ye|skau

kQ;k ikaksfok l%shdj,sh ;=< fmd ckhdf.a ikaksfok wjYH;djh imqrd,Sug

j;udkh jk g fndfyda ikaksfok udOHhka yg wjia:dj ,e we;af;ah' fuu ikaksfok
udOHhkaf.a Nd;h;a iu f,dalfha ukqIH i;a;ajhd oshqKq oekqu fidhd hk msrsila njg m;aj
we;af;ah' f i|yd w;S;fha isg mej; f.k wd ikaksfok l%shdj,shkaf.ka iy ldl ma,jh"
m<jk yd fojk f,dal hqO iufhka miqj f,dalfha jOkh jkakd jQ"

rEmjdysksh
.=jka,sh
mqj;am;a
wka;cd,h

jeks uOHhka yryd ck;djf.a tosfkod wjYH;djhka imqrd,Sug yelshdjla ,e we;af;ah' f

w;rska b;d im udOHhla njg m;aj we;s .=jka,sh oekg f,dalfha fkdue;s f.orla ke;s
;rh' wdishdkq iudch flfrys uid ne,SfoS b;d oshqKq ikaksfok l%shdj,shla oel .ekSug
yelshdjla ,efnkafkah' udfldaks iud.u iska ksIamdokh lrkakd jQ .=jka,sh f,dalh mqrd
jHdma; jkakg mgka .;af;ah' fufia jHdma; jkakd jQ .=jka,sh ,xldjg ys jkafka 1922
jIfha %;dkH hg;a cs; md,k iufhaoSh' wdishdf merKs;u .=jka,s wdh;kh jYfhka
f,daka jh,ia la, kka wdOqksl .=jka,s ix.uhla msysgq h' th ,dxflah ikaksfok
ls%hdj,sh ;=< .=jka,shg ux mE m%:u mshjr jYfhka ie,lsh yels f' jir lsysmhla ;=<oS fuu
ix.ufha ku ,xld wdOqksl ffhda ix.uh hkqfjka o" bkamiqj ,xldf iy ol=Kq bkaoshd
ffhda ix.uh jYfhka fjkia lsrSulg ,la lrk ,oS'

kuq;a fuu ld,h ;=< .=jka,sh yryd ikaksfok l% shdj,shla isula olakg
fkd,enqKs' 1924 cQks 27 osk ks, jYfhka .=jka,s m%pdr werUQ od isg wo olajd .=jka,s udOH
os.= .ukl fhoS we;'

1924 isg 1993 olajd ,dxflah .=jka,sfha ldYkh flfhka'''''

1922 oS wdrN lrkakd jQ ,xld wdOqksl .=jka,s ix.ufha ueosy;a u iu Tjqka
iska l%shd;aul lrk mrsos 1924 cQks 27 jk osk Y%S ,xld .=jka,s fiajh ks, jYfhka wdrN
lsrSu is lrk ,oS' i ,sh fykars ueksx wdKavqldr ;=ud iska ,xld bkacsfkare ix.uh wu;d
lrk ,o l;dj .=jka,sfhka ldYh lsrSu fuys wdrNh iksgqyka lr we;'

mj;ajk jevigyka m%pdrKh wkqj i;shlg fojrla tk brsod iy n%yiam;skaod oskj,

jevigyka m%pdrh lsrSu'
^ 1924 cQks 01 &
fld<U rdclSh oHd,fha .=jka,s iudchla msysgqu'
^ 1925 cQ,s&
,xld Yaj oHdd, fld,csfha m%ix. ueosrshla jD; lsrSu'
^1926&
.=jka,s m%pdrhla i|yd kj ifm%aIKd.drhla jD; lsrSu'
^1930 cQks&
;eme,am;sjrhdf.a Wmfoia u; ux udj;a yd ludka; weu;s i fcdaka fld;,dj, uy;d
iska ck .S yd ck l;d m.; lsrSug iqfYaIS lgqjla bosrsm;a lsrSu'
^1940 cQks 07&
.=jka,sh m%pdrh meh 02 lska oS> lsrSu ^ i;sfha osk j, iod isg isl=rdod rd;%S 10'30
olajd o" fikiqrdod rd;S% 11'30 olajdo&

