligations for all types of partnership are being complied with.
ownership information with both legal and beneficial ownership informa-
tion being requested. While a detailed statistical breakdown of the types
of information requested was not strictly maintained, the Cayman Islands
conducted a sample analysis of its two principal requesting partners (which
together represent approximately 53% of all requests received over the review
period) and determined that none of those requests related to partnership
ownership information. However, given the sound legal basis for both legal
and beneficial ownership information to be maintained in respect of almost
all partnerships (with the exception of those partnerships that carry on a
business whereby a business licence is not required) as well as the compre-
hensive monitoring activities in respect of those requirements by the CIMA
and the DCI, in the case that the Cayman Islands was to receive a request for
partnership ownership information, it is likely that this information would
be available.
ToRA.1.4: Trusts
170. Deriving from equity under English law, trusts are recognised and
can be created under Cayman Islands law. In addition to the common law
principles, trusts are governed by the Trusts Law (2009 Revision), which does
not include a definition of a trust or trustee. There are three types of trusts
that may be formed in the Cayman Islands: ordinary trusts, Special Trusts
Alternative Regime (STAR) trusts and exempted trusts. A full analysis of
each of these types of trust and how the information is secured is set out in
the 2013 Report at paragraphs115-136 and a brief summary of the types of
trusts that can be formed in the Cayman Islands and the obligations on each
of them to maintain ownership information is set out below.

171. In respect of ordinary trusts, all trustees are subject to the common
law requirements to have knowledge of all documents pertaining to the
formation and management of a trust. In particular, the fiduciary duties of
trustees will ensure that the information relating to the trust is being main-
tained. First, the trustee is obligated to administer the trust solely in the
interests of the beneficiaries and therefore the beneficiaries will have to be
made clearly identifiable in the trust deed. Secondly, the trustee owes a duty
to manage the trust in accordance with the instructions of the settlor, mean-
ing that the settlor will also have to be clearly identified in the trust deed.
172. The common law rules relating to ordinary trusts are also applicable
to STAR trusts to the extent that they are not altered by the STAR provisions
of the Trusts Law. At least one trustee of a STAR trust must be a body corpo-
rate with an office in the Cayman Islands and must be either licensed to carry
on a trust business (therefore subject to licensing and AML obligations) or
a Private Trust Company (PTC). Further, under the trusts law the trustee
is required to maintain ownership and identity information of all trustees,
enforcers and settlors of a STAR trust at the Cayman Islands office of the
corporate trustee.
173. In regards to exempted trusts, the availability of ownership infor-
mation is secured via the obligation for exempted trusts to register with the
Registrar and to furnish certain information such as accounts, minutes and
other information on request. Therefore, the Registrar has the power to ask
for any ownership and identity information relating to the exempted trust at
any time. Common law obligations will also apply to exempted trusts, and in
particular, the fiduciary duties placed on trustees will ensure that ownership
and identity information in respect of the exempted trust is being maintained.
174. Whilst there is only a legal obligation for STAR trusts to engage a
licensed service provider as professional trustee, officials from the Cayman
Islands have reported that, in practice, most trusts engage a professional trus-
tee which will be licensed and regulated by the CIMA. For those trusts that
do not engage a service provider, they will still be covered by the obligations
of the common law (in the case of ordinary trusts) or the obligations to pro-
vide information to the Registrar (in the case of exempted trusts). A company
which carries on a trust business is required to be licensed by the CIMA or
to be registered as a PTC and will be subject to the requirements of the AML
regime to maintain ownership and identity information in respect of those
trusts for which they act.
175. In order to carry on a trust business in the Cayman Islands, there are
three types of trust licenses:

Unrestricted trust companies which permits the holder of the licence

to act as trustee for all types of trust business including commercial
trusts, institutional trusts, family trusts and purpose trusts;
Restricted trust companies which entitle a trust company to provide
trust services to a limited number of persons which are usually
named or referred to by a category such as members of a particular
family; and
Nominee trust companies which entitles the holder of the licence to
act solely as the nominee of a trust licensee, being the wholly owned
subsidiary of that licensee.
176. As of December 2016, the breakdown of the trustee licences as regu-
lated by the CIMA is as follows:
Categorisation of CIMA trustee licence

Licences/Registrations Scope of trust business Num.
Unrestricted Trust Licences No restrictions on trust clients. 60
Restricted Trust Licences Trust clients restricted to person listed in undertaking accompanying 62
licence application.
Nominee Trust Licences Wholly-owned subsidiary of another licensee whose sole purpose is to act 30
as that licensees nominee.
Registered Controlled Subsidiaries Wholly-owned subsidiary of another licensee that carries on trust business 38
connected with parent and within scope of parents Trust Licence.
Registered Private Trust Companies Trust clients must be connected persons, e.g.by familial relationship or 123
corporate group.
177. Trustees licensed by CIMA are subject to the AML Regulations and
consequently are subject to the AML obligations to conduct CDD on their cli-
ents and to have ownership and identity information available. In particular,
section8 of the AML Guidance Notes includes guidance regarding trusts.
178. Therefore, while there was an in-text monitoring recommendation
made in the 2013 Report for the Cayman Islands to monitor the effectiveness
of the common law obligations in ensuring the availability of information
for ordinary trusts, the Cayman Islands was found to have a sound legal
framework to ensure the availability of ownership and identity information
in respect of all trusts and therefore, this in-text recommendation has been
deleted. In practice, these requirements were found to be monitored by both
the CIMA (for STAR trusts and in respect of those cases where a licensed
PTC is acting as trustee for a trust) and the Registrar (in respect of exempted
trusts).

179. Since the time of the 2013 Report, the legal framework continues to
be in place in respect of legal ownership information as are the monitoring
activities of the Registrar and the CIMA (as outlined above, see section A1.1)
to ensure that ownership information is maintained in practice.
Beneficial ownership information on trusts

180. In addition to the requirements for legal ownership information to be
available, the 2016 ToR now requires that beneficial ownership information
be held on all relevant entities including trusts.
181. For common law trusts, as set out above, all trustees are subject to
the common law requirements to have knowledge of all documents pertaining
to the formation and management of a trust. The Cayman Islands authorities
confirmed that English common law relating to trusts and the fiduciary duties
of the trustee is followed in the Cayman Islands. The above-mentioned duties
include the obligation to know who the beneficiaries are. However, although
the beneficiaries of a trust must be identified with sufficient certainty for the
trust to be validly constituted, when a beneficiary is not a natural person the
trustee has no obligation at law (and indeed may not in fact be able to trace
through a chain of beneficial interests) to identify the ultimate recipient of a
distribution it makes to a non-natural person beneficiary.
182. For STAR trusts, as at least one trustee of a STAR trust must be a
body corporate with an office in the Cayman Islands which is either licensed
to carry on a trust business or a PTC. Both types of companies are subject
to licensing and the requirements of the AML regime that ownership and
identity information must be made available on their clients in accordance
with Regulations7 and 9 of the AML regime. The trustee of a STAR trusts
also required to maintain ownership and identity information of beneficiar-
ies under the trusts law Further, under the trusts law the trustee is required
to maintain ownership and identity information of all trustees, enforcers and
settlors of a STAR trust at the office in the Cayman Islands of the corporate
trustee.
183. In particular, section3 of the AML Guidance Notes sets out the
identification procedures for clients. Section3 (c) provides that, in the case of
trust and fiduciary clients, service providers are required to obtain identifi-
cation evidence for the settlor(s), i.e.the person(s) whose property was settled
on the trust; and in the case of a nominee relationship, obtain identification
evidence for the beneficial owner(s) if different to the settlor(s).
184. Exempted trusts must be registered in the Cayman Islands, at which
time information on all settlor(s), trustees and beneficiaries is required.
Changes to this information must be updated in the Register. However, the
extent to which this will extend to a requirement to identify the beneficial

ownership is unclear. Cayman Islands authorities have reported that generally

exempted trusts will have a licensed trustee or Private Trust Company acting
for the trust who will come under the requirements of the AML regime that
ownership and identity information be made available in respect of the trusts.
185. However, there are at least potentially exceptional instances where
the existence of the trust could be unknown and unrecorded such as in the
case of a non-professional trustee of an ordinary trust or an exempted trust
that does not engage the services of a registered agent. While much of the
information in respect of the trust would still be required to be maintained
under the common law, this may not necessarily include the beneficial own-
ership information relative to any non-individual settlors or beneficiaries.
Therefore, the Cayman Islands should take all reasonable measures to ensure
that beneficial ownership information in respect of all trusts, especially in
those cases where the trustee is a non-professional trustee, is available.
ownership information with both legal and beneficial ownership information
being requested. While a detailed statistical breakdown of the types of infor-
mation requested was not strictly maintained, the Cayman Islands conducted
a sample analysis of the requests received from its two principal requesting
partners (which together represent approximately 53% of all requests received
over the review period) and determined that three of those requests related to
trust ownership information. The Cayman Islands was fully able to provide
this information and of the peer input received, no issues were reported in
practice.
ToRA.1.5: Foundations
187. In March 2017, the Cayman Islands enacted the Foundation
Companies Law providing for the creation of foundations in the Cayman
Islands. Section3(2) of the Foundation Companies Law sets out that except
insofar as it is inconsistent with this Law, the Companies Law applies to a
foundation company. Therefore, in structure, composition and legal frame-
work, foundation companies are very similar to ordinary companies formed
under the Companies Law.
188. For the purpose of this report, it is noted that a foundation company
is required to follow the requirements set out under the Companies Law, spe-
cifically to submit information about the founding members to the Registrar
at the time of incorporation as well as to maintain an updated register of its
founders and members. These requirements ensure that both legal and ben-
eficial ownership information is respect of foundation companies is required
to be maintained. In terms of oversight of foundations, the Registrar will be

the authority responsible to confirm that foundations are complying with

their requirements under the entity acts and will come under the supervisory
programme of the Registrar that has been found to have a comprehensive
system of oversight in place (for more details on the oversight programme
of the Registrar see sectionA.1.1 Oversight activities of the Registrar).
Nevertheless, as the Foundations Companies Law was only enacted in March
2017, the Cayman Islands is recommended to monitor the implementation of
the Foundations Companies Law to ensure that legal and beneficial owner-
ship for foundations will be available in all cases.
A.2. Accounting records

Jurisdictions should ensure that reliable accounting records are kept for all relevant
entities and arrangements.
189. The 2013 Report concluded that accounting obligations for all rel-
evant entities were in place in the Cayman Islands via a combination of
requirements set out under the entities acts. In respect of that narrow category
of trusts with non-professional trustees, common law duties of the trustee
were viewed to extend to requirements to maintain accounting records. In
addition, the licensing conditions for those entities operating in industries
that require licensing also impose additional obligations on licensees in
respect of accounting records.
190. However, in respect of oversight of those obligations it was found
that, with the exception of those entities that are subject to licensing with the
CIMA, no system of monitoring of compliance with accounting record-keep-
ing requirements was in place and the Cayman Islands was recommended to
ensure that its monitoring and enforcement powers are sufficiently exercised
in practice to support the legal requirements which ensure the availability of
accounting information in all cases. ElementA.2 was determined to be In
Place and rated Largely Compliant.
191. There have been no changes to the legal requirements for accounting
records to be maintained since the time of the 2013 Report. In practice, the
CIMA continues to be the body responsible for the oversight of accounting
record requirements for all licensed entities. However, in practice this will
only extend to oversight of the accounting requirements of 14393entities out
of a total of over 100000entities incorporated in the Cayman Islands. There
is still no system of oversight of accounting records in place by the Registrar.
Therefore, the practical recommendation from the 2013 Report remains and
the Cayman Islands is recommended to implement an effective system of
oversight to support the legal requirements which ensure the availability of
accounting information in all cases.

192. During the current review period, the Cayman Islands received
161requests. As the Cayman Islands does not impose income tax, there was
no domestic need for a detailed statistical breakdown of the EOI requests it
received. However, from a sample of the 86requests received from its two
main EOI partners, the Cayman Islands reports that accounting information
was requested in 59 of those cases. This represents 68% of the information
requested from its two main EOI partners and demonstrates the relevance of
accounting information in the Cayman Islands. From the sample taken of its
two main treaty partners, company accounting information was requested in
56cases and trust accounting information was requested in 3cases, and the
accounting information was provided in all of those 59cases.
193. In almost all cases over the review period, the CITIA was able to
access and provide the requested accounting information, even though in
many cases it was held outside of the Cayman Islands. However, in one case,
where accounting information was held by an exempted company outside of
the Cayman Islands, the company did not comply with the notice requesting
information from the competent authority. As a result, the Cayman Islands
was unable to provide requested information to the treaty partner despite
several attempts by the competent authority to access this information from
the company.
194. Although this was only one case over the review period, due to the
makeup of the legal framework in the Cayman Islands, accounting informa-
tion will not be held in the Cayman Islands in many cases, nor will there
be someone within the Cayman Islands responsible for providing it when
requested. In addition, as there is only an oversight programme in place by
the regulator (the CIMA) to inspect the maintenance of accounting records,
this does not ensure that accounting record requirements are being enforced
for all relevant entities.



Deficiencies Except for those entities that The Cayman Islands
identified in the are subject to licensing with the is recommended to
implementation CIMA, no system of monitoring implement an effective
of EOIR in compliance with accounting system of oversight
practice record keeping requirements to support the legal
is in place. In one case over requirements which
the review period, accounting ensure the availability of
information that was held by accounting information
an exempted entity was unable in all cases.
to be provided to a treaty
partner. Therefore, the lack
of a comprehensive system
of oversight of accounting
obligations for all entities may
not ensure that accounting
information will be available in
all cases.
ToRA.2.1: General requirements

196. The 2013 Report noted that accounting records in line with the stand-
ard are required to be maintained by all companies, partnerships and trusts.
A summary of the requirements for each of those entities is set out below.
In addition, since the time of the 2013 Report, the Cayman Islands has also
introduced LLCs and Foundations. An analysis of the accounting require-
ments for LLCs and Foundations are also set out below.
Companies
197. For most companies (ordinary resident, ordinary non-resident and
exempt) the requirements to maintain accounting records set out under
the Companies Law. The Companies Law specifically requires account-
ing records as are necessary to give a true and fair view of the state of the
companys affairs and to explain its transactions. In regards to underlying
documentation, section59 of the Companies Law specifically requires the
keeping of contracts and invoices with respect to sums of money received and
expended by the company and the matters in respect of which the receipt and
expenditure takes place; all sales and purchases of goods by the company;
and the assets and liabilities of the company.

