Awwa C304 07 PDF

ANSI/AWWA C304-07
(Revision of ANSI/AWWA C304-99)
The Authoritative Resource on Safe Water
AWWA Standard
Design of Prestressed
Concrete Cylinder Pipe
SM
Effective date: Dec. 1, 2007.

First edition approved by AWWA Board of Directors June 18, 1992.
This edition approved Jan. 21, 2007.
Approved by American National Standards Institute Jan. 11, 2007.
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Copyright 2007 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

AWWA Standard
This document is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards
describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally
contained in specifications. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the
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publication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify,
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consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will provide satisfactory service. When AWWA revises
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CAUTION NOTICE: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard
indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at
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Science and Technology

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ii
Committee Personnel
The AWWA standards subcommittee that revised this standard had the following personnel
at the time of approval:
Michael M. Hicks, Chair
General Interest Members
M.M. Hicks, MWH Americas Inc., Walnut Creek, Calif. (AWWA)

A.E. Romer, Boyle Engineering Corporation, Newport Beach, Calif. (AWWA)
C.C. Sundberg, CH2M Hill, Issaquah, Wash. (AWWA)
M.S. Zarghamee, Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc., Waltham, Mass. (AWWA)
Producer Members
S.A. Arnaout, Hanson Pipe & Products Inc., Dallas, Texas (AWWA)
H.H. Bardakjian, Ameron International, Rancho Cucamonga, Calif. (AWWA)
G. Bizien, Hyprescon Inc., St. Eustache, Que. (AWWA)
A.W. Tremblay, Price Brothers Company, Dayton, Ohio (AWWA)
The AWWA Standards Committee on Concrete Pressure Pipe, which reviewed and
approved this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval:
Wayne R. Brunzell, Chair

David P. Prosser, Secretary
General Interest Members
W.R. Brunzell, Brunzell Associates Ltd., Skokie, Ill. (AWWA)

R.C. Edmunds, Jones Edmunds & Associates, Gainesville, Fla. (AWWA)
W.D. Ensor, Hampton, Va. (AWWA)
L.B. Freese, Freese and Nichols Inc., Fort Worth, Texas (AWWA)
J.K. Haney, HDR Engineering Inc., Austin, Texas (AWWA)
M.M. Hicks, MWH Americas Inc., Walnut Creek, Calif. (AWWA)
R.Y. Konyalian, Consultant, Huntington Beach, Calif. (AWWA)
S.A. McKelvie, Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas Inc., Boston, Mass. (NEWWA)
T. Niemann, Elizabeth Niemann & Associates, Louisville, Ky. (AWWA)
iii
P.J. Olson,* Standards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)
J.J. Roller, CTL Group, Skokie, Ill. (AWWA)
A.E. Romer, Boyle Engineering Corporation, Newport Beach, Calif. (AWWA)
C.C. Sundberg, CH2M Hill, Issaquah, Wash. (AWWA)
M.S. Zarghamee, Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc., Waltham, Mass. (AWWA)
Producer Members
J.O. Alayon, Atlantic Pipe Corporation, San Juan, Puerto Rico (AWWA)
S.A. Arnaout, Hanson Pipe & Products Inc., Dallas, Texas (AWWA)
H.H. Bardakjian, Ameron International, Rancho Cucamonga, Calif. (AWWA)
G. Bizien, Hyprescon Inc., St. Eustache, Que. (AWWA)
D. Dechant, Northwest Pipe Company, Denver, Colo. (AWWA)
S.R. Malcolm, Vianini Pipe Inc., Somerville, N.J. (AWWA)
D.P. Prosser, American Concrete Pressure Pipe Association, Reston, Va. (ACPPA)
A.W. Tremblay, Price Brothers Company, Dayton, Ohio (AWWA)
User Members
B.M. Bradish, City of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Va. (AWWA)

J. Galleher, San Diego County Water Authority, Escondido, Calif. (AWWA)
J.W. Keith, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo. (abstained) (AWWA)
D. Marshall, Tarrant Regional Water District, Fort Worth, Texas (AWWA)
V.B. Soto, Los Angeles Department of Water & Power, Los Angeles, Calif. (AWWA)
D.A. Wiedyke, Consultant, Clinton Township, Mich. (AWWA)
*Liaison, nonvoting
iv
Contents
All AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this format
may be found in a particular standard.
SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE
Foreword 3 Load and Internal-Pressure
I Introduction ................................... xi Combinations
I.A Background .................................... xi 3.1 Notation.......................................... 8
I.B History .......................................... xv 3.2 Load Factors for Limit-States
I.C Acceptance..................................... xv Design............................................. 9
II Special Issues ................................ xvi 3.3 Minimum Combined Design Loads
III Use of This Standard................... xvii and Pressures................................... 9
III.A Purchaser Options and 3.4 Working Loads and Internal
Alternatives ................................. xvii Pressures ......................................... 9
III.B Modification to Standard ........... xviii 3.5 Working Plus Transient Loads
IV Major Revisions.......................... xviii and Internal Pressures ..................... 9
V Comments.................................. xviii 3.6 Working Loads and Internal
Field-Test Pressures ...................... 10
Standard 3.7 Load and Pressure Factors ............. 10
1 General 4 Moments and Thrusts
1.1 Scope .................................................1 4.1 Notation........................................ 12
1.2 References........................................ 1 4.2 Distribution of Loads .................... 13
1.3 Applications..................................... 3 4.3 Moments and Thrusts ................... 13
1.4 Pipe Structure.................................. 3
1.5 Tolerances ....................................... 4 5 Design Material Properties
1.6 Definitions ...................................... 4 5.1 Notation........................................ 15
1.7 Metric (SI) Equivalents ................... 5 5.2 Materials and Manufacturing
Standard........................................ 16
2 Loads and Internal Pressures 5.3 Properties of Core Concrete .......... 16
2.1 Notation.......................................... 5 5.4 Properties of Coating Mortar ........ 21
2.2 Design Loads and Internal 5.5 Properties of Steel Cylinder........... 22
Pressures.......................................... 6 5.6 Properties of Prestressing Wire ...... 23
2.3 Loads ............................................... 6
6 Stresses From Prestressing
2.4 Internal Pressures............................. 7
6.1 Notation........................................ 25
6.2 Prestress Losses .............................. 27
v
SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE
6.3 State of Stress With a Single 9 Design Selection Tables

Layer of Prestressing ..................... 27 9.1 Design Example 1 ......................... 62
6.4 State of Stress With Multiple 9.2 Design Example 2 ......................... 62
Layers of Prestressing .................... 27 9.3 Design Example 3 ......................... 63
6.5 Modular Ratios.............................. 29 9.4 Lined-Cylinder Pipe Standard
6.6 Design Creep Factor and Prestress Design Tables................. 63
Design Shrinkage Strain for
Buried Pipe ................................... 29 Appendixes
6.7 Wire-Relaxation Factor.................. 31 A Commentary
7 Criteria for Limit-State Loads A.1 Introduction .................................. 77

A.2 Commentary for Sec. 3.2 of
and Pressures
the Standard ................................. 77
7.1 Notation........................................ 33
A.3 Commentary for Sec. 3.5.1 of
7.2 Limit-States Design ....................... 34
the Standard ................................. 77
7.3 Serviceability Limit-States
Design Criteria ............................. 34
the Standard ................................. 78
7.4 Elastic Limit-States Design
A.5 Commentary for Sec. 3.6 of
Criteria.......................................... 36
the Standard ................................. 78
7.5 Strength Limit-States Design
Criteria.......................................... 36
the Standard ................................. 78
8 Calculation of Limit-State Loads A.7 Commentary for Sec. 4.3.3 of
and Pressures the Standard ................................. 79
8.1 Notation........................................ 38 A.8 Commentary for Sec. 5.3.3 and
8.2 Limit-States Design Procedures ..... 41 5.4.2 of the Standard .................... 79
8.3 Maximum Pressures....................... 41 A.9 Commentary for Sec. 5.3.4 and
8.4 Maximum Thrust .......................... 44 5.4.3 of the Standard .................... 79
8.5 Burst Pressure................................ 44 A.10 Commentary for Sec. 5.3.5 of
8.6 Radial Tension .............................. 44 the Standard ................................. 79
8.7 Combined Loads and Internal A.11 Commentary for Sec. 5.5.2 of
Pressures at Design Limit the Standard ................................. 80
States............................................. 45 A.12 Commentary for Sec. 5.6.4 of
8.8 Lines of Action of Thrusts............. 45 the Standard ................................. 80
8.9 Conformance With Limit-States A.13 Commentary for Sec. 6 of
Criteria.......................................... 46 the Standard ................................. 81
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SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE
A.14 Commentary for Sec. 6.4.1 of C.4.5 Decompression Pressure ................ 99

the Standard ................................. 81 C.5 Minimum Prestressing-Wire
A.15 Commentary for Sec. 6.6 of Area Based on Maximum
the Standard ................................. 81 Pressure......................................... 99
A.16 Commentary for Sec. 7 of C.6 Stress From Prestressing for
the Standard ................................. 81 Final Design Area ....................... 100
A.17 Commentary for Sec. 7.5.5 of C.7 Serviceability at Full Pipe
the Standard ................................. 82 Circumference............................. 102
A.18 Commentary for Sec. 8 of C.8 Serviceability at Invert/Crown ..... 102
the Standard ................................. 82 C.8.1 Constants .................................... 103
A.19 Commentary for Sec. 8.9 of C.8.2 Strains ......................................... 104
the Standard ................................. 82 C.8.3 Stresses ........................................ 105
C.8.4 Internal Forces............................. 106
B References....................................... 89
C.8.5 Sum of Forces ............................. 107
C Pipe-Design Example C.8.6 Internal Moments........................ 107
C.1 Introduction .................................. 91 C.8.7 Sum of Moments ........................ 107
C.2 Design Parameters ......................... 92 C.9 Serviceability at Springline .......... 108
C.2.1 Moment and Thrust C.9.1 Constants .................................... 109
Coefficients ................................... 94 C.9.2 Strains ......................................... 110
C.3 Maximum and Minimum C.9.3 Stresses ........................................ 110
Wire Areas .................................... 95 C.9.4 Internal Forces............................. 111
C.3.1 Maximum Prestressing-Wire C.9.5 Sum of Forces ............................. 111
Area Based on Minimum C.9.6 Internal Moments........................ 111
Wire Spacing ................................ 95 C.9.7 Sum of Moments About
C.3.2 Minimum Allowable Prestressing- Wire............................................ 112
Wire Area Based on Maximum C.10 Elastic Limit at Invert/Crown ..... 113
Wire Spacing ................................ 95 C.11 Elastic and Wire-Yield Strength
C.3.3 Minimum Prestressing-Wire Area Limits at Springline .................... 114
Based on Burst Pressure ................ 95 C.11.1 Limit State of Wire Yielding
C.4 State of Stress Calculations............ 96 at Springline ............................... 115
C.4.1 Modular Ratios.............................. 96 C.11.2 Critical Thrust at Invert at
C.4.2 Creep, Shrinkage, and Wire Cylinder Yield, Nyy ..................... 115
Relaxation ..................................... 96 C.11.3 Moment Capacity at Invert and
C.4.3 Initial Prestress .............................. 98 Redistributed Moment
C.4.4 Final Prestress................................ 98 at Springline ............................... 116
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SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE
C.11.4 Critical Thrust at Wire 8 Schematic of Strain and Stress

Yield, Nsy .................................... 118 Distributions for Computation
C.11.5 Moment Capacity at of M1-Moment Limit for
Wire Yield................................... 119 Ultimate Compressive Strength
C.12 Core Crushing at Springline........ 121 of Coating..................................... 59
C.12.1 Constants .................................... 121 9 Bedding Details for Prestressed
C.12.2 Strains.......................................... 121 Concrete Cylinder Pipe
C.12.3 Stresses......................................... 122 Embankment Condition............... 74
C.12.4 Forces .......................................... 123 A.1 Mean Annual Number of Days
C.12.5 Sum of Forces.............................. 123 Maximum Temperature of 90F
C.12.6 Moments ..................................... 123 (32C) and Above, Except 70F
(21C) and Above in Alaska ......... 83
Figures A.2 Mean Relative Humidity
1 Schematic Pipe-Wall Cross (JanuaryMarch)........................... 84
Sections for Lined- and A.3 Mean Relative Humidity
Embedded-Cylinder Pipe................ 3 (AprilJune).................................. 85
2 StressStrain Relationships for A.4 Mean Relative Humidity
Concrete and Mortar in Tension (JulySeptember) .......................... 86
and Compression .......................... 19 A.5 Mean Relative Humidity
3 StressStrain Relationship for (OctoberDecember) .................... 87
Steel Cylinder in Tension and
Compression ................................. 23 Tables
4 StressStrain Relationship for 1 Load and Pressure Factors for
6-Gauge Prestressing Wire in Embedded-Cylinder Pipe.............. 11
Tension After Wrapping at fsg ...... 24 2 Load and Pressure Factors for
5 Schematic of Strain and Stress Lined-Cylinder Pipe...................... 11
Distributions in Pipe-Wall Cross Sec- 3 Design Load Combinations and
tion at Invert and Crown.............. 48 Calculation References for
6 Schematic of Strain and Stress Embedded-Cylinder Pipe
Distributions in Pipe-Wall Criteria.......................................... 42
Cross Section at Springline ........... 52 4 Design Load Combinations and
7 Schematic of Strain and Stress Calculation References for
Distributions for Computation of Lined-Cylinder Pipe Criteria ........ 43
M2-Moment Limit for Ultimate 5 Standard Prestress Design16 in.
Compressive Strength of Core (410 mm) Lined-Cylinder Pipe .... 64
Concrete ....................................... 56
viii
SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE
6 Standard Prestress Design 12 Standard Prestress Design

18 in. (460 mm) Lined-Cylinder 48 in. (1,220 mm) Lined-Cylinder
Pipe............................................... 65 Pipe............................................... 71
Pipe............................................... 66 Pipe............................................... 72
Pipe............................................... 67 Pipe............................................... 73
9 Standard Prestress Design C.1 Summary of Calculations for
30 in. (760 mm) Lined-Cylinder Serviceability at Invert/Crown .... 108
Pipe............................................... 68 C.2 Summary of Calculations for
10 Standard Prestress Design Serviceability at Springline.......... 113
36 in. (910 mm) Lined-Cylinder C.3 Summary of Calculations for
Pipe............................................... 69 Elastic Limit at Invert/Crown..... 114
11 Standard Prestress Design C.4 Summary of Calculations for
42 in. (1,070 mm) Lined-Cylinder Elastic Limits and Wire-Yield
Pipe............................................... 70 Limit at Springline...................... 120
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Foreword
This foreword is for information only and is not part of ANSI/AWWA C304.
I. Introduction.
I.A. Background. This standard establishes the mandatory minimum require-
ments for the structural design of prestressed concrete cylinder pipe (PCCP) and
provides procedures that will ensure that the design requirements are satisfied.
There are two types of PCCP: (1) lined-cylinder pipe (LCP), with a core composed
of a steel cylinder lined with concrete, which is subsequently prestressed with
high-tensile wire wrapped directly around the steel cylinder; and (2) embedded-cylinder
pipe (ECP), with a core composed of a steel cylinder encased in concrete, which is
subsequently prestressed with high-tensile wire wrapped around the exterior concrete
surface. The cores of both types of pipe are coated with portland-cement mortar.
Before the procedures and requirements contained in this document were
developed, the design of PCCP was determined by two distinct procedures. These were
designated methods A and B described in appendixes A and B of ANSI*/AWWA
C301-84, Prestressed Concrete Pressure Pipe, Steel-Cylinder Type, for Water and Other
Liquids.
Method A used a semiempirical approach based on (1) Wo , which is nine-tenths
of the three-edge bearing test load that causes incipient cracking; and (2) the
theoretical hydrostatic pressure, Po , which relieves the calculated residual compression
in the concrete core as a result of prestressing. The allowable combinations of
three-edge bearing load and internal pressure were determined by a cubic parabola,
passing through Wo and Po , which defined the limits of these combinations. The
three-edge bearing loads used in method A were converted to earth loads and
transient external loads using bedding factors provided in AWWA Manual M9,
Concrete Pressure Pipe (1979) and in the ACPAConcrete Pipe Design Manual (1988).
Method B was based on a procedure that limited the maximum combined net
tensile stress in pipe under static external load and internal pressure to a value equal
to 7.5 f c , where fc = the 28-day compressive strength of core concrete in psi
( 0.62 f c , where fc = the 28-day compressive strength of core concrete in MPa).
*American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036.
American Concrete Pipe Association, 1303 West Walnut Hill Lane, Suite 305, Irving, TX 75038.
xi
Both design methods limited the working pressure to Po for ECP and to 0.8Po for
LCP, where Po was the internal pressure required to overcome all compression in the
core concrete excluding external load. Under transient conditions, such as those
produced by surge pressures and live loads, both methods permitted increased
internal pressure and external load.
Although the two methods of design produced similarly conservative results that
served PCCP users well for nearly half a century, a unified method of design,
described in this standard, was developed to replace methods A and B.
The following objectives for the unified design procedure were established:
1. It should replace both existing methods, the semiempirical method A and
the working stress method B, described in ANSI/AWWA C301-84.
2. It should be based on state-of-the-art procedures for the design and analysis
of concrete and prestressed concrete structures.
3. It should account for the state of prestress in the pipe, as well as the com-
bined effects of external loads, pipe and fluid weights, and internal pressures.
4. It should agree with the results of 40 years of experimental data gathered by
the American concrete pressure-pipe industry.
5. It should preclude the onset of visible cracking under working plus transient
conditions.
6. It should provide adequate safety factors based on elastic and strength limit
states.
The method of calculating residual stresses in the concrete core, the steel cylinder,
and the prestressing wire was updated to separately account for the effects of elastic
deformation, creep, and shrinkage of concrete, and the relaxation of the prestressing
wire (Zarghamee, Heger, and Dana 1988a; see appendix B). Intrinsic wire relaxation,
creep factors, and shrinkage strains obtained from procedures recommended by ACI*
Committee 209 (1982) (ACI 1982; see appendix B) were used in a step-by-step
integration procedure (Zarghamee 1990; see appendix B) to evaluate the time-related
variations of stress in the pipe elements. The results of the step-by-step integration
procedure, applied to pipe in a buried environment, were used to develop simplified
equations for practical design use.
Calculations of the design creep factor and shrinkage strain for buried pipe are
based on the procedures recommended by ACI Committee 209. Creep and shrinkage
are computed as functions of time, relative humidity, volume-to-surface ratio, age at
*American Concrete Institute, 38800 Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, MI 48331.
xii
loading, curing duration, concrete composition, and method of placement. Design
values for creep factor and shrinkage strain are based on a 50-year exposure of pipe
to the environment to which typical pipe will be exposed. The default environment
is given in the following scenario:
1. The pipe is initially stored outdoors for 270 days.
2. The pipe is buried and kept empty for 90 days.
3. The pipe is filled with water for the duration of its design life.
The periods of time given in items 1 and 2 above may be extended at the
purchasers discretion.
The design wire-relaxation factor was obtained by measuring the intrinsic loss of
prestressing wire, manufactured in accordance with ASTM* A648, Specification for
Steel Wire, Hard Drawn for Prestressing Concrete Pipe, under constant strain and
accounting for the reduction in relaxation loss caused by creep and shrinkage.
The simplified procedure, which separately accounts for concrete creep and
shrinkage and wire relaxation, complies with test results (Zarghamee, Fok, and
Sikiotis 1990; see appendix B) and with prior design practice (Zarghamee, Heger,
and Dana 1988b; see appendix B).
The method adopted for determining allowable combinations of internal
pressure, external loads, and pipe and fluid weights is based on satisfying certain
limit-states design criteria (Heger, Zarghamee, and Dana 1990; see appendix B). The
purpose of using limit-states design is to ensure the serviceability of pipe that is
subject to working plus transient design loads and pressures. Limit-states design also
ensures that the prestress and safety margins for pipe strength will be maintained
even if the pipe is subjected to abnormal conditions that may cause visible cracking.
The limit-states design procedure is based on limiting circumferential thrust and
bending moment resulting from internal pressure, external loads, and pipe and fluid
weights. The procedure specifies that certain limit-states-design criteria are not
exceeded when the pipe is subjected to working loads and pressures and to working
plus transient loads and pressures.
In the design procedure, three sets of limit-states criteria are used: serviceability,
elastic, and strength. To satisfy the three sets of limit-states criteria, combined loads
and pressures corresponding to each of these limit states must be calculated. As a
result, the combined moments and thrusts in the pipe wall corresponding to the limit
states must be calculated, and both uncracked and cracked cross sections must be
*ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.
xiii
considered. For accurate calculation of these combined moments and thrusts, the
constitutive properties of concrete and mortar in tension must be expressed correctly.
A trilinear model for stressstrain relationships of concrete and mortar was adopted
for use in the limit-states design of PCCP.
Serviceability limit-states criteria are intended to preclude microcracking in the core
and to control microcracking in the coating under working loads and pressures. These
criteria are also intended to preclude visible cracking in the core and the coating under
working plus transient loads and pressures. Criteria are provided for the following:
1. Core-crack control.
2. Radial-tension control.
3. Coating-crack control.
4. Core-compression control.
5. Maximum pressure.
Elastic limit states are defined to limit combined working plus transient loads and
pressures so that if cracks develop in a prestressed pipe under the transient condition,
the pipe will have an elastic response, preventing damage or loss of prestress. Criteria
are provided for the following states:
1. Wire-stress control.
2. Steel-cylinder-stress control.
Strength limit states are defined to protect the pipe against yielding of the
prestressing wire, crushing of the concrete core under external load, and tensile failure
of the wire under internal pressure. Safety factors are applied to loads and pressures
that produce the strength limit states. The following criteria are provided:
1. Wire yield-strength control.
2. Core compressive-strength control.
3. Burst-pressure control.
4. Coating bond-strength control.
The limit-states design procedure for PCCP subjected to the combined effects of
internal pressure, external loads, and pipe and fluid weights
1. Is a rational procedure based on state-of-the-art structural engineering prac-
tice for concrete structures.
2. Uses parameters resulting from many tests of prestressed concrete pipe and
its constitutive materials.
3. Is substantiated by the results of combined-load and three-edge bearing veri-
fication tests of LCP and ECP.
xiv
The standard includes tables of standard designs for prestressed concrete LCP and
a design example for ECP.
I.B. History. The AWWA Standards Committee on Concrete Pressure Pipe
supported a recommendation that a design standard be developed for PCCP to be
manufactured in accordance with ANSI/AWWA C301, Prestressed Concrete Pressure
Pipe, Steel-Cylinder Type. On June 20, 1989, the C301 Design Subcommittee first
met for the purpose of developing the design standard. At its October 1989 meeting,
the AWWA Standards Council authorized a separate design standard for PCCP. The
first edition of this standard, ANSI/AWWA C304, Design of Prestressed Concrete
Cylinder Pipe, was approved by the Board of Directors on June 18, 1992. The second
edition was approved on Jan. 24, 1999. This edition was approved on Jan. 21, 2007.
I.C. Acceptance. In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF
International (NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a
certification program for all direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other
members of the original consortium included the American Water Works Association
Research Foundation (AwwaRF) and the Conference of State Health and Environ-
mental Managers (COSHEM). AWWA and the Association of State Drinking Water
Administrators (ASDWA) joined later.
In the United States, authority to regulate products for use in, or in contact with,
drinking water rests with individual states.* Local agencies may choose to impose
requirements more stringent than those required by the state. To evaluate the health
effects of products and drinking water additives from such products, state and local
agencies may use various references, including
1. An advisory program formerly administered by USEPA, Office of Drinking
Water, discontinued on Apr. 7, 1990.
2. Specific policies of the state or local agency.
3. Two standards developed according to NSF, NSF/ANSI 60, Drinking
Water Treatment ChemicalsHealth Effects, and NSF/ANSI 61, Drinking Water
System ComponentsHealth Effects.
*Persons outside the United States should contact the appropriate authority having jurisdiction.
NSF International, 789 N. Dixboro Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48113.
American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036.
xv
4. Other references including AWWA standards, Food Chemicals Codex, Water
Chemicals Codex,* and other standards considered appropriate by the state or local
agency.
Various certification organizations may be involved in certifying products in
accordance with NSF/ANSI 61. Individual states or local agencies have authority to
accept or accredit certification organizations within their jurisdiction. Accreditation
of certification organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.
Annex A, Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures, to NSF/ANSI 61
does not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for substances
not regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The MALs of
an unspecified list of unregulated contaminants are based on toxicity testing
guidelines (noncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens).
Use of Annex A procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certifier.
ANSI/AWWA C304 does not address additive requirements. Thus, users of this
standard should consult the appropriate state or local agency having jurisdiction in
order to
1. Determine additive requirements, including applicable standards.
2. Determine the status of certifications by all parties offering to certify prod-
ucts for contact with, or treatment of, drinking water.
3. Determine current information on product certification.
II. Special Issues. The information needed for selection of designs from the
tables of standard designs includes:
1. Inside diameter of pipe (in. [mm]).
2. Internal working pressure (psi [kPa]).
3. Type of standard bedding.
4. Height of earth cover over the pipe (ft [m]).
The standard criteria used in the design selection tables are summarized in Sec. 9.4
preceding the design selection tables. If different design criteria are required by the
purchaser, they should be specified by the purchaser, stated in the contract documents,
and accounted for in the design of the pipe.
*Both publications available from National Academy of Sciences, 500 Fifth Street, N.W.,
Washington, DC 20001.
xvi
III. Use of This Standard. It is the responsibility of the user of an AWWA
standard to determine that the products described in that standard are suitable for use
in the particular application being considered.
III.A. Purchaser Options and Alternatives. For LCP designs not included in
the standard design tables and for all ECP designs, the design procedures specified in
the standard must be implemented. For this purpose, the following information is to
be provided by the purchaser:
1. Inside diameter of pipe (in. [mm]).
2. Fluid unit weight (lb/ft3 [kg/m3]) if a fluid other than fresh water is
required.
3. Height of earth cover over the pipe (ft [m]) or external dead load (lb/ft
[kg/m]).
4. External surcharge load (lb/ft [kg/m]).
5. External transient load (lb/ft [kg/m]) if loading other than AASHTO* HS20
loading is required.
6. Internal working pressure (psi [kPa]).
7. Internal transient pressure (psi [kPa]).
8. Internal field-test pressure (psi [kPa]).
9. Installation requirements.
10. Time period of exposure to outdoor environment (days) if more than 270 days.
11. Relative humidity of the outdoor environment.
12. Time exposure of pipe to burial environment before water filling (days) if
more than 90 days.
III.A.1. Information to be Provided by the Pipe Manufacturer. In addition to the
information listed above (Sec. III.A), the following information is to be provided by
the pipe manufacturer:
1. Outside diameter of the steel cylinder (in. [mm]).
2. Thickness of the steel cylinder (in. [mm]).
3. Diameter of prestressing wire (in. [mm]).
4. Class of prestressing wire (II or III).
5. Number of layers of prestressing wire (one, two, or three).
6. Coating thickness over the prestressing wire (in. [mm]).
*American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 444 North Capitol St.,
N.W., Washington, DC 20001.
xvii
7. Coating thickness between layers of prestressing wire (in. [mm]).
8. Concrete 28-day compressive strength (psi [MPa]).
9. Concrete modulus of elasticity multiplier, if less than 0.9.
10. Concrete creep factor multiplier, if greater than 1.1.
11. Concrete shrinkage strain multiplier, if greater than 1.1.
12. Prestressing wire intrinsic relaxation multiplier, if greater than 1.1.
III.B. Modification to Standard. Any modifications to the provisions, defini-
tions, or terminology in this standard must be provided by the purchaser.
IV. Major Revisions. The major revisions made to the standard in this
edition include the following:
1. Editorial changes have been made throughout the standard to correct errors
and to update the standard to AWWA standard style.
V. Comments. If you have any comments or questions about this standard,
please call the AWWA Volunteer and Technical Support Group at 303.794.7711,
FAX at 303.795.7603, write to the group at 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO
80235-3098, or e-mail at [email protected].
xviii
ANSI/AWWA C304-07
(Revision of ANSI/AWWA C304-99)
AWWA Standard
Design of Prestressed Concrete