1
 ^1994 wf.daia;= 01&
.=jka,s fj<o oeka fiajh hk kka fj<o .=jka,s fiajfha wdrN u'
^1950 iema$Tlaf;dan&
fj<o .=jka,s fiajfha w.aksos. wdishd fiajh weru'
^1951 ud;= 12&

fou< fiajh iska udisl m%ix.hla weru'

^1951 ud;=&
jk ldYkd.drh Tiafia fjksia T*a weursld .=jka,s m%pdrhla iqrejd yerSu'
^1953 wfm%a,a 04&
tljr isxy," fou<" bx.%Sis yd fj<o fiajdjla m%pdrh lsrSu'
^1953 wfm%a,a 08&
Y%S ,xld .=jka,s ikaOHd fiajh wdrN lsrSu'
^1963 wfm%a,a 04&
YS% ,xld .=jka,sh hqfrdamd fiajh kka kj foaY m%pdrhla weru'
^1963 iema;en 02&
.=jka,s fldIka iNdjla m;a lsrSu'
^1965 cQ,s 31&
.=jka,s ixia;dj ks, jYfhka ia:dmkh lsrSu'
^1967 ckjdrs 05&
,xld .=jka,s ixia:dj YS% ,xld .=jka,s ixia:dj jYfhka k lsrSu'
^1972 uehs 22&
ueofmros. yd kef.kysr wm%sldkq ixfoaY .=jka,s fiajd weru'
^1978 fkdjen 02&
m%:u m%dfoaYSh fiajh rcrg fiajh kka wkqrdOmqrfhaoS wdrN lsrSu'
^1979 wfm%a,a 12&
Y%S ,xld .=jka,s ixia:df F.M. iafgdarsfhda kd.rsl fiajh wdrN lsrSu'
^1989 fkdjen 03&

fm!oa.,sl .=jka,s fiajdjka wdrN jk f;la Y%S ,xld .=jka,s

ixia:dj uska ldYh lrk ,o .=jka,s fiajd'''''
iajfoaYSh fiajh
fj<o fiajh
,xld is,a fiajh
isxy, fiajh
fou< fiajh
mdi,a fiajh
hqfrdamd fiajh
ueofmros. fiajh
ikaOH fiajh
rcrg fiajh
reyqKq fiajh
uyje,s m%cd .=jka,s fiajh
m,d,s fiajh
jkaks fiajh
W!j m%cd .=jka,sh
fld;auf,a m%cd .=jka,sh