198. If a company keeps its books of account at any place other than at its
registered office or at any other place within the Cayman Islands, the com-
pany shall make all accounting records available at its registered office, upon
service of an order or notice by the CITIA (s.59 of the Companies Law, as
revised by the Companies (Amendment) Law, 2013).
199. In the event of non-compliance with such a notice, the company shall
incur a penalty of KYD500 (USD600) and a further penalty of KYD100
(USD120) for every day during which such non-compliance continues.
Further, a company that knowingly and wilfully contravenes the accounting
records requirements shall be subject to a penalty of KYD5000 (USD6000)
which penalty shall be a debt due to the Registrar (s.69(6) Companies Law).
200. All accounting records are required to be retained for a minimum
period of five years from the date on which they are prepared. In the case
of liquidation of a company, similar to that as set out above for ownership
information, the liquidator as the companys representative would be required
to ensure that this requirement is complied with and that all accounting infor-
mation will be made maintained for a period of five years.
201. LLCs were introduced in the Cayman Islands in 2014 and the require-
ments for accounting records to be maintained are set out under the LLC Law.
Pursuant to section63(1 and 2) all LLCs are required to maintain proper books
of account that give a true and fair view of the business and financial condition
of the LLC and explain its transactions. The LLC Law specifically provides
that underlying documentation shall include contracts and invoices, showing
all sums of money received and expended by the LLC and matters in respect
of which the receipt and expenditure takes place; all sales and purchases of
goods by the LLC; and the assets and liabilities of the LLC.
202. Where the accounting records of the LLC are kept at any place
outside of its registered office, the LLC is obliged to make copies of the
accounting records available at its registered office in the Cayman Islands
upon service of an order or notice by the CITIA.
203. Pursuant to section69(5) of the LLC law, accounting records have to
be retained for a minimum period of five years from the date on which they
are prepared. This requirement is equally applicable in cases where the LLC is
liquidated, whereby as set out above for companies, the liquidator would be the
person responsible for ensuring that the accounting information was available.
Partnerships
204. In the Cayman Islands, general and limited partnerships are subject
to the requirements under the Partnerships Law to maintain accounting
information. Exempted Limited Partnerships (ELPs) are subject to similar
requirements under the ELP Law.

205. Section28 of the Partnerships Law sets out that one of the partners of
the partnership (other than the limited partner) must maintain proper books
of account that give a true and fair view of the business and financial condi-
tion of the partnership and explain its transactions. In regards to underlying
accounting documentation, the Partnerships Law specifically provides that it
shall include contracts and invoices, showing all sums of money received and
expended by the partnership and matters in respect of which the receipt and
expenditure takes place; all sales and purchases of goods by the partnership;
and the assets and liabilities of the partnership.
206. All accounting records must be kept for a minimum of 5years from
the date they are created. In the case of non-compliance with the accounting
record requirements there is a penalty of KYD5000 (USD6000) that may
be imposed on the partner obliged to maintain the records.
207. Similarly, section21 of the ELP Law sets out the accounting record
requirements for ELPs. Pursuant to section21(1 and 2) a general partner is
required to maintain proper books of account that give a true and fair view of
the business and financial condition of the ELP and explain its transactions.
In regards to underlying accounting documentation, the ELP Law specifi-
cally provides that it shall include contracts and invoices, showing all sums
of money received and expended by the ELP and matters in respect of which
the receipt and expenditure takes place; all sales and purchases of goods by
the ELP; and the assets and liabilities of the ELP.
208. In cases where the general partner maintains the accounting records
at any place other than its registered office, the general partner is obliged to
make copies of the requested accounting information available at its regis-
tered office when required to produce accounting information subject to an
order or a notice by the CITIA.
209. All accounting information is required to be maintained for five
years and in cases of non-compliance with the ELP accounting record
requirements, a fine of KYD5000 (USD6000) may be imposed on the
general partner.
Trusts
210. In the case of trusts, the 2013 Report noted that ordinary, exempted
and STAR trusts are all subject to requirements to maintain accounting records
as set out under the Trusts Law. Pursuant to section27A of the Trusts Law,
trustees for ordinary, exempted and STAR trusts must maintain accounts and
records (including underlying documentation) for the trust and trust property.
211. All accounts and records are required to be retained for a minimum
period of five years from the date on which they are prepared. A trustee who

knowingly and wilfully contravenes the requirement to maintain accounting

records is subject to a penalty of KYD5000 (USD6000).
212. Moreover, trustees will be subject to the common law requirements
on trustees, which include a fiduciary duty to the beneficiaries to keep proper
records and accounts of their trusteeship. In particular, the common law
duty of the trustee to maintain clear and distinct accounts of the property
he administers and to be constantly ready with his accounts is another legal
requirement by which accounting information of trusts is required to be
maintained in the Cayman Islands.
Foundations
213. As set out in the Foundation Companies Law (s.3(2) Foundation
Companies Law), all foundations in the Cayman Islands are subject to
the requirements of the Companies Law, except in those cases where the
Foundation Companies Law provides otherwise. Therefore, the comprehen-
sive requirements under the Companies Law for accounting information,
including the requirement to maintain all underlying documentation for a
period of five years, apply equally to foundations.
214. Further, schedule2 of the Foundation Companies Law sets out the
model Constitution and Articles of Association that a foundation company
may take. The type of accounts that must be maintained by a foundation
company are set out under Section13 (Accounts).
215. Section13.1 of the model Articles of Association set out that the
directors shall cause proper books of account to be kept for
a. all funds received or expended or distributed by the foundation com-
pany and the matters in respect of which the receipt or expenditure
takes place; and
b. the assets and liabilities of the foundation company,
and proper books of account shall not be deemed to be kept if
there are not kept such books as are necessary to give a true and
fair view of the state of the foundation companys affairs and to
explain its transactions. Such books shall be kept at the registered
office or such other place as may be determined by special reso-
lution of the foundation company.
216. Section13.2 sets out that the books of account of the Foundation
Company shall be available at any time during ordinary business hours for
inspection by the founder, a supervisor, and any other person to whom a right
of access has been granted under these articles.

217. Section13.3 of the model Articles of Association sets out that by

notice to the foundation company the founder or a supervisor may call for
such reports, accounts, information and explanations from the directors as
to the administration of the foundation company as are described in the
notice. As the Foundations Law was only enacted in March 2017, the Cayman
Islands is recommended to monitor the implementation of the Foundations
Law to ensure that accounting information for foundations will be available
in all cases.
Accounting records required to be kept by licensed entities

218. In addition to the general rules described above, those entities
licensed by the CIMA will also be subject to additional accounting require-
ments. These are set out in detail in the 2013 Report (see paragraphs180-185).
A summary of those obligations is set out below.
219. Entities conducting business in regulated industries (i.e.banking,
fiduciary, insurance, investment and securities businesses) are subject to the
obligations set out under the Licensing Laws, which include requirements
related to the maintenance of accounting records. The accounting obligations
imposed on licensees are generally set out under regulations and guidance
issued by the CIMA and require that all licensed entities must:
provide a compliance certificate signed by the licensee or a direc-
tor of a corporate licensee, stating that they have complied with the
relevant licensing laws. A fine of KYD5000 (USD6000) may be
imposed for non-compliance with this requirement;
provide an auditors certificate confirming that the licensee has
adequate procedures in place to ensure compliance with any appli-
cable Code of Practice;
assign an auditor to annually audit their accounts. Details of the audi-
tor must be provided to the CIMA.
220. In addition entities providing management services are required to
provide annual audited accounts (in respect of their own business and not that
of the clients they manage) to the CIMA.
Accounting records required to be maintained under the AML

Regime
221. Guidance under the AML Regime also provides for certain account-
ing information to be maintained by all Service Providers. In particular,
Regulation12 of the Money Laundering Regulations requires that Service
Providers must retain a record of any relevant account files and business

correspondence, as well as details relating to all transactions. However, the

extent to which these requirements will extent to the requirements to main-
tain accounting information in line with the standard is unclear.
222. Regulation12(2) of the Money Laundering Regulations provides that
accounting records must be retained for a minimum period of 5years from
the date on which the relevant business or transaction was concluded.
223. In the case of liquidated entities, the Cayman Islands has confirmed
that the responsibility to ensure that accounting documentation is available
would rest with the Cayman Islands liquidator responsible for winding up the
entity. The Cayman Islands has reported that over the review period account-
ing information was requested by one of its treaty partners in respect of a
dissolved entity. In that case, the Cayman Islands successfully retrieved all
of the requested accounting information from the appointed liquidator in the
Cayman Islands.
ToRA.2.2: Underlying documentation

224. As set out above, all of the entities laws require that all relevant enti-
ties maintain underlying supporting documentation in line with that set out
under the standard.
Oversight and enforcement of requirements to maintain accounting

records
225. In the Cayman Islands, the CIMA is responsible for ensuring that
accounting information is maintained by regulated entities via their com-
prehensive onsite inspection programme as set out above (see sectionA.1
Enforcement measures and oversight of beneficial ownership information).
In regards to desktop supervision of accounting records, all entities regulated
by the CIMA are required to file audited financial statements annually under
the relevant regulatory laws. However, this does not include all accounting
records as set out under the standard and, in particular, underlying account-
ing documentation is not required to be filed. Whilst in some cases in the
course of reviewing the accounting information that has been submitted,
officials from the CIMA may request additional accounting documentation
in order to understand certain transactions, this will only occur in exceptional
cases.
226. As noted above, the CIMA has a comprehensive regular programme
of onsite inspections of entities to evaluate compliance with both the regula-
tory laws as well as the obligations under the AML regime. In the course of
carrying out onsite inspections, officials from the supervision division of
the CIMA have confirmed that accounting records maintained in line with

the requirements of the regulatory laws are verified. Whilst the CIMA has
indicated that during the course of onsite inspections, accounting records are
usually found to be kept in accordance with the obligations as set out under
the law, as noted above, neither the accounting requirements set out under
the licensing laws nor those required under regulations of the AML regime
extend to the accounting information required to the held under the standard.
227. Further, in regards to the scope of this supervision programme, there
are currently 14393entities regulated by the CIMA out of a total of over
100000entities incorporated in the Cayman Islands. Therefore the supervi-
sory programme of the CIMA will be limited to less than 20% of all entities.
228. Other than the oversight programme in place by the CIMA there
are no other supervisory programmes in place by authorities in the Cayman
Islands to ensure that the requirements to maintain accounting information
are being adhered to. As noted in the 2013 Report, regulated entities only
represent a small subset of all entities (approximately 14393 (primarily
mutual funds) out of a total of over 100000entities and an unknown number
of trusts) operating within the Cayman Islands.
229. Therefore, although in practice there are over 100000entities
registered with the Registrar in the Cayman Islands, the only supervisory
activities in respect of accounting record requirements are those carried on
by the CIMA which will only extend to a certain amount of entities.
Availability of accounting information in practice

230. At the time of the 2013 Report, there was one instance over that
review period, in which accounting information was unable to be provided
because the information was located in another jurisdiction where, during the
period relevant to the request, there was no comprehensive obligation to keep
such information for 5years. Although the deficiency was rectified by 2011
legislative amendments, it was recommended (via an in-text recommenda-
tion) that theCayman Islands authorities should continue to closely monitor
the accounting information obligations.
231. In addition, the 2013 Report noted that the Cayman Islands made
legislative amendments to the Companies, Partnerships and Exempted
Partnerships Laws in 2012 in order to impose an obligation for entities to
make accounting records available at their registered office in the Cayman
Islands when served with a Notice to produce such information from the
CITIA. However, in the 2013 Report it was noted that although this created
an explicit obligation to bring the accounting records to the Islands when
so requested, delays may still arise in bringing the records to the registered
office, and it was recommended that the Cayman Islands authorities should
continue to monitor its effectiveness in practice.

232. Since the time of the 2013 Report, although the CITIA provided account-
ing information in almost all cases where it was requested, it was unsuccessful in
providing the accounting information in one case where the information was not
held in the Cayman Islands. The facts of this case are set out below.
233. The CITIA received the request in November 2013. In response to a
notice to the Registrar of Companies, it was confirmed that one of the three
foreign taxpayers named in the request was a director of the Cayman Islands
company. In December 2013, the CITIA issued a notice to produce to the
company at its registered office in the Cayman Islands. On receipt of the
notice, the registered office acting for the company wrote to the company and
company directors informing them of the notice, the accounting information
which had been requested, and the penal sanctions for non-compliance with
the notice. In January 2014, the CITIA served a notice to produce on the
Registrar of Lands regarding the foreign taxpayers. The Registrar of Lands
informed the CITIA that no property in the Cayman Islands was registered
in the name of any of the taxpayers. In February 2014, the CITIA, still having
received no response from the company regarding the requested accounting
information, sent a partial response to the requesting jurisdiction providing
some ownership and identity information but informing them that as yet they
had not being able to access the requested accounting information.
234. In February 2014, a warning letter was issued by the CITIA to
the company citing failure to comply with the notice. In March 2014, the
registered office of the company confirmed that it did not have any of the
requested accounting information set out in the schedule attached to the
notice. The CITIA then referred the matter to the DPP for consideration
of the sanctions as set out under section24 of the TIA Law. From April to
September the CITIA continued to liaise and communicate with the DPP in
regard to this matter as well as being in contact with the registered office of
the company to verify if it had received any communications from the com-
pany. In September 2014, the DPP decided not to proceed further with the
case no formal ruling or opinion was issued in this regard.
235. In November 2014, the CITIA sent a consolidated updated response
to the requesting jurisdiction summarising all of the information previously
provided including names and addresses of other directors. The CITIA also
asked the requesting jurisdiction if it still needed the outstanding account-
ing information and in this regard proposed a conference call, to which the
requesting jurisdiction did not respond.
236. The file for this case continued to remain open during 2015 while
the CITIA continued to liaise with the registered office in case that it had
any communication with the company, which the registered office informed
the CITIA that it had not. In January 2016, the CITIA followed up with the
requesting jurisdiction asking for a reply to its letter of November 2014 and

setting out that if no reply was received in 30days, it would proceed to close
the file. By the end of February 2016, the CITIA still had no response from
the requesting jurisdiction and decided to close the file.
237. Although the CITIA did provide other information in respect of that
request (identity and ownership information), ultimately due to the issues in
accessing accounting information held by an offshore entity, it was unsuccess-
ful in accessing and providing the accounting information to its treaty partner.
238. It is noted that this was only one case over the review period and as
set out above, from a sample of the 86requests received from its two main
EOI partners, the Cayman Islands reports provided the requested accounting
information in all of those 59 of those cases where accounting informa-
tion was requested. Further, the Cayman authorities have confirmed that in
almost all cases where accounting was accessed over the review period, it
was in respect of exempted companies that were not licensed by the CIMA.
Nevertheless, as noted in the 2013 Report, in many cases accounting infor-
mation will be held outside the Cayman Islands and due to lack of oversight
of these obligations, this may present a significant problem in practice if the
Cayman Islands is unable to enforce the obligations for accounting informa-
tion to be made available. Therefore, the Cayman Islands is recommended to
implement an effective system of oversight to support the legal requirements
which ensure the availability of accounting information in all cases.
A.3. Banking information

Banking information and beneficial ownership information should be available
for all account holders.
239. The 2013 Report did not raise any concerns with respect to the
availability of bank information in the Cayman Islands. All 17requests for
banking information (out of an overall total of 65requests) received over
the review period were answered and most were answered within 90days.
Therefore, it was concluded that elementA.3 was In Place and Compliant.
240. As at the time of the 2013 Report, banking information is found to
be available for all legal account-holders pursuant to the requirements of the
AML Regime. Banks are prohibited from opening and keeping anonymous
accounts or accounts opened under fictitious names. All banks are obliged to
retain copies of documents used in connection with CDD and customer iden-
tification measures for 10years after the customer relationship has ended or
following the completion of the transaction to which the documents relate. In
case of non-compliance with these obligations, sanctions apply. Supervision
of banks record-keeping requirements is carried out by the CIMA.