Cylinder Pipe
SECTION 1: GENERAL
Sec. 1.1 Scope

This standard defines the methods to be used in the structural design of buried
prestressed concrete cylinder pipe (PCCP) under internal pressure. These methods
are provided for the design of pipe subjected to the effects of working, transient, and
field-test load and internal pressure combinations.
The design procedures of this standard are applicable to lined-cylinder pipe (LCP)
having inside diameters of 16 in. through 60 in. (410 mm through 1,520 mm) and to
embedded-cylinder pipe (ECP) having inside diameters of 24 in. (610 mm) and larger.
The design for longitudinal hydrostatic thrust restraint of prestressed concrete
cylinder pipe is not addressed in this standard. See AWWA Manual M9, Concrete
Pressure Pipe, for information on this topic.
Sec. 1.2 References

Standard requirements for the manufacture of PCCP are contained in ANSI*/
AWWA C301, Prestressed Concrete Pressure Pipe, Steel-Cylinder Type. Procedures
*American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036.
1
2 AWWA C304-07
for installation of the pipe are described in AWWA Manual M9, Concrete Pressure
Pipe.
This standard references the following documents. In their current editions,
they form a part of this standard to the extent specified in this standard. In any case
of conflict, the requirements of this standard shall prevail.
AASHTO* HB-15Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges.
ACI 209R-92Prediction of Creep, Shrinkage, and Temperature Effects in
Concrete Structures.
ANSI/AWWA C301Prestressed Concrete Pressure Pipe, Steel-Cylinder Type.
ASTM A648Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Hard Drawn for
Pre-stressing Concrete Pipe.
ASTM C33Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates.
ASTM C39Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical
Concrete Specimens.
ASTM C192/C192MStandard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete
Test Specimens in the Laboratory.
ASTM C469Standard Test for Static Modulus of Elasticity and Poissons
Ratio of Concrete in Compression.
ASTM C512Standard Test Method for Creep of Concrete in Compression.
Concrete Pipe Design Manual. American Concrete Pipe Association.
Concrete Pressure Pipe. AWWA Manual M9. AWWA, Denver, Colo. (1995).
FAA** AC150/5320-6CAirport Pavement Design and Evaluation.
FAA AC150/5325-5CAircraft Data.
Manual for Railway Engineering. American Railway Engineering and Mainte-
nance-of-Way Association.
*American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 444 N. Capitol St. NW, Ste.
429, Washington, DC 20001.
American Concrete Institute, 38800 Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, MI 48331.
ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.
American Concrete Pipe Association, 1303 West Walnut Hill Lane, Ste. 305, Irving, TX 75038.
**Federal Aviation Administration, 800 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20591.
American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association, 10003 Derekwood Lane, Ste.
210, Lanham, MD 20706.

DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CYLINDER PIPE 3
Sec. 1.3 Applications

PCCP is used principally in the transmission and distribution of water in
municipal, industrial, and irrigation systems. It is also used in plant piping systems,
seawater cooling systems, sewer force mains, and gravity sewers. Other applications
include inverted siphons, liners for pressure tunnels, and culverts with high earth
covers.
Sec. 1.4 Pipe Structure

Two types of PCCP are produced: LCP and ECP. The cross sections and
elements of both types of pipe are shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 Schematic pipe-wall cross sections for lined- and embedded-cylinder pipe

4 AWWA C304-07
PCCP is made up of the following components:

1. A high-strength concrete core acts as the principal structural component
of the pipe and provides a smooth inner surface for high fluid flow. The core includes
a steel cylinder that functions as a watertight membrane, provides longitudinal tensile
strength, and increases circumferential and beam strength. In ECP, the steel cylinder
is contained within the core; in LCP, the steel cylinder forms the outer element of the
core. Attached to the steel cylinder are steel bell-and-spigot joint rings that, together
with an elastomeric O-ring, provide a watertight and self-centering joint between
sections of pipe. Concrete for ECP is vertically cast within steel molds. LCP concrete
is centrifugally cast or placed within the steel cylinder by radial compaction.
2. High-tensile steel wire, helically wrapped around the core under con-
trolled tension, produces uniform compressive prestress in the core that offsets tensile
stresses from internal pressure and external loads. PCCP can be designed to provide
the optimum amount of prestress needed for the required operating conditions.
3. A dense cementmortar coating encases and protects the wire-wrapped
prestressed core from physical damage and external corrosion.
Sec. 1.5 Tolerances

The design procedures of this standard are consistent with the manufacturing
tolerances given in ANSI/AWWA C301.
Sec. 1.6 Definitions

1.6.1 Limit state: A condition that bounds structural usefulness. The follow-
ing three types of limit states are considered in the design of PCCP:
1. Serviceability limit states, which ensure performance under service loads.
2. Elastic limit states, which define the onset of material nonlinearity.
3. Strength limit states, which provide safety under extreme loads.
1.6.2 Limit-states design: The limit-states design method requires definitions
of all limit states that are relevant to the performance of a particular structure,
followed by the design of the structure, so that the probability of not exceeding a
limit state is ensured.
1.6.3 Purchaser: The person, company, or organization that purchases any
materials or work to be performed.

Sec. 1.7 Metric (SI) Equivalents

The conversion factors in this section are consistent with those provided in
ASTM E380-82, Standard for Metric Practice. Values of constants and variables are
given in both US customary and SI units throughout the standard. In those instances
where direct conversion of units is not possible, equations applicable to both US and
SI systems of units are given in this standard.
To convert from to Multiply by

Area
square inches (in.2) square meters (m2) 0.000645
Bending Moment
pound-force inches (lbf-in.) newton meters (Nm) 0.112985
Force
pounds-force (lbf ) newtons (N) 4.448222
Length
feet (ft) meters (m) 0.304800
inches (in.) meters (m) 0.025400
Weight per Unit Volume
pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft3) kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3) 16.018
Pressure or Stress
pounds per square inch (psi) (lbf/in.2) pascals (Pa) 6894.757
Steel Area per Unit Length of Pipe
square inches per foot (in.2/ft) square millimeters per meter (mm2/m) 2116.667
Temperature
degrees Fahrenheit (F) degree Celsius (C) TC = (TF 32)/1.8
Volume
cubic yards (yd3) cubic meters (m3) 0.764555
SECTION 2: LOADS AND INTERNAL PRESSURES
Sec. 2.1 Notation

Di = inside diameter of pipe (in. [mm])
H = height of earth cover over pipe (ft [m])
If = impact factor
Pft = internal field-test pressure (psi [kPa])

6 AWWA C304-07
Pg = internal pressure established by the hydraulic gradient (psi [kPa])

Ps = internal pressure established by the static head (psi [kPa])
Pt = internal transient pressure (psi [kPa])
Pw = internal working pressure (psi [kPa]) = max(Pg , Ps )
We = external dead load (lbf/ft [N/m])
Wf = weight of fluid (lbf/ft [N/m])
Wp = weight of pipe (lbf/ft [N/m])
Ws = surcharge load (lbf/ft [N/m])
Wt = transient load (lbf/ft [N/m])
c = unit weight of concrete (lb/ft3 [kg/m3])
m = unit weight of mortar (lb/ft3 [kg/m3])
s = unit weight of steel (lb/ft3 [kg/m3])
Sec. 2.2 Design Loads and Internal Pressures

To purchase pipe manufactured according to ANSI/AWWA C301, the
purchaser must specify the magnitudes of design loads and internal pressures and the
distributions of external loads on the pipe. The types of loads and internal pressures
described in Sec. 2.3 and 2.4 are those normally required for the design of buried
pressure pipe. The references given for determining various external loads and their
distributions are guidelines that define acceptable practice. The purchaser may need
to specify additional loads for special conditions not covered by this standard.
Sec. 2.3 Loads

2.3.1 Working loads. Pipe shall be designed to include the following working
loads of long duration.
2.3.1.1 Pipe weight, Wp , computed using nominal pipe dimensions and the
following material unit weights:
c = 150 lb/ft3 (2,403 kg/m3)
m = 144 lb/ft3 (2,307 kg/m3)
s = 489 lb/ft3 (7,833 kg/m3)
2.3.1.2 Fluid weight, Wf , computed using 62.4 lb/ft3 (1,000 kg/m3) as the
unit weight of fresh water. If fluids other than fresh water are to be transported by the
pipe, then the actual unit weight of those fluids shall be used.

2.3.1.3 External dead load, We , computed as the sum of earth load and
surcharge load, if any.
Earth load is computed in accordance with AWWA Manual M9; ACPAs
Concrete Pipe Design Manual; or AASHTO HB-15, division I, section 17.4; or
recognized and documented analytical procedures based on soilpipe interaction.
Surcharge load, resulting from the dead load of structures or other surface loads
that are not transient loads as defined in Sec. 2.3.2, is computed in accordance with
ACPAs Concrete Pipe Design Manual.
2.3.2 Transient loads. Transient load, Wt , for which the pipe shall be
designed, includes the following vertical surface loads of short duration, whenever
applicable.
2.3.2.1 Highway live load, computed in accordance with AASHTO HB-15,
AWWA Manual M9, and ACPAs Concrete Pipe Design Manual. HS20 loading shall
be used unless other loading is specified by the purchaser.
2.3.2.2 Railroad live load shall be computed in accordance with AREMAs
Manual for Railway Engineering and ACPAs Concrete Pipe Design Manual. Cooper E-72
loading shall be used unless other loading is specified by the purchaser.
2.3.2.3 Aircraft live load shall be computed using appropriate aircraft wheel
loads (see FAA AC150/5325-5C, Aircraft Data), in accordance with FAA AC150/
5320-6C, Airport Pavement Design and Evaluation, and ACPAs Concrete Pipe Design
Manual.
2.3.2.4 Construction live load, if specified by the purchaser, shall be
computed using the specified load and earth cover in accordance with ACPAs
Concrete Pipe Design Manual procedure for highway live load.
2.3.3 Impact factor. Computation of Wt shall include the application of an
appropriate impact factor, If , in accordance with the applicable live load standard or
ACPAs Concrete Pipe Design Manual.
Sec. 2.4 Internal Pressures

2.4.1 Internal working pressure. The internal working pressure, Pw , for which
the pipe shall be designed is:
P w = max ( Pg , Ps ) (Eq 2-1)
2.4.2 Internal transient pressure. The internal transient pressure, Pt , for

which the pipe shall be designed is the internal pressure, in excess of the internal

8 AWWA C304-07
working pressure, Pw , caused by rapid changes in pipeline flow velocity. The

hydraulic design of the pipeline should include an analysis of transient effects. In the
absence of a design transient pressure specified by the purchaser, the value of Pt for
which the pipe shall be designed is:
Pt = max ( 0.4Pw , 40 psi [ 276 kPa ] ) (Eq 2-2)
2.4.3 Internal field-test pressure. The internal field-test pressure, Pf t , is the

test pressure to be applied to the pipe after its installation. In the absence of a
field-test pressure specified by the purchaser, the value of Pf t for which the pipe shall
be designed is:
Pft = 1.2Pw (Eq 2-3)
SECTION 3: LOAD AND INTERNAL-PRESSURE

COMBINATIONS
Sec. 3.1 Notation

fcr = final prestress in core concrete (psi [kPa])
FT1, FT2 = design-factored working-load and field-test pressure
combinations
FW1 = design-factored working-load combination
FWT1FWT6 = design-factored working plus transient load and
internal-pressure combinations
Pft = internal field-test pressure (psi [kPa])
Pg = internal pressure caused by the hydraulic gradient (psi [kPa])
Ps = internal pressure caused by the static head (psi [kPa])
Pt = internal transient pressure (psi [kPa])
Pw = internal working pressure (psi [kPa]) = max (Pg , Ps)
W1, W2 = design working-load and internal-pressure combinations
We = external dead load (lbf/ft, [N/m])
Wf = weight of fluid (lbf/ft [N/m])

Wt = transient load (lbf/ft[N/m])

WT1WT3 = design working plus transient load and internal-pressure
combinations
1 = factor equal to 1.1 for ECP and 1.2 for LCP
2 = factor equal to 1.3 for ECP and 1.4 for LCP
Sec. 3.2 Load Factors for Limit-States Design*

The factored load combinations given in this section are based on minimum
recommended load factors for use with the limit-states design procedures described
in Sec. 8.
Sec. 3.3 Minimum Combined Design Loads and Pressures

1. The minimum combined design pressure and load shall be Pw = 40 psi
(276 kPa) in combination with We equivalent to 6 ft (1.83 m) of earth cover based on
trench loading at transition width, and unit earth weight of 120 lb/ft3 (1,922 kg/m3)
with 45 Olander bedding for earth load and fluid weight and 15 Olander bedding
for pipe weight. Pt = 0, and Wt = 0.
2. The maximum calculated tensile stress in the pipe core shall not exceed fcr
when the pipe weight alone is supported on a line bearing.
Sec. 3.4 Working Loads and Internal Pressures

Pipe shall be designed for all of the following combinations of working loads
and internal pressures:
W1: We + Wp + Wf + P w (Eq 3-1)
W2: We + Wp + Wf (Eq 3-2)
FW1: 1.25We + Wp + Wf (Eq 3-3)
Sec. 3.5 Working Plus Transient Loads and Internal Pressures

3.5.1 Load and pressure combinations. Pipe shall be designed for all of the
following combinations of working plus transient loads and internal pressures:
WT1: We + Wp + Wf + Pw + Pt (Eq 3-4)
*For commentary see appendix A, Sec. A.2.

For commentary see appendix A, Sec. A.3.

10 AWWA C304-07
WT2: We + Wp + Wf + Wt + Pw (Eq 3-5)
WT3: We + Wp + Wf + Wt (Eq 3-6)
FWT1: 1 ( We + Wp + Wf + Pw + Pt ) (Eq 3-7)
FWT2: 1 ( We + Wp + Wf + Wt + P ) (Eq 3-8)

w
Where:
1 = 1.1 for ECP and 1.2 for LCP
3.5.2 Factored load and pressure combinations.* Pipe shall be designed for the
following factored combinations of working plus transient loads and internal
pressures:
FWT3: 2 ( We + Wp + Wf + Pw + P ) (Eq 3-9)
t
FWT4: 2 ( We + Wp + Wf + Wt + Pw ) (Eq 3-10)
FWT5: 1.6 ( We + Wp + Wf ) + 2.0Wt (Eq 3-11)
FWT6: 1.6Pw + 2.0Pt (Eq 3-12)
Where:
Sec. 3.6 Working Loads and Internal Field-Test Pressures

Pipe shall be designed for the following combinations of working loads and
internal field-test pressures:
FT1: 1.1 ( We + Wp + Wf + Pft ) (Eq 3-13)
FT2: 1.1 1 ( We + Wp + Wf + Pf t ) (Eq 3-14)
Where:
Sec. 3.7 Load and Pressure Factors

The load and pressure factors for the various loading conditions are summarized
in Table 1 for ECP and in Table 2 for LCP.


Table 1 Load and pressure factors for embedded-cylinder pipe

Load and Pressures
Loading Conditions We Wp Wf Wt Pw Pt Pft
Working Load and Pressure Combinations
W1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
W2 1.0 1.0 1.0
FW1 1.25 1.0 1.0
Working Plus Transient Load and Pressure Combinations
WT1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
WT2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
WT3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
FWT1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
FWT2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
FWT3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
FWT4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
FWT5 1.6 1.6 1.6 2.0
FWT6 1.6 2.0
Field-Test Condition
FT1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
FT2 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.21
Table 2 Load and pressure factors for lined-cylinder pipe

Load and Pressures
Loading Conditions We Wp Wf Wt Pw Pt Pft
Working Load and Pressure Combinations
W1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
W2 1.0 1.0 1.0
Working Plus Transient Load and Pressure Combinations
WT1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
WT2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
WT3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
FWT1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
FWT2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
FWT3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
FWT4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
FWT5 1.6 1.6 1.6 2.0
FWT6 1.6 2.0
Field-Test Condition
FT1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
FT2 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.32

12 AWWA C304-07
SECTION 4: MOMENTS AND THRUSTS
Sec. 4.1 Notation

Cm1e, Cm1p, Cm1f = moment coefficients at invert resulting from the distribution of
external loads, We or Wt, and pipe and fluid weights, Wp and Wf
Cm2e, Cm2p, Cm2f = moment coefficients at springline resulting from the distribution
of external loads, We or Wt, and pipe and fluid weights, Wp and
Wf
Cn1e, Cn1p, Cn1f = thrust coefficients at invert resulting from the distribution of
Cn2e, Cn2p, Cn2f = thrust coefficients at springline resulting from the distribution of
Dy = outside diameter of steel cylinder (in. [mm])
hc = core thickness, including thickness of cylinder (in. [mm])
hm = coating thickness, including wire diameter (in. [mm])
M1 = total moment at invert (lbf-in./ft [N-m/m])
M2 = total moment at springline (lbf-in./ft [N-m/m])
M2r = redistributed moment at springline (lbf-in./ft [N-m/m])
M1cap = moment capacity at invert and crown (lbf-in./ft [N-m/m])
N1 = total thrust at invert (lbf/ft [N/m])
N2 = total thrust at springline (lbf/ft [N/m])
No = thrust resulting from final prestress (lbf/ft [N/m])
P = internal pressure (psi [kPa])
Po = decompression pressure that relieves final prestress in the core
concrete (psi [kPa])
R = radius to the centroid of the coated pipe wall (in. [mm])
We = external dead load (lbf/ft [N/m])
Wf = fluid weight (lbf/ft [N/m])
Wt = transient load (lbf/ft [N/m])

Sec. 4.2 Distribution of Loads

The total working and transient loads on the pipe shall be determined using the
provisions of Sec. 2. The earth-pressure distribution on the pipe and the moments
and thrusts in the wall resulting from the working and transient loads shall be
determined from recognized and accepted theories, taking into account the
characteristics of installation, such as those given by Olander (1950) and Paris (1921)
(see appendix B). The bedding angle for Olander and Paris distributions shall be
selected on the basis of design pipesoil installation. Unless provisions are made to
support the pipe weight over a wider width, the bedding angle for pipe weight shall
be 15 for installation on soil beddings.
Sign conventions for moments and thrusts in the references cited above may
differ. The sign conventions for moments and thrusts in this standard are
1. A thrust in the pipe wall is positive when creating tension in the pipe wall
and negative when creating compression in the pipe wall.
2. In the vicinity of the crown and invert, a moment is positive when
creating tension at the inside surface of the pipe and negative when creating
compression at the inside surface of the pipe.
3. In the vicinity of the springline, a moment is positive when creating
tension at the outside surface of the pipe and negative when creating compression at
the outside surface of the pipe.
Sec. 4.3 Moments and Thrusts

4.3.1 Prestress thrust. The thrust at invert, crown, and springline resulting
from prestressing is
No = 6Dy Po (Eq 4-1)
Where:
Po = the decompression pressure that relieves the final prestress in the core,
as defined in Sec. 6.3.3. Dy is in in., and Po is in psi. The metric
equivalent of Eq 4-1, with Dy in mm and Po in kPa, is
No = 1/2Dy Po
4.3.2 Moments and thrusts from combined loads.* The moments and thrusts
resulting from pressure, external loads (earth, surcharge, transient, and construction
loads), and weights of pipe and fluid, for a pipe with uniform wall, are

14 AWWA C304-07
M 1 = R [ Cm1e ( We + Wt ) + Cm1p Wp + Cm1f Wf ] (Eq 4-2)
M 2 = R [ Cm2e ( We + Wt ) + Cm2p Wp + Cm2f Wf ] (Eq 4-3)
N 1 = 6Dy P [ Cn1e ( We + Wt ) + Cn1p Wp + Cn1f Wf ] (Eq 4-4)
N 2 = 6Dy P [ Cn2e ( We + Wt ) + Cn2p Wp + Cn2f Wf ] (Eq 4-5)
Where:
Di + hc + hm
R = ------------------------------ (Eq 4-6)
2
When Dy is in mm and P is in kPa, substitute 1/2Dy for 6Dy in Eq 4-4 and 4-5.
The moment and thrust coefficients are obtained from the assumed distribution
of earth pressure selected for the design installation.
4.3.3 Moment redistribution.* When the moment, M1, given by Eq 4-2 is
greater than the moment capacity at the invert, M1cap, the moments at the invert and
springline, M1 and M2, obtained using Eq 4-2 and 4-3, shall be redistributed as
described in this section. M1cap for ECP is the M1-moment limit at the invert
corresponding to the steel-cylinder stress reaching a limiting value and is computed
according to the procedure in Sec. 7.4.2 and 8.9.1. M1cap for LCP is the M1-moment
limit at the invert corresponding to the coating strain reaching the compressive
strain limit after cracking of the core and is computed according to the procedure
in Sec. 8.9.4. For loads exceeding the limiting load that produces M1cap at the invert,
the redistributed moment at the springline M2r is
M2r = M 1 + M 2 M 1cap (Eq 4-7)
Where:
M1 and M2 are given by Eq 4-2 and 4-3

SECTION 5: DESIGN MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Sec. 5.1 Notation

CE = concrete modulus of elasticity multiplier
Cs = concrete shrinkage strain multiplier
C = concrete creep-factor multiplier
Ec = design modulus of elasticity of core concrete (psi [MPa])
Ect = average modulus of elasticity of test concrete (psi [MPa])
Em = design modulus of elasticity of coating mortar (psi [MPa])
E s = design modulus of elasticity of prestressing wire (psi [MPa])
Ey = design modulus of elasticity of steel cylinder (psi [MPa])
fc = design 28-day compressive strength of core concrete (psi [MPa])
fci = core concrete compressive strength at wrapping (psi [MPa])
fct = design compressive strength of test concrete (psi [MPa])
fm = design 28-day compressive strength of coating mortar (psi [MPa])
ftm = design 28-day tensile strength of coating mortar (psi [MPa])
ft = design tensile strength of core concrete (psi [MPa])
fs = tensile stress in prestressing wire (psi [MPa])
fs g = gross wrapping tensile stress in wire (psi [MPa])
fs u = specified minimum tensile strength of prestressing wire (psi [MPa])
fs y = tensile yield strength of prestressing wire (psi [MPa])
fyy = design tensile or compressive yield strength of steel cylinder (psi [MPa])
f * = design tensile strength of steel cylinder at pipe burst (psi [MPa])
yy
s(18,250) = extrapolated shrinkage strain of concrete test specimens at 50 years
(18,250 days)
st(n) = shrinkage strain of concrete test specimens on n-th day after loading
s = strain in prestressing wire
c = unit weight of concrete (lb/ft3 [kg/m3])
m = unit weight of mortar (lb/ft3 [kg/m3])
(18,250) = creep factor at 50 years (18,250 days)

16 AWWA C304-07
Sec. 5.2 Materials and Manufacturing Standard

The concrete core, mortar coating, steel cylinder, and prestressing wire shall
conform to the requirements of ANSI/AWWA C301.
Sec. 5.3 Properties of Core Concrete

The core concrete may be placed by the centrifugal-casting method, by the
vertical-casting method, or by the radial-compaction method. In this standard, the
concrete placed by the centrifugal method is referred to as spun concrete and that
placed by the vertical-casting method is referred to as cast concrete. Concrete placed
by radial compaction, which has been shown to have strength, shrinkage, and creep
properties equivalent to spun concrete, is also considered as spun concrete in this
standard.
5.3.1 Compressive strength of concrete. The minimum design compressive
strength of the core concrete, based on 28-day tests of concrete cylinders in
accordance with ANSI/AWWA C301, shall be as follows:
Cast concrete fc = 4,500 psi (31.0 MPa)
Spun concrete fc = 6,000 psi (41.4 MPa)
5.3.2 Minimum compressive strength of concrete at wrapping. The minimum

compressive strength of the core concrete, based on tests of concrete cylinders in
accordance with ANSI/AWWA C301, at the time of wrapping shall be as follows:
Cast concrete fci = 3,000 psi (20.7 MPa)
Spun concrete fci = 4,000 psi (27.6 MPa)
but not less than 1.8 times the initial prestress in the core (that is, the initial prestress
in the core shall not exceed 0.55fci ).
5.3.3 Tensile strength of concrete.* The design tensile strength of the core
concrete is
f t = 7 f c (Eq 5-1)
Where:
fc = design 28-day compressive strength of core concrete in psi

f t = 0.58 f c
Where:
fc = design 28-day compressive strength of core concrete in MPa
5.3.4 Modulus of elasticity of concrete.* The design modulus of elasticity of

the core concrete is
1.51 0.3
E c = 158 c ( fc ) (Eq 5-2)
Where:
c = 145 lb/ft3
fc = design 28-day compressive strength of concrete in psi
1.51 0.3
E c = 0.074 c ( fc )
Where:
c = 2,323 kg/m3
fc = design 28-day compressive strength of concrete in MPa
Each factory where PCCP is to be manufactured shall perform a quality-

assurance test to determine the modulus of elasticity of the concrete mix with the
aggregates and cement to be used in the pipe manufacture. If the measured modulus
of elasticity is less than the value computed from Eq 5-2, the design modulus of
elasticity shall be modified for all pipe manufactured using these aggregates and
cement.
The average modulus of elasticity of concrete produced at the factory shall be
determined from tests of at least five molded cylindrical test specimens of concrete
meeting the requirements of ANSI/AWWA C301. The test specimens shall be
molded and cured in accordance with ASTM C192 and tested in accordance with
ASTM C469 at an age of 28 days to determine their modulus of elasticity.
Five companion test specimens shall be molded and cured in accordance with
ASTM C192 and tested in accordance with ASTM C39. The mean 28-day
compressive strength x and the standard deviation s of the sample of five test