2
 1990 miq Y%S ,dxflah .=jka,s lafIa;%fha we;s jQ fjkia u'''''
1924 ,xldf we;s jkakd jQ kj ikaksfok l%shdj,sh l%ufhka rgmqrd jHdma; jQ
wdldrhla oel .ekSug yelshdjla ,enqKs' 1990 oYlh wdrNh;a iu .=jka,s lafIa;h% ;=< fmd
ckhd fj; kj wdldrfha kd,sld im%dms;shla oel .ekSug wjia:djla ,enqfkah' tk fm!oa.,sl
.=jka,sfha wdrNh iksgqyka uh' tk ,xld .=jka,s ludka;hg t*a't oYlhla Wod h'
furg oHq;a udOH lafIa;%fha is jQ b;du;a ;SrKd;aul isu jd;d jQfhao fuu oYlfhaoSh' tk
rdcH .=jka,s taldldrh | ouka fm!oa.,sl wxYh oHq;a udOH jHdmdrhg tla uh' tjlg
mej;s tlai;a cd;sl mlaI rch fm!os.,sl .=jka,s fiajdjla werug l<nq fldhqksIkaia
wdh;khg wjir oSu;a iu 1991 jif oS t*a't 99 kka Y%S ,xldf m%:u fm!oa.,sl kd,sldj
wdrN lrk ,oS' fuys yslre yd iNdm;sjrhd jYfhka .=jka,s ixia:df ysgmq iNdm;s ,ss
fudkak uy;d h' 1982 fm!os.,sl .=jka,s wdh;khla mj;ajdf.k hdug n,m;%h ,enQ m%:u
Y%S ,dxlslhd f f.!rjh o ,s'wd' fudkak uy;d i;= f' ldYk n,m;% Tyqg ys jk g
iSudiys; l<nq fldhqksflaIkaia wdh;kh iud.ula f,i mjd ,shdmosx fkd;sKs' fld<U
iy kqjr m%foaYhg muKla iSud jQ fuu fiajdfjka O ix.S;dx. je jYfhka m%pdrh lrk ,oS'
fYaIfhkau m%jD;a;s bosrsm;a lsrSf taldldrhla rch i;=j ;nd .kska fm!oa.,sl kd,sldjg
wjir oSu ksid Y%djlhka t;ru fm!oa.,sl kd,sld jgd tla frdla fkdh' ck;dj rcfha
.=jka,s uOHhka flfrys ;nd we;s Yajdih fya;=fjka fm!oa.,sl .=jka,s fiajdjka ,xldj
mqrd jHdma; u .=jka,s ixia:djg t;ru ;ckhla fkdh' tfukau rgmqrd rcfha .=jka,s
kd,sld ifm%aIKh jk fyhska ck;djf.a Yajdih rcfha .=jka,s kd,sld flfrys we;s h'
fm!oa.,sl .=jka,s wdh;k yryd ifm%aIKh lrjkakd jQ mrdih wvq fyhska ck;dj w;rg
Tjqkag hdug we;s bvlv weysrS .sfhah' tA fyhska fm!oa.,sl .=jka,s udOHhka flfrys
ck;djf.a we,aula fkdh'

fm!oa.,sl .=jka,s ldYh;a iu 1993 jIfhaoS ;j;a fm!os.,sl .=jka,s

kd,sld lsysmhla wdrN lsrSu i|yd wdh;k lsysmhlskau rcfhka b,a,d isk ,oS' f w;rska
isxy, yd bx.S%is .=jka,s kd,sld folla wdrN lsrSug uyrdcd ixOdkhg wjir ysh' f
wkqj 1993 foien 10 osk uyrdcd wdh;kh;a isx.mamQre fg,sfld wdh;kh;a tlaj furg bx.%Sis
wik Y%djl ck;djg hia t*a't kka .=jka,s fiajdjla wdrN lr we;' fuys .=jka ld,h
meh 18 la olajd ck;djf.a foijka mskug bvyir ,nd oS we;af;ah' fuh b;d m%n, t*a't
;rx. ud,djla Tiafia ldYh lsrSu fya;=fjka b;d meyeos,s y~la ck;dj w;rg m;a lsrSug
uyrdcd wdh;khg yels h' fuu kd,sldf wdrNh;a iu bx.%Sis jevigyka lafIa;%fha
mkakrhla we;s h' mkaksmsfha fuys m%Odk uOHia:dkh msysgk w;r yqkakia.srsh" f.dka., iy
kqjrt<sh hk m%foaYhkays Wm uOHia:dk msysgqjk ,oS' f yryd ,xldf fkdfhla m%foaYhka yryd
Tjqkaf.a Y%jk ldYhka lsrSug wjia:djla ,eKs'

fufia wdrN jkakd jQ fm!oa.,sl .=jka,s kd,sld iu tla frdla jk ;reK

mrmqr fya;=fjka fm!oa.,sl .=jka,s kd,sld ,xld.=jka,s lafIa;%h ;=< w;a msgjq la fmr,Sug
iu;a h' Tjqkaf.a m%Odk;u b,lalh njg m;aj we;af;a fmd ck;djf.a ikaksfok l%shdj,sh
oshqKq lsrSu fkdj uqo,a miqmi yUd hEulah' fufia ,dxflah isrs;a rs;a iudc rduqjlg fldgq
lghq;= l< rcfha .=jka,shg hia t*a't ksudKhka iu wNsfhda.hlg m;a h' tk ngysr
iudcfha is; = me;= j,g ;reK mrmqr wdlIKh u fuhg m%Odk;u fya;=j njg m;a jkakg
we;'