241. The 2016 ToR introduced a requirement for information about the
beneficial owners of bank accounts to be available. In the Cayman Islands,
the beneficial ownership of bank accounts is available with banks, which
are subject to comprehensive CDD and KYC requirements set out under the
AML regime. Compliance with these obligations is supervised by the CIMA,
which has developed tools to assess the CDD compliance by banks and other
financial institutions under its purview.
242. During the review period, the competent authority was able to suc-
cessfully access all of the requested banking information for all of the EOI
requests for banking information. While there is no domestic need to main-
tain a detailed statistical breakdown of the types of information requested,
the Cayman Islands performed a sample analysis of requests from its two
main EOI partners, who cumulatively sent 86requests to the Cayman Islands
over the review period. Banking information was requested in 44 of those
cases, representing 51% of the requests received from its two main EOI part-
ners. The principal sources of banking information over the review period
were Cayman Islands banks (which are licenced and regulated by the CIMA)
and/or the entities and arrangements themselves.
243. In view of the above, which is set out in more detail below, the
updated table of determinations and ratings is as follows:

Determination: In place
Rating: Compliant
ToRA.3.1: Record-keeping requirements

244. Jurisdictions should ensure that banking information is available for
all account holders. The AML regime of the Cayman Islands includes com-
prehensive obligations on the part of banks and other financial institutions to
verify the identity of their customers (as well as their beneficial owners) and
maintain detailed and accurate records of their transactions and business rela-
tionships. A detailed analysis of the availability of banking information is set
out in the 2013 Report (see paragraphs70, 88, 177, 180 and 192-194). These
obligations and the system of enforcement in place to supervise compliance
with such obligations is summarised below.

General record-keeping requirements

245. All banks in the Cayman Islands are required to maintain all records
pertaining to accounts as well as to related financial and transactional infor-
mation (including information on the beneficial owners of their clients). The
record-keeping procedures set out in section7 of the AML Guidance Notes
in relation to the requirements for Service Providers to maintain ownership
and identify information apply equally to banks as well as to other Financial
Services Providers generally (for a detailed analysis of the AML require-
ments, see Record-Keeping Procedures in sectionA.1.1 Availability of legal
and beneficial ownership information for companies, AML law requirement).
246. In respect of these records, all banks are required to maintain and
update beneficial ownership information on accounts. This requirement
is specifically set out under section4 of the AML Guidance Notes titled
On-going monitoring of business relationships. In particular, section4.2
requires that Services Providers must develop and apply written policies and
procedures for taking reasonable measures to ensure that documents, data or
information collected during the Identification process are kept up-to-date
and relevant by undertaking routine reviews of existing records.
247. As set out under section5 of the Money Laundering Regulations,
the minimum retention period for all records pertaining to the accounts and
related financial and transactional information is ten years.
248. In the Cayman Islands, there is an Introduced business rule
whereby banks are allowed to rely on customer due diligence previously
conducted by a person introducing the customer. This is set out under
Regulation10 (Eligible Introducers) of the AML Regulations.
Enforcement provisions to ensure availability of banking information

249. In the case of non-compliance with the obligations to keep banking
information in accordance with the requirements set out under the AML
regime, section5 of the AML Guidance Notes provides that a fine of up to
KYD1000000 (USD1200000) may be applied.
250. In the Cayman Islands, banks are supervised by the CIMA. A detailed
description of the onsite programme in place by the CIMA is set out above
(see sectionA.1.1, Availability of legal and beneficial ownership information,
Enforcement measures and oversight of beneficial ownership information).
251. In regards to the onsite programme, officials from the CIMA have
reported that every bank is inspected by the CIMA via an onsite visit at least
once every three years. Over the review period (April 2013 March 2016),
the CIMA performed 87onsite inspections of banks. The form and number

of sanctions that were imposed by the CIMA specifically in respect of banks

were as follows:
Sanctions imposed on banks by CIMA over review period

Revocations Appointment of Cease and desist
Cancellations of licence controllers Winding up order Total
3 3 3 0 9
252. Depending on the scope of the onsite visit, it may last one week to
a month. During the course of the onsite visit officials inspect a sample of
client files in order to ensure that the bank is in compliance with all of the
CDD requirements under the AML regime. Officials from the CIMA try to
make this sample as representative as possible (i.e.including a selection of
new clients, high risk clients and clients within industries of particular inter-
est to the CIMA). Officials from the CIMA have reported that within their
onsite inspection programme, the highest level of compliance is generally
found within the banking sector. In particular, compliance with AML obliga-
tions is found to be very high with only minor deficiencies found.
253. As well as its regular oversight programme the CIMA also has addi-
tional inspection procedures in place in respect of banks; for example all
banks are required to file quarterly prudential returns with the CIMA which
set out certain account holder information such as details of new account
holders. Prudential meetings are also held regularly by the supervision team
of the CIMA in addition to the usual oversight programme whereby the
CIMA will aim to meet annually with representatives of licensees and other
regulated entities including money services businesses, building societies
and credit unions to discuss their operations. In the case of entities that have
minimal activities, such as some bank branches, the CIMA may exempt them
from annual meetings and require that they schedule meetings biennially.
The purpose of these prudential meetings is twofold. Firstly, it affords the
CIMA an opportunity to gather the latest information relating to the banks
operations, its management systems and controls and procedures, thereby
substantiating that the bank is operating in a fundamentally sound and
prudent manner. Secondly, it gives the CIMA an opportunity to thoroughly
update the bank with respect to any significant amendments to current leg-
islation or regulatory developments which may impact the operations of the
bank. Certain events (such as a merger or acquisition involving the licensee)
may also trigger additional face to face meetings between the bank and the
CIMA.

Availability of bank information in practice

254. The 2013 Report found that Cayman Islands had successfully
responded to all of its requests for bank information in the period 2007-09.
255. During the review period, the Cayman Islands did not maintain sta-
tistics pertaining to exactly how many of the 161requests related to banking
information. However, in a sample analysis of its two main EOI partners who
cumulatively sent 86requests to the Cayman Islands over the review period,
banking information was requested in 44 of those cases, representing 51%
of the information requests from its two main EOI partners. The principal
sources of banking information over the review period were Cayman Islands
banks (which are licenced and regulated by the CIMA) and/or the entities and
arrangements themselves.
256. From the peer input received, no peers indicated any issues with
the availability of banking information in the Cayman Islands and no issues
arose in this regard. Therefore, elementA.3 in the Cayman Islands remains
determined to be in place and rated as Compliant.

PartB: Access to information
257. SectionsB.1 and B.2 evaluate whether competent authorities have the
power to obtain and provide information that is the subject of a request under
an EOI arrangement from any person within their territorial jurisdiction who
is in possession or control of such information; and whether rights and safe-
guards are compatible with effective EOI.
B.1. Competent authoritys ability to obtain and provide information

Competent authorities should have the power to obtain and provide information that is the
subject of a request under an exchange of information arrangement from any person within
their territorial jurisdiction who is in possession or control of such information (irrespective
of any legal obligation on such person to maintain the secrecy of the information).
258. Pursuant to section4 of the TIA Law, the Minister of Financial

Services is the Cayman Islands Tax Information Authority (CITIA) and
he delegates all functions of the competent authority to the Director of the
Department for International Tax Cooperation (DITC). The powers to obtain
information for EOI purposes are exercised by the CITIA through the offices
of the DITC, of which the EOIR Unit is a part. The EOIR Unit consists of the
Head of EOIR and an Administrative Officer who assists with EOIR. The
Director oversees all EOIR.
259. Generally, the approach of the competent authority in all these mat-
ters has not changed since the 2013 Report, where it was found that CITIA
had broad and specific powers contained within the TIA Law in order to
gather information pursuant to an EOI request. The Cayman Islands does not
gather tax information for domestic purposes. As a result, for all instances
over the review period the CITIA issued notices under its TIA Law in order
to access information from other government agencies, the taxpayer and
third parties. In the current review period, the Cayman Islands received
161requests. Information accessed included ownership (including beneficial
ownership), accounting and banking information.

82 PartB: Access to information
260. In one case over the review period, the CITIA was unable to provide
requested accounting information where it was held overseas and the entity
failed to comply with the notice to provide it. As the sanctions for not provid-
ing requested information under the TIA Law are enforceable on conviction,
the CITIA referred the case to the DPP. However, the DPP decided not to pro-
ceed with the case. No other enforcement action was available to the CITIA.
As accounting information may be held outside the Cayman Islands for many
entities, this could present a wider problem in practice if the Cayman Islands
is unable or unwilling to fully exercise its enforcement powers. Therefore, in
those cases where information is not maintained in the Cayman Islands, the
Cayman Islands should ensure that its enforcement powers are sufficiently
exercised to ensure that it can access all information in all cases.
261. The updated table of determinations and ratings for elementB.1 is
as follows:

Deficiencies identified In one case over the In those cases where
in the implementation review period, the CITIA information is not maintained
of EOIR in practice was unable to access in the Cayman Islands, the
accounting information where Cayman Islands should ensure
the information was not that its enforcement powers
maintained in the Cayman are sufficiently exercised to
Islands and no one within the ensure that it can access all
Cayman Islands was obliged information in all cases.
to provide it. Although the
CITIA successfully accessed
and exchanged all of the
requested information in all
other cases over the review
period, as the Cayman
Islands did not make use of
its enforcement powers, this
could become a wider problem
in practice.

ToRB.1.1: Ownership, identity and bank information

262. The 2013 Report found that procedures set out under the TIA Law
applied in the case of obtaining ownership, accounting and banking informa-
tion. The same rules continue to apply (see 2013 Report, paragraphs206-222
for more detail). A summary of these powers is set out below.
263. The CITIA has power under the TIA Law to obtain information
of any kind from any person. Information is defined widely as any fact,
statement, document or record in whatever form, and includes (a)any fact,
statement, document or record held by banks, other financial institutions, or
any persons, including nominees and trustees, acting in an agency or fiduci-
ary capacity; and (b)any fact, statement, document or record regarding the
beneficial ownership of companies, partnerships and other persons, including
(i)in the case of collective investment funds, information on shares, units and
other interests; and (ii)in the case of trusts, information on settlors, trustees
and beneficiaries (s.2, TIA Law).
264. There are no restrictions on the types of persons (individual or cor-
porate) from whom information can be obtained. The powers are generally
exercised by the CITIA issuing a formal notice pursuant to section8(4) of the
TIA Law (backed by penal sanctions) to any person or agency in possession
or control of information which it is required to keep. The CITIA may invoke
powers of search and seizure if authorised by court warrant.
265. In all cases where the information must be sought from another entity,
the competent authority will issue a notice. There is no special procedure for
accessing banking information which can also be accessed via the issuance of
a notice to produce on the holder of the information (in most cases a regulated
financial institution or service provider). The powers of the CITIA to obtain
relevant information to respond to an EOI request are consistent regardless
of the person from whom the information is to be obtained, for example a
government authority, bank, company, trustee, or individual; or whether the
information to be obtained is ownership, identity, bank or accounting informa-
tion. Similar access powers apply to any person who has information, even if
the person was not required by law to keep the information.
266. The CITIAs powers include the right to make enquiries, inspect
documents, and, with the courts permission, search and seize. A notice issued
pursuant to the TIA Law requires the holder of relevant information to produce
the information sought which the CITIA may copy or take an extract from. As
indicated above, information is broadly defined to mean any fact, statement,
document or record in whatever form, and specifically includes beneficial
ownership information and information held by financial institutions, agents
and fiduciaries. There are no requirements for the CITIA to go through any
other government agency; in EOI matters the CITIA is autonomous.

267. The contents of a notice to produce information are, in practice,

very basic. It mentions that a request has been received under an information
exchange agreement, that the CITIA has determined it to be a valid request,
and that information must be obtained from the person the notice is served
upon in order to comply with the request. The contents of the incoming
request letter are not disclosed in the notice to produce.
268. The notice to produce sets out in a schedule the information to be
produced (and in what form, if so requested by the requesting party). A penal
notice and a confidentiality notice are contained within the body of the notice
to produce. Any person breaching confidentiality is subject on summary con-
viction to a fine of KYD10000 (USD12000) and to imprisonment for six
months (s24(2) TIA Law). Notices to other government agencies (for example,
the Registrar of Lands or Department of Immigration) are made by a formal
letter. In the case of such governmental agencies, civil service obligations of
confidentiality also apply.
269. In instances where the information is required for criminal proceed-
ings in the jurisdiction of the requesting party, the CITIA must first apply to
a judge for an order to require the production of such information. In such an
event, the judge must consider, amongst other things, whether the information
is expected to be under the possession or control of a person in the Cayman
Islands, and whether there are reasonable grounds for not granting the
request. As these are all issues which the CITIA would normally already con-
sider, this judicial procedure is designed to act as an additional safeguard and
make it less likely that the person who is served the order will not produce the
information, as the procedure has already been reviewed by a judge. To date,
applications to the court have been made to order the production of informa-
tion in five EOI matters, all of which have all been granted. The application
to a judge, which is heard administratively and ex-parte, is accommodated in
the judges schedule as soon as possible, normally within 2 weeks. A person
served with an order is normally given 14days to produce the information,
unless the judge directs otherwise.
270. In regard to cases where information is required to be kept but the
record retention period has expired, authorities from the Cayman Islands
have reported that while it would be lawful for the person in possession or
control of the information to which the retention period related to destroy
the information, should the information de facto still exist in hard copy or
electronic form, it would have to be produced. In practice, the CITIA would
require information to be produced under a notice to produce or court order,
regardless of the retention period, and it would be for the recipient of a notice
to raise the issue.
271. During the review period, the competent authority was able to suc-
cessfully access all of the requested ownership and banking information in

all cases where it was requested. Whilst it is not the Cayman Islands practice
to maintain statistics showing exactly how many of the 161requests related
to each type of information, from a sample analysis of its two main EOI
partners who cumulatively sent 86requests to the Cayman Islands over the
review period, ownership information was requested in 50% of the cases. The
principal sources of information about legal ownership are the Companies
Registry and regulated third party service providers who are obliged to hold
legal ownership information for all entities and arrangements.
272. It is also noted that the Cayman Islands accessed and provided ben-
eficial ownership information in at least two cases over the review period.
The principal sources for beneficial ownership information for all entities and
arrangements are regulated third party service providers who are all subject
to AML/CFT rules, including beneficial ownership information require-
ments. No issues arose with accessing ownership information over the review
period and peer input was also positive in this regard.
273. In regards to banking information, from the sample size of 86requests
from its two main EOI partners, banking information was requested in 44 of
those cases, representing 51% of the information requested from its two main
EOI partners. The principal sources for banking information are Cayman
Islands banks (which are licenced and regulated by the CIMA) and/or the
entities and arrangements themselves. In practice, the nature of the request,
the particular type of bank information sought, or considerations arising from
competent authority discussions about the request with the requesting party,
may affect the CITIAs choice of source. There are no special procedures for
obtaining bank information.
274. Where banking information has been requested, authorities from the
CITIA have reported that the degree of specificity in the request for informa-
tion will depend on the circumstances of the request. Generally, the name of
the bank (or a sort code or account code to identify the bank) together with
information to identify the account(s) will suffice. The information to iden-
tify the account may be the name of the account holder, an account number,
or any other information which will enable the correct information to be
produced by the bank.
275. In all cases, banking information was readily accessible via the issu-
ance of a notice on the holder of the information, which in most cases was
a financial institution. No issues arose with accessing banking information
over the review period and peer input was also very positive in this regard.