18 AWWA C304-07
specimens shall be computed. The design 28-day compressive strength of the test
concrete shall be
f c t = x 0.84s (Eq 5-3)
For purposes of these tests, fct shall range from 4,500 to 6,500 psi (31.0 to
44.8 MPa).
The modulus of elasticity multiplier is
E ct
C E = -----------------------------------------
- (Eq 5-4)
1.51 0.3
158 c ( f ct )
Where:
Ect (psi) = the average of the five or more modulus of elasticity test results
c = 145 lb/ft3
E ct
C E = ----------------------------------------------
1.51 0.3
0.074 c ( fc t )
Where:
Ect (MPa) = the average of the five or more modulus of elasticity test results
c = 2,323 kg/m3
If CE is less than 0.9 for all pipe manufactured using the aggregates and cement
used in the test, the design modulus of elasticity shall be reduced by multiplying the
result of Eq 5-2 by CE, and the modular ratios given in Sec. 6 and 8 shall be
increased by dividing them by CE.
The quality-assurance test to determine modulus of elasticity shall be made
annually or whenever the sources of aggregate or cement are changed.
5.3.5 Stressstrain relationship of concrete.* The design stressstrain relation-
ship of the core concrete is shown in Figure 2A.
5.3.6 Creep and shrinkage properties of concrete. Each factory that manufac-
tures PCCP shall perform a quality-assurance test of concrete creep and shrinkage on
a mix with the aggregates and cement to be used in the manufacture of pipe (without
additives or admixtures). If either the measured concrete creep factor or shrinkage
strain is more than the value computed in accordance with ACI 209R-82, the design

ft Onset of Microcracking
7 fc
Tensile Stress
Ec Ec /10
1
1
Onset of
Visible Cracking
Compressive Strain t 1.5t Tensile Strain k = 11t t
Compressive
Stress
A. Assumed for concrete core of the pipe
ft
7 fm
Tensile Stress
Em Em /7
1
1
Onset of
Visible Cracking
Compressive Strain tm Tensile Strain km = 8m tm

Compressive
Stress
B. Assumed for mortar coating of the pipe
Figure 2 Stressstrain relationships for concrete and mortar in tension and compression
creep factor and shrinkage strain shall be modified for all pipe manufactured using
these aggregates and cement.
The creep and shrinkage-strain properties of concrete produced at the factory
shall be determined from tests of at least one set of molded cylindrical test specimens
of concrete meeting the requirements of ANSI/AWWA C301. The test specimens
shall be molded in accordance with ASTM C192. Each set of test specimens shall
include 5 specimens for creep tests, 5 specimens for shrinkage tests, 5 specimens for
modulus-of-elasticity tests, and 10 specimens for compressive-strength tests. Each of
the specimens shall be cured and stored in accordance with the requirements for

20 AWWA C304-07
Standard Curing in Section 6.1 of ASTM C512. Creep specimens shall be tested in
accordance with ASTM C512. Compressive strength and modulus of elasticity shall
be determined in accordance with ASTM C39 and C469, respectively.
Immediately before loading the creep specimens, the compressive strength of
concrete shall be determined by testing five of the strength specimens in accordance
with ASTM C39.
Creep-test specimens shall be loaded at 7 days to a compressive stress level
ranging from 30 to 40 percent of the compressive strength of the concrete at loading
age.
Strain readings of loaded specimens shall be taken immediately before and after
loading, 7 days after loading, and 28 days after loading. Shrinkage strains shall be
measured at the same times as strain readings of loaded specimens. Additional strain
readings may be taken at other times.
The 28-day compressive strength of concrete shall be determined by testing the
remaining five strength specimens in accordance with ASTM C39 and averaging
their results. The 28-day modulus of elasticity of concrete shall be determined by
testing five test specimens in accordance with ASTM C469 and averaging their
results.
In addition to the items required by ASTM C512 to be included in the report,
the following items shall be reported:
1. Shrinkage strains at designated ages (in./in. [mm/mm]).
2. Compressive strength at 28 days of age (psi [MPa]).
3. Modulus of elasticity at 28 days of age (psi [MPa]).
4. Cement content of the concrete (lb/yd3 [kg/m3]).
5. Watercement ratio.
The average of five specific creep strains plus the initial elastic strains measured
up to 28 days after loading shall be extrapolated using the BPKX model of drying
creep (Bazant, Kim, and Panula [1991, 1992]) or the ACI 209R-92 model of drying
creep to compute the specific creep plus instantaneous strain at 50 years. A procedure
for the extrapolation is discussed in Ojdrovic and Zarghamee (1996). The resulting
creep factor at 50 years is computed by dividing the specific creep strain at 50 years,
(18,250), by the specific initial strain.
The concrete creep factor multiplier, C , is the ratio of the creep factor at 50
years to the computed value of the creep factor using ACI 209R-92:
( 18,250 )
C = ------------------------
2.0

If C is greater than 1.1, for all pipe to be manufactured using the aggregates
and cement used in the test, the design creep factor shall be increased by multiplying
the creep factor given in Eq 6-16 by C .
The average of five shrinkage strains measured at 28 days after loading of the
creep specimens shall be extrapolated using the BPKX model of shrinkage (Bazant,
Kim, and Panula [1991, 1992]) or the ACI 209R-92 model of shrinkage to compute
the shrinkage strain at 50 years, s (18,250). A procedure for the extrapolation is
discussed in Ojdrovic and Zarghamee (1996). The concrete shrinkage strain
multiplier, Cs , is the ratio of the shrinkage strain at 50 years to the computed value
of the shrinkage strain using ACI 209R-92:
s ( 18,250 )
C s = -------------------------
700
If Cs is greater than 1.1, for all pipe to be manufactured using the aggregates and
cement used in the test, the design shrinkage strain shall be increased by multiplying
the shrinkage strain s given in Eq 6-17 by Cs.
Creep and shrinkage measurements shall be made whenever the sources of
aggregate or cement are changed.
Sec. 5.4 Properties of Coating Mortar

The mortar coating is a cement-rich mixture of sand and cement that is applied
as a dense and durable coating with a minimum thickness of 0.75 in. (19 mm) over
the outer layer of prestressing wire.
5.4.1 Compressive strength of mortar. The design compressive strength of the
coating mortar is fm = 5,500 psi (37.9 MPa).
5.4.2 Tensile strength of mortar.* The design tensile strength of the coating
mortar is
f tm = 7 f m (Eq 5-5)
Where:
fm = design 28-day compressive strength of coating mortar in psi
f tm = 0.58 f m
Where:
fm = design 28-day compressive strength of coating mortar in MPa

22 AWWA C304-07
5.4.3 Modulus of elasticity of mortar.* The design modulus of elasticity of the

coating mortar is
1.51 0.3
E m = 158 m ( fm ) (Eq 5-6)
Where:
m = 140 lb/ft3
fm = 5,500 psi
1.51 0.3
E m = 0.074 m ( fm )
Where:
m = 2,242 kg/m3
fm = 37.9 MPa
5.4.4 Stressstrain relationship of mortar. The design stressstrain relation-

ship of coating mortar is shown in Figure 2B.
Sec. 5.5 Properties of Steel Cylinder

The cylinder shall be fabricated from either hot-rolled or cold-rolled steel sheet
conforming to the requirements of ANSI/AWWA C301. The minimum wall
thickness of the steel cylinder shall be USS 16 gauge (1.52 mm).
5.5.1 Yield strength of steel cylinder. The design yield strength of the steel
cylinder in tension shall be
fyy = 33,000 psi (227 MPa)
or the specified minimum yield strength, whichever is greater.

5.5.2 Strength of steel cylinder at burst. The usable design strength of the
steel cylinder at burst for a pipe subjected to hydrostatic pressure shall be
f * = 45,000 psi (310 MPa)

yy
If the specified minimum yield strength of the cylinder steel is greater than
45,000 psi [310 MPa], the larger value may be used for f *yy .


fy
fyy
Constant
Linear
Ey
Compression
Figure 3 Stressstrain relationship for steel cylinder in tension and compression
5.5.3 Modulus of elasticity of steel cylinder. The design modulus of elasticity

of the steel cylinder shall be
E y = 30,000,000 psi (206,850 MPa)
5.5.4 Stressstrain relationship of steel cylinder. The design stressstrain rela-

tionship for the steel cylinder is shown in Figure 3.
Sec. 5.6 Properties of Prestressing Wire

The prestressing wire shall be hard drawn steel wire conforming to ANSI/
AWWA C301. The minimum diameter of wire shall be USS 6 gauge (4.88 mm) for
all pipe sizes (see Figure 4).
5.6.1 Gross wrapping stress of wire. The design gross wrapping stress, fs g , the
stress in the wire during wrapping, is 75 percent of the specified minimum tensile
strength of the wire:
fs g = 0.75fs u

24 AWWA C304-07
Figure 4 Stressstrain relationship for 6-gauge prestressing wire in tension after wrapping at fs g
5.6.2 Yield strength of wire. The design yield strength of wire, fs y , is 85 percent
of the specified minimum tensile strength of the wire:
fs y = 0.85fs u (Eq 2-4)
This stress level corresponds to the 0.2 percent strain offset in a wire before
prestressing.
5.6.3 Modulus of elasticity of wire. The design modulus of elasticity of wire,
after wrapping at fs g , for stress levels below fs g , shall be
E s = 28,000,000 psi (193,050 MPa)
5.6.4 Stressstrain relationship of wire.* The design stressstrain relationship

for prestressing wire, after wrapping at fs g , is shown in Figure 4 and is given in the
following equation:
fs = s E s for s fs g /E s (Eq 5-7)
fs = fs u {1 [1 0.6133(s E s /fsu )]2.25} for s > fs g /E s

SECTION 6: STRESSES FROM PRESTRESSING*
Sec. 6.1 Notation

Ac = core concrete area, excluding steel-cylinder area (in.2/ft [mm2/m])
As = total area of prestressing wire (in.2/ft [mm2/m])
Asj = area of the j-th layer of prestressing wire (in.2/ft [mm2/m])
Asf = area of the final layer of prestressing wire (in.2/ft [mm2/m])
Ay = steel-cylinder area (in.2/ft [mm2/m])
CE = concrete modulus of elasticity multiplier
CR = wire intrinsic-relaxation multiplier
Cs = concrete shrinkage strain multiplier
C = concrete creep factor multiplier
E s = design modulus of elasticity of prestressing wire (psi [MPa])
E y = design modulus of elasticity of steel cylinder (psi [MPa])
fic = initial prestress in core concrete (psi [MPa])
ficj = initial prestress in core concrete after applying the j-th layer of
prestressing (psi [MPa])
fcr = final prestress in core concrete (psi [MPa])
fs g = gross wrapping stress in prestressing wire = 0.75fs u (psi [MPa])
fis = initial stress in a single layer of prestressing wire (psi [MPa])
fisj = initial stress in the j-th layer of prestressing wire (psi [MPa])
fsr = final prestress in a single layer of prestressing wire (psi [MPa])
fsrj = final prestress in the j-th layer of prestressing wire (psi [MPa])
fs u = specified minimum tensile strength of prestressing wire (psi [MPa])
fiy = initial prestress in steel cylinder (psi [MPa])

26 AWWA C304-07
fyr = final prestress in steel cylinder (psi [MPa])

hci = thickness of inner core concrete (in. [mm])
hco = thickness of outer core concrete (in. [mm])
hm = thickness of coating, including wire diameter (in. [mm])
I = intrinsic relaxation of wire at 1,000 h, percent of initial stress
ni, nr = modular ratio of prestressing wire to core concrete at wrapping and
at maturity, respectively
ni, nr = modular ratio of steel cylinder to core concrete at wrapping and at
maturity, respectively
Po = decompression pressure that relieves final prestress in the core
concrete (psi [kPa])
R = wire-relaxation factor for a single layer of prestressing
Rf = wire-relaxation factor for the outer layer of prestressing
Rj = wire-relaxation factor for the j-th layer of prestressing
RH = relative humidity (percent)
s = design shrinkage strain for a buried pipe
sci, scom , sm = shrinkage strain for inner core, outer core and coating, and coating
only, respectively
s1, s2 = shrinkage strain for inner core and outer core, respectively, when
volume-to-surface correction factor = 1.0
t1 = time period of exposure of pipe to outdoor environment (day)
t2 = time period of exposure of pipe to burial environment before water
filling (day)
= design creep factor for a buried pipe
ci, com, m = creep factor for inner core, outer core and coating, and coating only,
respectively
1, 2 = creep factor for inner core and outer core, respectively, when
volume-to-surface correction factor = 1.0
, = creep and shrinkage volume-to-surface ratio correction factor,
respectively
, = creep and shrinkage relative humidity correction factor, respectively

Sec. 6.2 Prestress Losses

The state of stress in PCCP is governed by the prestress losses resulting from
creep and shrinkage of the concrete and mortar and relaxation of the wire.
Sec. 6.3 State of Stress With a Single Layer of Prestressing

6.3.1 Initial prestress. The initial prestress in the concrete core, the steel
cylinder, and the prestressing wire is
A s f sg
f ic = ---------------------------------------- (Eq 6-1)
A c + ni A s + n i A y
fiy = nific (Eq 6-2)
fis = fs g + ni fic (Eq 6-3)
where compression is taken as positive, and tension is taken as negative.

6.3.2 Final prestress. The final prestress in the concrete, the steel cylinder,
and the prestressing wire, after creep and shrinkage of the concrete core and mortar
coating and relaxation of the prestressing wire, is
f ic ( A c + nr A s + n r A y ) ( As E s + A y E y )s A s Rf sg
f cr = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (Eq 6-4)
A c + ( n r A s + n r A y ) ( 1 + )
A c ( f ic n r + E y s ) RA s f sg n r ( 1 + )
f yr = f iy + ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (Eq 6-5)
A + ( n A + n A ) ( 1 + )
c r s r y
A c ( f ic n r + E s s ) RA s f sg n r( 1 + )
f sr = f is + Rf sg + ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (Eq 6-6)
A + ( n A + n A ) ( 1 + )
c r s r y
6.3.3 Decompression pressure. The decompression pressure, Po , the pressure

that just overcomes the final prestress in the core, is
f cr ( A c + nr A s + n r A y )
P o = ---------------------------------------------------- (Eq 6-7)
6D y
Sec. 6.4 State of Stress With Multiple Layers of Prestressing

6.4.1 Applicability.* This section applies to pipe with multiple layers of
prestressing where the clear radial distance between layers is nominally equal to one

28 AWWA C304-07
wire diameter. For designs with greater radial distance between prestressing layers,
special designs are required.
6.4.2 Initial prestress. The initial prestress in concrete for a pipe with
multiple layers of prestressing is the sum of the initial prestress caused by each layer
of prestressing:
fic = fic1 + fic2 + fic3 (Eq 6-8)
Where:
A s1 f sg
f ic1 = -------------------------------------------
- (Eq 6-9)
A c + n i A s1 + n i A y
A s2 f sg
f ic2 = --------------------------------------------------------------
- (Eq 6-10)
A c + ni ( A s1 + A s2 ) + n i A y
A s3 f sg
f ic3 = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
- (Eq 6-11)
A c + n i ( A s1 + A s2 + A s3 ) + n i A y
The initial prestress for each layer of prestressing wire is
fis 1 = fs g + ni ( fic1 + fic2 + fic3) (Eq 6-12)
fis 2 = fs g + ni ( fic2 + fic3) (Eq 6-13)
fis 3 = fs g + ni fic3 (Eq 6-14)
The initial prestress in the steel cylinder is given in Eq 6-2.

6.4.3 Final prestress. The final prestress is given in Eq 6-4 for concrete core
and Eq 6-5 for steel cylinder, with As = As1 + As2 + As3. The final prestress in the j-th
layer of prestressing is
3
A c ( f ic n r + E s s ) R k A sk f sg n r( 1 + )

k = 1
f srj = f isj + R j f sg + ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (Eq 6-15)
A c + ( n r A s + n r A y ) ( 1 + )
6.4.4 Decompression pressure. The decompression pressure for a pipe with

multiple layers of prestressing is given in Eq 6-7, with As = As1 + As2 + As3.

Sec. 6.5 Modular Ratios

The modular ratios for concrete (where fc is in psi) are as follows:
Cast Concrete Spun Concrete
At Wrapping: ni 109( fc)0.3 100( fc)0.3
ni 117( fc)0.3 107( fc)0.3
After Maturity: nr 93( fc)0.3 95( fc)0.3
nr 99( fc)0.3 102( fc)0.3
Where fc is in MPa, replace fc in the above equations with 145fc.

Based on the quality-assurance test of concrete modulus of elasticity discussed in
Sec. 5.3.4, if the design modulus of elasticity needs to be reduced, then the modular
ratios described in this section shall be increased by dividing them by CE.
Sec. 6.6 Design Creep Factor and Design Shrinkage Strain for Buried Pipe*
For a buried pipe, the creep factor, , and shrinkage strain, s, are
( h co + h m ) com h m m + h ci ci
= ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- (Eq 6-16)
h ci + h co
( h co + h m )s com h m s m + h ci s ci
s = ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (Eq 6-17)
h ci + h co
where ci, com , m , sci , scom, and sm are creep factors and shrinkage strains for the
inner core, the outer core plus the coating, and for the coating, respectively.
Based on the quality-assurance tests of concrete creep and shrinkage discussed in
Sec. 5.3.6, if the design creep factor and shrinkage strain need to be increased, the
values of and s computed in Eq 6-16 and 6-17 shall be multiplied by C and Cs ,
respectively.
The volume-to-surface ratio of a cylinder with only one exposed surface is
equal to its thickness. Creep factors and shrinkage strains are expressed in terms of
volume-to-surface ratios as follows:
ci = 1(hci ) (Eq 6-18)
com = 2(hco + hm ) (Eq 6-19)
m = 2(hm ) (Eq 6-20)

30 AWWA C304-07
and
sci = s1(hci ) (Eq 6-21)
scom = s2(hco + hm ) (Eq 6-22)
sm = s2(hm ) (Eq 6-23)
Where:
and are volume-to-surface correction factors for creep and shrinkage.
1, s1, 2, and s2 are the creep factors and shrinkage strains for inner core
concrete and outer core concrete for the special case of = = 1.0. The functions
(h) and (h) of the volume-to-surface ratio h are:
0.54h
(h) = 2/3 [ 1 + 1.13e ] (Eq 6-24)
0.12h
(h) = 1.2e (Eq 6-25)
Values of 1, 2, s1, and s2 are determined on the basis of the following design
scenario for exposure of buried pipe:
1. The inner and outer surfaces of the pipe are exposed to an outdoor
environment with a specific relative humidity, RH, for t1 days.
2. The inner and outer surfaces of the pipe are exposed to a burial
environment with 92.5 percent RH for an additional t2 days.
3. The inner surface of the pipe is exposed for the remainder of the pipes
service life to a 100 percent RH environment (water-filled condition), while the
outer surface continues to be exposed to the burial environment.
The minimum values of t1 and t2 for which the pipe shall be designed are
t1 = 270 days (9 months)
t2 = 90 days (3 months).
Longer exposure periods may be specified by the purchaser.

Values for 1, 2, s1, and s2 are given in the following table for t1 = 270 days,
t2 = 90 days, and two different relative humidities of the preburial environment. The
design relative humidity before burial may not exceed 70 percent. For a design
relative humidity between 70 and 40 percent, the constants 1, 2, s1, and s2 shall be
computed by linear interpolation between the values given in the table. For a design

relative humidity less than 40 percent, the constants 1, 2, s1, and s2 shall be those
given in the table for RH = 40 percent.
Cast Core Spun Core

Constant RH = 70% RH = 40% RH = 70% RH = 40%
1 1.76 2.12 1.06 1.27
2 1.79 2.14
s1 184 106 262 106 111 106 157 106
s2 299 106 377 106
Values of 1, 2, s1, and s2 for cast core concrete when t1 270 days or t2
90 days may be calculated from the following expressions:
0.65 0.05
1 = 2.35 ------------------------------ + ---------------------------------------------- + 0.6 (Eq 6-26)
0.6 0.6
1 + 10 t 1 1 + 10 ( t 1 + t 2 )
0.65
2 = 2.35 ------------------------------ + 0.65 (Eq 6-27)
0.6
1 + 10 t 1
6 ( 0.225 )t 0.225 ( t 1 + t 2 )
s 1 = 312 10 -----------------------------------1- + --------------------------------- (Eq 6-28)
t 1 + 55 t 1 + t 2 + 55
6 ( 0.4 0.09 )t
s 2 = 780 10 ----------------------------------------1- + 0.225 (Eq 6-29)
t 1 + 55
Where:
= 0.8 and = 0.7 for RH = 70 percent
= = 1.0 for RH = 40 percent
Values of 1, 2, s1, and s2 for spun core concrete are 60 percent of the values
calculated for cast concrete.
Sec. 6.7 Wire-Relaxation Factor

6.7.1 The wire-relaxation factors for pipe with a single layer of prestressing,
using ASTM A648 wire with normal intrinsic relaxation and prestretched to fs g =
0.75fs u , are as follows:
R = 0.111 3.5(As /Ac ) for cast concrete (Eq 6-30)
R = 0.132 3.1(As /Ac ) for spun concrete (Eq 6-31)

32 AWWA C304-07
6.7.2 The wire-relaxation factors for multiple layers of prestressing, using

ASTM A648 wire with normal intrinsic relaxation and prestretched to fs g = 0.75fs u ,
are as follows:
A s1 A A s1
R1 = 0.113 5.8 0.64 ------- + 0.36 -----s ------- for cast concrete (Eq 6-32)
Ac Ac Ac
A s Asf A sf
Rf = 0.127 5.0 0.17 ----- ------ + 0.83 ------ for cast concrete (Eq 6-33)
A c Ac Ac
A s1 A A s1
R1 = 0.101 2.5 0.65 ------- + 0.35 -----s ------- for spun concrete (Eq 6-34)
Ac Ac Ac
A s A sf A sf
Rf = 0.127 2.5 0.06 ----- ------ + 0.94 ------ for spun concrete (Eq 6-35)
Ac Ac Ac
Where:
R1 = the relaxation factor for the first layer of prestressing
Rf = the relaxation factor for the final layer of prestressing
The relaxation factors for the other layers of prestressing are obtained by linear
interpolation.
6.7.3 Each factory where ASTM A648 wire is made for PCCP shall perform
a quality-assurance test of wire relaxation. The normal intrinsic relaxation of wire for
an initial stress of 0.7fsu at 1,000 h, determined in accordance with the requirements
of ASTM A648, is denoted by I. For normal intrinsic relaxation, I = 6.8 percent of
the initial stress. The wire intrinsic relaxation multiplier, CR = I/6.8, is the ratio of
the intrinsic relaxation of wire to normal intrinsic relaxation. If CR > 1.1, the
wire-relaxation factors shall be calculated based on the provisions of Sec. 6.7.4
and 6.7.5.
6.7.4 The wire-relaxation factors for pipe with a single layer of prestressing,
using ASTM A648 wire with higher than normal intrinsic relaxation and
prestretched to fs g = 0.75fs u , are as follows:
R = 0.035 + 0.146CR (0.95 + 2.55CR)(As /Ac ) for cast concrete (Eq 6-36)
R = 0.004 + 0.128CR (2.01 + 1.09CR)(As /Ac ) for spun concrete (Eq 6-37)

6.7.5 The wire-relaxation factors for multiple layers of prestressing, using wire
with higher than normal intrinsic relaxation and prestretched to fs g = 0.75fs u , are as
follows:
A s1 A A s1
R1 = 0.044 + 0.069C R 5.8 0.64 ------- + 0.36 -----s ------- for cast concrete (Eq 6-38)
Ac Ac Ac
A s A sf A sf
Rf = 0.050 + 0.077C R 5.0 0.17 ----- ------ + 0.83 ------ for cast concrete (Eq 6-39)
Ac Ac Ac
A s1 A A s1
R1 = 0.032 + 0.069C R 2.5 0.65 ------- + 0.35 -----s ------- for spun concrete (Eq 6-40)
Ac Ac Ac
A s A sf A sf
Rf = 0.050 + 0.077C R 2.5 0.06 ----- ------ + 0.94 ------ for spun concrete (Eq 6-41)
Ac Ac Ac
SECTION 7: CRITERIA FOR LIMIT-STATE LOADS

AND PRESSURES*
Sec. 7.1 Notation

d = center-to-center wire spacing (in. [mm])
ds = wire diameter (in. [mm])
Em = design modulus of elasticity of coating mortar (psi [MPa])
fcr = final prestress in core concrete (psi [MPa])
fm = design 28-day compressive strength of coating mortar (psi [MPa])
fs g = 0.75fs u = gross wrapping stress (psi [MPa])

34 AWWA C304-07
fs u = specified minimum tensile strength of wire (psi [MPa])

fs y = 0.85fs u = wire tensile yield strength, corresponding to 0.2 percent
offset strain (psi [MPa])
fyy = design tensile yield strength of steel cylinder (psi [MPa])
ftm = design tensile strength of coating mortar (psi [MPa])
FT1, FT2 = design factored working-load and field-test pressure combinations
FW1 = design factored working-load combination
FWT1FWT6 = design factored working- plus transient-load and internal-pressure
combinations
Po = decompression pressure (psi [kPa])
Pk = maximum internal-pressure limit under working plus transient
condition (psi [kPa])
WT1WT3 = design working- plus transient-load and internal-pressure
combinations
k = tensile strain limit in core concrete at first visible cracking
km = tensile strain limit in coating mortar at first visible cracking
t = tensile elastic strain corresponding to tensile strength of concrete
core, ft
tm = tensile elastic strain corresponding to tensile strength of coating
mortar, ftm
w = tensile strain limit in core concrete for working conditions alone
wm = tensile strain limit in coating mortar for working conditions alone
Sec. 7.2 Limit-States Design

PCCP shall be designed for the following limit states:
1. Serviceability limit states
2. Elastic limit states
3. Strength limit states
Sec. 7.3 Serviceability Limit-States Design Criteria

The serviceability limit-states design criteria for working and working plus
transient conditions shall be as follows:

7.3.1 Core crack control. The tensile strain at the inside surface of the core
shall be limited to the following:
load and pressure combination W1: w = 1.5t
load and pressure combinations FT1, WT1, and WT2: k = 11t
7.3.2 Radial tension control. The calculated radial tensile stress at the inter-
face between the inner core and cylinder of ECP shall be a maximum of 12 psi under
working-load combination FW1 and under working plus transient load combination
WT3.
7.3.3 Coating crack control. The tensile strain at the outside of the coating
shall be limited to the following:
load and pressure combination W1: wm = 0.8km
load and pressure combinations FT1, WT1, and WT2: km = 8tm
The tensile strain at the outside surface of the concrete core shall be limited to
the following:
load and pressure combination W1: w = 1.5t
load and pressure combinations FT1, WT1, and WT2: k = 11t
7.3.4 Core compression control. The maximum compressive stress at the
inside surface of the core shall be limited to the following:
load combination W2: 0.55fc
load combination WT3: 0.65fc
7.3.5 Maximum pressures. The maximum internal pressure shall be limited
to the following:
ECP
load and pressure combination W1: Po
load and pressure combination WT1: min. (1.4Po , Pk)
LCP
load and pressure combination W1: 0.8Po
load and pressure combination WT1: min. (1.2Po , Pk)
Where:
Pk = the internal pressure that, acting alone, produces (1) strain in the
coating of 0.5km , or (2) axial tensile stress in the core of 5 f c ,

36 AWWA C304-07
where fc is in psi, or 0.41 f c , where fc is in MPa, for ECP, and

3 f c , where fc is in psi, or 0.25 f c , where fc is in MPa, for LCP,
calculated using the uncracked properties of the net section,
whichever is less.
Sec. 7.4 Elastic Limit-States Design Criteria

The elastic limit-states design criteria also represent serviceability requirements,
because exceeding the elastic limits does not cause failure of the pipe. These criteria
apply to working-pressure and load plus transient-pressure and load conditions or to
working-pressure and load conditions if no transient condition is required. The
elastic limit-states design criteria are as follows:
7.4.1 Wire-stress control. The maximum tensile stress in the prestressing wire
from load and pressure combinations FWT1, FWT2, and FT2 shall remain below
the gross wrapping stress, fs g , and the maximum compression in the core from the
same load combinations shall not exceed 0.75fc.
7.4.2 Steel-cylinder stress control for ECP. The maximum tensile stress in the
steel cylinder of ECP from load and pressure combinations WT1, WT2, and FT1
shall remain below the design yield strength of the steel cylinder, fyy , should the
concrete crack at the inside of the pipe wall at the crown and invert. Also, to preclude
separation of the cylinder from the outer core, should the inner core crack, the tensile
stress in the cylinder caused by external load alone (with zero pressure) from load
combination WT3 shall not exceed the compressive prestress in the cylinder.
Although the application of pressure increases the tensile stress in the cylinder, the
pressure also compresses the cylinder against the outer core concrete so that the
maximum condition for separation occurs with zero pressure in the pipe.
Sec. 7.5 Strength Limit-States Design Criteria

The strength limit-states design criteria, applied to the working plus transient
conditions, are as follows:
7.5.1 Wire yield-strength control. The maximum tensile stress in the pre-
stressing wire shall not exceed its yield strength, fs y , when the pipe is subjected to the
factored load and pressure combinations FWT3 and FWT4.
7.5.2 Core compressive-strength control. The maximum combined moment
and thrust at the springline shall not exceed the ultimate compressive strength of the
core concrete when the pipe is subjected to the factored load combination FWT5.