1994 jIh fm!oa.,sl .=jka,s kd,sld lafIa;%h ;=< kj wdrNhla .kakd jQ

jirla njg m;a h' tk uyrdcd wdh;kh uska ;j;a .=jka,s kd,sldjla ,xld .=jka,s
lafIa;%hg tl;= lsrSuh' fudjqka iska isri t*a't kka isxy, kd,sldjla wdrN lrk ,os'
fudjqkaf.a fuu kd,sldf m<uq ldYkh ,laosj is fldK hd lrka ck;djg Y%jKh lrSug
ie,eiah' fuh rcfha .=jka,s lafIa;%hg t,a, jq nrm;, ;ckhla njg m;a h' fuf;la
mej;f.k wd jevigyka bosrsm;a lsrSf rduqj imQKfhka isri t*a't yryd is lf<ah' th
flfiao h;a ksjfia isg nia r:h olajd Tjqkaf.a wkil m;=rjd yerSug Tjqkag yels h' rcfha
3
.=jka,s kd,sld ;=< olaI ksfol ksfosldfjda isho W; iudch yeisrug ;r Tjqka mrsK;
jQjka fkdh' fuu fm!oa.,sl .=jka,s kd,sld yryd ;reK is;a weone| ;nd .eksug yelsjk
whqtska foijk msjkj wdldrfha ;reK fhdjqka ksfol ksfosldjkag fuu lafIa;h% g we;=,a ug
bvyir ,nd oSh'

isri .=jka,sh wdrN lrk ,oafoa ckm%sh ix.S; jevigyka j,g m%uqL;ajh ,nd
foks' iQrsh isri jevigyk hkq ix.S;h iu f;dr;=re fnodyod .eksuls' fuysos ;reK
;reKshka .=jka,sh yd inkaO u b;d f.fhka is h' 1970"80"90 oYlhkays merKs ckm%sh
.S; 6'00 - 8'00 .=jka ld,h ;=< m%pdrh h' 8'00 - 10'00 w;r oyila u,a kka wikakkaf.a b,a,S
iys; jevigykls' tjlg ckm%sh ix.S; Ys,amSka iu mj;ajk icSj l;dny o ta ;=< we;s h'
isxy," fou<" bx.%Sis" yskaos .s; we;=<;a iQrsh i;au, kka 10'00-12'00 w;r ld,h ;=< ldYh h'
g wu;rj"

myka mshi
f,dka leoe,a,
is;sch
rsoS myka jeg
;drld hk

jeks ix.s; jevigyka ldYh h' ;jo g wu;rj w;a isx kka ix.s;dx. jevigykao
ldYh flf' ir, Ydia;S%h .S; flfrys o wjOdkh fhduq lrka isri kj ulg msish' isri
.=jka,sh yryd ldYkh lrkakd jq jevigyka wka;cd,h yryd ri |Sug yelshdjla o
,eKs' fufyhska fndfyda ck;djla w;r isri fl ld,hla ;=< ckm%sh;ajhg m;a h'

osfkka osk ,xld .=jka,s lafIa;%hg fm!oa.,sl .=jka,s fiajdjkaf.a meKSu

olakg ,eKs' fld<U .,odrS fydag,fha mj;ajdf.k .sh t*a't 99 fiajh isxy," fou<" bx.%Sis
jYfhka fjk fjku fiajd ;ekla wdrN lrka ish ldYk lghq;= fld,amsfha msys ,sn
ma,did f.dvke.s,a, fj; f.khk ,oS' tu wdh;kh uska mj;ajdf.k .sh isxy, fiajdj ijk
kkq;a v wikakkag t*a't 99 fiajh;a bx.%Sis wikakkag lemsg,a ffhda kkq;a .=jka,s
fiajd ;=kla ykajd fok ,oS'