ToRB.1.2: Accounting records

276. The powers described in sectionB.1.1. relating to ownership and
banking information are equally used to obtain accounting information and
this is generally done via the issuance of a notice to the information holder in
order to gather the information. From the sample size of 86requests from its
two main EOI partners, accounting information was requested in 59 of those
cases, representing 69% of the information requested from its two main EOI
partners and demonstrating the relevance of accounting information in the
Cayman Islands. In 56cases, company accounting information was requested
and in the other 3cases trust accounting information was requested.
277. In all cases except one, the accounting information was readily
accessible via the issuance of a notice on the holder of the information, which
in most cases was the entity itself (i.e.the company or trustee of the trust).
Generally, no issues arose with accessing accounting information over the
review period, and peer input was also very positive in this regard. However,
as analysed above under elementA.2 Availability of Accounting Information,
in one case over the review period the Cayman Islands was unable to access
accounting information where the accounting information was held offshore
but ought to have been available in the hands of the Cayman entity.
278. In that case, the CITIA received the request in November 2013. In
response to a notice to the Registrar of Companies, it was confirmed that
one of the three foreign taxpayers named in the request was a director of the
company whose accounting information was requested. In December 2013,
the CITIA issued a notice to produce to the company at its registered office
in the Cayman Islands. On receipt of the notice, the registered office acting
for the company wrote to the company and company directors informing
them of the notice, the accounting information which had been requested,
and the penal sanctions for non-compliance with the notice. In January 2014,
the CITIA served a notice to produce on the Registrar of Lands regarding the
foreign taxpayers. The Registrar of Lands responded to the CITIA informing
them that no property in the Cayman Islands was registered in the name of
any of the taxpayers. In February 2014, the CITIA, still having received no
response from the company regarding the requested accounting information,
sent a partial response to the requesting jurisdiction providing some owner-
ship and identity information but informing the requesting jurisdiction that
as yet they had not being able to access the requested accounting information.
279. In February 2014, a warning letter was issued by the CITIA to
the company citing failure to comply with the notice. In March 2014, the
registered office of the company confirmed that it did not have any of the
requested accounting information set out in the schedule attached to the
notice. The CITIA then referred the matter to the DPP for consideration
of the sanctions as set out under section24 of the TIA Law. From April to

September the CITIA continued to liaise and communicate with the DPP in
regard to this matter as well as being in contact with the registered office of
the company to verify if it had received any communications from the com-
pany. In September 2014, the DPP decided not to proceed further with the
case no formal ruling was issued in this regard.
280. Although the CITIA did provide other information in respect of that
request (identity and ownership information), as the company did not comply
with the Notice to produce the requested information that was held outside
the jurisdiction, the Cayman Islands was unable to provide the accounting
information to its treaty partner. Further, in the case of taking enforcement
action against non-compliance, although this represents only one case over
the review period, it is noted that whilst the CITIA brought this case to the
DPP, the DPP took no action. It is noted that this company was struck from
the register in 2016 for non-compliance with its obligations under the entity
laws.
281. Although the CITIA successfully accessed and exchanged all of
the requested information in all other cases over the review period, as the
Cayman Islands was unable to fully exercise its enforcement powers, this
could present a wider problem in practice.
ToRB.1.3: Use of information gathering measures absent domestic

tax interest
282. As set out in the 2013 Report, the information gathering powers of
the CITIA are not subject to the Cayman Islands requiring such information
for its own tax purposes This is ensured by the incorporation of EOI agree-
ments into the law of the Cayman Islands under s3(3) of the TIA Law, rather
than by a separate specific domestic provision.
283. Further, as the Cayman Islands does not operate a domestic direct
tax system, accordingly, information is not held by any tax administration.
In all cases, the CITIA uses its powers to obtain information from whichever
official or third party source has possession or control of the information. To
obtain information, the CITIA issues a formal notice to produce information
pursuant to section8 of the TIA Law which sets out the information to be
provided to the CITIA within a specified time. The notice procedure applies
regardless of the type of information being sought and may be used in respect
of any persons in possession or control of the information. In practice, most
entities and arrangements in the Cayman Islands use one or more regulated
service providers, and relevant information is often kept by these service pro-
viders. Accordingly, notices are generally issued to service providers, either
as holders of information in their own right or as the registered office of the
relevant entity or arrangement which holds the information.

ToRB.1.4: Effective enforcement provisions to compel the production

of information
284. Jurisdictions should have in place effective enforcement provisions
to compel the production of information. In the Cayman Islands, sanctions
exist to penalise failure to produce information and the competent authority
has recourse to compel production of such information in cases of refusal
by the information-holder. In cases where a person has been issued a notice
to produce information and fails (without lawful excuse) to do so, or alters,
destroys, hides or removes any information, this is an offence under sec-
tion24(1) of the TIA Law and on summary conviction they are liable to a fine
of KYD10000 (USD120000) and to imprisonment for two years.
285. Further, pursuant to section24(3) of the TIA Law, in those cases
where the competent authority considers it necessary to enter and search
premises, the competent authority is permitted to apply to the Grand Court
for a search and seizure warrant, although this was not required during the
review period.
286. Under entity legislation, such as the Companies Law and the Exempted
Limited Partnership Law, there are also penalties for failing to make avail-
able in the jurisdiction ownership and identity information and accounting
information which is held outside the jurisdiction. There has been no change
in these provisions since the last review.
287. Under the Penal Code (s.121), a person who wilfully disobeys any
law by doing any act which such law forbids, or by omitting to do any act
which such law requires to be done, and which concerns the public or any
part of the public, is guilty of an offence and, unless the law provides some
other penalty, is liable to imprisonment for two years. In addition to these
penalties, failure to comply with a court order also may result in penalties,
including imprisonment, for contempt of court.
288. In one case over the review period, where information was not ini-
tially provided by the information holder which was located in the Cayman
Islands, the CITIA informed the information holder of its intention to apply
for a search and seizure order and the information was provided shortly
afterward without requiring the search and seizure warrant. It is noted that
the Cayman Islands did not invoke its search and seizure power in the case
where the foreign taxpayer refused to provide information to the registered
office as the information was not located in the Cayman Islands and therefore
this power could not be utilised.
289. Where the holder of the information does not comply with the written
notification, the first step is to determine the reason for non-compliance with
the request. If the non-compliance is due to failure to provide information, the
CITIA has to decide what will be the next course of action, which may be to

refer the case to the Director of Public Prosecutions. Pursuant to article24 of

the TIA Law, any person who has not complied with a notice is liable, on sum-
mary conviction, to a fine of USD10000 or imprisonment of up to two years.
290. As set out above, there was one case of non-compliance with a notice
to produce accounting information over the review period. The CITIA did
refer the case to the DPP who did not proceed with the case. As the entity
was not a regulated entity, the CITIA could not inform the regulator. In any
event, informing the regulator would have potentially breached confiden-
tiality obligations under the EOI agreement. Authorities from the Cayman
Islands have reported that should further instances arise in the future where
entities fail to comply with a notice where the information is held off-island,
the office of the DPP may view this as a systemic issue and proceed to pros-
ecute. Therefore, it is recommended that in those cases where information
is not maintained in the Cayman Islands, the Cayman Islands should ensure
that its enforcement powers are sufficiently exercised to enable it to access
all information in all cases.
ToRB.1.5: Secrecy provisions

291. Secrecy provisions in a jurisdiction should not impede the exchange
of information and appropriate exceptions should be allowed where infor-
mation is sought in connection with a request for information under an EOI
agreement. No secrecy provisions exist under Cayman Islands law to prohibit
or restrict the disclosure to tax authorities of accounting, ownership and iden-
tity information for EOI purposes.
292. There are no specific bank secrecy rules in the Cayman Islands.
Confidentiality of any form of information is governed by the general common
law obligations of confidentiality. Further, the Confidential Information
Disclosure Law, 2016 (which replaced the Confidential Relationships
Preservation Law (2009 Revision) in June 2016), like its predecessor, provides
gateways for the provision of information which would otherwise be regarded
as confidential.
293. In any event, all confidentiality requirements are overridden by
s8(6)(b) and ss18 and 19 of the TIA Law where information is required to
be produced for EOI purposes. This allows the CITIA to access and then to
exchange information notwithstanding any common law or statutory rules
on confidentiality, and without invoking any gateway provisions. In addi-
tion, any offence or liability to civil claims which would otherwise arise
against the holder of information as a result of producing that information is
expressly excluded by s18 of the TIA Law.

Bank secrecy
294. The 2013 Report noted that there are no limitations on the ability of
the CITIA to obtain information held by a bank or other financial institution
for the purpose of responding to an exchange of information request and the
means of accessing information via a notice to produce is the same as that for
all other types of information. This continues to be the case. As noted above,
there were no issues in accessing banking information over the review period.
Professional secrecy
295. All of the Cayman Islands EOI agreements permit the competent
authority to decline a request if responding to it would disclose any trade,
business, industrial, commercial or professional secret or trade process, or
information, the disclosure of which would be contrary to public policy. This
rule follows the international standard.
296. Formerly, the TIA law set out a definition of attorney client privi-
lege that may have extended beyond that permitted under the international
standard. This was based on the definition of legal privilege in the former
TIEA between the Cayman Islands and the United States which has since
been replaced with a new TIEA which does not contain the definition. As a
result, the TIA law was amended and it now sets out that claims of attorney
client privilege must be in line with that set out in international agreements.
Further, during the preparation of this report, the definition was also con-
firmed by officials from the Attorney Generals office.
297. The Cayman Islands authorities and their exchange of information
partners have indicated that no cases have occurred in practice where infor-
mation could not be obtained because the holder of the information (lawfully
or not) made a secrecy claim. In respect of legal professional privilege, the
Attorney-General indicated that assertions of attorney-client privilege in the
context of EOI would rarely arise in the Cayman Islands and any assertions of
legal professional privilege raised to date have never been in regards to infor-
mation sought for exchange of information purposes (see also sectionC.4
Right and safeguards of taxpayers and third parties).
B.2. Notification requirements, rights and safeguards

The rights and safeguards (e.g.notification, appeal rights) that apply to persons in the
requested jurisdiction should be compatible with effective exchange of information.
298. The 2013 Report found that there were no issues regarding notifica-
tion requirements or appeal rights. There is a prior notification requirement
in the TIA Law but this only applies in cases where the requesting authority

specifies an address (in the Cayman Islands) of the subject individual and
the request relates wholly to a non-criminal matter. The TIA Law provides
exceptions to this notification in urgent cases or where notification is likely
to undermine the success of the investigation of the requesting jurisdiction.
Therefore, the exceptions ensure that the notification procedure does not
unduly prevent or delay exchange of information and were found to be in
accordance with the standard. As a result, elementB.2 was determined to be
In Place and rated Compliant.
299. There are no appeal rights as such in the Cayman Islands. However,
as in other common law jurisdictions, recourse to the courts is available
by way of judicial review. In one case over the review period, the Cayman
Islands entities allegedly controlled by the foreign taxpayer sought leave for
judicial review after the information had been exchanged on the basis that
the competent authority acted improperly by not notifying the foreign tax-
payer of the request. The Grand Court found in favour of the Cayman Islands
entities and while the CITIA appealed the case to the Court of Appeal, the
court dismissed the appeal. It is noted that this case did not impede the effec-
tive exchange of information by the Cayman Islands as the information had
already been provided to the requesting jurisdiction and the CITIA commu-
nicated regularly and clearly with the requesting jurisdiction throughout all
stages of the judicial process.
300. In response to this case, the Cayman Islands also made an amend-
ment to the notification procedure set out under the TIA Law. Section17
of the TIA Law now clarifies that the individual who is the subject of a
request is the foreign taxpayer (s17(6)), and not the Cayman Islands third
party upon whom a notice to produce may be served. There have been no
other changes to the legal framework regarding notification requirements,
rights and safeguards since that time.
301. ElementB.2 continues to be determined to be In Place and rated as
Compliant. he table of determinations and ratings is as follows:
Legal and regulatory framework determination

The element is in place.
EOIR Rating
Compliant

ToRB.2.1: Rights and safeguards should not unduly prevent or delay

effective exchange of information
302. Rights and safeguards should not unduly prevent or delay effective
exchange of information. An analysis of the rights and safeguards in the
Cayman Islands is set out below.
Notification
303. The 2013 Report found that there were no issues regarding notifi-
cation requirements or appeal rights. Pursuant to section17(1) of the TIA
Law, it is required that a notice of request issued to the subject of the request
should identify the existence of the request, the jurisdiction which has made
the request, and the general nature of the information sought. An individual
who receives a notice of request has fifteen days from the date of receipt to
make a written submission specifying the grounds which the CITIA should
consider in determining whether the request is in compliance with the provi-
sions of the relevant EOI agreement, including assertions of legal privilege
over the information requested.
304. The template EOI request form as used by most of the Cayman Islands
EOI partners includes the question whether the requesting party wishes to
refrain from notifying the taxpayer(s) involved and a statement (e.g.that the
case is urgent) from the requesting party is always regarded by the CITIA as
sufficient to invoke this exception to the notification requirement. Authorities
from the Cayman Islands have reported that in practice it would be very rare for
the individual subject (the foreign taxpayer) to have an address in the Cayman
Islands so the occasions for a notice of request under s17 arise very rarely.
305. Since the 2013 Report, there has been one minor amendment to the
notification procedure set out under the TIA Law in order to clarify that the
reference in section17 of the TIA Law to the individual who is the subject
of a request is the foreign taxpayer (s17(6)), and not the Cayman Islands
third party upon whom a notice to produce may be served. There have been
no other changes to the legal framework regarding notification requirements,
rights and safeguards since that time.
306. In regards to the prior notification procedure, in no cases has the
notification procedure impacted the effective exchange of information over
the period under review and peer input has not raised any issues in this regard.
Exceptions to prior notification

307. The TIA Law provides exceptions to this notification in urgent cases
or where notification is likely to undermine the success of the investiga-
tion of the requesting jurisdiction. Therefore, the exceptions ensure that the

notification procedure does not unduly prevent or delay exchange of informa-

tion and were found to be in accordance with the standard.
Post notification
308. The 2016 ToR have introduced a new requirement for an exception
from time-specific post-notification. However, this does not apply in the
Cayman Islands as the TIA Law does not provide for post-notification.
Other rights and safeguards