7.5.3 Burst pressure. The stress in the prestressing wire shall remain below
the specified minimum tensile strength of the wire when the pipe is subjected to the
factored pressure combination FWT6.
7.5.4 Coating bond-strength control. To ensure satisfactory mortar-coating
bond strength, the minimum design spacing of prestressing wires in the same layer
shall be d/ds 2 for ECP and d/ds 2.75 for LCP. The maximum center-to-center
design spacing of prestressing wires in the same layer shall be 1.5 in. (38 mm), except
that for LCP with wire 1/4 in. (6.35 mm) in diameter and larger, the maximum
design spacing of prestressing wires shall be 1 in. (25 mm).
7.5.5 Pipe manufacture and storage in adverse environments.* Pipe manufac-
tured and stored in hot and/or dry environmental conditions should be protected
against excessive heat and drying effects. Adverse environments for pipe manufacture
and storage exist when (1) the normal maximum daily temperature exceeds 90F
(32C) during the two-month period after pipe manufacture, referred to as a hot
environment, or (2) the mean relative humidity is less than 40 percent during the
two-month period after pipe manufacture, referred to as an arid environment.
Protection of pipe in adverse environments shall be provided by the treatments
indicated in the following matrix and list.
Pipe Treatments
Environmental Condition Not Arid Arid
Not Hot None 1,2
Hot 1,3 1,4
Pipe treatments:
1. Mortar coating shall have a minimum moisture content of 7.5 percent of
the total dry weight of the mix.
2. A curing membrane shall be applied to the exterior of the pipe to retard
moisture loss from the mortar coating.
3. Whitewash, paint, or other material shall be applied to the exterior of the
pipe to reflect solar radiation.
4. A curing membrane shall be applied to the exterior of the pipe to retard
moisture loss from the mortar coating. The curing membrane shall be light in color.
Whitewash, paint, or other material shall be applied over the curing membrane to
reflect solar radiation.

38 AWWA C304-07
SECTION 8: CALCULATION OF LIMIT-STATE

LOADS AND PRESSURES*
Sec. 8.1 Notation

Asj = area of the j-th layer of prestressing wire (in.2/ft [mm2/m])
b = width of pipe cross section equal to 1 ft (0.30 m)
ds = wire diameter (in. [mm])
dy = distance between midsurface of steel cylinder and inner surface of
core (in. [mm])
dw = clear distance between two layers of prestressing wire in pipe with
multiple layers of prestressing (in. [mm])
e = radial distance of line of action of thrust N from inner surface of
core (in. [mm])
eo = radial distance of line of action of thrust No from inner surface of
core (in. [mm])
Ec , Em = design modulus of elasticity for core concrete and coating mortar,
respectively (psi [MPa])
E s , E y = design modulus of elasticity of prestressing wire and steel cylinder,
respectively (psi [MPa])
fci = concrete stress at inner surface of core (psi [MPa])
fco = concrete stress at outer surface of core (psi [MPa])
fcr , fyr , fsr = final prestress in core concrete, steel cylinder, and prestressing wire,
respectively (compression is positive) (psi [MPa])

fcy = concrete stress at midsurface of steel cylinder (psi [MPa])

fmi , fmm , fmo = stress at inner, middle, and outer fibers of coating, respectively
(psi [MPa])
fms = coating stress at center of prestressing wire (psi [MPa])
fs u = specified minimum tensile strength of wire (psi [MPa])
fs = stress in the outer wire relative to the state of decompressed core
concrete (psi [MPa])
fc(), fsj(), fy() = stress in core, the j-th layer of prestressing wire, and steel cylinder,
respectively, corresponding to strain (psi [MPa])
fsrf = final prestress in outer layer of prestressing wire (compression is
positive) (psi [MPa])
fy = stress in steel cylinder relative to the state of decompressed core
concrete (psi [MPa])
fyy = tensile yield strength of steel cylinder (psi [MPa])
f *yy = design tensile strength of steel cylinder at pipe burst (psi [MPa])
Fci, Fy , Fco , Fs , Fm = stress resultants in the inner core section, steel cylinder, outer core
section, prestressing wire, and coating, respectively (lbf/ft [N/m])
FT1, FT2 = design factored working-load and field-test pressure combinations
FW1 = design factored working-load combination
FWT1FWT6 = design factored working- plus transient-load and internal-pressure
combinations
hc = core thickness, including thickness of cylinder (in. [mm])
hci = (Dy Di )/2 ty = thickness of inner core concrete (in. [mm])
hm = coating thickness, including wire diameter (in. [mm])
k, k, k1 = dimensionless factors related to locations of neutral axis, defined in
Sec. 8.9.1 through 8.9.4, separately
m = modular ratio of coating mortar to core concrete
M1, M2 = bending moment at invert and crown or springline, respectively
(lbf-in./ft [N-m/m])
Mci , My , Mco , Ms, Mm = moment of stresses in the inner core section, steel cylinder, outer
core section, prestressing wire, and coating, respectively
(lbf-in. [N-m/m])
n, n = modular ratio of prestressing wire and steel cylinder, respectively, to
concrete, based on design moduli of elasticity

40 AWWA C304-07
No = thrust, resulting from final prestressing (lbf/ft [N/m])

Nsg , Nsy = thrust that produces fs g and fs y stresses, respectively, in prestressing
wire (lbf/ft [N/m])
Nyy = thrust that produces fyy stress in steel cylinder of ECP (lbf/ft [N/m])
N1, N2 = thrust from internal pressure and loads at invert or crown, and
springline, respectively (lbf/ft [N/m])
NK = maximum thrust limit under working plus transient conditions
(lbf/ft [N/m])
Pb = burst pressure (psi [kPa])
Pk = maximum pressure limit under working plus transient condition,
Eq 8-1 and 8-2 (psi [kPa])
ts = part of core under tensile softening in the descending section of
stressstrain diagram (in. [mm])
tt = part of core under tension in the ascending section of stressstrain
diagram (in. [mm])
ty = thickness of cylinder (in. [mm])
WT1WT3 = design working- plus transient-load and internal-pressure
combinations
, m = ratio of the depth of Whitney block to the depth of the compression
region for core and coating, respectively
ci, co , mi , mm , mo = strain in the inner and outer surfaces of the core, and in the inner,
middle, and outer surfaces of the coating, respectively
y , s = strain increments in the midsurface of steel cylinder and center of
the outer layer of wire, relative to the state of decompressed core,
respectively
cr = concrete strain corresponding to fcr
k = tensile strain limit in core concrete at first visible cracking
km = tensile strain limit in coating mortar at first visible cracking
sg , sy, su = prestressing wire strains corresponding to fs g , fs y , and fsu ,
respectively
t = tensile strain in the extreme fiber of the core
t = elastic strain corresponding to tensile strength of core concrete, ft
= dy /ts in Sec. 8.9.1 and (hc dy )/ts in Sec. 8.9.2

m = hm /2hc
s = ds / 2hc
sj = [( j 1/2)ds + ( j 1)dw ]/hc
y = dy /hc
= k/t 1 = 10
2 = co /t 1 or ci /t 1
m = km/tm 1 = 7
r = radial tension between inner core and cylinder of ECP (psi [MPa])
Sec. 8.2 Limit-States Design Procedures

The design internal pressures, stresses, strains, and moments in the pipe wall
shall not exceed the limiting design criteria given in Table 3 for ECP and in Table 4
for LCP.
Stresses and strains in the pipe wall shall be calculated from moments and
thrusts in the pipe wall resulting from internal pressures, external loads, and the
weights of pipe and fluid. Moments and thrusts in the pipe wall shall be calculated
by the procedures given in Sec. 4 using load and pressure factors presented in Sec. 3
and summarized in Table 1 for ECP and in Table 2 for LCP. The calculation of
stresses and strains from moments and thrusts and the calculation of limiting
pressures and moments shall follow the procedures defined in this section.
Sec. 8.3 Maximum Pressures

The maximum pressure Pk as defined in Sec. 7.3.5 is as follows:
For ECP
0.5 km 5 f c
P k = P o min. -------------------, 1 + ------------
- (Eq 8-1)
cr f cr
Where fc and fcr are in psi.
0.5 km 0.41 f c
P k = Po min. -------------------, 1 + --------------------
-
cr f cr
Where fc and fcr are in MPa.

42 AWWA C304-07
Table 3 Design load combinations and calculation references for embedded-cylinder pipe criteria
Limit States Applicable Load Calculation

and Location Purpose Limiting Criteria* Combinations Reference
Serviceability To preclude core decompression P Po W1 (Eq 6-7)
at Full Pipe
Circumference To preclude coating cracking Pressure limit: WT1 (Eq 8-1)
P min (Pk, 1.4Po )
Serviceability at To preclude onset of core Inside core tensile strain limit: W1 Sec. 8.9.1
Invert/Crown microcracking ci 1.5t
Inner core-to-cylinder radial FW1 (Eq 8-5)
tension limit:
r 12 psi (0.82 MPa)
To preclude onset of core Inside core tensile strain limit: WT1, WT2, F T1 Sec. 8.9.1
visible cracking ci k = 11t
Inner core-to-cylinder radial WT3 (Eq 8-5)
tension limit:
r 12 psi (0.82 MPa)
Serviceability at To preclude onset of core Outer core tensile strain limit: W1 Sec. 8.9.2
Springline microcracking and to control co 1.5t
microcracking of coating
Outer coating tensile strain limit:
mo 0.8km = 6.4tm
To preclude coating visible Outer core tensile strain limit: WT1, WT2, F T1 Sec 8.9.2
cracking co k = 11t
mo km = 8tm
To control core compression Inner core compression limit: W2 Sec. 8.9.2
fci 0.55 fc
Inner core compression limit: WT3 Sec. 8.9.2
fci 0.65 fc
Elastic Limit at To preclude exceeding limit Cylinder stress reaching yield: WT1, WT2, F T1 Sec. 8.9.1
Invert/Crown stress in steel cylinder fyr + n' fcr + fy fyy
Onset of tension in cylinder: WT3 Sec. 8.9.1
fyr + n' fcr + fy 0
Elastic Limit at To preclude exceeding wire limit fsg wire stress limit plus core FWT1, FWT2, Sec. 8.9.2
Springline stress, fsg, and maintain core compression limit: F T2
compression below 0.75 f c fsr + nfcr + fs fsg
fci 0.75 fc
Strength at To preclude wire yielding fs y wire stress limit: FWT3, FWT4 Sec. 8.9.2
Springline fsr + nfcr + fs fs y
To preclude core crushing Ultimate moment: M Mult FWT5 Sec. 8.9.3
Burst Pressure To prevent burst failure P Pb FWT6 (Eq 8-4)
*See Sec. 8.
See Sec. 4.

Table 4 Design load combinations and calculation references for lined-cylinder pipe criteria
Limit States Applicable Load Calculation

and Location Purpose Limiting Criteria* Combinations Reference
Serviceability To preclude core decompression P 0.8 Po W1 (Eq 6-7)
at Full Pipe
Circumference To preclude coating cracking Pressure limit: P min (Pk, 1.2 Po) WT1 (Eq 8-2)
Serviceability at To preclude onset of core Inside core tensile strain limit: W1 Sec. 8.9.1
Invert/Crown microcracking ci 1.5t
To preclude onset of core visible Inside core tensile strain limit: WT1, WT2, F T1 Sec. 8.9.1
cracking ci k = 11t
Serviceability at To preclude onset of core Outer core tensile strain limit: W1 Sec. 8.9.2
Springline microcracking and to control co 1.5t
microcracking of coating
mo 0.8km = 6.4tm
To preclude coating visible Outer core tensile strain limit: WT1, WT2, F T1 Sec. 8.9.2
cracking co 11t
mo km = 8tm
To control core compression Inner core compression limit: W2 Sec. 8.9.2
fci 0.55 fc
Inner core compression limit: WT3 Sec. 8.9.2
fci 0.65 fc
Elastic Limit at To preclude exceeding wire fsg wire stress limit plus core FWT1, FWT2, Sec. 8.9.2
Springline limit stress, fsg, and core compression limit: F T2
compression stress of 0.75 fc fsr + nfcr + fs fsg
fci 0.75 fc
Strength at To preclude wire yielding fsy wire stress limit: FWT3, FWT4 Sec. 8.9.2
Springline fsr + nfcr + fs fsy
To preclude core crushing Ultimate moment: M Mult FWT5 Sec. 8.9.3
Burst Pressure To prevent burst failure P Pb FWT6 (Eq 8-4)
*See Sec. 8.
See Sec. 4.
For LCP
0.5 k m 3 f c
P k = Po min. -------------------, 1 + ------------
- (Eq 8-2)
cr f cr
Where fc and fcr are in psi.
0.5 k m 0.25 f c
P k = Po min. -------------------, 1 + --------------------
-
cr f cr
Where fc and fcr are in MPa.

44 AWWA C304-07
Sec. 8.4 Maximum Thrust

The maximum thrust, Nk, is
N k = 6D y P k (Eq 8-3)
Where Dy is in in. and Pk is in psi.

N k = D y P k
Where Dy is in mm and Pk is in kPa.
Sec. 8.5 Burst Pressure

The burst pressure of the pipe is
A y f yy + A s f su
P b = -------------------------------------- (Eq 8-4)
6D y
Where Ay and As are in in.2/ft, f *yy and fs u are in psi, and Dy is in in.
A y f yy + A s f su
P b = 2 --------------------------------------
Dy
Where Ay and As are in mm2/m, f *yy and fs u are in MPa, and Dy is in mm.
Sec. 8.6 Radial Tension

The maximum radial tension, r , developed between the inner core and steel
cylinder of ECP at the invert or crown of the pipe subjected to the bending moment
M1 is computed using the appropriate equation from those shown below, based on
the values of 2 and .
h ci y
r = ------ f t ( 1 + 2 ) 2 ----- for 2 0
Dy k
h ci 2
= ------ f t 2 ----- ( 2 ) for 1 and 2 > 0
Dy
h ci 2 1
= ------ f t 2 ( 1 + 2 ) ----- --- ( 1 + ) 2 for > 1 and 2 > 0 (Eq 8-5)
Dy
Where:
2 = (ci /t 1) and ranges from 1 to 10.
The value of k is computed by the procedure described in Sec. 8.9 for
computation of stresses and strains in the pipe wall subjected to moments and
thrusts.

Sec. 8.7 Combined Loads and Internal Pressures at Design Limit States
The maximum loads that may be combined with any specified internal pressure
and the maximum internal pressures that may be combined with any specified
external load for each of the design limit states defined in Sec. 7 shall be determined
using the combined moment-thrust design limits described in Sec. 8.2, together with
the relationships among internal pressure, external loads, pipe and fluid weights, and
moments and thrusts given in Sec. 3 and 4.
Sec. 8.8 Lines of Action of Thrusts

The radial distance from the inside surface of the pipe to the line of prestress
thrust, No , is
0.5bh c + nA s ( 1 + s ) + ( n 1 ) A y y
e o = h c --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (Eq 8-6)
bh c + nA s + ( n 1 ) A y
and to the line of combined-load thrust, N, resulting from internal pressure and loads is
0.5bh c + ( n m )A s ( 1 + s ) + ( n 1 ) A y y + mbh m ( 1 + m )
e = hc ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- (Eq 8-7)
bh c + ( n m ) A s + ( n 1 ) A y + mbh m
Where:
n = E s /Ec
n = E y /Ec for both cast and spun concrete

Em
-------
for mm tm
Ec

m= E m tm (Eq 8-8a)
<
for tm
mm < km
- 8 ------------- 1
-------
7E c mm

0 for mm km

In Eq 8-8a, mm refers to the strain in the mortar coating resulting solely from
the thrust Ni and is calculated from the following equation:
Ni
mm = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i = 1,2 (Eq 8-8b)
E c [ bh c + ( n m ) A s + ( n 1 ) A y + mbh m ]
For pipe with multiple layers of prestressing, set As = As j and As (1 + s)

= As j (1 + s j ).

46 AWWA C304-07
Sec. 8.9 Conformance With Limit-States Criteria*

The computations of the stresses and strains in the pipe wall and of the moment
limits used to ensure that pipe design conforms to all limit-states criteria for the type
of pipe selected shall follow the equations and the procedures stated in this section.
The computations of stresses and strains in the pipe wall subjected to moments
and thrusts shall follow Sec. 8.9.1 for the invert and crown and Sec. 8.9.2 for the
springline. In both cases, the computation procedure is as follows:
1. Assume a strain value for the extreme fiber of core concrete in tension. In
Sec. 8.9.1 and 8.9.2, this is done by assuming a value for 2.
2. Assume a gradient for the linear strain distribution resulting from the
bending moments and thrusts acting on the section of pipe. In Sec. 8.9.1, this is
done by assuming a value for k and in Sec. 8.9.2 by assuming a value for k.
3. Compute the stress distribution over the cross section using the stress
strain relationships for the constituent materials described in Sec. 5 and the residual
stresses resulting from prestressing.
4. Compute the stress resultants in the constituent materials and set up the
equation for the equilibrium of internal stress resultants and applied thrusts. If the
equilibrium of forces is not achieved, change the strain gradient assumed in step 2
and repeat the calculations.
5. Set up the equation for the moment equilibrium of internal stress
resultants and the applied bending moment and thrusts. If the equilibrium of
moments is not achieved, change the assumed value of the strain at the surface of the
core in step 1, and repeat the calculations.
When moment limits corresponding to the strain and stress limit criteria are
computed, use the following procedure:
1. Use a strain equal to or less than the strain limit at the stress limit. In Sec.
8.9.1 and 8.9.2, this is done by assuming a value for 2. Assume a gradient for the
linear strain distribution resulting from the applied bending moments and thrusts. In
Sec. 8.9.1 this is done by assuming a value for k and in Sec. 8.9.2 by assuming a value
for k.
2. Compute the stress distribution over the cross section using the stress
strain relationships for the constituent materials described in Sec. 5 and the residual
stresses resulting from prestressing.

3. Compute the stress resultants in the constituent materials and set up the
equation for the equilibrium of internal stress resultants and applied thrusts. If the
equilibrium of forces is not achieved, change the strain gradient assumed in step 1
and repeat the calculations.
4. Compute the moment from the equilibrium equation for moments
considering the internal stress resultants and the applied thrusts. Change the strain in
step 1 and repeat the calculations until the maximum moment is found. Set the
moment limit equal to the maximum moment.
The computation of the moment limits for the ultimate compressive strength of
the pipe wall shall follow Sec. 8.9.3 at the springline and Sec. 8.9.4 at the invert and
crown. The computation procedure shall be based on an assumed compressive-strain
limit of 0.003 for the extreme fiber of the core or coating and a rectangular
(Whitney) compressive-stress block and shall follow the procedure for moment limits
corresponding to the strain limit criteria described in this section. The moment limit
calculated by the procedure in Sec. 8.9.4 is used in the moment distribution
procedure described in Sec. 4.3.3.
8.9.1 Strains, stresses, thrusts, and moments at invert and crown. The strain
equations stated below express the strains at the critical points of the pipe wall using
the assumed value of strain at the inside surface of the core as expressed by the
nondimensional factor 2 and the assumed strain gradient expressed by the
nondimensional factor k (see Figure 5). The stress equations stated below are based
on the stressstrain relationships of Sec. 5 and the strains at the critical points of the
pipe wall.
Strain Equations Stress Equations
ci = (1 + 2)t fci = (1 + 2)ft for 2 0

= 1 -----2 ft for 0 < 2

=0 for 2 >
y y
y= ci 1 ----- fy = nft(1 + 2) 1 -----
k k
y
fcy = ft(1 + 2) 1 ----- for 2 0 and all or
k for all and 1
2

48 AWWA C304-07
tt
tx
ci fci fci
ft
ts
y
dy
Fci
Fy
ts
fcy
tt
khc fcy
eo
e
tt
ft
tt
No
hc
N1 1
M1 tt = khc
1 + 2
tt = 2tt
Fco
ds /2
tx = (2 )tt
co fco fco dy
fms Fs =
fms ts
hm
mm fmm Fm
mo fmo fmo
s
2 < 2 >
Strain Diagram Stress Diagram
Figure 5 Schematic of strain and stress distributions in pipe-wall cross section at invert and crown
2
= ft 1 ----- ( 1 ) for 0 < 2 and < 1 or

<<1
for 2 > and 1 -----
2

=0 for 2 > and 1 -----
2
co= ci 1--- 1 fco = ft(1 + 2) 1--- 1

k k
+ s- 1
s= ci 1------------- + s- 1
fs = nft(1 + 2) 1-------------
k k
1 + s
fms = m f t ( 1 + 2 ) -------------- 1 f cr
k
1 + m 1 + m
mm= ci ---------------
- 1 cr fmm = m f t ( 1 + 2 ) ---------------
- 1 f cr
k k
1 + 2 m 1 + 2 m
mo= ci ------------------- 1 cr fmo = m f t ( 1 + 2 ) ------------------- 1 f cr
k k
The ratio of moduli of mortar and concrete m is computed from Eq 8-8a, in

which mm is the strain in the mortar coating resulting from the combined effect of
thrust N1 and moment M1.

F = 0 implies
No N1 = Fci + Fy + Fco + Fs + Fm (Eq 8-9)
Where:
Fci = 1/2bkhc(1 + 2)ft for 2 0

= 1/2btt(1 + )ft+ 1/2btt( 2)fci for 0 < 2
= 1/2btt(1 + )ft for 2
Fy = Ay (fy fcy)
bh c
Fco = ------- (1 k)fco
2
Fs = As (fs fms )
Fm = Fm + Fm
where Fm = 1/2bhmm( fco fcr) and Fm = 1.2bhm fmo

M about wire center = 0 implies
M 1 N 0 [ ( 1 + s )h c e o ] + N 1 [ ( 1 + s )h c e ] = M ci + M y + M co + M m (Eq 8-10)
Where
eo and e are given by Eq 8-6 and 8-7, respectively, and
Mci = Fci hc 1 + s ---

k
for 2 0
3
1 2
= Fci ( 1 + s )h c t t 2 + ------------ Fci ( 1 + s )h c + t t --------------
3 3
for 0 < 2
1
= Fci ( 1 + s )h c t t 2 + ------------ for 2 >
3
My = Fy hc (1 + s y )
Mco = Fco hc 1----------

k- +
3 s
2 m
--------- 4
Mm = Fm hc - s + Fmhc m
- s
---------
3 3

50 AWWA C304-07
For a pipe with multiple layers of prestressing wire ( f = 2 or 3), the expressions
for s , fs , fsr , Fs , and As defined earlier in this section refer to the outer layer of
prestressing wire, and
( 2j 1 )d s + 2 ( j 1 )d w
sj = ------------------------------------------------------- for j = 1, , f
2h c
Where:
dw = the total clear mortar thickness between wire layers.
For the j-th layer of prestressing wire, the strain in the wire, s j , is
f srj nf cr
sj = sj ---------------------
E s
Where:
sf sj
sj = s 1 ---------------------
+ k sf
where s is the strain in the outer layer of prestressing wire.

The stress layer in the j-th layer of prestressing wire fs j is calculated from the
prestressing wire stressstrain function Eq 5-7 substituting s j for s .
In Eq 8-9
f
Fs = Fsj
j=1
Where:
Fsj = As j (fsi fms j)
and fs j and fmsj are given by the expressions for fs and fm s with s replaced by s j.
M is calculated about the center of the outer layer of prestressing wire by

adding
f1
Ms = Fsj hc ( sf sj )
j=1
to the right-hand side of Eq 8-10.