fufia l%shd;aul jk mrsos fm!oa.,sl .=jka,s ,dN ,nk wdh;k njg m;a h' ta
fya;=fjka ;j;a fm!oa.,sl wdh;k lsym s hlau kj .=jka,s fiajd werf n,m;% rcfhka b,a,d
isk ,oS' ta wkqj iSudiys; fg,sIdka wdh;khg rch iska wjir m;%hla ,nd oSh' ta wkqj tu
wdh;kh uska 'tka't,a kka bx.%Sis .=jka,s fiajdjla wdrN lrk ,oS' fudjqka iska ,xldf
fkdfhla m%foaYj, .=jka,sh wikakkaf.a Y%jKh mskug yels jk whqrska ;u ldYk lghq;=
lrf.k .sfhah'

fm!oa.,sl .=jka,s kd,sld j, jOkh;a iu rcfha .=jka,sh Y%jKh lrkakd

jQ ck;djf.a wvqjla we;s h' ta wkqj 1994 n,hg m;a jQ rch Bg l,am jev ms<sfj,la f,ig kj
.=jka,s fiajdjla wdrN lsrSug ;SrKh lf<ah' tk 1996 fkdjen 15 jk osk .=jka,s
ixia:d mrsY%fhaoSu ,lay~ kka .=jka,s fiajdjla wdrN lrk ,oS' fuf;la mej;f.k wd
fm!oa.,sl .=jka,s fiajdjka yryd f.k hk jevigyka rduqfjka oS kejq wdldrfha jevigyka
bosrsm;a lsrSug fuu kd,sldj iu;a h' fuysoS rch iska kj fhdjqka fha isk ;reK mrmqrg
bvyir ,nd oSh' fufia ,lay~ .=jka,s fiajdj jdKsc;ajh yd rdcH;ajh w;r mj;sk
idm%odhsl;ajh yd ckm%sh;ajh ms<sn| ixl,am w;r l%shd;aul jk Y%S ,xldjg wdfKsl .=jka,s
wdlD;shla f.dvke.Sf W;aiyhla f,ils' f .S;hg ux leu;shs k jevigyk uska Y%djl
ck;djf.a wdlIKh oskd .ekSug ,lay~ .=jka,sh iu;a h' fuysoS is jQfha wikakdf.a k
. mejiSu" ys;j;=kaf.a fmj;=kaf.a k rl:kfhka lshjd .ekSu" w,a,dm i,a,dm fovu
fjkqjg .S;hg odhl jk msrsi ksudK miqu bosrsm;a lrka tu .S;hg .%dylhd leu;s wehs oehs
,shd th hq;= h' fuu l%shdj,sh fya;=fjka ,lay~ Y%jKh lrkakd jQ nqoau;a ck;djf.a
wdlIKh oskd .ekSug yelshdjla ,eKs' Ydro kkaod ud,ksh m%ldY lr isfha fuu ,lay~

4
fiajh ;=<ska bosrsm;a lrkakd jQ .S; b;d .=Kd;aulndjfhka hq;= hehs weh woyia olajd we;af;ah'
g wu;rj"

mkaysol .S wisrsh
/fha wefik .S
i| ? isyskh
ch Y%S .S;Odrd
hqre fm uosrd
isl=rdod rd;%Sh
foakq md,u