309. There are no appeal rights as such in the Cayman Islands. However,
as in other common law jurisdictions, recourse to the courts is available by
way of judicial review. A request for judicial review is made to the Grand
Court of the Cayman Islands, with appeal available to the Cayman Islands
Court of Appeal and further appeal to the U.K. Privy Council. In cases where
the information has not yet been sent and a request for judicial review was
made, the exchange of information to the treaty partner would be suspended
until such time a decision had been made. Generally, requests for judicial
review are decided expeditiously in the Cayman Islands.
310. Over the review period, there were two applications for judicial
review. These related to the practices of the CITIA in processing the EOI
requests and were not in the nature of the exercise of a right of appeal. For one
of those cases relating to an EOI request from 2014, the taxpayer filed leave for
judicial review after the requesting jurisdiction had received the information it
required from partial responses sent by the Cayman Islands. The jurisdiction
subsequently withdrew the request and the case did not proceed.
311. The other case related to an EOI request received in 2011.The foreign
taxpayer, who allegedly controlled the Cayman Islands companies and who
resided in the requesting jurisdiction filed leave for judicial review after the
information had been exchanged by the CITIA and, was subsequently used in
judicial proceedings in the requesting jurisdiction at which time the foreign
taxpayer became aware of the exchange. The request for leave for juridical
review was sought on the basis that the competent authority acted improperly
by not notifying the taxpayer of the request.
312. The case proceeded to the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands
(M.H.Investments & J.A. Investments v Cayman Islands Tax Information
Authority, 20132) which found in favour of the Cayman Islands companies
2. Please see the Global Forum EOI Portal for full copy of this judgment, www.
oecd.org/securesites/gfcompetentauthorities/australia_130913%20-%20MH%20
Inv%20et%20al%20v%20%20CITIA.pdf.

controlled by the foreign taxpayer, mainly on the basis that the CITIA had
accessed and exchanged taxpayer information without notifying the taxpayer.
Further, the judge in that case ruled that the exchange of the taxpayer infor-
mation was founded on a request that did not contain sufficient information
from the treaty partner.
313. Although the CITIA appealed the case to the Court of Appeal, the
Court of Appeal dismissed the appeal as legislative changes had rendered the
appeal moot (that legislative change being the amendment to the notification
procedure set out under the TIA Law in order to clarify that the reference in
section17 of the TIA Law which refers to the individual who is the subject
of a request is the foreign taxpayer (s17(6)) and not the Cayman Islands third
party upon whom a notice to produce may be served). On the advice of senior
counsel instructed by the Attorney General of the Cayman Islands, the CITIA
took the decision not to appeal the case further to the Privy Council.
314. Whilst this case found in favour of the Cayman Islands entities and
ordered the exchanged information to not be utilised in any court proceed-
ings in the requesting jurisdiction, it is noted that this case did not impede the
effective exchange of information by the Cayman Islands as the information
had already been provided to and used by the requesting jurisdiction. The
foreign court permitted the use of the exchanged information in its success-
ful proceedings against the foreign taxpayer as, having received it from the
Cayman Islands, the court took the view that it had been properly sought and
obtained under the relevant agreement, notwithstanding the decision of the
Grand Court. Further, throughout the case proceedings, the CITIA commu-
nicated regularly and clearly with the requesting jurisdiction, as confirmed
by the peer input received from that particular treaty partner.
315. Further, in light of the case, the CITIA has proceeded to update its
EOI procedure manual in order to ensure that the means by which they deter-
mine if an EOI request is a proper request are very clear and exactly in line
with those set out under article5 of the Model TIEA.
316. Authorities from the Cayman Islands have also reported that, since
this case was decided in August 2013, EOI activity has increased and they
have not received any queries or concerns from any of its treaty partners
regarding this case. Finally, the EOI relationship of the Cayman Islands
competent authority with the requesting jurisdiction in the above case has
not been negatively affected and the requesting jurisdiction has continued to
send requests.

PartC: Exchanging information
317. SectionsC.1 to C.5 evaluate the effectiveness of EOI in practice

in the Cayman Islands by reviewing its network of EOI mechanisms and
determining whether these EOI mechanisms cover all its relevant partners,
whether there were adequate provisions to ensure the confidentiality of
information received, whether the Cayman Islands respects the rights and
safeguards of taxpayers and third parties and whether it could provide the
information requested in an effective manner.
318. As of May 2017, the Cayman Islands has signed 37EOI agreements
consisting of 35TIEAs, 1 Double Tax Arrangement and the Multilateral
Convention. As it is a member of the Multilateral Convention, its treaty
network extends to 112treaty partners. In the case that a TIEA is in place
with a partner that is also a signatory to the Multilateral Convention, it is
the approach of the Cayman Islands to discuss with the jurisdiction which
agreement the EOIR shall proceed under. While to date this has generally
been under the bilateral arrangement, the Cayman Islands expects to receive
significantly more requests under the Multilateral Convention going forward.
All 36 of the Caymans Islands signed bilateral agreements are to the stand-
ard and 31 of those agreements are in force in both jurisdictions. Therefore,
as at the time of the 2013 Report, elementC.1 remains determined as In Place
and rated as Compliant.
319. Over the review period, in no case did the Cayman Islands refuse to
enter into an EOI agreement with a requesting jurisdiction. Therefore, as at
the time of the 2013 Report, elementC.2 remains determined as In Place and
rated as Compliant.
320. Confidentiality of taxpayer information is protected under all of the
Cayman Islands agreements in line with the international standard. There
are also domestic provisions within the TIA Law to protect taxpayer infor-
mation and these are also found to be in line with the international standard.
Similarly, rights and safeguards are also provided for under each of the
Cayman Islands agreements, the wording being that as set out under the
standard. Therefore, as at the time of the 2013 Report, elementsC.3 and C.4
remain determined as In Place and rated as Compliant.

96 PartC: Exchanging information
321. In regards to the organisational process, the Cayman Islands has a

formal EOI unit consisting of two EOI officials which has received 161EOI
requests from 12 different EOI partners over the review period. During
the period currently under review, it is noted that of the 150 valid3 requests
received by the Cayman Islands, it answered 72% of requests within 90days.
89.3% of requests within 180days and 97.3% of requests within one year.
In 2.6% of the cases, the response time took longer than one year due to the
complexity of the requests; in that time the Cayman Islands continued to keep
its treaty partner updated. In those cases where responses took longer than
90days, status updates were provided in 92.8% of cases. Therefore, as at the
time of the Phase2 report, elementC.5 remains rated as Compliant.
C.1. Exchange of information mechanisms

Exchange of information mechanisms should provide for effective exchange of information.
322. At the time of the 2013 Report, the Cayman Islands had a network of
30EOI mechanisms, all of which were found to be in line with the standard
and therefore, at that time elementC.1 was determined to be In Place and
rated Compliant. In 2012, Cayman Islands had a network of 30TIEAs. In
addition to these bilateral mechanisms, the Cayman Islands was also provid-
ing information pursuant to the EU Savings Directive.
323. At the time of the 2013 Report, the Cayman Islands also had a uni-
lateral mechanism under which 12jurisdictions including 11 OECD member
countries were Scheduled Countries with which the Cayman Islands had
agreed to provide information for tax purposes unilaterally. This mechanism
permitted the Cayman Islands to provide information to other jurisdictions
with no need to have exchange in return as it did not need taxpayer informa-
tion for its own domestic purposes. However, in practice once a bilateral
agreement was in place with a jurisdiction that was formerly able to utilise
the unilateral mechanism, information was provided under that agreement.
At the time of the 2013 Report, Austria, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Slovak
Republic and Switzerland were among the Scheduled Countries with which
a bilateral agreement had not yet been concluded. A TIEA is now in place
with Belgium and, as the Multilateral Convention has now been extended to
the Cayman Islands (see below), all of the other jurisdictions are covered by
the Multilateral Convention. The unilateral mechanism was repealed in 2014.
324. Since the 2013 Report, the Cayman Islands has signed a TIEA with
six additional treaty partners (Belgium, Brazil, Malta, Poland, Seychelles,
3. The invalid requests were, for example, those which were made under a non-
existent agreement, an agreement which was not signed or not in force, or which
incorrectly cited the Cayman Islands as the nexus.

and the Isle of Man) of which four are in force.4 The Cayman Islands has
also renegotiated a TIEA with the United States and signed a protocol to its
TIEA with Guernsey. Further, the Multilateral Convention was extended
to the Cayman Islands by declaration of territorial extension contained in a
letter from the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs of
the United Kingdom in September 2013 and came into force in the Cayman
Islands in January 2014. As a result, the EOI network of the Cayman Islands
now extends to 112jurisdictions. Of its 36signed agreements (other than the
Multilateral Convention), all of the agreements are to the standard and 31 of
those agreements are in force in both jurisdictions.
325. No issue in respect of its treaty network was identified in the 2013
Report and no issue was identified during the current period under review.
The Cayman Islands provides information to the widest possible extent
including information pursuant to group requests as was also confirmed
by peers. Therefore, as at the time of the 2013 Report, elementC.1 remains
determined as In place and rated as Compliant.

EOIR Rating
Compliant
ToRC.1.1: Foreseeably relevant standard

327. Exchange of information mechanisms should allow for the exchange
of information on request where it is foreseeably relevant to the administra-
tion and enforcement of the domestic tax laws of the requesting jurisdiction.
The 2013 Report found that the Cayman Islands TIEAs follow the 2002
Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and are all
applied in line with the standard on foreseeable relevance.
328. The seven TIEAs the Cayman Islands has signed since the 2013
Report (Belgium, Brazil, Malta, Poland, Seychelles, the Isle of Man and a
renegotiated TIEA with the United States) all follow the model TIEA and all
permit the exchange of information that is foreseeably relevant to the adminis-
tration and enforcement of the domestic tax laws of the requesting jurisdiction.
329. The Cayman Islands continues to interpret and apply its agreements
consistent with these principles. During the current review period no issues
4. The TIEAs not yet in force are those signed with Brazil and Belgium. The
Cayman Islands has taken all steps necessary to bring these agreements into force.

were raised by peers regarding the CITIAs application of the foreseeable

relevance standard.
Group requests
330. The 2016 ToR specifically mentions the processing of group requests.
In this regard, it is noted that none of the EOI agreements of the Cayman
Islands contain language prohibiting group requests nor is any such impedi-
ment contained in its domestic law. In this regard, it is noted that none of the
EOI agreements of the Cayman Islands contains language prohibiting group
requests nor is there any such impediment contained in its domestic law
331. During the period under review the Cayman Islands received two
group requests. No difficulties in answering these requests were encountered
by the Cayman Islands nor were any issues reported in the peer input. The
same procedures for processing group requests apply as in respect of other
requests (see further sectionC.5.2).
ToRC.1.2: Provide for exchange of information in respect of all

persons
332. The 2013 Report found that none of the Cayman Islands EOI
agreements restrict the jurisdictional scope of the exchange of information
provisions to certain persons, for example those considered resident in one of
the contracting parties. Similarly, the additional or renegotiated TIEAs that
the Cayman Islands has since signed (Belgium, Brazil, Isle of Man, Malta,
Poland, Seychelles and the United States) and the Multilateral Convention are
also in line with the standard. Further, peers have not raised any issues in this
regard in practice during the current review period.
ToRC.1.3: Obligation to exchange all types of information

333. The 2013 Report did not identify any issues with the Cayman Islands
network of agreements in terms of ensuring that all types of information
could be exchanged and no issues arose in practice.
334. The additional agreements that the Cayman Islands has entered into
or renegotiated since the 2013 Report (Belgium, Brazil, Isle of Man, Malta,
also in line with the standard in permitting the Cayman Islands to exchange
all types of information. Further, peers have not raised any issues in practice
during the current review period.

ToRC.1.4: Absence of domestic tax interest

network of agreements regarding a domestic tax interest and no issues arose
in practice.
since the 2013 Report (Belgium, Brazil, the Isle of Man, Malta, Poland, and
the Seychelles) as well as the renegotiated TIEA with the United States and
the Multilateral Convention are also in line with the standard and do not
require a domestic tax interest in order to exchange information. Further,
peers have not raised any issues in practice during the current review period.
ToRC.1.5: Absence of dual criminality principles

network of agreements in respect of dual criminality and no issues arose in
practice.
since the 2013 Report (Belgium, Brazil, Isle of Man, Malta, Poland, and the
Seychelles) as well as the renegotiated TIEA with the United States and the
Multilateral Convention are also in line with the standard as none of them
contain dual criminality principles. Further, peers have not raised any issues
in practice during the current review period.
ToRC.1.6: Exchange information relating to both civil and

criminal tax matters
339. The 2013 Report found that the Cayman Islands network of agree-
ments provided for exchange in both civil and criminal matters and no issues
arose in practice.
or renegotiated since the 2013 Report (Belgium, Brazil, Isle of Man, Malta,
also in line with the standard in permitting the Cayman Islands to exchange
information relating to both civil and criminal matters. Further, peers have
not raised any issues in practice during the current review period.
ToRC.1.7: Provide information in specific form requested

341. The 2013 Report noted that the Cayman Islands interprets its EOI
mechanisms consistent with the OECD Model and so is prepared to provide
information in the specific form requested to the extent allowable under
the domestic laws of the Cayman Islands. The 2013 Report noted that one

exchange partner requested that, on a routine basis, information is to be pro-

duced in a specified form and in this case an affidavit must be supplied with
the information exchanged. The Competent Authorities had agreed a standard
form for making such an affidavit which is attached to the notice to produce
the information.
342. The agreements that the Cayman Islands has entered into since the
2013 Report (Belgium, Brazil, Isle of Man, Malta, Poland, Seychelles) as
well as the renegotiated TIEA with the United States and the Multilateral
Convention are also in line with the standard in not requiring a domestic tax
interest in order to exchange information. Further, peers have not raised any
issues in practice during the current review period. Similarly, over the review
period for the second round of reviews, only one jurisdiction has requested
information in a specified form (i.e.an affidavit being supplied with the
information) and the Cayman Islands has continued to supply information
in this specific form requested over the review period. In addition, no EOI
partner has raised any issue in this regard over the review period.
ToRC.1.8: Signed agreements should be in force

343. At the time of the 2013 Report, the Cayman Islands had signed
30agreements of which 25 were in force. Since then the Cayman Islands has
ratified all five agreements which were not in force at that time. In addition,
the Cayman Islands has also signed a TIEA with 6 additional treaty partners,
renegotiated its TIEA with the United States and signed a protocol to its TIEA
with Guernsey. As of March 2017, of its 37signed agreements, 31 of the bilat-
eral agreements are in force as is the Multilateral Convention. It is noted that
the Cayman Islands has ratified all of its agreements and is awaiting action by
the treaty partners for five of the agreements to be brought into force.
Bilateral EOI Mechanisms

A Total Number of DTCs/TIEAS A = B+C 36
B Number of DTCs/TIEAs signed (but not in force) B = D+E 5 (all ratified by the
Cayman Islands)
C Number of DTCs/TIEAs signed and in force C = F+G 31
D Number of DTCs/TIEAs signed (but not in force) and to the Standard D 5
E Number of DTCs/TIEAs signed (but not in force) and not to the Standard E 0
F Number of DTCs/TIEAs in force and to the Standard F 31
G Number of DTCs/TIEAs in force and not to the Standard G 0
344. In addition to the Cayman Islands bilateral mechanisms, the

Multilateral Convention was extended to the Cayman Islands in 2013, and
came into force in January 2014 which as of May 2017 extends its treaty net-
work to 112jurisdictions.