Eq 8-10 is valid for N1 Nk.
For N1 > Nk, M1 shall not exceed the M1-moment limit corresponding to the
elastic limit stress fyy in the steel cylinder. This will ensure that the limit criterion
specified in Tables 3 and 4 is met. This M1-moment limit at N1 is computed by

linear interpolation between the calculated M1-moment limit at Nk and the zero
moment corresponding to the axial thrust Nyy that causes yielding of the steel
cylinder in the absence of external load.
f
N yy = A c f c ( cr + yy ) + A y f yy + Asj fsj ( srj + yy )
j=1
Where:
fc(cr + yy) = the stress in softened concrete calculated for strain at the onset
of cylinder yielding, where cr = fcr /Ec.
yy = the circumferential strain increment that produces cylinder yielding.
f yr + f yy
yy = -----------------
Ey
The term fs j (srj + yy ) is the stress in the j-th prestressing wire layer, calculated
using Eq 5-7, for strain srj + yy , where srj = fsrj /E s.
8.9.2 Strains, stresses, thrusts, and moments at springline. The strain equations
below express the strains at the critical points of the pipe wall using the assumed
value of strain at the outer surface of the core as expressed by the nondimensional
factor 2 and the assumed strain gradient expressed by the nondimensional factor k
(see Figure 6). The stress equations below are based on the stressstrain relationships
of Sec. 5 and the strains at the critical points of the pipe wall.

co = (1 + 2)t fco = (1 + 2)ft for 2 0

= 1 -----2 ft for 0 < 2

= 0 for 2 >
ci = co ---- 1 fci = (1 + 2)ft ---

1 1- 1
k k
1 y 1 y
y = co -------------- 1 fy = n (1 + 2)ft -------------- 1
k k
1 y
fcy = (1 + 2)ft -------------- 1 for 2 0 and all or
k
for all 2 and 1
2
= ----- ( 1 ) 1 ft for 0 < 2 and < 1 or

<1
for 2 > and 1 -----
2

52 AWWA C304-07
Figure 6 Schematic of strain and stress distributions in pipe-wall cross section at springline
= 0
for 2 > and < 1 -----
2
f sg + f sr nf cr
s = co 1 + ----s fs = n(1 + 2)ft 1 + ----s for s -------------------------------
k k Es
f sg + f sr nf cr
fs = fs(s) + fsr nfcr for s > -------------------------------
Es
f sr nf cr
s = s -------------------
Es
2 m
mo = co 1 + ---------
- + cr
k
Note that fs (s ) denotes the stress in the prestressing wire calculated for a wire
strain of s from the wire stressstrain function (Eq 5-7).

F = 0 implies
N o N 2 = F ci + F y + F co + F s (Eq 8-11)
Where:
Fci = 1/2(1 k)bhc fci
Fy = Ay(fy fcy)
Fco = 1/2bkhc (1 + 2)ft for 2 0
= (Fc o Fc o)
where Fc o = 1/2btt (1 + )ft and
where Fc o = 1/2btt ( + 2)fco for 0 < 2
= 1/2btt (1 + )ft for 2 >
Fs = As fs
M about wire = 0 implies
M 2 + N o [ ( 1 + s )h c e o ] N 2 [ ( 1 + s )h c e ] = M ci + M y + M co (Eq 8-12)
Where:
( 1 k ) h
Mci = Fci ( 1 + s )h c ------------------------c
3
My = Fy hc (1 + s y)
Mco = Fco hc s + -----

k for 2 0
3
- 2
= Fc o h c s + t t 2 + 1----------- + Fc o h c s t t -------------- for 0 < 2
3 3
-
= Fco h c s + t t 2 + 1----------- for 2 >
3
For serviceability criteria, set e = eo. This requirement is consistent with the
requirement that tensile stress in the mortar coating at the springline be neglected.

54 AWWA C304-07
For a pipe with multiple layers of prestressing ( f = 2 or 3), the expressions for
s , fs , fsr , Fs , and As defined earlier in this section refer to the outer layer of
( 2 j 1 )d s + 2 ( j 1 )d w
sj = ------------------------------------------------------- j = 1, ..., f
2h c
Where:
For the j-th layer of prestressing wire, the strain in the wire sj is
f srj nf cr
sj = sj -----------------------
E s
Where:
sf sj
sj = s 1 ---------------------
sf + k
s = the strain in the outer layer of prestressing wire.

The stress in the j-th layer of prestressing wire fs j is calculated from the stress
strain function (Eq 5-7), substituting sj for s .
In Eq 8-11
f
Fs = Fsj
j=1
Where:
Fsj = As j fs j
and fs j is expressed by fs with s , fs , and fs r replaced by sj , fs j, and fs rj,
respectively.
adding
f1
j=1
Equation 8-12 is valid for N2 Nk.
elastic limit stress fs g in the outer layer of prestressing wire ( f = 1, 2, or 3). This will
ensure that the limit criterion specified in Tables 3 and 4 is met. The M2-moment
limit at N2 is computed by linear interpolation between the calculated M2-moment

limit at Nk and the zero moment corresponding to the axial thrust Nsg that causes
elastic limit stress in the outer layer of prestressing wire without external load.
f
N sg = A c f c ( cr + sg ) + A y f y ( yr + sg ) + Asj fsj ( srj + sg )
j=1
Where:
fc (cr + s g), fy (yr + s g ), and fs j (srj + s g ) are the stresses in the
concrete core, steel cylinder, and the j-th layer of prestressing wire, respectively,
calculated from the stressstrain relationships of Sec. 5.3.5, 5.5.4, and 5.6.4,
respectively; yr = fyr /Ey ; srj = fs rj /E s is the wire tensile strain corresponding to
the final prestress in the j-th layer; and s g = sg srf is the circumferential
strain increment.
yield strength fs y of the outer layer of prestressing wire ( f = 1, 2, or 3). This will
ensure that the limit criterion specified in Tables 3 and 4 is met. The M2-moment
limit at N2 is computed by linear interpolation between the calculated M2-moment
limit at Nk and the zero moment at the axial thrust Ns y that causes yielding of the
outer layer of prestressing wire without external load.
f
N sy = A c f c ( cr + sy ) + A y f y ( yr + sy ) + Asj fsj ( srj + sy )
j=1
Where:
fc (cr + s y ), fy (yr + s y ), and fs j (srj + s y ) are the stresses in the
concrete core, steel cylinder, and the j-th layer of prestressing wire, respectively,
calculated from the stressstrain relationships of Sec. 5.3.5, 5.5.4, and 5.6.4,
respectively; yr = fyr /Ey ; srj = fs rj /E s is the wire tensile strain corresponding to
the final prestress in the j-th layer; and s y = sy srf is the circumferential
strain increment.
8.9.3 M2-moment limit for ultimate compressive strength of core concrete. T h e
strain equations below express the strains at the critical points of the pipe wall using
the ultimate strain of 0.003 at the inner surface of the core and the assumed strain
gradient expressed by the nondimensional factor k (see Figure 7). The stress
equations below are based on a rectangular (Whitney) stress block for core concrete
in compression, the stressstrain relationships of Sec. 5, and the strains at the critical
points of the pipe wall.

56 AWWA C304-07
Figure 7 Schematic of strain and stress distributions for computation of M2-moment limit for
ultimate compressive strength of core concrete

ci = 0.003 fci = 0.85fc
k y ( 1 + s )
y = ci --------------------------------------- fcy = 0.85fc for dy kd
k
=0 for dy > kd
fy = Ey y and shall not exceed fyy fyr + nfcr
s = ci -------------
1 k
fs = fs(s ) + fsr nfcr
k
In the above equations, fs (s ) denotes the stress in the prestressing wire

calculated for a wire strain of s from the wire stressstrain function (Eq 5-7), and
f c
= 0.85 0.05 ------------
- 4 for f c 4,000 psi
1,000
If fc is in MPa, substitute 145 fc for fc in the equation for .
F = 0 implies
N 0 N 2 = F ci + F y + F s (Eq 8-13)

Where:
Fci = bkd(0.85fc)
Fy = Ay(fy fcy)
Fs = fs As
Note that if s s u = (1.63fs u + fs r nfcr)/E s, then set fs = fs u + fs r nfcr
and s = s u. Furthermore, if
f sg 163f su s E s 2.25
----- < s < --------------- , then set f s = f su 1 1 0.6133 --------- + f sr nf cr
Es Es f su
k
ci = -------------- s
1 k
and
y
k --------------
1 + s
y = s -------------------------
1 k
M about wire = 0 implies
M 2 + ( N o N 2 ) [ ( 1 + s )h c e o ] = M ci + M y (Eq 8-14)
Where:
eo is given by Eq 8-6, and
k
Mci = F ci d 1 --------
2
My = Fy(d dy )
For a pipe with multiple layers of prestressing wire ( f = 2 or 3), the expressions
for s , fs, fs r , Fs , and As defined earlier in this section refer to the outer layer of
( 2j 1 )d s + 2 ( j 1 )d w
sj = ------------------------------------------------------- for j = 1, ..., f
2h c
Where:
For the j-th layer of prestressing wire, the strain in the wire sj is
f srj nf cr
sj = sj ---------------------
E s

58 AWWA C304-07
Where:
sr sj
sj = s 1 -------------------
+ k sf
and s is the strain in the outer layer of prestressing wire.
The stress in the j-th layer of prestressing wire fs j is calculated from the stress
strain function (Eq 5-7), substituting sj for s .
In Eq 8-13
f
Fs = Fsj
j=1
Where:
Fsj = As j fs j
and fs j is expressed by fs with s , fs , and fsr replaced by sj , fs j, and fs rj,
respectively.
adding
f1
j=1
8.9.4 M1-moment limit for compressive strength of coating. The M1-moment
limit for LCP computed in accordance with the procedures of this section is used in
the moment-redistribution procedure described in Sec. 4.3.3.
The strain equations below express the strains at the critical points of the pipe
wall using the ultimate strain of 0.003 at the outer surface of the coating and the
assumed strain gradient expressed by the nondimensional factor k1 (see Figure 8).
The stress equations below are based on a rectangular (Whitney) stress block for
coating mortar in compression, the stressstrain relationships of Sec. 5, and the
strains at the critical points of the pipe wall.

mo + cr
ci = ------------------------ [ ( 1 k 1 )d 1 + d y ] fci = 0
k1 d1 + hm
mo + cr ( 1 k 1 )d 1
y = ------------------------ ( 1 k 1 )d 1 fy = ------------------------- n ( f cr + E c mo )
k1 d1 + hm k1 d1 + hm

Figure 8 Schematic of strain and stress distributions for computation of M1-moment limit for
ultimate compressive strength of coating
f yy + f yr nf cr
fcy = fco
mo + cr E c mo + f cr
co = ------------------------ k 1 d 1 fco = -------------------------- k 1 d 1 for k1d1 > 0
k1 d1 + hm k1 d1 + hm
=0 otherwise
mo + cr E c mo + f cr
s = ------------------------ ( k 1 d 1 + h c s ) fs = n -------------------------- ( k 1 d 1 + h c s )
k1 d1 + hm k1 d1 + hm
fms = 0.85fm for hm hcs < mhm
=0 otherwise
mo = 0.003 fmo = 0.85fm for k1d1 > hm
=0 otherwise
In the above equations,

mo ( k 1 d 1 + h m )
h m = -------------------------------------
-
mo + cr

60 AWWA C304-07
The depth of the Whitney block, mhm , in which

fm
m = 0.85 0.05 ------------
- 4 with f m = 5,500 psi
1,000
should not be taken greater than the mortar thickness hm.
If fc is in MPa, substitute 145fc for fc in the equation for m.
F = 0 implies
N 0 N 1 = F ci + F y + F co + F s + F m (Eq 8-15)
Where:
Fci = 0
Fy = Ay(fy fcy)
Fco = 1/2bk
1d1 fco
Fs = As (fs fm s )
Fm = bmhm( fmo )
M about cylinder = 0 implies
M 1 + N o ( e o d y ) N 1 ( e d y ) = M co + M s + M m (Eq 8-16)
Where:
k
Mco = F co d 1 1 ----1-
3
Ms = Fs (d1 + hc s)
Mm = Fm(d1 + hm 1/2mhm)
For LCP, the cylinder and the first layer of prestressing wire are lumped into an
equivalent steel area. Analysis is performed using the following modifications:
1. Set Ay , dy = 0
2. Replace n by n* where
A y ( n 1 )
n* = n 1 + ----- ------------------- for k 1 0
As n
A y n
n* = n 1 + ----- ----- for k 1 < 0
As n

3. Replace wire diameter ds by d *s where

nA s d s ( n 1 )A y t y
d*s = ------------------------------------------------ for k 1 0
nA s + ( n 1 )A y
nA s d s nA y t y
= ---------------------------------- for k 1 < 0
nA s + nA y
For a pipe with multiple layers of prestressing ( f = 2 or 3), the expression for
s , fs , Fs , and As defined earlier in this section refer to the outer layer of
( 2j 1 )d s + 2 ( j 1 )d w
sj = ------------------------------------------------------- for j = 1, ..., f
2h c
Where:
In Eq 8-15
f
Fs = Fsj
j=1
Where:
Fsj = As (fs j fmsj )
and fs j and fmsj are given by the expressions for fs and fm s with s replaced by sj.
replacing Ms in Eq 8-16 by
f1
Ms = Fsj ( d1 + hc sj )
j=1
SECTION 9: DESIGN SELECTION TABLES

In order to make ANSI/AWWA C304 easier to use, design selection tables are
included for 16-in. through 60-in. (410-mm through 1,520-mm) LCP. Sec. 9.4
summarizes the criteria used in these tables. Designs for conditions other than those
listed in Sec. 9.4 or the selection tables must be obtained by implementing the design
procedures specified in this standard. The following three design examples are
presented to demonstrate the use of the design selection tables.

62 AWWA C304-07
Sec. 9.1 Design Example 1

Given conditions are as follows:
Pipe size = 24 in. (610 mm)
Working pressure (Pw) = 175 psi (1,206 kPa)
Transient pressure (Pt) = 0.4Pw
Field-test pressure (Pft) = 1.2Pw
Earth cover = 12 ft (3.65 m)
Soil density = 120 lb/ft3 (1,922 kg/m3)
Bedding = type R-1
All of the design conditions fall within the criteria given in Sec. 9.4. Using the
design selection table for 24-in. (610-mm) LCP with type R-1 bedding, an earth
cover of 12 ft (3.65 m), and a system working pressure of 175 psi (1,206 kPa), the
required As is 0.32 in.2/lin ft (677 mm2/m).

Pipe size = 36 in. (915 mm)

Transient pressure (Pt) = 50 psi (345 kPa)
Field-test pressure (Pft) = 165 psi (1,138 kPa)
Bedding = type R-2
The specified transient pressure of 50 psi (345 kPa) is less than the transient
pressure used in the selection tables (0.4 150 psi = 60 psi [0.4 1,034 kPa = 414 kPa]),
and the specified field-test pressure of 165 psi (1,138 kPa) is less than the field-test
pressure used in the selection tables (1.2 150 psi = 180 psi [1.2 1,034 kPa =
1,241 kPa]); therefore, the selection tables can be used. From the table for 36-in.
(915-mm) LCP with type R-2 bedding, an earth cover of 8 ft (2.44 m), and a working
pressure of 150 psi (1,034 kPa), the required As is 0.37 in.2/lin ft (783 mm2/m).


Pipe size = 48 in. (1,220 mm)
Transient pressure (Pt) = 0.4Pw
Field-test pressure (Pft) = 1.2Pw
Find the required As for each bedding class.

All of the design conditions fall within the criteria stated in Sec. 9.4. Using the
design selection table for 48-in. (1,220-mm) LCP with a working pressure of 150 psi
(1,034 kPa) and an earth cover of 16 ft (4.88 m), the required As for each of the five
bedding details is as follows:
Bedding Detail Required As (in.2/ ft)

R-1
R-2 0.66++
R-3 0.63+
R-4 0.58+
R-5 0.53
The dash () in the Required As column for R-1 bedding indicates that a
special design is required. This could include a second layer of prestressing wire, a
larger-diameter prestressing wire, a higher concrete strength, a thicker steel cylinder,
a thicker concrete core, or some combination of these items.
The two plus signs (++) next to the As value under R-2 bedding indicate that a
28-day compressive strength of 7,000 psi (48.3 MPa) is required. The single plus sign
(+) next to the As values under R-3 and R-4 beddings indicates that a 28-day
compressive strength of 6,500 psi (44.8 MPa) is required. Standard 28-day compressive
strength of 6,000 psi (41.4 MPa) is sufficient for the design under R-5 bedding.
Sec. 9.4 Lined-Cylinder Pipe Standard Prestress Design Tables

Tables 5 to 14 and Figure 9, which follow, list the amount of prestressing wire
(As ), in square inches per linear foot, for working pressure and earth cover

64 AWWA C304-07
Table 5 Standard prestress design16 in. (410 mm) lined-cylinder pipe*

Cover Embankment System Working Pressure (psi)
Loading
Bedding Type (ft) 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
R1 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
30 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28+ 0.32++
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28+ 0.32++ 0.37+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
R2 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
45 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28+ 0.32++
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28+ 0.32++ 0.37+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
R3 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
60 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28+ 0.32++
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28+ 0.32++ 0.37+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
R4 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
90 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28+ 0.32++
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28+ 0.32++ 0.37+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
R5 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
150 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28+ 0.32++
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28+ 0.32++ 0.37+++
Indicates special design required.
*Tabular quantities are the amount of prestress wire (As) required per linear foot of pipe in in.2/lin. ft.
Refer to Figure 9.

Loading
Bedding Type (ft) 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
R1 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
30 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31+
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29+ 0.34++ 0.40+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
R2 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
45 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31+
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29+ 0.34++ 0.40+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
R3 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
60 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29+ 0.34++ 0.40+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
R4 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
90 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31+
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29+ 0.34++ 0.40+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
R5 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
150 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.27
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31+
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29+ 0.34++ 0.40+++
Refer to Figure 9.

66 AWWA C304-07

Loading
Bedding Type (ft) 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
R1 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
30 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.31
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.33
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.26+ 0.31++ 0.37+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
R2 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
45 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.31
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26+ 0.31++ 0.37+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
R3 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
60 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.26+ 0.31++ 0.37+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
R4 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
90 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31+
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26+ 0.31++ 0.37+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
R5 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
150 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26+ 0.31++ 0.37+++
Refer to Figure 9.


Loading
Bedding Type (ft) 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
R1 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
30 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.32 0.37
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.34 0.39
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40+
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.37+ 0.42+
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.27 0.30 0.32 0.34+ 0.38++ 0.43++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
R2 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
45 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31 0.36
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.32 0.38
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.29 0.34 0.39
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.36 0.40+
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.26 0.29 0.32+ 0.37+ 0.41++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
R3 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
60 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31 0.37
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.33 0.38
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.34 0.39+
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.26 0.31 0.35+ 0.40++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
R4 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
90 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31 0.36
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.32 0.37+
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.33+ 0.37++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
R5 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
150 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34+
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30+ 0.35++
Refer to Figure 9.

68 AWWA C304-07

Loading
Bedding Type (ft) 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.41
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.36 0.42
R1 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31 0.37 0.44
30 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.32 0.39 0.45
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.34 0.40 0.46
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.36 0.42 0.49
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.32 0.38 0.45 0.50+
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.35 0.41 0.46+ 0.52++
18.0 0.24 0.27 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.44+ 0.48++ 0.54+++
20.0 0.28 0.31 0.34 0.37+ 0.40+ 0.42++ 0.47++ 0.51+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.41
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.42
R2 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.36 0.43
45 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31 0.38 0.44
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.32 0.39 0.45
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.35 0.41 0.47
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.30 0.37 0.43 0.49+
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.29 0.32 0.39 0.45+ 0.51+
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.40+ 0.46++ 0.52++
20.0 0.24 0.27 0.30 0.33 0.36+ 0.39+ 0.43++ 0.49++ 0.54+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.41
R3 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.36 0.42
60 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.37 0.43
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31 0.38 0.44
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.29 0.35 0.42 0.48
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31 0.37 0.44 0.49+
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.30 0.33 0.39 0.45+ 0.50++
20.0 0.23 0.24 0.27 0.30 0.33 0.35+ 0.41+ 0.46++ 0.52+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
R4 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.41
90 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.41
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.36 0.42
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31 0.38 0.44
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.39 0.46+
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.35 0.41 0.46+
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.30 0.36 0.42+ 0.47++
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.32 0.37+ 0.43+ 0.49+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
R5 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
150 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.40
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.41
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.36 0.42
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31 0.37 0.43+
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.32 0.38+ 0.44+
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33+ 0.39+ 0.45++
Refer to Figure 9.


Loading
Bedding Type (ft) 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.46
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.48
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.43 0.50
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.30 0.37 0.44 0.52
R1 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.31 0.39 0.46 0.53
30 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.40 0.47 0.55
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.34 0.42 0.49 0.56
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.31 0.37 0.45 0.52 0.58+
14.0 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.41 0.48 0.54+ 0.61++
16.0 0.26 0.30 0.34 0.37 0.41 0.45 0.51+ 0.57++ 0.64++
18.0 0.32 0.35 0.39 0.43 0.45+ 0.49+ 0.55++ 0.60+++ 0.66+++
20.0 0.37 0.40+ 0.43+ 0.46++ 0.50++ 0.53+++ 0.59+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.46
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.47
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.42 0.49
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.36 0.43 0.50
R2 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.30 0.37 0.45 0.52
45 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.32 0.39 0.46 0.53
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.40 0.47 0.55
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.28 0.36 0.43 0.50 0.57
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.29 0.32 0.38 0.46 0.53 0.60+
16.0 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.33 0.37 0.42 0.48 0.55+ 0.62++
18.0 0.27 0.31 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.45+ 0.50++ 0.57++ 0.64+++
20.0 0.32 0.36 0.38+ 0.42+ 0.46++ 0.49++ 0.54+++ 0.60+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.46
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.47
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.48
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.42 0.50
R3 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.36 0.44 0.51
60 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.30 0.38 0.45 0.52
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.32 0.39 0.46 0.53
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.34 0.41 0.49 0.56
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.37 0.44 0.51 0.58+
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.34 0.39 0.46 0.53+ 0.59++
18.0 0.23 0.27 0.31 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.48+ 0.55++ 0.61+++
20.0 0.28 0.31 0.35 0.38+ 0.42+ 0.45++ 0.51++ 0.56+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.46
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.46
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.47
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.48
R4 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.42 0.49
90 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.36 0.43 0.50
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.37 0.44 0.51
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.32 0.39 0.46 0.53
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.34 0.41 0.48 0.55+
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.36 0.43 0.50+ 0.56++
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.32 0.38 0.44+ 0.51++ 0.57+++
20.0 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.39+ 0.46++ 0.52+++ 0.59+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.46
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.46
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.46
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.46
R5 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.47
150 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.47
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.48
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.42 0.50
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.37 0.44 0.51
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.31 0.38 0.46 0.52+
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.33 0.40 0.46+ 0.53++
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.34 0.41+ 0.47++ 0.54+++
Refer to Figure 9.
70 AWWA C304-07
Table 11 Standard prestress design42 in. (1,070 mm) lined-cylinder pipe*

Loading
Bedding Type (ft) 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46 0.54
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.48 0.56
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.34 0.42 0.50 0.58
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.36 0.44 0.52 0.60
R1 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.38 0.46 0.54 0.62
30 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.31 0.40 0.48 0.56 0.64
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.33 0.41 0.50 0.58 0.66
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.25 0.29 0.34 0.38 0.45 0.53 0.62
14.0 0.27 0.31 0.35 0.40 0.44 0.50 0.57 0.64+
16.0 0.33 0.37 0.42 0.46 0.50 0.55+ 0.61++
18.0 0.39 0.44 0.47+ 0.51+ 0.55+ 0.60++ 0.66+++
20.0 0.45+ 0.49+ 0.52++ 0.57++ 0.60+++ 0.65+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46 0.53
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.47 0.55
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.41 0.49 0.57
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.34 0.43 0.51 0.59
R2 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.44 0.53 0.61
45 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.30 0.38 0.46 0.54 0.62
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.31 0.40 0.48 0.56 0.64
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.30 0.35 0.43 0.51 0.59 0.66++
14.0 0.23 0.27 0.31 0.36 0.40 0.46 0.54 0.62+
16.0 0.28 0.33 0.37 0.41 0.45 0.51 0.57+ 0.64++
18.0 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.47 0.50+ 0.54++ 0.61++
20.0 0.40 0.43+ 0.47+ 0.51++ 0.55++ 0.59+++ 0.66+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46 0.53
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46 0.54
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.48 0.56
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.41 0.50 0.58
R3 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.35 0.43 0.51 0.59
60 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.45 0.53 0.61
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.30 0.38 0.46 0.54 0.62
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.41 0.49 0.57 0.65+
14.0 0.23 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.44 0.52 0.60+ 0.66+++
16.0 0.25 0.29 0.33 0.37 0.41 0.47 0.54+ 0.62++
18.0 0.30 0.34 0.38 0.42 0.47 0.51+ 0.57++ 0.64+++
20.0 0.35 0.39 0.42+ 0.47+ 0.50++ 0.55++ 0.61+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46 0.52
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46 0.53
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46 0.54
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.48 0.56
R4 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.41 0.49 0.57
90 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.34 0.42 0.51 0.59
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.35 0.44 0.52 0.60
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.30 0.38 0.46 0.54 0.62
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.32 0.40 0.49 0.57 0.64+
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.31 0.35 0.43 0.51 0.59+ 0.66++
18.0 0.23 0.27 0.31 0.35 0.39 0.46 0.53+ 0.60++
20.0 0.27 0.31 0.35 0.39 0.43+ 0.48+ 0.55++ 0.62+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46 0.52
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46 0.52
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46 0.52
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46 0.53
R5 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46 0.54
150 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.47 0.55
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.48 0.56
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.34 0.42 0.50 0.58
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.35 0.44 0.52 0.59+
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.29 0.37 0.46 0.53+ 0.60++
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.31 0.39 0.47+ 0.54++ 0.61+++
20.0 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.28 0.33 0.40+ 0.48++ 0.55+++ 0.63+++
Refer to Figure 9.