jeks jevigyka ;=<ska ,lay~ wikakd jQ Y%djlhkag wdkkaoh fukau m%{djla ,nd oSug fuu
jevigyka j, wruqK we;af;ah' ,lay~ .=jka,sfha Y%jK l,dmh by, uul fkdmej;Su
jevigyka t;r M,odhS fkdug n,md we;s lreKls' lr.y;ekafka bosl< kj ldYkd.drhla
uska ,lay~ Y%jK l,dmh hdmkh olajd jHdma; lrk ,oS' fufia .=jka,s mrdih oS> lsrSu
fya;=fjka ,lay~ .=jka,sh .=jka,shla njg m;ah' fm!oa.,sl .=jka,s ys u;a iu
.=jka,s udOH NdId Nd;h ms<sn| 1995 w.Nd.h jk g l:d nylg ,la h' fm!oa.,sl kd,sld
j,ska yiqrejk NdId yeisru b;d lK.dgqodh;ajh Wodh' tk ngysr ixialD;sfha wd.ukh;a
fuhg n,mEula we;af;ah' fuh ykd.;a ,lay~ .=jka,s fiajdj fuu ;;a;ajfhka oS
.=Kd;ajfhka by, jevigyka bosrsm;a lrka ,lay~ Wiia nqoa ugula we;s msrsilg <x jQfha
fm!oa.,sl .=jka,s udOH j,g ;ckhla t,a, lrjks' fufia ia:djrhla iksgqyka lr .kakd jQ
,lay~ .=jka,sh wfkl=;a .=jka,s kd,sld ish ixj;air W;aij i|yd iekfl<s wdoS fkdfhla
,dxflah ixialD;shg W; fkdjk wdldrfha jevigyka osh;a l<o ,lay~ fiajh ;u wkkH;dj
;yjqre lrka b;d Wiia .Kfha jevigyka osh;a lf<ah' f fyhska ck;djf.a wdlIKh oskd
.ekSug ,lay~ iu;ah' wdrNfhaoS oe fpkhg ,lajqKq ,lay~ .=jka,sh rcfha ;j;a
fydrKEjla f,ig ykajk ,oS' iajdk rEmjdyskshg ,lay~ .=jka,sh mejrSu;a iu fuf;la
l,a .=jka,s ixia:df fiajlhkaf.ka t,a, jQ frdaO;djh myj hkakg h' ta wkqj wdh;k
folu tlu iNdm;sjrfhl= hg;g m;a l< rcfha rEmjdyskshla yd .= jka,shla i;= m%:u
wdh;kh th h'

iS$i fg,sIdka fiajh 'tka't,a kka 1998 oS isxy, .=jka,s fiajhla wdrN lrk
,oS' fuu fiajdj ck;dj w;r m;a jqK o tjlg mej;s wfkl=;a kd,sldjka flfrys ckhd ne|S
;su fya;=fjka fuu wdh;khg ,dN ,nd .eksug wfmdfydi;a h' ta jk g isri" ijk" ,lay~"
Y%S ,xld .=jka,sh hk fiajdjka flfrys ckhdf.a Yajdih yd ne|Su jOkh ;snqKs'
fm!oa.,sl .=jka,s fiajdjka wdrN lsrSug fmr ;ks .=jka,s rduqjlg ysr ;snqKq Y%djl
ckhdg fm!oa.,sl kd,sld wdrNh;a iu rsis mrsos ;ukag wjYH jevigyka f;dard f.k ri|sh
yels wdldrfha .=jka,s rgdjla ysK's 1998 ueo nd.h jk g 'tka't,a .=jka,sh ;u kduh
iy jevigyka wka;.;h fjkia lrka bisr kka ldYk fiajdjla wdrN lrh'

fm!oa.,sl .=jka,s fiajdjla ,xldj mqrd jHdma; u fya;=fjka 1998 w. nd.fhaoS

kj fm!oa.,sl .=jka,s fiajdjla wdrN lsrSu i|yd wdishdkq .=jka,s ixia:djg rch wjir
,nd fok ,oS' ta''iS kka 1999 uq,a nd.h jk g .=jka,s fiajdjla wdrN lrk ,oS' fuu
wdh;kh uska .=jka,s fiajdjka myla wdrN l,y' ta ta jhia ldKav fjkqfjka fjka jQ m%:u
.=jka,s cd,h f,i .=jka,s b;sydihg tla h' ta wkqj"

ysre .=jka,sh isxy, ;reK wikakkag;a

ika .=jka,sh bx.%Sis ;reK wikakkag;a
;re .=jka,sh jeuy,a isxy, wikakkag;a
f.da,a .=jka,sh jeuy,a bx.%Sis wikakkag;a
iQhka .=jka,sh v wikakkag;a