345. In the Cayman Islands, once an EOI agreement has been signed, an
order scheduling the agreement to the TIA Law goes to the Cayman Islands
legislative assembly. Once the order is passed, ratification occurs when the
agreement is scheduled to the TIA Law (s3(5) TIA Law) when it then has
full legal effect as part of the TIA Law. The order including the text and any
resolutions is gazetted and a formal notification is sent to the partner jurisdic-
tion. In practice this process is quite short and agreements are usually ratified
expeditiously with the whole process of ratification taking between one to six
months.
346. It is noted that for those five agreements which have not yet entered
into force, the Cayman Islands has completed all of its domestic processes to
ratify the agreement and ratification is outstanding in the partner jurisdiction.
ToRC.1.9: Be given effect through domestic law

347. The Cayman Islands has in place the legal and regulatory frame-
work to give effect to its EOI mechanisms. No issues were raised in the 2013
Report in this regard, and there have been no changes in this respect since
that time. No peers have raised any issues in this regard.
C.2. Exchange of information mechanisms with all relevant partners

The jurisdictions network of information exchange mechanisms should cover
all relevant partners.
348. At the time of the 2013 Report, the Cayman Islands had signed
30EOI agreements and was in the process of renegotiating and signing fur-
ther agreements. Since that time, the Cayman Islands has signed agreements
with a further six jurisdictions (Belgium, Brazil, Isle of Man, Malta, Poland
and the Seychelles) and has also renegotiated its TIEA with the United States
and signed a protocol to its TIEA with Guernsey.
349. Over the current period under review, no peers have raised any issues
regarding the Cayman Islands entering into an EOI mechanism. Currently,
the Cayman Islands has a network of 36bilateral EOI agreements, of which
31 are in force. The Multilateral Convention was also extended to the Cayman
Islands by the United Kingdom in September 2013 and came into force in
January 2014. All of its 37signed agreements are in line with the standard and
the treaty network of the Cayman Islands now extends to 112treaty partners.
As the standard ultimately requires that jurisdictions establish an EOI rela-
tion up to the standard with all partners who are interested in entering into
such relation, the Cayman Islands is recommended to maintain its negotiation
programme so that its EOI network continues to cover all relevant partners.

350. As was the case at the time of the 2013 Report, elementC.2 contin-
ues to be determined as In place and rated Compliant. The updated table of
determinations and ratings is as follows:

EOIR Rating
Compliant
C.3. Confidentiality
The jurisdictions information exchange mechanisms should have adequate
provisions to ensure the confidentiality of information received.
351. Governments would not engage in information exchange without the

assurance that the information provided would only be used for the purposes
permitted under the exchange mechanism and that its confidentiality would
be preserved. Information exchange instruments must therefore contain
confidentiality provisions that spell out specifically to whom the information
can be disclosed and the purposes for which the information can be used.
In addition to the protections afforded by the confidentiality provisions of
information exchange instruments, jurisdictions with tax systems generally
have domestic provisions that impose strict confidentiality requirements on
information collected for tax purposes.
352. At the time of the 2013 Report, it was found that provisions of both
the Cayman Islands international agreements and its domestic laws ensured
that information provided through the exchange of information would only be
used for the purposes permitted under the EOI mechanism and that its con-
fidentiality would be preserved. ElementC.3 was determined to be In Place
and rated as Compliant with no recommendations being issued.
353. Since the time of the 2013 Report, there have been no changes to
the confidentiality provisions under the Cayman Islands international
agreements and its domestic law as set out in the 2013 Report (para-
graphs281-283). Therefore, they both continue to be in line with the standard.
All of the bilateral EOI agreements concluded by the Cayman Islands since
the 2013 Report meet the standards for confidentiality, including the limi-
tations on disclosure of information received and use of the information
exchanged, which are reflected in Article26(2) of the OECD Model Tax
Convention and Article8 of the OECD Model TIEA. Confidentiality of
the information exchanged in line with the standard is also provided for in
Article22 of the Multilateral Convention.

354. In regards to ensuring confidentiality in practice, since the 2013

Report there has been no change to the physical confidentiality measures that
are in place to secure the confidentiality of information or the handling and
storage of EOI requests and the confidentiality processes when providing the
information to its treaty partners (please see paragraphs284-290 of the 2013
Report).
355. Further, the same confidentiality provisions and measures as
set out in the 2013 Report in respect of personnel involved in EOI in the
Cayman Islands also continue to apply (paragraph291). Authorities from
the Cayman Islands have reported that they also continue to adhere to the
principles set out in Keeping It Safe: The OECD Guide on the Protection of
Confidentiality of Information Exchanged for Tax Purposes and have imple-
mented many of them in their EOI practice and processes.
356. In relation to the court case related to EOI as discussed under sec-
tionB.1, the EOI request was disclosed to the Grand Court (by order of the
Court) during the court proceeding. It is noted that prior to this, the CITIA
twice refused to disclose the request to the applicant in the judicial review
and the disclosure to the Court was first made to the judge alone in sealed
form for his consideration. Upon the Court ordering disclosure for the pur-
poses of the proceedings, the CITIA informed the requesting jurisdiction of
the court order and no objection was raised. Further, the requesting jurisdic-
tion cordially granted permission to all necessary disclosures in course of
this litigation. The request remained sealed in the court file. The CITIA has
reported that in no cases in the course of executing a request would an EOI
request or any correspondence related to that request be disclosed and, in the
case of a court proceeding the EOI request would not be disclosed without
first alerting the requesting jurisdiction to the court-ordered disclosure.
Finally, in the event that the requesting jurisdiction was to object to this dis-
closure, they would be informed of their right to withdraw the request.
357. Over the review period, no peers have expressed any issues regard-
ing the confidentiality of information provided to the Cayman Islands in the
process of exchange of information. As a result, elementC.3 continues to be
determined as In Place and rated Compliant.

EOIR Rating
Compliant

ToRC.3.1: Information received: disclosure, use and safeguards

359. In regards to ensuring confidentiality in practice, there has been no
change to the physical confidentiality measures that are in place to secure the
confidentiality of information or for the handling and storage of EOI requests
and the confidentiality processes when providing the information to the
Cayman Islands treaty partners (please see paragraphs284-290 of the 2013
Report). The same confidentiality provisions and measures as set out in the
2013 Report in respect of personnel involved in EOI in the Cayman Islands
also continue to apply (paragraph291).
ToRC.3.2: Confidentiality of other information
Provision of requested information to EOI partners

360. All information sent in response to an EOI request is sent via courier
service or encrypted email attachments.
C.4. Rights and safeguards of taxpayers and third parties

The information exchange mechanisms should respect the rights and safeguards
of taxpayers and third parties.
361. The international standard allows requested parties not to supply

information in response to a request in certain identified situations where an
issue of trade, business or other secret may arise. In addition, an information
request can be declined where the requested information would disclose con-
fidential communications protected by the attorney-client privilege.
362. At the time of the 2013 Report, for almost all of its agreements, the
limits on information which must be exchanged under the Cayman Islands
EOI arrangements mirrored those provided for in the OECD Model TIEA.
Information which is subject to legal privilege; whose exchange would
disclose any trade, business, industrial, commercial or professional secret
or trade process; or pursuant to s6 of the TIA Law, the disclosure of which
would be contrary to public policy, is not required to be exchanged. These
safeguards were found to be incorporated into Cayman Islands law by the
incorporation of its EOI agreements into domestic law under s3(3) of the TIA
Law.
363. The last round of reviews concluded that both the legal framework
and practices of the Cayman Islands concerning the rights and safeguards of
taxpayers and third parties are in line with the standard and elementC.4 was
determined to be In place and rated Compliant. No recommendations were
issued in the 2013 Report.

364. There has been no change in this area since the last review. The table
of determinations and ratings remains as follows:

EOIR Rating
Compliant
ToRC.4.1: Exceptions to provide information

365. In line with article26(3) of the Model Tax Convention and as set out
under article7 of the Model TIEA, the Cayman Islands agreements provide
that parties are not obliged to provide information that would disclose any
trade, business, industrial, commercial or professional secret, or information
the disclosure of which would be contrary to public policy.
366. At the time of the 2013 Report, it was noted that the definition of
legal professional privilege under the TIEA with the United States may
extend further than that permitted under the standard. In November 2013,
the Cayman Islands signed a renegotiated TIEA with the United States which
now contains rights and safeguards on the limits with which information
must be provided, including the scope of legal professional privilege which
is exactly that provided for in the OECD Model TIEA. Therefore, all of the
agreements of the Cayman Islands now contain exceptions to providing
requested information that are exactly those contained in the Model TIEA.
367. In practice, as discussed in sectionB.1.5, no case arose during the
period under review where a person refused to provide the requested infor-
mation because of professional privilege. The Cayman Islands has never
declined to provide information based on an invocation of privilege or any
other professional secret and no peer indicated any issue in this respect.
Authorities from the Cayman Islands have reported that claims of legal pro-
fessional privilege rarely arise in practice and have never arisen in the case
of an EOI request.
368. Therefore, the rights and safeguards pertaining to taxpayers and third
parties in the Cayman Islands continue to be in line with the standard and are
compatible with the effective exchange of information.

C.5. Requesting and providing information in an effective manner

The jurisdiction should request and provide information under its network of
agreements in an effective manner.
369. In order for the exchange of information to be effective, jurisdictions

should request and provide information under the network of EOI mecha-
nisms in an effective manner. In particular:
Responding to requests: Jurisdictions should be able to respond
to requests within 90days of receipt by providing the information
requested or provide an update on the status of the request.
Organisational processes and resources: Jurisdictions should have
appropriate organisational processes and resources in place to ensure
quality of requests and quality and timeliness of responses.
Restrictive conditions: EOI assistance should not be subject to unrea-
sonable, disproportionate, or unduly restrictive conditions
370. For the period under review in the 2013 Report, the Cayman Islands
processed 61EOI requests with the vast majority being fully answered
within 90days. The 2013 Report noted that there were comprehensive EOI
organisational processes and resources in place, including an EOI manual
modelled on the OECD EOI manual and a dedicated EOI team, to permit the
Cayman Islands to provide information in an effective manner. As a result,
elementC.5 was rated as Compliant.
371. During the period currently under review, the Cayman Islands
received 161requests. Of the 150 valid requests, it answered 72% of the
requests within 90days, 89.3% of the requests within 180days and 97.3% of
the requests within 1year. In 2.6% of cases, the response time took longer
than one year due to the complexity of the requests; during that time the
Cayman Islands continued to keep its treaty partner updated. In those cases
where responses took longer than 90days, status updates were provided in
92.8% of the cases.
372. Since the time of the 2013 Report, the Cayman Islands continues to
process requests in the same manner as set out in the 2013 Report and also
continues to have a dedicated EOI unit with two fully dedicated EOI offi-
cials in place to process EOI requests. Peer input was particularly positive
in respect of the Cayman Islands EOI processes and the Cayman Islands is
viewed as being very efficient in processing EOI requests. As a result, ele-
mentC.5 continues to be rated Compliant.


Practical implementation
of the standard
Rating: Compliant
ToRC.5.1: Timeliness of responses to requests for information

374. The international standard requires that jurisdictions respond to
requests within 90days of receipt or provide status updates on requests
taking longer than 90days. The Cayman Islands EOI practice and issues
addressed in other parts of the report having an impact on timeliness are
discussed below.
(a) Timeliness of responses in practice

375. The Cayman Islands response times to EOI requests over the period
under review have been very good. Over the period under review (1April
2013-31March 2016), the Cayman Islands received a total of 161requests for
information. The Cayman Islands attributes this increase to the expansion
of its treaty network as well as the general increase in the amount of EOI
requests being made by countries. The number of requests which the Cayman
Islands received over the period under review and the percentages of requests
answered in 90days, 180days, one year and over one year are shown in the
table on the next page.
376. During the period currently under review, it is noted that of the 150
valid requests received by the Cayman Islands, it answered 72% of requests
within 90days, 89.3% of requests within 180days and 97.3% of requests
within one year. In 2.6% of cases, the response time took longer than one year
due to the complexity of the requests; during that time the Cayman Islands
continued to keep its treaty partner updated. In those cases where responses
took longer than 90days, status updates were provided in 92.8% of cases.
It is noted that in the small number of cases where status updates were not
provided after 90days (3 out of 42cases), two of those cases related to the
period 2013/2014 and one case related to the period 2014/2015. During that
time, the CITIA has reported that the small number of cases where status
updates were not provided coincide with a period of staff reorganisation of
transition of posts within the CITIA. Nevertheless, the Cayman Islands is
recommended to provide a status update in all cases where a response cannot
be provided within 90days.

Statistics on response time

Q2/13-Q1/14 Q2/14-Q1/15 Q2/15-Q2/16 Total
Num. % Num. % Num. % Num. %
Total number of requests received 40/161 24.8 48/161 29.8 73/161 45.3 161 100.0
Full response: 90days 21/36 58.3 31/42 73.8 56/72 77.8 108/150 72.0
180days (cumulative) 33/36 91.6 36/42 85.7 65/72 90.3 134/150 89.3
1year (cumulative) 35/36 97.2 39/42 92.8 72/72 100 146/150 97.3
>1 year 1/36 2.7 3/42 7.0 0/72 0.0 4/150 2.6
Status update provided within 90days (for 13/15 86.0 10/11 90.9 16/16 100.0 39/42 92.8
responses sent after 90days)
Declined for valid reasons1 4/40 10.0 6/48 12.5 1/73 1.4 11/161 6.8
Failure to obtain and provide information requested2 1/36 2.7 0/42 0.0 3/72 4.2 4/150 2.7
Requests3 withdrawn by the requesting jurisdiction 1/36 2.7 1/42 2.3 0/72 0.0 2/150 1.3
Requests still pending at date of review 0/36 0.0 0/42 0.0 1/724 1.4 1/150 0.1
Notes: 1. The invalid requests were, for example, those which were made under a non-existent
agreement, an agreement which was not signed or not in force, or which incorrectly cited the
Cayman Islands as the nexus.
2. These figures reflect that in some cases the failure to provide information occurred in a
particular context. For example, the requesting partner asked for 5 items of information
with the ultimate goal of determining the Ultimate Beneficial Owner (UBO) of an entity.
As the UBO was established by the production of 1 item, the partner was satisfied not to
have the other 4 items of information and the file was closed by mutual consent. Similarly, a
requesting partner may have re-evaluated the request after a partial response was received,
and for strategic reasons, withdrew the request and made a new request on a different basis.
3. Supplemental requests have been withdrawn by various partners, but DITC does not count
supplemental requests, as they are subsumed in the initial request. Also, DITC did not gather
statistics concerning when a request is withdrawn and replaced with an updated request. This
is part of the clarification process.
4. This was an ongoing complex request which was being executed in stages by agreement with
the requesting partner. It has now been completed and the treaty partner confirmed that the
file could be closed, which was done in February 2017.
377. Authorities from the EOI Unit have reported that once an EOI request
has been received, the Cayman Islands is very deliberate about gathering the
requested information and ensuring that the process moves quickly.
Issues covered under other essential elements

378. The timeliness of the handling of requests may be affected by aspects
of a jurisdictions system other than the organisation of the EOI function
itself that are dealt with in this essential elementC.5. Where this is the case,
then these issues are analysed under the appropriate heading. In particular,

sectionB.1. Access to Information analyses the access to information gener-

ally. SectionB.2 on Rights and Safeguards analyses issues arising in respect
of notification rules or appeal rights. In addition, sectionC.3 Confidentiality
deals with the storage and handling of requests and related information as
well as an assessment of whether the disclosure of information to the holder
of the information is in conformity with the standard. No issues were identi-
fied under these sections that have an impact on elementC.5.
ToRC.5.2: Organisational processes and resources

379. The 2013 Report noted that generally, there were comprehensive
organisational processes and EOI resources in place to permit the Cayman
Islands to provide information in an effective manner. Since that time, the
same organisational processes, resources and procedures continue to apply
(for more detailed information on the EOI process, see paragraphs312-318 of
the 2013 Report and for more detailed information on the EOI resources, see
paragraphs319-322 of the 2013 Report). The Cayman Islands procedures for
dealing with EOIR are set out in Module 6 of its CITIA Procedure Manual,
the most recent edition being September 2016.
380. The 2016 ToR now provide for an evaluation of the provision of infor-
mation pursuant to a group request. It is noted that in the Cayman Islands,
the process for handling group requests is the same as for any other request.
A summary of the EOI organisation, resources and process and any changes
that have occurred since the time of the 2013 Report is set out below.
Incoming requests
381. Pursuant to section4 of the TIA Law, the Minister of Financial
Services is the Cayman Islands Tax Information Authority and he delegates
all functions of the competent authority to the Director of the Department for
International Tax Cooperation (DITC). The powers to obtain information for
all EOI purposes are exercised by the CITIA through the office of the DITC,
of which the EOIR Unit is a part. The EOIR Unit within the DITC consists
of the Head of EOIR and an Administrative officer. The Director oversees
all EOIR.
382. With regards to incoming requests, the EOIR Unit has reported that
requests may arrive via registered mail, international courier, ordinary post
or as an encrypted email attachment. Upon receipt of an EOI request by the
competent authority, it is date stamped as received. This applies regardless of
the manner in which the request is received, e.g.by mail, delivery or email.
The Administrative officer of the registration system must be informed of
the receipt of the request the same day, regardless of whether another staff
member receives it.