Loading
Bedding Type (ft) 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.44 0.53 0.62
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.46 0.55 0.64
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.39 0.48 0.57 0.66
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.32 0.41 0.50 0.59 0.66+++
R1 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.35 0.44 0.53 0.62
30 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.30 0.37 0.46 0.55 0.64
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.33 0.39 0.48 0.57 0.66+
Angle 12.0 0.26 0.31 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.53 0.62
14.0 0.33 0.38 0.42 0.47 0.52 0.59 0.66+
16.0 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.58+ 0.65+
18.0 0.47 0.51+ 0.56+ 0.60++ 0.65++
20.0 0.52++ 0.57++ 0.62+++ 0.66+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.44 0.52 0.61
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.45 0.54 0.63
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.38 0.47 0.56 0.65
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.31 0.40 0.49 0.58 0.66+
R2 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.42 0.51 0.60
45 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.29 0.35 0.44 0.53 0.62
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.30 0.37 0.46 0.55 0.64
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.27 0.31 0.36 0.41 0.50 0.59 0.66+++
14.0 0.28 0.33 0.38 0.43 0.47 0.54 0.63
16.0 0.35 0.39 0.44 0.49 0.56 0.63+ 0.66++
18.0 0.41 0.46 0.50 0.54+ 0.60++ 0.66++
20.0 0.47+ 0.51+ 0.55+ 0.59++ 0.64++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.44 0.51 0.60
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.44 0.53 0.62
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.46 0.55 0.64
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.38 0.48 0.57 0.65
R3 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.31 0.41 0.50 0.59 0.66++
60 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.43 0.52 0.61
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.29 0.35 0.44 0.53 0.63
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.33 0.39 0.48 0.57 0.66
14.0 0.24 0.29 0.34 0.39 0.43 0.51 0.61
16.0 0.30 0.35 0.39 0.45 0.49 0.56 0.63
18.0 0.36 0.41 0.46 0.49 0.54+ 0.60++ 0.66+++
20.0 0.42 0.46+ 0.51+ 0.54++ 0.59++ 0.64+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.44 0.51 0.58
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.44 0.51 0.60
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.44 0.53 0.62
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.46 0.54 0.63
R4 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.38 0.47 0.56 0.65
90 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.31 0.40 0.49 0.58 0.66+
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.32 0.41 0.50 0.60 0.66+++
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.35 0.44 0.53 0.62
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.32 0.38 0.47 0.56 0.65+
16.0 0.23 0.28 0.32 0.37 0.42 0.50 0.58+ 0.66+++
18.0 0.28 0.32 0.37 0.42 0.47 0.52+ 0.61++
20.0 0.33 0.37 0.42 0.46 0.51+ 0.56 0.63+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.44 0.51 0.58
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.44 0.51 0.58
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.44 0.51 0.59
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.44 0.51 0.60
R5 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.44 0.53 0.62
150 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.45 0.54 0.63
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.46 0.55 0.64
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.39 0.48 0.57 0.66
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.32 0.41 0.50 0.60 0.66+++
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.34 0.44 0.53 0.61+
18.0 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.31 0.36 0.46 0.54+ 0.62++
20.0 0.23 0.25 0.29 0.34 0.39 0.47+ 0.55++ 0.64+++
Refer to Figure 9.
72 AWWA C304-07

Loading
Bedding Type (ft) 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.41 0.50 0.60
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.42 0.52 0.62
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.34 0.44 0.54 0.64
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.47 0.57 0.66+
R1 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.32 0.39 0.49 0.60
30 9.0 0.23 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.43 0.52 0.62
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.29 0.34 0.39 0.46 0.55 0.65
Angle 12.0 0.31 0.36 0.42 0.47 0.53 0.61 0.66
14.0 0.39 0.44 0.50 0.55 0.61 0.66
16.0 0.47 0.52 0.58 0.62+
18.0 0.54+ 0.60+ 0.64++
20.0 0.61++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.41 0.49 0.59 0.66++
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.41 0.51 0.60
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.43 0.53 0.63
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65
R2 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.38 0.48 0.58 0.66++
45 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.40 0.50 0.60
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.43 0.53 0.63
Angle 12.0 0.27 0.32 0.37 0.43 0.48 0.57 0.66+
14.0 0.34 0.39 0.44 0.50 0.55 0.63
16.0 0.41 0.46 0.52 0.57 0.62+
18.0 0.48 0.53+ 0.58+ 0.64+
20.0 0.55++ 0.59++ 0.65++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.41 0.49 0.58 0.66+
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.41 0.50 0.59
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.42 0.52 0.61
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.34 0.44 0.54 0.64
R3 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.29 0.36 0.46 0.56 0.65
60 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.31 0.38 0.48 0.58 0.65+++
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.41 0.51 0.61
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.28 0.33 0.39 0.45 0.55 0.65
14.0 0.29 0.34 0.40 0.45 0.51 0.59 0.66+++
16.0 0.36 0.41 0.46 0.52 0.57 0.64
18.0 0.42 0.48 0.52+ 0.58+ 0.63+
20.0 0.48+ 0.54+ 0.58++ 0.64++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.41 0.49 0.57 0.65
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.41 0.49 0.58 0.66+
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.41 0.49 0.59
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.41 0.51 0.61
R4 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.43 0.53 0.63
90 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.47 0.57 0.66+
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.51 0.61
14.0 0.23 0.27 0.32 0.38 0.44 0.54 0.64
16.0 0.27 0.33 0.38 0.43 0.49 0.58 0.65++
18.0 0.33 0.38 0.44 0.49 0.54+ 0.61+
20.0 0.38 0.44 0.48+ 0.54+ 0.58++ 0.65++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.41 0.49 0.57 0.64
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.41 0.49 0.57 0.64
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.41 0.49 0.57 0.65
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.41 0.49 0.58 0.66+
R5 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.41 0.49 0.59 0.66+
150 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.41 0.51 0.61
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.33 0.42 0.52 0.62
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.47 0.57 0.66
16.0 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.32 0.40 0.50 0.59+
18.0 0.23 0.25 0.31 0.36 0.42 0.51+ 0.60++
20.0 0.24 0.29 0.35 0.40 0.45+ 0.53++ 0.63++
Refer to Figure 9.

Loading
Bedding Type (ft) 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.45 0.56 0.65+
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.29 0.37 0.47 0.58 0.66+++
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.31 0.39 0.50 0.61
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.34 0.42 0.52 0.63
R1 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.29 0.37 0.44 0.55 0.66
30 9.0 0.23 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.48 0.58
Bedding 10.0 0.27 0.33 0.39 0.45 0.52 0.62
Angle 12.0 0.36 0.42 0.48 0.54 0.61 0.66+++
14.0 0.45 0.51 0.58 0.64
16.0 0.54 0.60 0.65+
18.0 0.62+ 0.66+++
20.0
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.45 0.55 0.65
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.46 0.57 0.65++
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.48 0.59
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.32 0.40 0.51 0.61
R2 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.34 0.42 0.53 0.64
45 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.45 0.56 0.66+
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.29 0.34 0.40 0.49 0.59
Angle 12.0 0.31 0.37 0.43 0.49 0.56 0.65
14.0 0.39 0.45 0.51 0.57 0.64
16.0 0.47 0.53 0.60 0.65+
18.0 0.56 0.61+ 0.66++
20.0 0.62++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.45 0.54 0.64
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.45 0.55 0.66
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.47 0.58 0.65++
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.38 0.49 0.60
R3 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.33 0.40 0.51 0.62
60 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.35 0.43 0.54 0.65
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.25 0.31 0.38 0.46 0.57 0.66++
Angle 12.0 0.27 0.33 0.39 0.45 0.51 0.62
14.0 0.34 0.40 0.46 0.52 0.58 0.66+
16.0 0.42 0.47 0.54 0.60 0.65+
18.0 0.49 0.55 0.60+ 0.66+
20.0 0.55+ 0.60++ 0.66+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.45 0.53 0.62
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.45 0.53 0.64
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.45 0.55 0.66
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.46 0.57 0.66++
R4 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.48 0.59
90 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.32 0.40 0.50 0.61
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.26 0.34 0.42 0.53 0.64
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.26 0.32 0.38 0.46 0.57 0.66++
14.0 0.26 0.32 0.38 0.44 0.50 0.61
16.0 0.32 0.38 0.44 0.50 0.56 0.64
18.0 0.38 0.44 0.50 0.55+ 0.61
20.0 0.45 0.49+ 0.56+ 0.61++ 0.66+++
4.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.45 0.53 0.62
5.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.45 0.53 0.62
6.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.45 0.53 0.62
7.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.45 0.53 0.64
R5 8.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.45 0.55 0.65
150 9.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.28 0.36 0.46 0.56 0.66+
Bedding 10.0 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.29 0.36 0.47 0.58 0.66+++
Angle 12.0 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.32 0.39 0.50 0.61
14.0 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.34 0.42 0.53 0.64
16.0 0.23 0.25 0.31 0.37 0.45 0.56 0.66+
18.0 0.23 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.48 0.58+
20.0 0.28 0.34 0.40 0.46+ 0.51+ 0.60++
Refer to Figure 9.
74 AWWA C304-07
Embankment condition indicates trench width at top of pipe exceeds transition width.
For bedding types R1 and R2, trench bottom shall be over excavated and bedding material shall extend to depth b
below bottom of pipe if subgrade is rock or other unyielding material.
The bedding types illustrated above are referenced in Tables 5 to 14.
Figure 9 Bedding details for prestressed concrete cylinder pipe embankment condition
combinations commonly used. These designs are based on the criteria specified in
this standard and the following:
1. Concrete-core thickness = pipe diameter 16.
2. Mortar-coating thickness = 3/4 in. (19 mm) over the wire.
3. Transient pressure (Pt) = 0.4Pw or 40 psi (276 kPa), whichever is greater.
4. Field-test pressure (Pft) = 1.2Pw .
5. Transient external load = AASHTO HS20 truck loading (two trucks
passing) on unpaved road.

6. Prestressing wire = 6 gauge ASTM A648 class III.

7. Steel-cylinder thickness = 16 gauge (1.52 mm).
8. Minimum 28-day compressive strength of concrete core (fc) = 6,000 psi
(41.4 MPa), except where higher-strength concrete is required as denoted by the
following:
a. + = 6,500 psi (44.8 MPa)
b. ++ = 7,000 psi (48.3 MPa)
c. +++ = 7,500 psi (51.7 MPa)
9. Average relative humidity of storage environment = 70 percent.
10. Time in outdoor storage (t1) = 270 days.
Burial time after outdoor storage (t2) = 90 days.
11. Concrete modulus multiplier (CE) = 1.
Wire-relaxation multiplier (CR) = 1.
Concrete-shrinkage multiplier (CS) = 1.
Concrete-creep multiplier (C ) = 1.
12. Earth loads = Marston/Spangler theory for rigid pipe using transition
width trench (same as positive projecting embankment condition).
13. Backfill density = 120 lb/ft3 (1,922 kg/m3).
14. Rankines lateral pressure ratio coefficient of internal friction = K = 0.19.
15. Settlement ratio projection ratio = rsd p = 0.5.
16. Pipe stresses are determined using Olanders coefficients.
Designs to meet criteria different from those stated in this section can be
developed using ANSI/AWWA C304.


APPENDIX A
Commentary
This appendix is for information only and is not a part of ANSI/AWWA C304.
SECTION A.1: INTRODUCTION

ANSI/AWWA C304, Standard for Design of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder
Pipe, referred to as the standard, provides a unified procedure for the design of PCCP
and supersedes all other conflicting or additional requirements on the design of the
pipe in the documents referenced in the standard.
SECTION A.2: COMMENTARY FOR SEC. 3.2

OF THE STANDARD
The load factors in this standard were developed by a committee of technical
representatives from structural engineering consultants and from each ACPPA*
producer. The committee reviewed the results of industry tests (Zarghamee, Heger,
and Dana 1988a; Zarghamee 1990) and compared designs obtained using this
standard with the prior experience with prestressed concrete pipe. The developed
load factors were also compared with other standards used in structural engineering
practice and were found to be conservative.
SECTION A.3: COMMENTARY FOR SEC. 3.5.1

OF THE STANDARD
The load factors for the load combinations corresponding to the elastic limit
states are determined by manufacturing tolerances (that is, material and geometric
variabilities of the manufactured pipe) so that the probability of exceeding these
limits is less than 0.001. The higher value of 1 for LCP accounts for the effect of
manufacturing tolerances and the smaller dimensions of the pipe on the combined
loads that produce the elastic stress limit of the wire.
*American Concrete Pressure Pipe Association, 11800 Sunrise Valley Dr., Ste. 309, Reston, VA 20191.
77
78 AWWA C304-07

OF THE STANDARD
The higher value of 2 for LCP accounts for the effect of manufacturing
tolerances and the smaller dimensions of the pipe on the combined loads that
produce yielding of the wire.
The value of 2 of 1.3 for ECP for the wire yield criterion is the same as the
ultimate strength load factor used since the early 1980s for dead, water, and earth loads
on rigid pipe in the AASHTO* Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges. The same
ultimate strength load factors are also found in the proposed ASCE Standard for Direct
Design of Buried Concrete Pipe. Design studies for typical LCP have shown that the
wire yield limit does not govern the design of typical LCP, and the actual load factor for
wire yield strength is much greater than 1.4. Combined load tests conducted by the
industry on ECP (Zarghamee 1990) have demonstrated that coating cracks, developed
under combined loads at wire yield, disappear or become less than 0.002 in. (0.050 mm)
after pressure is removed. These tests have demonstrated that the wire yield limit state is
actually a damage criterion, rather than an ultimate strength limit state.

OF THE STANDARD
The higher value of 1 for LCP accounts for the effect of manufacturing
tolerances and the smaller dimensions of the pipe on the combined loads that
produce the elastic stress limit of the wire.

OF THE STANDARD
The moment and thrust coefficients corresponding to the Olander load
distribution (Olander 1950) are given by Smith (1978). Paris presents moment and
thrust coefficients in his paper (Paris 1921).
*American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 444 N. Capitol St., N.W.,
Washington, DC 20001.
American Society of Civil Engineers, 1801 Alexander Bell Dr., Reston, VA 20191.


OF THE STANDARD
A method of analysis for obtaining the moments around the pipe accounting for
the tensile softening of coating mortar and concrete core is presented by Zarghamee
and Fok (1990). The validity of the simplified moment-redistribution procedure
given in Sec. 4.3.3 is discussed by Zarghamee, Fok, and Sikiotis (1990).

AND 5.4.2 OF THE STANDARD
The tensile strength of concrete is based on the results presented by Raphael
(1984). Note that this strength is used only to define the peak of an idealized bilinear
fit through an otherwise concave and smooth curve of finite curvature.

AND 5.4.3 OF THE STANDARD
The modulus of elasticity of concrete is based on the results reported by Pauw
(1960). The modulus of elasticity calculated using Pauws formula concurs with the
results obtained using the formula provided by ACI* 318-83, Building Code
Requirements for Reinforced Concrete, when fc is approximately 5,000 psi (34.5 MPa)
or less, but Pauws formula yields lower values for high-strength concrete.

OF THE STANDARD
The stressstrain relationship of concrete and mortar is idealized to account for
the tensile softening and the stiffness of concrete and mortar when strained beyond
the microcracking stage. A comprehensive discussion of the implications of this
stressstrain relationship is presented by Heger, Zarghamee, and Dana (1990).
*American Concrete Institute, 38800 Country Club Dr., Farmington Hills, MI 48331.

80 AWWA C304-07
When concrete and mortar are stressed in tension, their stressstrain behaviors
may be approximated by the trilinear diagrams presented in Figure 2, which depicts
the following three distinct states:
1. The virgin state, in which the concrete or mortar is uncracked.
2. The strain-softened state, in which microcracking of the concrete or
mortar occurs.
3. The cracked state.
Microcracks are minute, short, unconnected cracks, visible only with the aid of
a microscope, usually occurring at the aggregate/cementmortar interface. Micro-
cracks occur in a random pattern and are unaligned with the tensile stress field. The
phrase Onset of microcracking in Figure 2 indicates the boundary between the
virgin state and the strain-softened state. The phrase Onset of visible cracking in
Figure 2 refers to the tensile strain at which point no additional stress is transferred
across the fracture process zone delineating the boundary between the strain-softened
state and the cracked state. Near this point, microcracks coalesce and become aligned
with the stress field to form surface fissures, or macrocracks, which become visible to
the unaided eye as strain increases.
In the literature on testing of prestressed concrete, Kennison (1960) discusses an
incipient crack as follows: This microscopic crack is not readily visible to the
naked eye and is defined as a crack, 0.001 in. in width and 12 in. long. Kennison
continues, The first visible crack is defined as a crack 0.002 in. in width and 12 in.
long and can usually be observed with normal eyesight if a meticulous examination
of the surface is made.

OF THE STANDARD
Although f *yy is empirically obtained, test results show that the average yield
strength of steel sheets used in the fabrication of the cylinder is significantly higher than
the specified minimum yield strength, and agrees with the value stated in Sec. 5.5.2.

OF THE STANDARD
The stressstrain relationship for the prestressing wire was derived from test
results performed on the virgin wire and then corrected for the prestretching effect so
that the relationship is linear when fs fsg.

SECTION A.13: COMMENTARY FOR SEC. 6

OF THE STANDARD
An accurate procedure for computing the state of stress in buried prestressed
concrete in an environment with a varying relative humidity, similar to that of a
buried pipe, is presented by Zarghamee and Dana (1991). Based on the results of this
procedure, the simplified procedure presented in this standard was developed. The
justification of the simplified procedure and a discussion of the accuracy of this
procedure is presented by Zarghamee, Heger, and Dana (1990).

OF THE STANDARD
In the proposed procedure for computing the final prestress in prestressed
concrete pipe with multiple layers of prestressing, the part of the coating that
becomes partially prestressed by the second and third layers of prestressing is
neglected. Small-diameter pipe manufactured with relatively large intermediate
coating thickness between wire layers requires special design.

OF THE STANDARD
For a design relative humidity of less than 40 percent, creep and shrinkage may
be computed from the model by Bazant, Kim, and Panula (1991, 1992). Their
results show that when relative humidity is decreased to less than 40 percent, the
increase in creep and shrinkage is small. For practical purposes, the creep factor and
shrinkage strain computed for a design relative humidity of 40 percent may be used
for drier environments.

OF THE STANDARD
A comprehensive discussion of the limit-states design criteria, including the
experimental justification of each criterion and comparisons of the results of carefully

82 AWWA C304-07
conducted combined-load tests with the calculated combined-load limits correspond-

ing to these criteria, is presented by Heger, Zarghamee, and Dana (1990).

OF THE STANDARD
A simplified rule for determining if pipe manufactured within the continental
United States must be protected against hot environments, as defined in Sec. 7.5.5,
is that protection is necessary only for pipe manufactured from May 15 to September
15 at locations where, for 60 days or more, the maximum temperature exceeds 90F
(32C). These locations are shown on the accompanying US Department of
Commerce, Environmental Services Administration, Environmental Data Services
map of the mean annual number of days during which the maximum temperature is
90F (32C) and above (Figure A.1).
Application of white paint to the exterior surface of mortar-coated PCCP was
shown by one series of tests to reduce the surface temperature of pipe exposed to solar
radiation from about 135F (57C) to about 90F (32C).
To determine if pipe manufactured within the continental United States must
be protected against arid environments, as defined in Sec. 7.5.5, consult the
accompanying mean relative humidity maps, prepared by the aforementioned
services, for different months of the year (Figures A.2 through A.5).

OF THE STANDARD
For further details and a discussion of the procedure for calculating the
limit-state loads and pressures, see the paper by Zarghamee, Fok, and Sikiotis (1990).
An example of the design procedure is presented in appendix C of this standard.

OF THE STANDARD
The methodology of ANSI/AWWA C304 is based on extensive theoretical work
reported by Zarghamee and Fok (1990) and on extensive experimental work,
including combined load tests reported, and compared with the simplified
procedures that are the basis of this standard by Heger, Zarghamee, and Dana

REINFORCED CONCRETE PRESSURE PIPE, STEEL-CYLINDER TYPE 83
Figure A.1 Mean annual number of days maximum temperature of 90F (32C) and above, except 70F (21C) and above in Alaska

84 AWWA C304-07
Figure A.2 Mean relative humidity (JanuaryMarch)

Figure A.3 Mean relative humidity (AprilJune)

86 AWWA C304-07
Figure A.4 Mean relative humidity (JulySeptember)

Figure A.5 Mean relative humidity (OctoberDecember)

88 AWWA C304-07
(1990). These references state that the standards assumptions and simplifications are
consistent with test results. One of the assumptions of Sec. 8.9 is that applied thrusts
act on a circular reference axis. Zarghamee and Fok state, Although the location of
the reference axis...is arbitrary, it is recommended that it be at the centroid of the
coated pipe cross section calculated for the pressured pipe in absence of any bending
moments from external loads and pipe and fluid weights.
As shown in Figure 5 of Sec. 8.9.1 and Figure 6 of Sec. 8.9.2, the reference line
of action of the computed thrust is at the centroid of the transformed coated pipe
cross section calculated for the total thrust. The total thrust comprises the thrusts
applied by external loads, pipe self-weight, contained fluid weight, and internal
pressure. An exception to this selection of the line of action of the computed thrust
is in the computation for serviceability criteria at the springline, in which a
simplifying approximation of neglecting the coating while setting e = eo was
compared with actual test results and was determined to be valid (Zarghamee, Fok,
and Sikiotis 1990).
Computations of moments and thrusts from the combined loads are based on
elastic theory for a circular ring of constant thickness and radius R to the geometric
centroid of the cross section. Although R does not coincide with the radius to the
center of the cross section used in Figure 5 and Figure 6, the resulting difference is
negligibly small. The use of R for the computation of applied moments and the use
of the transformed centroid as the location for the application of thrust to the cross
section is consistent with accepted engineering practices for the design of statically
indeterminate structures.

APPENDIX B
References
ACI. 1982. Prediction of Creep, Shrinkage, and Smith, W.W. 1978. Stresses in Rigid Pipe. Transpor-
Temperature Effects in Concrete Structures. tation Engineering Journal, ASCE, 104:TE3:
Report No. ACI 209R-82, Pub. SP76-10, ACI, 387392.
pp. 193300. Zarghamee, M.S. 1990. Evaluation of Combined
Bazant, Z.P., J.K. Kim, and L. Panula. 1991, 1992. Load Tests of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder
Improved Prediction Model for Time-Depen- Pipe. In Pipeline Design and Installation, K.K.
dent Deformations of Concrete. Materiaux et Kienow, ed., ASCE, pp. 572585.
Constructions, Part 1, V. 24, No. 143, pp. Zarghamee, M.S., and W.R. Dana. 1991. A
327345; Part 2, V. 24, No. 144, pp. 407 Step-by-Step Integration Procedure for Com-
421; Part 3, V. 25, No. 145, pp. 2128; Part puting State of Stress in Prestressed Concrete
4, V. 25, No. 146, pp. 95101; Part 5, V. 25, Pipe. In Computer Analysis of the Effects of
No. 147, pp. 163169. Creep, Shrinkage, and Temperature Changes on
Heger, F.J., M.S. Zarghamee, and W.R. Dana. 1990. Concrete Structures, Pub. SP-129, ACI, pp.
Limit States Design of Prestressed Concrete 155170.
Cylinder Pipe. I: Criteria. Journal of Structural Zarghamee, M.S., and K.L. Fok. 1990. Analysis of
Engineering, 116:8:20832104. Prestressed Concrete Pipe Under Combined
Kennison, H.F. 1960. Tests on Prestressed Concrete Loads. Journal of Structural Engineering,
Embedded Cylinder Pipe. Journal of the 116:7: 20222039.
Hydraulics Division, ASCE, November, pp. Zarghamee, M.S., K.L. Fok, and E.S. Sikiotis. 1990.
7798. Limit States Design of Prestressed Concrete
Ojdrovic, R.P., and M.S. Zarghamee. 1996. Con- Cylinder Pipe. Part II: Procedure. Journal of
crete Creep and Shrinkage Prediction From Structural Engineering, 116:8:21052126.
Short-Term Tests. ACI Materials Journal, ACI, Zarghamee, M.S., F.J. Heger, and W.R. Dana.
93:2:169177. 1988a. Experimental Evaluation of Design
Olander, H.C. 1950. Stress Analysis of Concrete Methods for Prestressed Concrete Pipe. Jour-
Pipe. Engineering Monograph, No. 6, October. nal of Transportation Engineering, 114:6:126.
US Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo. Zarghamee, M.S., F.J. Heger, and W.R. Dana.
Paris, J.M. 1921. Stress Coefficients for Large 1988b. Predicting Prestress Losses in Pre-
Horizontal Pipes. Engineering News-Record, stressed Concrete Pressure Pipe. Concrete Intl.:
87:19:768771. Design & Construction, ACI, 10:10:5964.
Pauw, A. 1960. Static Modulus of Elasticity of Zarghamee, M.S., F.J. Heger, and W.R. Dana. 1990.
Concrete as Affected by Density, ACI Journal Concrete Creep and Shrinkage and Wire
Proceedings, 57:6:679688. Relaxation in Buried Prestressed Concrete
Raphael, J.M. 1984. Tensile Strength of Concrete. Pipe. ACI Structural Journal, 87:5:512522.
ACI Journal Proceedings, 81:2:158165.
89

APPENDIX C
Pipe-Design Example
SECTION C.1: INTRODUCTION

The design example included in this appendix uses US customary units. If
designs using SI units are required, proper equations should be used where direct
conversions of units are not possible. These equations are provided in ANSI/
AWWA C304.
The design procedure requires calculation of the following:
1. Residual stresses in the concrete and steel elements of the

pipe from prestressing after losses caused by creep and
shrinkage of concrete and wire relaxation.
2. Moments and thrusts at invert and springline of the pipe
resulting from the factored load and pressure combina-
tions specified in Table 1 for ECP and Table 2 for LCP.
3. Internal-pressure capacities and moment capacities in
the pipe wall.
4. Strains and stresses in the pipe wall resulting from
moments and thrusts caused by the factored load and
pressure combinations.
The internal pressures, moments, strains, and stresses in the pipe wall are
compared with the internal-pressure capacities, moment capacities, and strain and
stress limits specified in Table 3 for ECP and Table 4 for LCP.
The design procedure is iterative. An initial wire area is assumed and, using this
area, all design criteria are checked. If any of the criteria are violated, a new larger
wire area must be assumed. If none of the criteria is violated, the initial wire area
must be decreased. If an estimate of the final wire area is not available, the following
systematic procedure may be used:
91
92 AWWA C304-07
References*
1. Compute the minimum and maximum allowable wire ANSI/AWWA C301,
areas for the pipe from the ANSI/AWWA C301 wire- Sec. 3.2.2
spacing requirements.
2. Compute the wire area required by the burst pressure Eq 8-4
criterion.
3. Compute the wire area required from the maximum Eq 8-1, Eq 8-2
pressure criterion.
4. Check all other criteria using the minimum wire area Sec. 8.2
that satisfies the maximum wire spacing, the burst
pressure, and maximum pressure requirements.
5. If any criterion is violated, a design using the maximum
wire area that satisfies the minimum wire spacing
requirement may be checked to determine if a feasible
design exists.
6. If a feasible design exists, the smallest acceptable wire
area may be determined by trial and error. If no feasible
design exists, other design parameters such as wire
diameter, number of layers of prestressing wire, concrete
strength, and core thickness must be modified.
In this example, representative calculations are presented to illustrate the design
procedure. It is assumed that the final design wire area for the example pipe has
already been determined; the calculations presented are for checking the design.
SECTION C.2: DESIGN PARAMETERS
References*
Pipe: 72-150 ECP with cast core
Core: Di = 72 in., Dy = 75.5 in., hc = 5.5 in.
Pressures: Pw = 150 psi, Pt = 60 psi, Pft = 180 psi
Earth load and fluid weight:
We = 6,000 lb/ft, Wt = 0
2
Di f 72
2
62.4- = 1,764 lb/ft
Wf = ------------------ = ----------------------------------
4 144 4 144
*Where no AWWA standard number is given, the reference is to ANSI/AWWA C304.