5
 jYfhka O NdId j,ska yd ug j,ska isk Y%djlhka fjkqfjka fuu .=jka,s
fiajdjka l%shd;aul Ks' fuu .=jka,s fiajdjka Y%S ,xldj mqrd jHdma; u isjQfha b;d fiks'
tk ,xldf .=jka,sfha wfkl=;a fm!oa.,sl wdh;k wNsnjd hEug tu kd,sldjkag fkdyels
u;a fuhg fya;=jla jkakg we;' WodyrKhla jYfhka jeuy,a isxy, Y%djl msrsig fjka jQ ;re
.=jka,s fiajh udi ;=kla jeks fl ld,hla ;=< mdvq ,nk wdh;khla njg m;a h' fuu
mdvqj jid .eksu i|yd fuu wdh;kh uska ;re .=jka,s fiajfha ldYkh jQ yrnr idlPd
j,ska neyerj meh 24 mqrd ix.s; jevigyka ldYh lrkakd jQ .=jka,shla njg m;a jQ w;r th
Id t*a't k h' fuysoS fuf;la mej; f.k wd rgdj fjkia lsrSug fuu .=jka,s fiajdjg
yels h'

fuu ta''iS .=jka,sh wdrN lsrSu;a iu wfkl=;a fm!oa.,sl .=jka,s

wdh;k flfrys oe wNsfhda.hla t,a, h' tk wfkl=;a wdh;k j, is olaI ksfol
ksfosldjka yd wOHlaIljreka fuu wdh;kh uska b;d by, jegqmla ,nd foka tu wdh;khg
n|jd .ekSu is lsrSuh' fufia werUqk fm!oa.,sl kd,sldjkays o ix.S;h m%n, udOHhla h' fufia
l%shd;aul jk mrsos oekg ,xld .=jka,s lafIa;%fha j;udkh jk g udOH wdh;k 27lg wl
m%udKhla ldYkh f' bosrsfha ;j;a kd,sldjka lsysmhla wdrN lsrSug wjir b,a,d ;sf'
t*a't ;rx. ud,df fu.dyia 87'5 isg fu'y 108 olajd ixLHdk mrdihla furg .=jka,s
ldYkh i|yd oekg fhdod .efka'

6
oekg t*a't kd,sld fufyhjk n,m;%,dNS .=jka,s wdh;k'''''
fld<nq fldhqksflaIkaia fm!oa.,sl iud.u
Y%S t*a't
rka t*a't
B t*a't
,xld fg,sIka fkjla fm!oa.,sl wdh;kh
t*a't
fjdhsia T*a taIshd fkjla fm!oa.,sl wdh;kh
ish; t*a't
rsh,a ffhda
rka.srs oUq,a, ixjOk moku
rka.sr Y%S ,xld
'tka't,a ffhda fkjla
weiqr t*a't
'tka't,a ffhda
,hs t*a't
t''iS fkjla ^uyrdcd& fm!oa.,sl iud.u
isri t*a't
Yla;s t*a't
hia t*a't
jhs t*a't
fg,sIka fkjla fm!oa.,sl wdh;kh
bisr t*a't
iajdk rEmjdyskS wdh;kh
,lay~ .=jka,sh
wei ffhda fn%da.diaka fm!oa.,sl wdh;kh
fk;a t*a't
ie fk fm!oa.,sl wdh;kh
ika t*a't