383. Upon registration, a unique identifier code is allocated to the case

and physical file labels are created for formal documents and correspondence
files. Labelled folders are placed in the open case drawer in the secure filing
cabinets within the DITC premises. Electronic files (e-files) are also created
in the secure dedicated system drive. New files are placed in the filing system
by the year in which the request is received and by the jurisdiction making
the request. A shared calendar entry and reminder notification is made in the
electronic calendar of the EOIR Team for 3days ahead. A hard copy and an
electronic copy of the TIA Checklist (EOIR) Timeline is placed in the cor-
respondence file and the e-file (with the initial entries completed).
384. The Administrative officer next proceeds to make an electronic file
and also to place reminders in the calendars of the Director and the Head
of EOIR in order to discuss the next steps in responding to the request.
Spreadsheets of all request activity, steps taken and current status are
maintained by the Administrative officer and the Head of EOIR. These are
updated bi-weekly and are reviewed by the Head of EOIR and the Director
on a regular basis. Given the size of the team and the volume of requests, this
system has worked well to ensure the monitoring of EOIR activity, adherence
to process and timeliness of responses.
385. In almost all cases, an acknowledgment of receipt is sent within five
days to the requesting jurisdiction. In the Cayman Islands, one request is
considered as one letter received from the requesting jurisdiction, despite
the number of pieces of information requested or number of entities to
which the request relates. Further, in cases where a request is received, and
a supplemental request is received relating to that original request, while the
supplemental request is separately noted, it is not counted as a new request.
386. If the Head of EOIR, upon the preliminary review of the request, or
the Director upon the final review of the request, is not satisfied on all points,
then the Head of EOIR communicates with the EOI treaty partner. If the
matter can be addressed in brief, an exchange of email will be used and this is
generally sent via email from the CITIAs generic email address. Otherwise a
formal letter is dispatched, which includes an explanation of the difficulty and
the clarification requested. In all cases the policy is to communicate fully and
expeditiously with the treaty partner. If the treaty partner does not respond
timely, reminders are sent until the matter is resolved. Over the current review
period, the Cayman Islands was only required to request clarifications in a
very small number of cases and these usually related to the omission of cer-
tain details or the need to assist the requesting jurisdiction in reformulating
the request in order to ensure the most efficient processing of the request. The
Cayman Islands attributes the decrease in the number of clarifications to it
fostering very close working relationships with its treaty partners.

387. Each step of these procedures is logged in the online electronic spread-
sheet, which provides notices of impending deadlines to the staff member
processing the request. Once the Director has authorised the request to pro-
ceed, the EOIR Unit then drafts the notice and hand delivers it or delivers it
by courier to the holder of the information who is allocated 21days to provide
the information. In cases where the holder is one that may not be familiar with
the EOI process, the EOIR Unit will explain thoroughly both the process and
what is required to comply with the notice. In most cases the information is
provided within 21days and where an extension has been requested (which has
to be done via a letter to the EOIR Unit), this is usually due to the volume and
complexity of the information being sought. The maximum extension allocated
will be 14days and is granted at the discretion of the Director.
388. Once information arrives at the office of the EOIR Unit (via encrypted
CD ROM or mainly in hard copy via local courier service) (most of time
within the 21days) the Head of EOIR reviews the information and supporting
documents to ensure that the information received responds to the question
asked. Checklist B in the Procedure Manual is used for the internal review of
the extent and completeness of the information provided. Where the informa-
tion is voluminous or complex, the Administrative officer may assist and do a
double check of information produced against an inventory, list of documents
or the contents of electronic media such as CDs or flash drives. In complex
cases, the Director and the Head of EOIR may also review the information
received. The response to the request is provided by letter to the EOI part-
ner. The standard format used provides the request and the responses noted
against each element of the request.
389. In cases where information arrives in stages from the information
holder, it is the policy of the EOIR Unit to send partial information while
the EOI Unit waits for other pieces of information. The EOIR Unit sends the
information complete with a cover letter signed by the Competent Authority.
Where partial information is sent, the EOI Unit often sends a check-list
matched against what has been requested and the status of each of the items.
390. In regards to processing requests over the review period, some prac-
tical difficulties have arisen where, for example, directors were dismissed
from an entity and new directors did not know where to locate information
or supporting documents. Similarly, in a few cases where directors (and the
information) were outside the jurisdiction multiple communications were
required to conclude the request. This had also led to practical difficulties
with enforcement (for more information see sectionA.2 of this report).
391. Other practical difficulties which have been encountered but more
easily overcome, have included cases where third party recipients of notices to
produce are unfamiliar with the process and require more explanation, or time,

to comply, or where the request is complex and administrative arrangements to

produce large volumes of information have to be put in place.
392. In order to monitor the timelines of all of the requests, there is an
internal alert system. In order to maintain all correspondence, there is an e-file
or folder on the hard drive of the EOIR Unit as well as a hard copy file (per
jurisdiction). There is also a bi-weekly report in place whereby the deadlines
for all EOI requests are noted.These deadlines also act to prompt officers
where there may have been a delay in receiving the request. The EOIR Unit
also maintains an electronic spreadsheet, and one of the Key Performance
Indicators (KPI) of the EOIR Unit is compliance with response timelines.
393. Where a final response to a request cannot be provided within
90days, the EOIR Unit drafts a status update that describes the efforts
undertaken and that remain to be undertaken and an estimate of when the
final response will be provided. This is sent via email and no confidential
taxpayer information is ever quoted. While no practical issues have arisen
in processing requests, some requests may require more time than others
to process due to the complexity of the request and the volume of the infor-
mation requested. Further, it is standard practice in the Cayman Islands to
provide status updates when there is a significant development and, in routine
cases, within 45days of the last communication. Status updates are generally
bespoke communications with treaty partners that seek to address the current
position in the case rather than provide a generic automated update. Ensuring
status updates are provided is the responsibility of the Head of EOIR.
394. All communications, including final responses, to the requesting
Competent Authority are reviewed and validated by the Director and sent out
under his signature. In almost all cases, the requested information along with a
cover letter signed by the Director as competent authority is sent via international
courier to the requesting jurisdiction but in some cases the Cayman Islands may
send the information via encrypted email attachments where requested.
395. As set out in the EOI manual, the Head of EOIR may close a request
file when the information requested has been dispatched to the requesting
party and the requesting party does not object to the request being closed.
Usually the EOIR team will dispatch the information and post-date the file
for 60days. Then the EOIR team will send an email to the requesting party
stating that the request file will be closed in 30days unless the requesting
party indicates that the request should remain open. (See example at Tab26
(page2) of the Resource Manual.)
396. If an objection is received the request file will remain open and com-
munication will continue. The Head of EOIR may close a request file when the
requesting party gives express permission to close the file. In some cases this
will occur before some or all of the requested information has been dispatched.

For example, when the key information sought by the requesting party is the
identity of the ultimate beneficial owner of a share, and that information is
supplied, the other information listed in the request (such as the particulars of
the directors and officers) may no longer be of interest to the requesting party.
In such cases, permission to close the file is requested by email.
397. Once the information has been sent, feedback on EOIR is in the
context of the Cayman Islands being a provider of information only and not
of making requests and receiving information. As set out above, in 2015, the
Cayman Islands adopted a formal process to close files. In the main, after
the Director and the Head of EOIR come to the conclusion that the request is
satisfied, an email is sent to the EOI partner, inviting comments and stating
that in the event no communication is received within 30days, the request
file will be closed. This resulted in feedback in approximately 40% of the
cases (from 8partners). Generally, feedback is received either in email or
letter form or in the course of bilateral meetings, as was the case in 2016
with one significant treaty partner. The CITIA has reported, and peer input
confirms, that the Cayman Islands has a good rate of positive feedback on its
own performance as an EOIR partner.
Group requests
398. The Cayman Islands received two group requests over the review
period. The Cayman Islands did not encounter any difficulties in answering
these requests nor has any issue in this regard been raised by the peers. The
Cayman Islands did report that in one case, due to the significant volume of
information being produced, a systematic approach to delivering tranches of
information has been agreed between the CITIA and the producing institu-
tion and between the CITIA and its foreign counterpart competent authority.
399. In regards to the format of the group requests, modalities of the
requests were arranged with the requesting jurisdiction beforehand and
collaborative discussions took place between the CITIA and the competent
authority in the requesting jurisdiction. Discussions with the domestic insti-
tutions providing the information also took place (with permission of the
requesting jurisdiction). These discussions greatly facilitated the efficient
production and provision of the information to the treaty partner.
Resources and training

400. In the Cayman Islands, the legal title of the competent authority
is the Tax Information Authority (CITIA) which comes within the remit
of the Minister of Financial Services. The Director of the Department for
International Tax Cooperation (DITC) has full delegated authority from the
Minister to perform all competent authority functions of the CITIA. The EOIR

Unit is part of the DITC and performs all CITIA functions for EOIR purposes
under the authority of the Director. There are presently six full time staff in the
department and two further persons are to be added in the course of the cur-
rent budget period. The principal persons involved in EOIR are the Director,
the Head of EOIR and the Administrative officer. Other DITC staff may assist
if the workload demands it. On a day-to-day basis the Head of EOIR is fully
devoted to EOIR, assisted by the Administrative officer. The Head of EOIR
and the Director liaise on an almost daily basis on current EOIR matters.
401. In terms of qualifications, the Director and the Head of EOIR are
attorneys-at-law. The Director has held the current post since inception of the
CITIA in 2005. The Head of EOIR (who also serves as deputy in the absence
of the Director) has been in post since 2014. The previous Deputy Director
was also an attorney-at-law and served for 4years. Although not working
directly on EOIR matters, the Head of AEOI has been with the Department
since 2006 and is experienced in EOIR. As part of a new organisational
structure, posts of International Cooperation Officer (including Senior ICO)
have been created. These posts are designed to build a core group of staff
who have experience in EOI and the job descriptions reflect that EOIR and
AEOI should be cross trained. In the event that one of the EOIR officers were
unavailable, there is a back-up system in place whereby the officers dedicated
to AEOI can also process EOIR requests.
402. The Director is a trained assessor of the Global Forum Peer Review
Group and along with the Head of EOIR, Head of AEOI, and Senior Analyst
may attend Global Forum EOIR related meetings, training and webinars.
Most of the training, however, is in-house and on the job. New staff are
trained by existing experienced staff and all staff engage in the in-house
training programme which includes regular team meetings and topical pres-
entations by the Director on average 4 times a year on current developments
and matters of interest.
403. EOIR training, and cross training for other EOI functions, occurs on
a formal and informal basis. For example, in 2014, the EOIR training pro-
gramme Training Checklist for Certificate of Compliance was given to the
new Head of EOIR; and, in 2015, the Senior Analyst was given training in
EOIR by the Head of EOIR to provide a better understanding of the issues and
to place the Senior Analyst in the position of being able to assist with EOIR if
the need arose. As a small team, regular briefings and interactions take place
on all aspects of the EOIR process. New employees also participate in a train-
ing session on Confidentiality of Tax Information, which is conducted by the
Head of EOIR and based on Module 7 of the Procedure Manual.
404. Therefore, as at the time of the 2013 Report, the Cayman Islands con-
tinues to have adequate staff and resource levels in place to ensure effective
EOIR and there has been no limitation on the ability to respond to requests.

Outgoing requests
405. The 2016 ToR includes an additional requirement to ensure the qual-
ity of requests made by assessed jurisdictions. The EOI manual provides
rules for handling outgoing requests. However, as the Cayman Islands does
not have a domestic direct tax system, it has no requirement to make requests
for information to partner jurisdictions.
Other EOI activities

406. The Cayman Islands has engaged in AEOI since 2005 for the pur-
poses of the European Union Savings Directive and, on average, 24 EU
Member States have received information each year since inception. In 2013,
the Cayman Islands entered into a Model 1B Intergovernmental Agreement
with the United States for the purposes of implementing FATCA and a similar
agreement was entered into with the United Kingdom to improve interna-
tional tax compliance. Both of these agreements are in force and have been
implemented domestically. The first reporting to the United States under
FATCA took place in 2015 and the first reporting of automatic information
exchange to the United Kingdom via this newly implemented agreement took
place in 2016.
407. Further, the Cayman Islands is one of the 100 committed jurisdic-
tions under the Common Reporting Standard (CRS). The Cayman Islands
has taken the wider approach to the CRS and is an early adopter with first
exchanges taking place in 2017. Due to not having a domestic tax system in
respect of which it is necessary to receive information, the Cayman Islands is
a non-reciprocal jurisdiction. A multilateral approach to implementing CRS
has been adopted except for those jurisdictions which have chosen a bilateral
route or where the Multilateral Convention does not operate and in these
cases, the Cayman Islands has entered, or offered, bilateral agreements. All
AEOI mechanisms are implemented by domestic regulations and are gov-
erned by their respective Competent Authority agreements.
ToRC.5.3: Unreasonable, disproportionate or unduly restrictive

conditions for EOI
408. Exchange of information should not be subject to unreasonable, dis-
proportionate or unduly restrictive conditions. There are no factors or issues
identified that could unreasonably, disproportionately or unduly restrict
effective EOI.

ANNEXES 117
Annex1: Jurisdictions response to the review report5
This annex is left blank because the Cayman Islands has chosen not to
provide any material to include in it.
5. This Annex presents the Jurisdictions response to the review report and shall not
be deemed to represent the Global Forums views.