References*
Wire: 6 gauge, ds = 0.192 in., Class III, fsg = 189,000 psi,
fsu = 252,000 psi, Es = 28 106 psi
fsy = 0.85fsu = 0.85 252,000 = 214,200 psi Sec. 5.6.2
ds 0.192 = 0.0175
s = -------
- = ---------------- Sec. 8.1
2h c 2 5.5
f sg
sg = ----- = 189 , 000- = 6, 750 10 6
-------------------- Sec. 8.1
Es 28 10
6
f sy
sy 214, 200- = 7, 650 10 6
= ----- = -------------------- Sec. 8.1
Es 28 10
6
Coating: hm = 0.75 + ds = 0.75 + 0.192 = 0.942 in. ANSI/AWWA

C301
Sec. 3.1.5
hm 0.942 = 0.0856
m = -------
- = ---------------- Sec. 8.1
2h c 2 5.5
Di + hc + hm
- = 72 + 5.5 + 0.942 = 39.22 in.
R = ----------------------------- --------------------------------------- Sec. 4.1
2 2
Cylinder: 16 gauge, ty = 0.0598 in., fyy = 33,000 psi, fy*y = 45,000 psi,
Ey = 30 106 psi
Dy D
hci = ------------------i t y = 75.5 72- 0.0598 = 1.69 in.
--------------------- Sec. 8.1
2 2
D y D t y 75.5 72 0.0598
dy = ------------------i --- = ---------------------- ---------------- = 1.72 in. Sec. 8.1
2 2 2 2
dy
y = ---- = 1.72
---------- = 0.313 Sec. 8.1
hc 5.5
Steel cylinder and concrete cross-sectional areas:
Ay = 12 ty = 12 0.0598 = 0.7176 in.2/ft Sec. 8.1
Ac = 12 (hc ty ) = 12 (5.5 0.0598) = 65.28 in.2/ft Sec. 8.1
Concrete: fc = 5,500 psi (cast)
Ec = 158c1.51 fc 0.3 = 158 1451.51 5,5000.3 Eq 5-2
= 3.84 106 psi

94 AWWA C304-07
References*
E 6
28 10 - = 7.29
n = -----s = ------------------------ Sec. 8.1
Ec 6
3.84 10
Ey 6
30 10 - = 7.81
n = ----- = ------------------------ Sec. 8.1
Ec 6
3.84 10
ft = 7 f c = 7 5, 500 = 519 psi Eq 5-1
f 519 - = 135 10 6
t = ----t- = ------------------------ Figure 2
Ec 6
3.84 10
k = 11t = 11 135 106 = 1,487 106 Figure 2
Mortar: fm = 5,500 psi
Em = 158 1401.51 5,5000.3 = 3.64 106 psi Eq 5-6
Em 6
3.64 10
m = ------- = ------------------------- = 0.948 before softening Sec. 8.8
Ec 6
3.84 10
ftm = 7 f m = 7 5, 500 = 519 psi Eq 5-5
f tm 519 - = 143 10 6 in. in.

tm = --------
- = ------------------------ Figure 2
Em 6
3.64 10
km = 8tm = 8 143 106 = 1,144 106 Figure 2
Environment: RH = 70%, t1 = 270 days, t2 = 90 days Sec. 6.6
Sec. C.2.1 Moment and Thrust Coefficients

Earth load (bedding: 90 Olander):
Cm1e = 0.1247, Cm2e = 0.0885, Cn1e = 0.3255, Cn2e = 0.5386
Pipe weight (bedding: 15 Olander):
Cm1p = 0.2157, Cm2p = 0.1016, Cn1p = 0.1029, Cn2p = 0.3026
Fluid weight (bedding: 90 Olander):
Cm1f = 0.1208, Cm2f = 0.0878, Cn1f = 0.2703, Cn2f = 0.0617

SECTION C.3: MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM

WIRE AREAS
Sec. C.3.1 Maximum Prestressing-Wire Area Based on Minimum Wire Spacing
References*
The minimum allowable center-to-center wire spacing is twice the wire ANSI/AWWA
diameter or 0.384 in. Therefore, the maximum prestressing-wire area C301,
based upon the minimum wire spacing is Sec. 3.2.2
2
d s 12 3.14 0.192
2
12
As, max = ---------- ------------- = --------------------------------- ------------- = 0.905 in.2/ft
4 0.384 4 0.384
Sec. C.3.2 Minimum Allowable Prestressing-Wire Area Based on Maximum Wire Spacing
References*
The maximum allowable center-to-center spacing of wire is 1.5 in.; ANSI/AWWA
therefore, C301,
2 Sec. 3.2.2
d s 12 3.14 0.192
2
12
As, min = ---------- ------- = --------------------------------- ------- = 0.232 in.2/ft
4 1.5 4 1.5
Sec. C.3.3 Minimum Prestressing-Wire Area Based on Burst Pressure

References*
The pipe shall have the necessary strength against burst when subjected Sec. 7.5.3
to the load combinations FWT6.
Pb = 1.6Pw + 2.0Pt = 1.6 150 + 2.0 60 = 360 psi Eq 3-12
A y f y*y + A s f su 6D y P b A y f y*y
Pb = - A s = ------------------------------------
------------------------------- Eq 8-4
6D y f su
1,175.5 360 0.7176 45,000 = 0.519 in. 2 ft

As = 6---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
252,000
Thus, the prestressing-wire area required for the burst pressure criterion
(0.519 in.2/ft) is the minimum allowable prestressing-wire area.

96 AWWA C304-07
SECTION C.4: STATE OF STRESS CALCULATIONS

Sec. C.4.1 Modular Ratios
References*
ni = 109( fc)0.3 = 109(5,500)0.3 = 8.23 Sec. 6.5
ni = 117( fc)0.3 = 117(5,500)0.3 = 8.83 Sec. 6.5
nr = 93( fc) 0.3 = 93(5,500)0.3 = 7.02 Sec. 6.5
nr = 99( fc)0.3 = 99(5,500)0.3 = 7.47 Sec. 6.5
Sec. C.4.2 Creep, Shrinkage, and Wire Relaxation

References*
For RH = 70%, 1 = 1.76 and 2 = 1.79. Sec. 6.6
Sec. C.4.2.1 Volume-to-surface ratios
Dy D
hco = h c ------------------i = 5.5 75.5 72.0- = 3.75 in.
--------------------------
2 2
0.54h ci
(hci) = 2/3 1 + 1.13e Eq 6-24

0.54 1.69
= 2/3 1 + 1.13e = 0.969
0.54 ( h co + h m )
(hco + hm) = 2/3 1 + 1.13e Eq 6-24
0.54 ( 3.75 + 0.942 )

= 2/3 1 + 1.13e = 0.726
0.54 h m
(hm) = 2/3 1 + 1.13e Eq 6-24

0.54 0.942
= 2/3 1 + 1.13e
= 1.120
Sec. C.4.2.2 Creep factor References*

ci = 1(hci) = 1.76 0.969 = 1.705 Eq 6-18
com = 2(hco + hm) = 1.79 0.726 = 1.300 Eq 6-19

References*
m = 2(hm) = 1.79 1.12 = 2.005 Eq 6-20
( h co + h m ) com h m m + h ci ci
= ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eq 6-16
h ci + h co
= (----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.75 + 0.942 )1.3 0.942 2.005 + 1.69 1.705- = 1.304
1.69 + 3.75
Sec. C.4.2.3 Shrinkage factor References*
0.12h ci 0.12 1.69
(hci) = 1.2e = 1.2e = 0.980 Eq 6-25
0.12 ( h co + h m ) 0.12 ( 3.75 + 0.942 )

(hco + hm) = 1.2e = 1.2e = 0.683 Eq 6-25
0.12 h m 0.12 0.942

(hm) = 1.2e = 1.2e = 1.072 Eq 6-25
References*
For RH = 70%, s1 = 184 106 and s2 = 299 106 Sec. 6.6
sci = s1(hci) = 184 106 0.980 = 180.3 106 Eq 6-21
scom = s2(hco + hm) = 299 106 0.683 = 204.2 106 Eq 6-22
sm = s2(hm) = 299 106 1.072 = 320.5 106 Eq 6-23
( h co + h m )s com h m s m + h ci s ci
s = ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eq 6-17
( h ci + h co )
( 3.75 + 0.942 )204.2 0.942 320.5 + 1.69 180.3 6
= ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
( 1.69 + 3.75 )
= 177 106
Sec. C.4.2.4 Wire relaxation References*
As
R = 0.111 3.5 ------- = 0.111 3.5 ------------- = 0.0832
0.519
Eq 6-30
c
A 65.28

98 AWWA C304-07
Sec. C.4.3 Initial Prestress

References*
A s f sg
fic = ------------------------------------------- Eq 6-1
A c + n i A s + n iA y
0.519 189,000
= ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 1,293 psi
65.28 + 8.23 0.519 + 8.83 0.7176
fiy = nific = 8.83 1,293 = 11,417 psi Eq 6-2
fis = fsg + nific = 189,000 + 8.23 1,293 = 178,359 psi Eq 6-3
Sec. C.4.4 Final Prestress

References*
f ic ( A c + n r A s + n r A y) ( A s E s + A y E y )s A s Rf sg
fcr = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eq 6-4
A c + ( nr A s + n rA y ) ( 1 + )
1,293 ( 65.28 + 7.02 0.519 + 7.47 0.7176 )
= --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
65.28 + ( 7.02 0.519 + 7.47 0.7176 ) ( 1 + 1.304 )
6 6 6
( 0.519 28 10 + 0.7176 30 10 )177 10
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
65.28 + ( 7.02 0.519 + 7.47 0.7176 ) ( 1 + 1.304 )
0.519 0.0832 189,000

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
65.28 + ( 7.02 0.519 + 7.47 0.7176 ) ( 1 + 1.304 )
= 947 psi
f cr 947 6
cr = ----- = ------------------------- = 247 10
Ec 6
3.84 10
A c ( f ic n r + E y s ) RA s f sg n r ( 1 + )
fyr = f iy + --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Eq 6-5
A + ( n A + n A ) ( 1 + )
c r s r y
6 6
65.28 ( 1,293 1.304 7.47 + 30 10 177 10 )
= 11,417 + ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
65.28 + ( 7.02 0.519 + 7.47 0.7176 ) ( 1 + 1.304 )
0.0832 0.519 189,000 7.47 ( 1 + 1.304 )
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
65.28 + ( 7.02 0.519 + 7.47 0.7176 ) ( 1 + 1.304 )
= 23,371 psi

References*
A c ( f icn r + E ss ) RA s f sg n r ( 1 + )
fsr = fis + Rfsg --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eq 6-6
A c + ( n r A s + n rA y ) ( 1 + )
= 178,359 + 0.0832 189,000
6 6
65.28 ( 1,293 1.304 7.02 + 28 10 177 10 )
+ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
65.28 + ( 7.02 0.519 + 7.47 0.7176 ) ( 1 + 1.304 )
0.0832 0.519 189,000 7.02 ( 1 + 1.304 )
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 151,426 psi
65.28 + ( 7.02 0.519 + 7.47 0.7176 ) ( 1 + 1.304 )
Sec. C.4.5 Decompression Pressure

References*
f cr ( A c + n r A s + n r A y )
Po = ---------------------------------------------------- Eq 6-7
6D y
947 ( 65.28 + 7.02 0.519 + 7.47 0.7176 )
= -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 155.3 psi
6 75.5
SECTION C.5: MINIMUM PRESTRESSING-WIRE

AREA BASED ON MAXIMUM
PRESSURE
The minimum prestressing-wire area shall meet the following requirements:
References*
Criterion: Load combination:
Pw Po W1 Sec. 7.3.5
Pw + Pt min (Pk, 1.4Po) WT1 Sec. 7.3.5
Pw = 150 psi < Po = 155.3 psi; therefore, loading condition W1 is satisfied.
To check the loading condition WT1, first calculate
0.5 km 5 f
Pk = Po min -------------------, 1 + ------------c-
cr f cr
0.5 km 5 f
= min P o -------------------, P o 1 + ------------c-
cr f cr

100 AWWA C304-07
References*
Because
5 f
P o 1 + ------------c- = 155.3 1 + 5--------------------
5,500- = 216.1 psi

f cr 947
and
0.5 k m 0.5 1,144 10 6
P o ------------------- = 155.3 --------------------------------------------- = 359.6 psi
cr 247 10
6
Pk = min [216.1, 359.6] = 216.1 psi
and
min (Pk, 1.4Po) = min (216.1, 1.4 155.3) = 216.1 psi
Therefore,
Pw + Pt = 150 + 60 = 210 psi < 216.1 psi
and loading condition WT1 is satisfied.
SECTION C.6: STRESS FROM PRESTRESSING FOR

FINAL DESIGN AREA
The prestressing-wire area for the final design that satisfies all design criteria,
determined using a computer program to perform iterations, is 0.565 in.2/ft. This area
is greater than the minimum wire area needed to satisfy the burst-pressure requirements
described in Sec. 3.3. The state-of-stress calculation for As = 0.565 in.2/ft follows the
calculation procedure stated in Sec. C.4 for As = 0.519 in.2/ft and produces the
following results:
References*
fcr = 1,028 psi
f cr 1,028 - = 268 10 6
cr = ----
- = ------------------------
Ec 6
3.84 10
fyr = 24,918 psi

References*
f yr 24,918 - = 831 10 6
yr = ----- = --------------------
Ey 30 10
6
fsr = 150,192 psi
f sr 150,192 6
sr = ----- = --------------------- = 5,364 10
Es 6
28 10
Po = 169.36 psi
No = 6Dy Po = 6 75.5 169.36 = 76,720 lb/ft Eq 4-1
Using the above prestress values, Pk' can be computed as shown earlier.
Pk = 230.44 psi
Nk = 6Dy Pk = 6 75.5 230.44 = 104,389 lb/ft Eq 8-3
Pipe weight can now be computed for As = 0.565 in.2/ft.

Wp = --------- ( D i + h c )h c c + ( D i + 2h c + h m )h m m ---
144
As
+ ( D y t y )t y ( s c ) + ( D i + 2h c + d s ) ------ ( s m )
12

= --------- ( 72 + 5.5 )5.5 145 + ( 72 + 2 5.5 + 0.942 )0.942 140 ---
144
+ (75.5 0.0598) 0.0598 (489 145)
( 72 + 2 5.5 + 0.192 )0.565 ( 489 140 )
+ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 1,654 lb/ft
12
Furthermore, the location of the neutral axis for prestress thrust is
0.5bh c + nA s ( 1 + s ) + ( n 1 )A y y
eo = h c --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eq 8-6
bh + nA + ( n 1 ) A
c s y
0.5 12 5.5 + 7.29 0.565 ( 1 + 0.0175 )
= 5.5 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12 5.5 + 7.29 0.565 + ( 7.81 1 )0.7176
( 7.81 1 )0.7176 0.313
+ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 2.839 in.
12 5.5 + 7.29 0.565 + ( 7.81 1 )0.7176

102 AWWA C304-07
SECTION C.7: SERVICEABILITY AT FULL PIPE

CIRCUMFERENCE
The serviceability at full pipe circumference includes the following criteria and
load combinations:
References*
Core decompression limit W1 Table 3
Coating cracking WT1 Table 3
In other words, the prestressing-wire area must satisfy for loading combination W1:
Pw Po
Pw = 150 psi < Po = 169.36 psi
and for loading combination WT1:
Pw + Pt min (Pk, 1.4 Po)
because
min (Pk, 1.4Po) = min (230.44, 1.4 169.36) = 230.44 psi,
Pw + Pt = 150 + 60 = 210 psi 230.44 psi
Therefore, both requirements are satisfied.
SECTION C.8: SERVICEABILITY AT INVERT/CROWN

Limit states of serviceability at invert/crown include the following criteria and
load combinations:
References*
Inside core cracking W1 Table 3
Inside core visible cracking WT1, WT2, FT1 Table 3
Inner core-to-cylinder radial tension FW1, WT3 Table 3

Calculation procedures for all of the criteria and load combinations are similar.
The detailed calculations for the inside core visible cracking criterion under the load
combination WT1 are shown below; the results for other criteria are summarized at
the end of the section.
Applied moment and thrust at invert for load combination WT1:
References*
M1 = R [ C m1e ( W e + W t ) + C m1p W p + Cm1f Wf ] Eq 4-2
= 39.22[0.1247(6,000 + 0) + 0.2157 1,654 + 0.1208 1,764]

= 51,694 lb-in./ft
N1 = 6Dy P [Cn1e (We + Wt ) + Cn1p Wp + Cn1f Wf ] Eq 4-4
= 6 75.5(150 + 60) [0.3255(6,000 + 0) + 0.1029 1,654
0.2703 1,764] = 93,484 lb/ft
The procedure for determining the strain and the stress distribution in the cross
section caused by applied loads is iterative and requires satisfying the force and
moment equilibrium equations. An iteration cycle is demonstrated below for trial
values of
2 = 1.696
k = 0.704
Sec. C.8.1 Constants

References*
kh c 5.5- = 1.4362 in.
- = 0.704
tt = -------------- -------------------------- Sec. 8.9.1
1 + 2 1 + 1.696
ts = 2 tt = 1.696 1.4362 = 2.4358 in. Sec. 8.9.1
dy 1.72 - = 0.706
= ---- = --------------- Sec. 8.9.1
ts 2.4358
The location of the neutral axis under the thrust N1 is given by
0.5bh c + ( n m ) A s ( 1 + s ) + ( n 1 )A y y + mbh m ( 1 + m )
e = h c ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eq 8-7
bh c + ( n m ) A s + ( n 1 ) A y + mbh m

104 AWWA C304-07
References*
0.5 12 5.5 + ( 7.29 0.365 )0.565 ( 1 + 0.0175 )
= 5.5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12 5.5 + ( 7.29 0.365 )0.565 + ( 7.81 1 )0.7176 + 0.365 12 0.942
( 7.81 1 )0.7176 0.313 + 0.365 12 0.942 ( 1 + 0.0856 )
+ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12 5.5 + ( 7.29 0.365 )0.565 + ( 7.81 1 )0.7176 + 0.365 12 0.942
= 2.996 in.
Where:
m = 0.365 is calculated by trial and error for tensile softened coating when
the pipe is subjected to a tensile thrust of N1 alone.
References*
The tensile strain in the coating is
N1
mm = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eq 8-8b
E c [ bh c + ( n m )A s + ( n 1 )A y + mbh m ]
Em t m
m = -------- 8 ------------
-1 Eq 8-8a
7E c mm
For trial value of m = 0.365,

93,484
mm = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6
3.84 10 [ 12 5.5 + ( 7.29 0.365 )0.565 + ( 7.81 1 )0.7176 + 0.365 12 0.942 ]
= 309 106
3.64 10 143 10
6 6
m = ---------------------------------- 8 -------------------------
- 1 = 0.365
7 3.84 10 309 10
6 6
Sec. C.8.2 Strains

References*
ci = (1 + 2)t = (1 + 1.696)135 106 = 364 106 Sec. 8.9.1
y
y = ci 1 ----- = 364 10 1 0.313
------------- = 202 10
6 6
Sec. 8.9.1
k 0.704
co = ci 1--- 1 = 364 10 ------------

1 - 1 = 153 10 6
6
Sec. 8.9.1
k 0.704

References*
1+
s = ci --------------s 1 = 364 10 1-------------------------
6 + 0.0175 1 = 162 10 6 Sec. 8.9.1
k 0.704
1 + m
mm = ci ---------------
- 1 cr = 364 10 1-------------------------
6 + 0.0856 1 268 10 6 Sec. 8.9.1
k 0.704
= 71 106
1 + 2 m + 2 0.0856- 1 268 10 6
mo = ci ------------------- 1 cr = 364 10 1----------------------------------
6
Sec. 8.9.1
k 0.704
= 26 106
Sec. C.8.3 Stresses

References*
Because 0 < 2 = 1.696 < = 10 and = 0.706 < 1,

fci = 1 -----2 f t = 1 1.696
------------- 519 = 431 psi Sec. 8.9.1
10
y
fy = nf t ( 1 + 2 ) 1 ----- = 7.81 519 ( 1 + 1.696 ) 1 0.313
------------- Sec. 8.9.1
k 0.704
= 6,069 psi
2
fcy = f t 1 ----- ( 1 ) = 519 1 1.696
------------- ( 1 0.706 ) = 493 psi Sec. 8.9.1
10
fco = f t ( 1 + 2 ) 1--- 1 = 519 ( 1 + 1.696 ) ------------

1 - 1 = 588 psi Sec. 8.9.1
k 0.704
1+
fs = nf t ( 1 + 2 ) --------------s 1 = 7.29 519 ( 1 + 1.696 ) ------------------------- 1
1 + 0.0175 Sec. 8.9.1
k 0.704
= 4,542 psi
1+
fms = m f t ( 1 + 2 ) --------------s 1 f cr Sec. 8.9.1
k
= 0.948 519 ( 1 + 1.696 ) 1-------------------------

+ 0.0175 1 ( 1,028 ) = 384 psi
0.704

106 AWWA C304-07
References*
1 + m
fmm = m f t ( 1 + 2 ) ---------------
- 1 f cr
k
= 0.948 519 ( 1 + 1.696 ) 1-------------------------

+ 0.0856 1 1,028 = 256 psi
0.704
1 + 2 m
fmo = m f t ( 1 + 2 ) ------------------- 1 f cr Sec. 8.9.1
k
1 + 2 0.0856
= 0.948 519 ( 1 + 1.696 ) ----------------------------------- 1 1,028 = 94 psi
0.704
Where:
m = 0.948 corresponds to the condition of no tensile softening of mortar, because
the tensile strain in the coating is
mm = 71 106 < tm = 143 106.
Sec. C.8.4 Internal Forces

References*
Fci = 1/2btt (1 + ) ft' = 12 1.4362 (1 + 10) 519
= 49,196 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.1
Fci = 1/2btt ( + 2) fci = 1/2 12 1.4362 (10 1.696) 431
= 30,841 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.1
Fci = Fci + Fci = 49,196 + 30,841 = 18,355 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.1
Fy = Ay(fy fcy) = 0.7176(6,069 493) = 4,001 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.1
bh c 12 5.5
Fco = ------- ( 1 k )f co = ------------------- ( 1 0.704 )588 = 5,744 lb/ft Sec 8.9.1
2 2
Fs = As(fs fms) = 0.565(4,542 + 384) = 2,783 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.1
Fm = 1/2 bh m m ( f co f cr ) = 1/2 12 0.942 0.948(588 1,028)
= 2,358 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.1
Fm = 1/2 bh m fmo = 1/2 12 0.942 (94) = 531 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.1
Fm = Fm + Fm = 2,358 531 = 2,889 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.1

Sec. C.8.5 Sum of Forces

References*
F = No N1 (Fci + Fy + Fco + Fs + Fm) Eq 8-9
= 76,720 93,484 (18,355 4,001 + 5,744 + 2,783 2,889)
= 46 0
Sec. C.8.6 Internal Moments
References*
- F ( 1 + )h + t 2
Mci = F ci ( 1 + s )h c t t 2 + 1----------- -------------- Sec. 8.9.1
3 ci s c t 3
= 49,196 ( 1 + 0.0175 )5.5 1.4362 1.696 + ---------------

1 10
3
10 1.696
( 30,841 ) ( 1 + 0.0175 )5.5 + 1.4362 ------------------------- = 72,248 lb-in./ft
3
My = Fy hc (1 + s y ) = 4,001 5.5 (1 + 0.0175 0.313) Sec. 8.9.1
= 15,503 lb-in./ft
Mco = F co h c 1----------
k- + = 5,744 5.5 1---------------------
0.704- + 0.0175 Sec. 8.9.1
3 s 3
= 3,670 lb-in./ft
2 m + F h 4
Mm = F m h c ---------
- m
- s
m c --------- Sec. 8.9.1
3 s 3
0.0856 0.0175
= 2,358 5.5 2-------------------------
3
4 0.0856
531 5.5 ------------------------- 0.0175 = 795 lb-in./ft
3
Sec. C.8.7 Sum of Moments
References*
M = M1 No [(1 + s)hc eo] + N1[(1 + s)hc e] Mci
My Mco Mm Eq 8-10
= 51,694 76,720[(1 + 0.0175)5.5 2.839]
+ 93,484[(1 + 0.0175)5.5 2.996]
72,248 15,503 + 3,670 + 795 = 46 0
Therefore, equations for equilibrium of forces and moments at the invert are satisfied.