7
 iudf,dapkh
f,dalhu tlu Yaj .udkhla njg m;a lsrSf uQ,sl ixl,am w;r udkjhdf.a
ikaksfok l%shdj,sfha oshqKqj flfrys uQ,sl w;d,ula f,i merKs iudcfha isg mej;s mqj;am;g
h ;rf wNsfhda.hla njg m;a lsrSf yelshdjla 1922 oS YsIag ksudKhla ysh' tk
wkaOhdf.a udOH kka reodj,shla ,nkakd jQ .=jka,sh ysu fYaI;ajhla f' wikakdf.a
foijk ikijk fidre udOHhla njg ckhd w;rg m;a h' ,dxflah iudch mdGl iudchg
jvd Y%djl iudchla mj;sk fyhska 1924 oS ,xldj mqrd jHdma; jk .=jka,s fiajdjka l%ufhka
jOkh;a iu ,xldf ;reK" uy" jeys ckhdf.a fohlska f;drj .=jka,sh yd inkaO
ula oel .ekSug yelshdjla ,eKs'

1990 wk;=rej ,dxflah .=jka,s lafIa;%h ;=< Wvq hl=re lrka fm!oa.,sl
.=jka,s lafIa;%fha wd.ukhla oel .ekSug yelshdjla ,efnkafkah' fuf;la r .=jka,s
ixia:dj uska ldYh lrkakd jq fiajdjka j,g fhduq is Y%djlhd kejq whqrlska jevigyka
fm!oa.,sl kd,sldjka yryd is lrk neka Tjqka ta fj; wdlIKh jk whqrla oel .eksug
yelshdjla ,efnkafkah' ir, nj yd , wvq udOHhla jk neka .=jka,sh flfrys ck;djf.a
oe we,aula we;s h' ,xldf oekg mj;skakd jQ fm!oa.,sl .=jka,s fiajdjka rcfha .=jka,s
fiajdjka wNsnjd ,dN bmhSf Wmrsu ;;a;ajhg m;a we;af;ah' ngysr iudcfha ixl%uKh;a iu
fuu fm!oa.,sl kd,sldjka yryd ldYh jk fkdfhla jevigyka ,dxflah iudchg W;
fkdjk whqrska lghq;= lrk wdldrhla olakg ,ef' tk ksfolhka yd ksfosldjka iska
yiqrejk NdIdj fkdfhla fkdfhla wjia:djkays W; fkdjk whqrla oel .eksug yels f'
fm!oa.,sl .=jka,s wdh;k j, uQ,sl mrud:h njg m;aj we;af;a ckhdf.a ikaksf ok lghqq;=
oshqKq lsrsu fkdj ,dN bmhSuhs'

fm!oa.,sl .=jka,s fiajdjka ,xldf l%shd;aul u;a iu ,xldj ;=< w;a

ixialD;shla ys ula oel .ekSug yels h' tk oeka yryd Tjqka iska ,nd .kakd ,dN
fya;=fjka fkdfhla fkdfhla w;a ixialD;sl iudchla ys lsrsug Tjqka W;aiy orkq we;'
j;udk iudch n,k g fm!oa.,sl .=jka,s kd,sld b;d oshqKq ;;a;ajhl mj;sk neka
ck;dj fm!oa.,sl kd,sldjka flfrys Yajdih ;nd we;af;ah' fuu fm!oa.,sl .=jka,s fiajdjka
w;r oe ;rldrS;ajhla olakg ,ef' ta fyhska j;udkh jk g ckhd ;uka i;= lr .eksug
Tjqka iska fkdfhla wdldrfha jevigyka osh;a lrk ,oS' ta w;r ysre weyqfjd;a i,a,s ;uhs jeks
jevigyka uska ck;dj ;ukaf.a fiajdjka weiaiug Tjqka lghq;= lr ;sf'

wo iudch n,k g ckm%sh ixiald;shla lrd ,dxflah iudch ;nkakd jq fuu

w;d,u kejq whqrlg f.k taug fuu fm!oa.,sl .=jka,s fiajdjkag yelshdjla ,efnkq
we;af;ah' wkd.;fhaoS fudjqka f.k hk fuu fkdfhla mshjrhka fya;=fjka ,dxflah iudch
l=uk ia:dkhl kj;So hkak ksYa;j lsj fkdyels f'