118 ANNEXES
Annex2: List of Jurisdictions EOI mechanisms
1. Bilateral international agreements for the exchange of information
Date entered into

EOI partner Type of agreement Date signed force
1 Argentina TIEA 13.10.2011 31.08.2012
2 Aruba TIEA 20.04.2010 01.12.2011
3 Australia TIEA 30.03.2010 14.02.2011
4 Belgium TIEA 24.04.2014 Not yet in force1
5 Brazil TIEA 19.03. 2013 Not yet in force2
6 Canada TIEA 24.06.2010 01.06.2011
7 China TIEA 26.09.2011 15.11.2012
8 Curaao 3
TIEA 29.10.2009 Not yet in force
9 Czech Republic TIEA 26.10.2012 20.09.2013
10 Denmark TIEA 01.04.2009 06.02.2010
11 Faroe Islands TIEA 01.04.2009 08.09.10
12 Finland TIEA 01.04.2009 31.03.2010
13 France TIEA 05.10.2009 13.10.2010
14 Germany TIEA 27.05.2010 20.08.2011
15 Greenland TIEA 01.04.2009 24.03.2012
16 Guernsey TIEA 29.07.2011 05.04.2012
17 Iceland TIEA 01.04.2009 30.05.2010
18 India TIEA 21.03.2011 08.11.2011
19 Ireland TIEA 23.06.2009 09.06.2010
20 Isle of Man TIEA and Protocol 22.09.2015 13.08.2016
21 Italy TIEA 03.12.2012 13.08.2015
22 Japan TIEA 07.02.2011 13.11.2011

ANNEXES 119
Date entered into

EOI partner Type of agreement Date signed force
23 Malta TIEA 25.11.2013 01.04.2014
24 Mexico TIEA 28.08.2010 09.03.2012
25 Netherlands TIEA 08.07.2009 29.12.2009
26 New Zealand TIEA 13.08.2009 30.09.2011
27 Norway TIEA 01.04.2009 04.03.2010
28 Poland TIEA 29.11.2013 11.12.2014
29 Portugal TIEA 13.05.2010 18.05.2011
30 Qatar TIEA 26.10.2012 Not yet in force4
31 Seychelles TIEA 12.02.2014 22.09.2016
32 Sint Maarten 5
TIEA 29.10.2009 Not yet in force
33 South Africa TIEA 10.05.2011 23.02.2012
34 Sweden TIEA 01.04.2009 27.12.2009
35 United Kingdom DTC 15.06.2009 20.12.2010
United States
36 TIEA 29.11.2013 14.04.2014
(renegotiated)
Notes: 1. It is noted that the TIEA with Belgium was ratified in the Cayman Islands on 22June 2016.
The Cayman Islands has taken all steps necessary to bring this agreement into force.
2. It is noted that the TIEA with Brazil was ratified in the Cayman Islands on 14March 2014.
3. Pursuant to the TIEA made between the Cayman Islands and the former Netherlands Antilles.
Following the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles on 10October 2010, two separate
jurisdictions were formed (Curacao and Sint Maarten) with the remaining three islands (Bonaire,
Sint Eustatius and Saba) joining the Netherlands as special municipalities. The TIEA concluded
with the Kingdom of the Netherlands, on behalf ofthe Netherlands Antilles,willcontinue
to apply to Curacao, Sint Maarten and the Caribbean part of the Netherlands (Bonaire, Sint
Eustatius and Saba) and willbe administered by Curacao and Sint Maarten for their respective
territories and by the Netherlands for Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba.
4. It is noted that the TIEA with Qatar was ratified in the Cayman Islands on 15March 2013.
5. See note3 above.

120 ANNEXES
2. Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters

(amended)
The Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters

was developed jointly by the OECD and the Council of Europe in 1988 and
amended in 2010 (the amended Convention).6 The Convention is the most com-
prehensive multilateral instrument available for all forms of tax cooperation to
tackle tax evasion and avoidance, a top priority for all jurisdictions.
The 1988 Convention was amended to respond to the call of the G20 at
its April 2009 London Summit to align it to the international standard on
exchange of information on request and to open it to all countries, in par-
ticular to ensure that developing countries could benefit from the new more
transparent environment. The amended Convention was opened for signature
on 1st June 2011.
The Convention was extended to the Cayman Islands by declaration
of territorial extension contained in a letter from the Secretary of State
for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs of the United Kingdom, dated
9September 2013, registered at the Secretariat General on 25September
2013. It is included as schedule31 to the TIA Law and came into force on
1January 2014. Currently, the amended Convention is in force in respect of
the following jurisdictions.7
Albania, Andorra, Anguilla (extension by the United Kingdom),
Argentina, Aruba (extension by the Kingdom of the Netherlands), Australia,
Austria, Azerbaijan, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Bermuda (extension by the
United Kingdom), Brazil, British Virgin Islands (extension by the United
Kingdom), Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Cayman Islands (extension by the
United Kingdom), Chile, China (Peoples Republic of), Colombia, Costa
Rica, Croatia, Curacao (extension by the Netherlands); Curaao used to be a
constituent of the Netherlands Antilles, to which the original Convention
applies as from 01-02-1997), Cyprus,8 Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
6. The amendments to the 1988 Convention were embodied into two separate
instruments achieving the same purpose: the amended Convention which inte-
grates the amendments into a consolidated text, and the Protocol amending the
1988 Convention which sets out the amendments separately.
7. This list includes State Parties to the Convention, as well as jurisdictions, which
are members of the GFTEI or that have been listed in AnnexB naming a com-
petent authority, to which the application of the Convention has been extended
pursuant to Article29 of the Convention.
8. Note by Turkey: The information in this document with reference to Cyprus
relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no single authority represent-
ing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognises the

ANNEXES 121
Faroe Islands (extension by the Kingdom of Denmark), Finland, France,

Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Gibraltar (extension by the United Kingdom),
Greece, Greenland (extension by the Kingdom of Denmark), Guernsey
(extension by the United Kingdom), Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia,
Ireland, Isle of Man (extension by the United Kingdom), Israel, Italy, Japan,
Jersey (extension by the United Kingdom), Kazakhstan, Korea, Latvia,
Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Marshall
Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Montserrat (extension by
the United Kingdom), Nauru, Kingdom of the Netherlands, New Zealand,
Nigeria, Niue, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa,
San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Singapore, Sint Maarten
(extension by the Kingdom of the Netherlands; Sint Maarten used to be a
constituent of the Netherlands Antilles, to which the original Convention
applies as from 01-02-1997), Slovak Republic, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turks and Caicos Islands (extension by the
United Kingdom), Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom and Uruguay.
In addition, the following are the jurisdictions that have signed the
amended Convention, but where it is not yet in force: Burkina Faso, Cook
Islands, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Gabon, Guatemala, Jamaica,
Kenya, Kuwait, Morocco, Philippines, Saint Lucia, Turkey united Arab
Emirates and the United States (the 1988 Convention in force on 1April
1995, the amending Protocol signed on 27April 2010).
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable

solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Turkey shall preserve
its position concerning the Cyprus issue.
Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European
Union: The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United
Nations with the exception of Turkey. The information in this document relates to
the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.

122 ANNEXES
Annex3: List of laws, regulations and other material received
Commercial laws
Companies Law
CompanyManagement Law
Foundation Companies Law
Limited Liability Companies Law
Monetary Authority Law
Partnerships Law
Trade and Business Licensing Law
AML Regime
AML Regulations
Guidance Notes on the Prevention and Detection of Money Laundering
and Terrorist Finance in the Cayman Islands (AML/CFT Guidance
Notes)
Specific to EOI
Tax Information Authority Law

Cayman Islands Tax Information Authority EOI Manual

ANNEXES 123
Annex4: Authorities interviewed during on-site visit
Officials from the Cayman Islands Tax Information Authority (CITIA)

Officials from the Cayman Islands Monetary Authority (CIMA)
Officials from the Cayman Islands Ministry of Financial Services
Attorney General of the Cayman Islands
Officials from the Cayman Islands General Registry
Representatives from the Cayman Islands Compliance Association (CICA)

124 ANNEXES
Annex5: List of in-text recommendations
The assessment team or the PRG may identify issues that have not had
and are unlikely in the current circumstances to have more than a negligible
impact on EOIR in practice. Nevertheless, there may be a concern that the
circumstances may change and the relevance of the issue may increase. In
these cases, a recommendation may be made; however, such recommendations
should not be placed in the same box as more substantive recommendations.
Rather, these recommendations can be mentioned in the text of the report. A
list of such recommendations is presented below.
ElementA.1.3: Partnerships
The Cayman Islands is recommended to ensure that beneficial ownership

in respect of all partnerships, and in particular in respect of general partner-
ships, is being maintained.
ElementA.1.4: Trusts
The Cayman Islands should take all reasonable measures to ensure that
beneficial ownership information in respect of all trusts administered in the
Cayman Islands or of which a trustee is resident in the Cayman Islands is
available.
ElementA.1.5: Foundations
As the Foundations Law was only enacted in March 2017, the Cayman
Islands is recommended to monitor the implementation of the Foundations
Law to ensure that legal and beneficial ownership for foundations will be
available in all cases.

ANNEXES 125
ElementA.2.1: Accounting information for foundations
As the Foundation Companies Law was only enacted in March 2017,

the Cayman Islands is recommended to monitor the implementation of the
Foundations Companies Law to ensure that accounting information for foun-
dations will be available in all cases.
ElementC.2: Exchange of information mechanisms with all relevant

partners
The Cayman Islands is recommended to maintain its negotiation pro-

gramme so that its EOI network continues to cover all relevant partners.
ElementC.5.1: Timeliness of responses to requests for information
The Cayman Islands is recommended to provide a status update in all

cases where a response cannot be provided within 90days.

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(23 2017 15 1 P) ISBN 978-92-64-28014-4 2017
Global Forum onTransparency andExchange
ofInformation forTaxPurposes
Peer Review Report ontheExchange ofInformation
onRequest Cayman Islands 2017 (Second Round)
The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is
amultilateral framework for tax transparency and information sharing, within which over
140jurisdictions participate on an equal footing.
The Global Forum monitors and peer reviews the implementation of international standard
ofexchange of information on request (EOIR) and automatic exchange of information.
TheEOIR provides for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information
for theadministration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. All Global
Forum members have agreed to have their implementation of the EOIR standard be assessed
by peer review. In addition, non-members that are relevant to the Global Forums work are
also subject to review. The legal and regulatory framework of each jurisdiction is assessed
asis theimplementation of the EOIR framework in practice. The final result is a rating for each
oftheessential elements and an overall rating.
The first round of reviews was conducted from2010 to2016. The Global Forum has agreed
that all members and relevant non-members should be subject to a second round of review
starting in 2016, to ensure continued compliance with and implementation of the EOIR
standard. Whereas the first round of reviews was generally conducted as separate reviews
for Phase1 (review of the legal framework) and Phase2 (review of EOIR in practice), the EOIR
reviews commencing in2016 combine both Phase1 and Phase2 aspects into one review.
Final review reports are published and reviewed jurisdictions are expected to follow up on any
recommendations made. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement
theinternational standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes.
For more information on the work of the Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange
ofInformation for Tax Purposes, please visit www.oecd.org/tax/transparency.
This report contains the 2017Peer Review Report on the Exchange of Information on Request
ofCayman Islands.
Consult this publication on line at http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264280168-en.

This work is published on the OECD iLibrary, which gathers all OECD books, periodicals and statistical
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About the Global Forum  5

Abbrevations and acronyms 7

Overview of Cayman Islands 23

PartA: Availability of information 29

PartB: Access to information 81

PartC: Exchanging information 95

Annex1: Jurisdictions response to the review report 117

PEER REVIEW REPORT SECOND ROUND CAYMAN ISLANDS OECD 2017

Annex4: Authorities interviewed during on-site visit  123

PEER REVIEW REPORT SECOND ROUND CAYMAN ISLANDS OECD 2017

About the Global Forum

The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax

PEER REVIEW REPORT SECOND ROUND CAYMAN ISLANDS OECD 2017

Abbrevations and acronyms

AML Anti-Money Laundering

PEER REVIEW REPORT SECOND ROUND CAYMAN ISLANDS OECD 2017

2016 2016 Methodology for peer reviews and non-member

Terms specific to the Cayman Islands

AML Guidance The CIMAs Guidance Notes on the Prevention and

PEER REVIEW REPORT SECOND ROUND CAYMAN ISLANDS OECD 2017

PEER REVIEW REPORT SECOND ROUND CAYMAN ISLANDS OECD 2017

Comparison of ratings for Phase2 Review (2013) and

C = Compliant; LC = Largely Compliant; PC = Partially Compliant; NC = Non-Compliant

PEER REVIEW REPORT SECOND ROUND CAYMAN ISLANDS OECD 2017

Progress made since previous review

3. The 2013 Report made recommendations in respect of two essential

PEER REVIEW REPORT SECOND ROUND CAYMAN ISLANDS OECD 2017

PEER REVIEW REPORT SECOND ROUND CAYMAN ISLANDS OECD 2017

Summary of determinations, ratings and recommendations

PEER REVIEW REPORT SECOND ROUND CAYMAN ISLANDS OECD 2017

PEER REVIEW REPORT SECOND ROUND CAYMAN ISLANDS OECD 2017

PEER REVIEW REPORT SECOND ROUND CAYMAN ISLANDS OECD 2017

PEER REVIEW REPORT SECOND ROUND CAYMAN ISLANDS OECD 2017

PEER REVIEW REPORT SECOND ROUND CAYMAN ISLANDS OECD 2017

Period under Legal framework Date of adoption

PEER REVIEW REPORT SECOND ROUND CAYMAN ISLANDS OECD 2017

Brief on 2016 ToR and methodology

PEER REVIEW REPORT SECOND ROUND CAYMAN ISLANDS OECD 2017

Brief consideration of FATF evaluations and ratings

19. The FATF evaluates jurisdictions for compliance with AML/CFT

PEER REVIEW REPORT SECOND ROUND CAYMAN ISLANDS OECD 2017

Overview of Cayman Islands

23. The Cayman Islands is a self-governed overseas territory of the

24. The Cayman Islands is a parliamentary democracy with judicial,

PEER REVIEW REPORT SECOND ROUND CAYMAN ISLANDS OECD 2017

29. The Cayman Islands tax system is predominantly based on indirect

Financial services sector

31. The Cayman Islands economy is a service-based economy dependent

PEER REVIEW REPORT SECOND ROUND CAYMAN ISLANDS OECD 2017

funds, companies, partnerships, trusts, structured finance, vessel and aircraft

PEER REVIEW REPORT SECOND ROUND CAYMAN ISLANDS OECD 2017

CIMA Regulated entities

PEER REVIEW REPORT SECOND ROUND CAYMAN ISLANDS OECD 2017

CIMA-regulated entities (31/3/2017)

39. In March 2017, the Cayman Islands enacted amendments to its

PEER REVIEW REPORT SECOND ROUND CAYMAN ISLANDS OECD 2017

PartA: Availability of information

A.1. Legal and beneficial ownership and identity information

About the Global Forum 5

Abbrevations and acronyms 7

Overview of Cayman Islands 23

PartA: Availability of information 29

PartB: Access to information 81

PartC: Exchanging information 95

Annex1: Jurisdictions response to the review report 117

Annex4: Authorities interviewed during on-site visit 123