108 AWWA C304-07
Table C.1 Summary of calculations for serviceability at invert/crown

Limit-State Load N1 M1 Strain or Limiting Criterion
Criterion Combination (lb/ft) (lb-in./ft) 2 k Stress Value Satisfied
Inside core W1 66,304 51,685 0.199 0.368 108 106 1,203 106 Yes
tensile strain
(ci 1.5 t)
Inside core WT1 93,484 51,685 1.684 0.704 363 106 1,487 106 Yes
tensile strain
(ci k) WT2 66,304 51,685 0.199 0.368 108 106 1,487 106 Yes
FT1 87,883 56,853 1.210 0.641 299 106 1,487 106 Yes
Core-to-cylinder FW1 2,135 59,018 1.773 0.363 26 psi 12 psi Yes

radial tension
(r 12 psi) WT3 1,646 51,685 1.917 0.491 28 psi 12 psi Yes
Note that ci = 364 106 < k = 1,487 106 and, therefore, the strain limit
corresponding to the visible crack control inside the core is satisfied.
References*
To check the radial tension when there is no fluid pressure, repeat the Sec. 8.6
same calculations iteratively until 2 and k values that satisfy both
equations of equilibrium are determined. Because the strain in the
inner fiber of the core for both loading conditions FW1 and WT3 is
not tensile, radial tension does not develop.
The results for the final iteration cycle for all serviceability limit states at invert/
crown obtained using a computer program are summarized in Table C.1. Note that
small differences with hand calculations are caused by roundoff.
SECTION C.9: SERVICEABILITY AT SPRINGLINE

Limit states of serviceability at springline include the following criteria and load
combinations:
References*
Outer core microcracking W1 Table 3

References*
Coating microcracking W1 Table 3
Outer core visible cracking WT1, WT2, FT1 Table 3
Coating visible cracking WT1, WT2, FT1 Table 3
Inner core compression W2, WT3 Table 3
The detailed calculations for outer core visible cracking and coating visible cracking
under load combination WT1 are shown below. The results for other criteria are
summarized at the end of the section.
Applied moment and thrust at springline for load combination WT1:
References*
M2 = R [ C m2e ( W e + W t ) + C m2p W p + C m2f Wf ] Eq 4-3
= 39.22[0.0885(6,000 + 0) + 0.1016 1,654 + 0.0878 1,764]
= 33,491 lb-in./ft
N2 = 6D y P [ C n2e ( W e + W t ) + C n2p W p + Cn2f Wf ] Eq 4-5
= 6 75.5(150 + 60) [0.5386(6,000 + 0) + 0.3026
1,654 0.0617 1,764] = 91,507 lb/ft
The procedure for determining the strain and the stress distribution in the pipe
cross section at springline caused by the applied loads is iterative and requires
satisfying the force and moment equilibrium equations. An iteration cycle is
demonstrated below for the trial values of
2 = 0.296
k = 0.702
References*
1 1
tt = --------------- kh c = ---------------------- 0.702 5.5 = 2.979 in. Sec. 8.9.2
1 + 2 1 + 0.296
ts = 2 tt = 0.296 2.979 = 0.882 in. Sec. 8.9.2
hc dy
- = 5.5 1.72- = 4.286
= -------------- ----------------------- Sec. 8.9.2
ts 0.882

110 AWWA C304-07
Sec. C.9.2 Strains

References*
co = (1 + 2) t = (1 + 0.296) 135 106 = 175 106 Sec. 8.9.2
Sec. 8.9.2
= co ----
1- 1 = 175 10 6 ------------
1 - 1 = 74 10 6
ci
k 0.702
1 y Sec. 8.9.2
y = co -------------- 1 = 175 10 1---------------------
6 0.313- 1 = 4 10 6
k 0.702
Sec. 8.9.2
s = co 1 + -----s = 175 10 1 + ---------------- = 179 10
6 0.0175 6
k 0.702
f sr nf cr 6 150,192 7.29 1,028
s = s ------------------- = 179 10 -----------------------------------------------------------
-
Es 6
28 10
= 5,811 10 6 Sec. 8.9.2
2 m 0.0856 + 268 106
mo = co 1 + ---------
- + cr = 175 10 1 + 2-------------------------
6
Sec. 8.9.2
k 0.702
= 486 106
Sec. C.9.3 Stresses

References*
For 2 = 0.296 satisfying the inequality 0 < 2 < = 10,
Sec. 8.9.2
fco = 1 -----2 f t = 1 0.296
------------- 519 = 504 psi
10
Sec. 8.9.2
fci = ( 1 + 2 ) f t ----- 1 = ( 1 + 0.296 ) 519 ------------- 1 = 286 psi
1 1
k 0.702
1 y
fy = n ( 1 + 2 )f t -------------- 1 = 7.81 ( 1 + 0.296 )519 1---------------------
0.313- 1
k 0.702
= 112 psi Sec. 8.9.2

= 4.286 > 1; therefore,
1 y
fcy = ( 1 + 2 ) f t -------------- 1 = ( 1 + 0.296 )519 1---------------------
0.313- 1
k 0.702
= 14 psi Sec. 8.9.2

References*

fs = n( 1 + 2 ) f t 1 + -----s = 7.29 ( 1 + 0.296 )519 1 + 0.0175
----------------
k 0.702
= 5,026 psi Sec. 8.9.2
Sec. C.9.4 Internal Forces

References*
Fci = 1/2(1 k)bhc fci = 1/2(1 0.702)12 5.5 286 = 2,813 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.2
Fy = Ay(fy fcy) = 0.7176(112 + 14) = 70 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.2
Fco = 1/2btt(1 + )ft = 1/2 12 2.979(1 + 10)519 = 102,043 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.2
Because 0 < 2 = 0.296 = 10,
Fco = 1/2btt( 2)fco = 1/2 12 2.979(10 0.296)504 = 87,418 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.2
Fco = Fco + Fco = 102,043 + 87,418 = 14,625 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.2
Fs = As fs = 0.565 5,026 = 2.840 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.2

References*
F = No N2 (Fci + Fy + Fco + Fs) Eq 8-11
= 76,720 91,507 (2,813 69 14,625 2,840) = 66 0
Sec. C.9.6 Internal Moments

References*
( 1 k )h
Mci = F ci ( 1 + s )h c ------------------------c Sec. 8.9.2
3
= 2,813 ( 1 + 0.0175 )5.5 (----------------------------------

1 0.702 )5.5- = 14,205 lb-in./ft
3
My = Fyhc(1 + s y ) Sec. 8.9.2
= 70 5.5(1 + 0.0175 0.313) = 271 lb-in./ft
= Because 0 < 2 = 0.296 = 10,

112 AWWA C304-07
References*
- + F h t
Mco = F co h c s + t t 2 + 1----------- -------------s Sec. 8.9.2
3 c o c s t 3
= 102,043 5.5 0.0175 + 2.979 0.296 + 1--------------

10-
3
+ 87,418 5.5 0.0175 2.979 -------------------------

10 0.296
3
= 21,795 lb-in./ft
Sec. C.9.7 Sum of Moments About Wire

References*
M = M2 + No [(1 + s ) hc eo] N2 [(1 + s) hc e] (Mci + My + Mco) Eq 8-12
= 33,491 + 76,720 [(1 + 0.0175) 5.5 2.839]
91,507 [(1 + 0.0175) 5.5 2.839]
(14,205 271 21,795) = 581 lb-in./ft
For serviceability limit states at springline, the contribution of mortar stress to

force and moment equilibrium has been neglected, and the coating in computing the
line of action of thrust N2, that is, e = eo, has been neglected at the same time.
Because the equations of equilibrium of forces and moments are satisfied,
convergence has been achieved and the calculated stresses and strains are correct for
the loading condition WT1.
The outer core tensile strain limit is satisfied, because co = 175 106 < k =
1,487 106.
The outer coating tensile strain limit is satisfied, because mo = 486 106 <
km = 1,144 106.
It could be demonstrated, following the same calculation procedure, that all
other criteria are satisfied for all relevant load combinations. The results for the final
iteration cycle obtained using a computer program are summarized in Table C.2.

Table C.2 Summary of calculations for serviceability at springline

Limit-State Load N2 M2 Limiting Criterion
Criterion Combination (lb/ft) (lb-in./ft) 2 k Strain or Stress Value Satisfied
Outer core tensile W1 64,327 33,482 0.478 0.300 70 106 ,203 106 Yes
strain
(co 1.5t)
Outer coating tensile W1 64,327 33,482 0.478 0.300 378 106 912 106 Yes
strain
(mo 0.8km)
Outer core tensile WT1 91,507 33,482 0.296 0.702 175 106 1,487 106 Yes
strain
(co k ) WT2 64,327 33,482 0.478 0.300 70 106 1,487 106 Yes
FT1 85,708 36,830 0.183 0.606 160 106 1,487 106 Yes
Outer coating tensile WT1 91,507 33,482 0.296 0.702 486 106 1,144 106 Yes
strain
(mo km) WT2 64,327 33,482 0.478 0.300 378 106 1,144 106 Yes
FT1 85,708 36,830 0.183 0.606 473 106 1,144 106 Yes
Inner core compression
( fci 0.55fc ) W2 3,623 33,482 2.223 0.705 1,536 psi 3,025 psi Yes
( fci 0.65fc ) WT3 3,623 33,482 2.223 0.705 1,536 psi 3,575 psi Yes
SECTION C.10: ELASTIC LIMIT AT INVERT/CROWN

The elastic limit states at invert/crown include the following criteria and load
combinations:
References*
Yielding of cylinder WT1, WT2, FT1 Table 3
Onset of tension in cylinder WT3 Table 3
For the load combination WT1, stresses and strains in the pipe invert satisfying the

114 AWWA C304-07
Table C.3 Summary of calculations for elastic limit at invert/crown

Cylinder Limiting
Limit-State Load N1 M1 Stress Stress Criterion
Criterion Combination (lb/ft) (lb-in./ft) 2 k (psi) (psi) Satisfied
Yielding of cylinder WT1 93,485 51,685 1.684 0.704 10,840 +33,000 Yes
fyr + nfcr + fy fyy
WT2 66,304 51,685 0.199 0.368 16,400 +33,000 Yes
FT1 87,883 56,853 1.210 0.641 12,296 +33,000 Yes
Onset of tension in cylinder WT3 1,646 51,685 1.917 0.491 22,973 0 Yes
fyr + n fcr + fy 0
equations of equilibrium of forces and moments have already been calculated. Using
fy already calculated for WT1, yielding of the cylinder does not occur, because
fy = fyr + nfcr + fy
= 24,918 + 7.81 1,028 + 6,069 = 10,820 psi fyy = 33,000 psi
The steel cylinder is in compression and, therefore, cannot yield in tension. The
results for the final iteration cycle for all elastic limit states at invert/crown obtained
using a computer program are summarized in Table C.3.
SECTION C.11: ELASTIC AND WIRE-YIELD

STRENGTH LIMITS AT SPRINGLINE
Elastic limit and the wire-yield criteria at springline and the corresponding load
combinations are as follows:
References*
Wire elastic limit FWT1, FWT2, FT2 Table 3
Inside core compression limit FWT1, FWT2, FT2 Table 3
Wire-yield limit FWT3, FWT4 Table 3
The calculation procedure for the wire elastic and yield limits and core
compression limit of 0.75fc is similar to the previously shown procedure for
serviceability limits. The calculation for the wire-yield criterion is demonstrated

below, because that criterion controls the design. The calculation procedure is shown
for N2 > Nk. Under this condition, the criterion check is performed by comparing
the moment at springline with the moment capacity at springline. The moment at
springline is computed accounting for the moment redistribution, because the
moment capacity at invert is exceeded, and moment is redistributed from invert to
springline. The computation of critical thrust at invert at cylinder yield is presented
in Sec. C.11.2. This is required for calculating the moment capacity at invert and
moment at springline after redistribution, stated in Sec. C.11.3.
Sec. C.11.1 Limit State of Wire Yielding at Springline

Moments and thrusts corresponding to load combination FWT3 are
calculated using the load and pressure factors in Sec. 3 of the standard and the
equations in Sec. 4 of the standard.
References*
N1 = 1.3 6 75.5(150 + 60) 1.3[0.3255 (6,000 + 0)
+ 0.1029 1,654 0.2703 1,764] = 121,529 lb/ft Eq 4-4
M1 = 1.3 39.22[0.1247 (6,000 + 0) + 0.2157 1,654
+ 0.1208 1,764] = 67,202 lb-in./ft Eq 4-2
N2 = 1.3 6 75.5(150 + 60) 1.3[0.5386 (6,000 + 0) Eq 4-5
+ 0.3026 1,654 0.0617 1,764] = 118,959 lb/ft
M2 = 1.3 39.22[0.0885(6,000 + 0) + 0.1016 1,654 Eq 4-3
+ 0.0878 1,764] = 43,538 lb-in./ft
Sec. C.11.2 Critical Thrust at Invert at Cylinder Yield, Nyy

References*
When the invert is subjected to thrust alone, the tensile strain in the core at
cylinder yield is given by
f yy + f yr 6 33,000 + 24,918
c = cr + yy = cr + ----------------- = 268 10 + --------------------------------------
- Sec. 8.9.1
Ey 30 10
6
= 1,633 10 6

116 AWWA C304-07
References*
Because c > k = 1,487 106, fc (cr + yy) = 0.
The strain in the prestressing wire at cylinder yield is
33,000 + 24,918
6 6
s = sr + yy = 5,364 10 + --------------------------------------- = 7,295 10 Sec. 8.9.1
6
30 10
Because wire strain s is greater than the strain at the elastic limit of the wire fsg /Es =
189,000/28 106 = 6,750 106, the stress in the wire must be computed from the nonlinear
stressstrain relationship of the wire. Therefore, the critical thrust at cylinder yield is
E s 2.25
fs = f su 1 1 0.6133 s ----- Eq 5-7
f su
6 2.25
28 10
fs = 252,000 1 1 0.6133 7,295 10
6
---------------------- = 198,333 psi
252,000
Nyy = Ac fc + Ay fyy + As fs = 65.28 0 + 0.7176 33,000
+ 0.565 198,333 = 135,739 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.1
Sec. C.11.3 Moment Capacity at Invert and Redistributed Moment at Springline

References*
Because Nk < N1 < Nyy , moment capacity at the invert M1cap is Sec. 8.9.1
calculated by linear interpolation between the moment capacity at
Nk and zero moment capacity at Nyy .
Moment capacity at Nk at invert, Mcap(Nk), is equal to the Sec. 7.4.2
moment capacity based on the cylinder yield at Nk, but not greater
than the moment capacity based on the onset of tension in the
cylinder for the thrust calculated with zero pressure and unfactored
earth load, and pipe and fluid weights.
The calculation procedure for computing the moment capacity for a given thrust
is iterative and similar to the procedure described before for elastic limit at the invert.
For each selected trial value of k and 2, the stresses and strains are computed and the
equilibria of forces and moments are checked. The only difference is that the new
values of 2 are determined from the condition in which the stress in the cylinder

reaches yield rather than from the equilibrium of moments equation. In this example,
in the final iteration cycle 2 = 17.771 and k = 0.908. Stress in the cylinder is
References*
y
fy = n f t ( 1 + 2 ) 1 ----- Sec. 8.9.1
k
= 7.81 519 ( 1 + 17.771 ) 1 ------------- = 49,858 psi

0.313
0.908
fy = fyr + nfcr + fy = 24,918 + 7.81 1,028 + 49,858
= 32,969 33,000 psi
Moment capacity based on the cylinder yield at N1 = Nk , denoted here as

M1yy (Nk), is calculated from the sum of moments about the wire at invert:
M1yy(N'k) = No[(1 + s) hc eo] Nk [(1 + s) hc e] + Mci + My Eq 8-10
+ Mco + Mm
= 76,720 [(1 + 0.0175) 5.5 2.839] 104,389
[(1 + 0.0175) 5.5 2.973] + 15,196 + 138,745 800 + 5,093
= 95,932 lb-in./ft
where the location of the line of action of thrust, e = 2.973 in., and the moments on
the right-hand side of the equation are calculated following the procedure in Sec. C.8.
The moment capacity at the onset of tension in the cylinder is calculated
similarly at pressure equal to zero with
References*
N1 = [Cn1e (We + Wt) + Cn1p Wp + Cn1f Wf ] Eq 4-4
= [0.3255(6,000 + 0) + 0.1029 1,654 0.2703 1,764]
= 1,646 lb/ft
In the last iteration, when the cylinder stress reaches the onset of tension, 2 =
8.247 and k = 0.569. Stress in the cylinder is
References*
fy = 7.81 519 ( 1 + 8.247 ) 1 ------------- = 16,864 psi

0.313
Sec. 8.9.1
0.569
fy = fyr + nfcr + fy = 24,918 + 7.81 1,028 + 16,864
= 25 psi 0 Sec. 8.9.1

118 AWWA C304-07
Moment capacity, based on onset of tension in the cylinder at Nk, denoted here
as Myo(Nk), is calculated following the above procedure for moment capacity at
cylinder yield. The result is shown below.
M1yo(Nk) = 76,720[(1 + 0.0175)5.5 2.839] + Eq 8-10
1,646[(1 + 0.0175)5.5 3.216] + 42,424 +
45,982 45,814 + 14,602 = 272,648 lb-in./ft
Because M1yy(Nk) < M1yo(Nk), the moment capacity at Nk at invert is

M1cap(Nk) = 95,932 lb-in./ft.
The moment capacity at N1 is calculated by linear interpolation:
N yy N 1 135,739 (121,529)
M1cap = ------------------------ M 1cap ( N k ) = ------------------------------------------------ 95,932
N yy N k 135,739 (104,389)
= 43,483 lb-in./ft Sec. 8.9.1
Because M1 > M1cap, the applied moment redistributes from invert to

springline, as follows:
M2r = M1 + M2 M1cap = 67,202 + 43,538 43,483
= 67,257 lb-in./ft Eq 4-6
Sec. C.11.4 Critical Thrust at Wire Yield, Nsy

References*
When the stress in the prestressing wire reaches yield, fs = 0.85fsu
and sy = 0.92883fsu /Es, because for this value of sy
f
-----s = 1 (1 0.6133 0.92883)2.25 = 0.85 Eq 5-7
f su
fsy = 0.85fsu = 0.85 252,000 = 214,200 psi Sec 5.6.2
0.92883 f su 252, 000 = 8,359 106
- = 0.92883
sy = -------------------------- ----------------------------------------------
Es 6
28 10
c = cr + sy = cr + sy sr
= 268 106 + 8,359 106 + 5,364 106
= 13,455 106 Sec. 8.9.2

References*
Because c > k = 1,487 106, fc (cr + sy ) = 0 Figure 2
y = yr + sy = yr + sy sr Sec. 8.9.2
= 831 106 + 8,359 106 5,364 106
= 12,892 106 Sec. 8.9.2
f yy 33,000 6
Since y > yy = ----- = --------------------- = 1,100 10 , f y = f yy
Ey 6
30 10
= 33,000 psi Figure 3
Nsy = Ac fc + Ay fy + As fsy = 65.28 0 + 0.7176 33,000
+ 0.565 214,200 = 144,704 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.2
Sec. C.11.5 Moment Capacity at Wire Yield

Because Nk < N2 < Nsy , the wire yielding criterion is not checked by comparing
the stress in the wire with its yield strength, but the criterion is checked by
comparing the applied moment with the moment capacity at springline at wire yield.
The moment capacity at wire yield is calculated by linear interpolation between the
moment capacity at Nk and the zero moment capacity at Nsy .
Moment capacity at wire yield at the springline for N2 = Nk, denoted here as
M2sy (Nk), is calculated iteratively following the procedure similar to the procedure
described for the calculation of the moment capacity of cylinder yield at invert at
N k. Calculations of stresses and strains are performed following the procedure
of Sec. C.9. In the last iteration, when the wire stress reaches wire-yield stress,
2 = 18.745 and k = 0.790. The strain in the wire can be checked as follows:
References*
co = (1 + 2) t = (1 + 18.745) 135 106 = 2,666 106 Sec. 8.9.2

s = co 1 + -----s = 2,666 10 1 + 0.0175
---------------- = 2,725 10
6 6
k 0.790
f sr nf cr 6 150,192 7.29 1,028

s = s ------------------- = 2,725 10 -----------------------------------------------------------
-
Es 6
28 10
= 8,357 106 = sy

120 AWWA C304-07
Table C.4 Summary of calculations for elastic limits and wire-yield limit at springline
Limit-State Load N2 M2 or M2r Applied Stress Limiting Criterion
Criterion Combination (lb/ft) (lb-in./ft) 2 k or Moment Value Satisfied
Wire elastic limit, FWT1 100,657 36,830 3.103 0.754 173,574 189,000 Yes
fs fsg
FWT2 70,759 36,830 0.197 0.431 162,403 189,000 Yes
FT2 94,279 40,513 2.296 0.690 170,476 189,000 Yes
Core compression limit, FWT1 100,657 36,830 3.103 0.754 694 4,125 Yes
fc 0.75fc
FWT2 70,759 36,830 0.197 0.431 820 4,125 Yes
FT2 94,279 40,513 2.296 0.690 769 4,125 Yes
Wire-yield limit for FWT3 118,959 43,526 67,238 67,997 Controls

N2 > Nk , M2 M2sy
FWT4 83,625 43,526 1.223 0.579 166,357 214,520 Yes
Finally, the moment capacity at springline at N2 = Nk, denoted here as

M2sy(Nk), is calculated from the sum of moments at springline as follows:
References*
M2sy(Nk) = No [(1 + s ) hc eo] + Nk [(1 + s) hc e] + Mci + My + Mco Eq 8-12
= 76,720 [(1 + 0.0175) 5.5 2.839] + 104,389 [(1 + 0.0175) 5.5 2.973]
+ 98,690 27,675 26,829 = 106,488 lb-in./ft
where the location of the line of thrust, e = 2.973 in., and the moments on the
right-hand side of the equation are calculated following the procedure in Sec. C.8.
The moment capacity at N2, denoted here as M2sy(N2), is calculated by linear
interpolation:
N sy N 2 144,704 (118,959)
M2sy(N2) = ----------------------- M 2sy ( N k ) = ------------------------------------------------ 106,488
N sy N k 144,704 (104,380)
= 68,003 lb-in./ft Sec. 8.9.2
Because the applied moment at springline after redistribution is M 2r =

67,257 lb-in./ft M2sy (N2), this criterion is satisfied and controls the design.
The results for the final iteration cycle for all elastic-limit and wire-yield criteria
at springline obtained using a computer program are listed in Table C.4.

SECTION C.12: CORE CRUSHING AT SPRINGLINE

The limit state of core crushing at springline requires that the applied moment
at springline for the load combination FWT5 does not exceed the moment limit for
ultimate compressive strength of core concrete.
Moment and thrust at springline for the load combination FWT5 are
calculated as
References*
M2 = R (1.6Cm2eWe + 2Cm2eWt + 1.6Cm2pWp + 1.6Cm2fWf ) Eq 4-3
= 39.22 (1.6 0.0885 6,000 + 0 + 1.6 0.1016 1,654
+ 1.6 0.0878 1,764) = 53,586 lb-in./ft
N2 = (1.6Cn2eWe + 2Cn2eWt + 1.6Cn2pWp + 1.6Cn2f Wf ) Eq 4-5
= (1.6 0.5386 6,000 + 0 + 1.6 0.3026 1,654
1.6 0.0617 1,764) = 5,797 lb/ft
Following the procedure given in Sec. C.11, it is shown that M1 < M1cap, and
there is no moment redistribution from invert to springline.
The location of the neutral axis is calculated by trial and error until force
equilibrium is satisfied. In the last iteration, k' = 0.4597.

References*
= 0.85 0.05 ( fc/1,000 4) = 0.85 0.05 (5,500/1,000 4) = 0.775 Sec. 8.9.3
d = hc (1 + s ) = 5.5 (1 + 0.0175) = 5.596 in. Figure 7
Sec. C.12.2 Strains

References*
ci = 0.003 Sec. 8.9.3
y
k ------------------- 0.313 -
( 1 + s ) 0.4597 -----------------------------
( 1 + 0.0175 )
y = ci ------------------------------ = 0.003 -----------------------------------------------------
k 0.4597
= 992 106 Sec. 8.9.3

122 AWWA C304-07
References*
1 k 1 0.4597 6
s = ci -------------- = 0.003 ------------------------- = 3,526 10 Sec. 8.9.3
k 0.4597
s = cr sr + s = 268 106 + 5,364 106

+ 3,526 106 Sec. 8.9.3
f sg 189,000 6
= 9,158 106 > sg = ----- = --------------------- = 6,750 10
Es 6
28 10
Therefore, the nonlinear stressstrain relation of the prestressing wire should be
used for computation of wire stress.
Sec. C.12.3 Stresses

References*
fci = 0.85fc = 0.85 5,500 = 4,675 psi Sec. 8.9.3
Because kd = 0.775 0.4597 5.596 = 1.994 > dy = 1.72 in.,
fcy = 0.85fc= 4,675 psi Sec. 8.9.3
fy = Ey y = 30 106 992 106 = 29,760 psi Sec. 8.9.3
but fy may not exceed fyy fyr + nfcr.
fyy fyr + nfcr = 33,000 24,918 + 7.81 1,028
= 16,111 psi < fy = 29,760 psi Sec. 8.9.3
Therefore, fy = 16,111 psi.
6 2.25
6 28 10
fs = 252,000 1 1 0.6133 9,158 10 ---------------------
252,000
= 224,113 psi Eq 5-7

fs = fs + fsr nfcr = 224,113 150,192 7.29 1,028
= 66,427 psi Sec. 8.9.3

Sec. C.12.4 Forces

References*
Fci = bkd 0.85fc
= 12 0.775 0.4597 5.596 0.85 5,500 = 111,845 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.3
Fy = Ay (fy fcy) = 0.7176 (16,111 4,675) = 8,206 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.3
Fs = fs As = 66,427 0.565 = 37,531 lb/ft Sec. 8.9.3

References*
F = No N2 (Fci + Fy + Fs) Eq 8-13
= 76,720 + 5,797 (111,845 + 8,206 37,531) = 3 lb 0
Sec. C.12.6 Moments

References*
k 0.4597-
Mci = F ci d 1 -------- = 111,845 5.596 1 0.775
----------------------------------- Sec. 8.9.3
2 2
= 514,393 lb-in./ft
My = Fy (d dy) = 8,206(5.596 1.72) = 31,806 lb-in./ft Sec. 8.9.3
Moment limit for ultimate compressive strength of core M2ult is:
M2ult = (No N2) [(1 + ls) hc eo] + Mci + My Eq 8-14
= (76,720 + 5,797) [(1 + 0.0175)5.5 2.839]
+ 514,393 + 31,806 = 318,679 lb-in./ft
Because M2 = 53,586 lb-in./ft < M2ult = 318,679 lb-in./ft, the core crushing criterion
for the load combination FWT5 is satisfied.



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ANSI/AWWA C304-07

(Revision of ANSI/AWWA C304-99)

The Authoritative Resource on Safe Water

Effective date: Dec. 1, 2007.

6666 West Quincy Avenue Advocacy

Copyright 2007 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

American National Standard

Science and Technology

Copyright 2007 by American Water Works Association

Michael M. Hicks, Chair

General Interest Members

M.M. Hicks, MWH Americas Inc., Walnut Creek, Calif. (AWWA)

Wayne R. Brunzell, Chair

General Interest Members

W.R. Brunzell, Brunzell Associates Ltd., Skokie, Ill. (AWWA)

B.M. Bradish, City of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Va. (AWWA)

6.3 State of Stress With a Single 9 Design Selection Tables

7 Criteria for Limit-State Loads A.1 Introduction .................................. 77

A.14 Commentary for Sec. 6.4.1 of C.4.5 Decompression Pressure ................ 99

C.11.4 Critical Thrust at Wire 8 Schematic of Strain and Stress

6 Standard Prestress Design 12 Standard Prestress Design

Copyright 2007 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

*ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.

Design of Prestressed Concrete

Sec. 1.1 Scope

Sec. 1.2 References

Copyright 2007 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

Sec. 1.3 Applications

Sec. 1.4 Pipe Structure

Copyright 2007 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

PCCP is made up of the following components:

Sec. 1.5 Tolerances

Sec. 1.6 Definitions

Copyright 2007 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

Sec. 1.7 Metric (SI) Equivalents

To convert from to Multiply by

SECTION 2: LOADS AND INTERNAL PRESSURES

Sec. 2.1 Notation

Copyright 2007 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

Pg = internal pressure established by the hydraulic gradient (psi [kPa])

Sec. 2.2 Design Loads and Internal Pressures

Sec. 2.3 Loads

Copyright 2007 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

Sec. 2.4 Internal Pressures

P w = max ( Pg , Ps ) (Eq 2-1)

2.4.2 Internal transient pressure. The internal transient pressure, Pt , for

Copyright 2007 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

working pressure, Pw , caused by rapid changes in pipeline flow velocity. The

Pt = max ( 0.4Pw , 40 psi [ 276 kPa ] ) (Eq 2-2)

2.4.3 Internal field-test pressure. The internal field-test pressure, Pf t , is the

Pft = 1.2Pw (Eq 2-3)

SECTION 3: LOAD AND INTERNAL-PRESSURE

Sec. 3.1 Notation

Copyright 2007 American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

Wt = transient load (lbf/ft[N/m])